[{"text": "Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including nation-states, and capitalism.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u0250 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az sk\u02c8\u025bpt\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u0292\u02cc\u028cst\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u028a \u0250b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u026at kl\u02c8e\u026amz me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an \u028cnn\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i k\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki, t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nst\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026ats f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8e\u026atl\u0259s s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "As a historically left-wing movement, this reading of anarchism is placed on the farthest left of the political spectrum, usually described as the libertarian wing of the socialist movement (libertarian socialism).", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli l\u02c8\u025bftw\u02c8\u026a\u014b m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u026ast l\u02c8\u025bft \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259m, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n w\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Humans have lived in societies without formal hierarchies long before the establishment of states, realms, or empires.", "phonemes": "hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u026avd \u026an s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279kiz l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u0279\u02c8\u025blmz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "Although traces of anarchist ideas are found all throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the Enlightenment.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u025bnl\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in workers' struggles for emancipation.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt fl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283t \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6nd h\u00e6d \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Anarchists have taken part in several revolutions, most notably in the Paris Commune, the Russian Civil War and the Spanish Civil War, whose end marked the end of the classical era of anarchism.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, h\u02ccu\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bnd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "In the last decades of the 20th and into the 21st century, the anarchist movement has been resurgent once more, growing in popularity and influence within anti-capitalist, anti-war and anti-globalisation movements.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nt w\u02c8\u028cns m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u026an p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast, \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026aw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u0261l\u02cco\u028ab\u0259l\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Anarchists employ diverse approaches, which may be generally divided into revolutionary and evolutionary strategies; there is significant overlap between the two.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292iz; \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u00e6p b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Evolutionary methods try to simulate what an anarchist society might be like, but revolutionary tactics, which have historically taken a violent turn, aim to overthrow authority and the state.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026at w\u028ct \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026ak, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026aks, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6v h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0250 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, \u02c8e\u026am t\u028a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The etymological origin of anarchism is from the Ancient Greek anarkhia, meaning \"without a ruler\", composed of the prefix an-", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279khi\u0259, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0250 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u025a\", k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks \u00e6n"}, {"text": "Anarchism appears in English from 1642 as anarchisme and anarchy from 1539; early English usages emphasised a sense of disorder.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asmi \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an; \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026azd \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv d\u026as\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "Various factions within the French Revolution labelled their opponents as anarchists, although few such accused shared many views with later anarchists.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a fj\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d m\u02c8\u025bni vj\u02c8u\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "Many revolutionaries of the 19th century such as William Godwin (1756\u20131836) and Wilhelm Weitling (1808\u20131871) would contribute to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation but did not use anarchist or anarchism in describing themselves or their beliefs.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dw\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026alh\u025blm w\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn w\u028ad k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u026anz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs."}, {"text": "The first political philosopher to call himself an anarchist () was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809\u20131865), marking the formal birth of anarchism in the mid-19th century.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast w\u028cz p\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u0279d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f p\u0279\u02c8a\u028adh\u0251\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Since the 1890s and beginning in France, libertarianism has often been used as a synonym for anarchism and its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z \u00e6nd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n b\u02cc\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026an\u0259n\u02cc\u026am f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026an\u0259n\u02cc\u026am \u026az st\u02c8\u026al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Some usages of libertarianism refer to individualistic free-market philosophy only, and free-market anarchism in particular is termed libertarian anarchism.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u028a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u02c8o\u028anli, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u026az t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "While the term libertarian has been largely synonymous with anarchism, its meaning has more recently been diluted by wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups, including both the New Left and libertarian Marxists, who do not associate themselves with authoritarian socialists or a vanguard party, and extreme cultural liberals, who are primarily concerned with civil liberties.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li s\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026am\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u026ats m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b h\u0250z m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli b\u02cc\u026an da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a w\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026akli d\u02c8\u026asp\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bft \u00e6nd l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks\u026asts, h\u02ccu\u02d0 du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 v\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279d p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259lz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Additionally, some anarchists use libertarian socialist to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasise its connections with socialism.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts j\u02c8u\u02d0s l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u0251\u02d0n\u0259t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az \u026ats k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Scholars of anarchism generally highlight anarchism's socialist credentials and criticise attempts at creating dichotomies between the two.", "phonemes": "sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026at \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast k\u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259lz \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026az \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts \u00e6t k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b da\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259miz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Some scholars describe anarchism as having many influences from liberalism, and being both liberal and socialist but more so.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "While opposition to the state is central to anarchist thought, defining anarchism is not an easy task for scholars, as there is a lot of discussion among scholars and anarchists on the matter, and various currents perceive anarchism slightly differently.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t, d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0zi t\u02c8\u00e6sk f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az, \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u028cv d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0v \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m sl\u02c8a\u026atli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "Major definitional elements include the will for a non-coercive society, the rejection of the state apparatus, the belief that human nature allows humans to exist in or progress toward such a non-coercive society, and a suggestion on how to act to pursue the ideal of anarchy.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 w\u026al f\u025a\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026av s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u00e6p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u00f0\u00e6t hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz t\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026av s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n h\u02cca\u028a t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt t\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki."}, {"text": "In China, philosophical anarchism (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineated by Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and Laozi.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026am\u0259si \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ani\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a t\u02c8a\u028a\u026ast f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az \u0292w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u0292\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u0251\u02d0zi."}, {"text": "Aeschylus and Sophocles used the myth of Antigone to illustrate the conflict between laws imposed by the state and personal autonomy.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u026al\u0259s \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0251\u02d0k\u0259lz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n t\u028a \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u026amp\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Socrates questioned Athenian authorities constantly and insisted on the right of individual freedom of conscience.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0250t\u02cci\u02d0z kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nd \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259n \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259ntli \u00e6nd \u026ans\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Cynics dismissed human law (nomos) and associated authorities while trying to live according to nature (physis).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026an\u026aks d\u026asm\u02c8\u026ast hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028amo\u028az \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz w\u02cca\u026al t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026aziz."}, {"text": "Stoics were supportive of a society based on unofficial and friendly relations among its citizens without the presence of a state.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8o\u028a\u026aks w\u025c\u02d0 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026av \u0259v\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u028cn\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u026ats s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "In the Sasanian Empire, Mazdak called for an egalitarian society and the abolition of monarchy, only to be soon executed by Emperor Kavad I.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u00e6s\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a, m\u02c8\u00e6zd\u00e6k k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u1d7b\u0261\u02cc\u00e6l\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6b\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025aki, \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0259bi s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bks\u1d7bkj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6v\u00e6d \u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "Renewed interest in antiquity during the Renaissance and in private judgment during the Reformation restored elements of anti-authoritarian secularism, particularly in France.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns \u00e6nd \u026an p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns."}, {"text": "Enlightenment challenges to intellectual authority (secular and religious) and the revolutions of the 1790s and 1848 all spurred the ideological development of what became the era of classical anarchism.", "phonemes": "\u025bnl\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329m\u0259nt t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz t\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv w\u028ct b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "During the French Revolution, partisan groups such as the Enrag\u00e9s and the  saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti-state and federalist sentiments.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026as\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u025bn\u0279\u0250\u0261\u02c8e\u026az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0250 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u025c\u02d0m\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026ast\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast s\u02c8\u025bnt\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "The first anarchist currents developed throughout the 18th century as William Godwin espoused philosophical anarchism in England, morally delegitimising the state, Max Stirner's thinking paved the way to individualism and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's theory of mutualism found fertile soil in France.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u00e6z w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dw\u026an \u025bsp\u02c8a\u028ast f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd, m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259li d\u02c8\u025bl\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u026am\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, m\u02c8\u00e6ks st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025az \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b p\u02c8e\u026avd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a t\u028a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u0279d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f p\u0279\u02c8a\u028adh\u0251\u02d0nz \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m f\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns."}, {"text": "By the late 1870s, various anarchist schools of thought had become well-defined and a wave of then unprecedented globalisation occurred from 1880 to 1914.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z, v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t h\u00e6d b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8\u025bld\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6nd \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026av \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u028cnp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bd\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u0261l\u02cco\u028ab\u0259l\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "This era of classical anarchism lasted until the end of the Spanish Civil War and is considered the golden age of anarchism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m l\u02c8\u00e6st\u1d7bd \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Drawing from mutualism, Mikhail Bakunin founded collectivist anarchism and entered the International Workingmen's Association, a class worker union later known as the First International that formed in 1864 to unite diverse revolutionary currents.", "phonemes": "d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, m\u02c8\u026aka\u026al b\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014bm\u02cc\u025bnz \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250 kl\u02c8\u00e6s w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026at da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts."}, {"text": "The International became a significant political force, with Karl Marx being a leading figure and a member of its General Council.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u026ats d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l."}, {"text": "Bakunin's faction (the Jura Federation) and Proudhon's followers (the mutualists) opposed state socialism, advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026anz f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259 f\u02cc\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8a\u028adh\u0251\u02d0nz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025az \u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd st\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0250bst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei h\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "After bitter disputes, the Bakuninists were expelled from the International by the Marxists at the 1872 Hague Congress.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0ts, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026an\u026asts w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bld f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks\u026asts \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8e\u026a\u0261 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s."}, {"text": "Bakunin famously predicted that if revolutionaries gained power by Marx's terms, they would end up the new tyrants of workers.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259sli p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u026af \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz \u0261\u02c8e\u026and p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks\u1d7bz t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad \u02c8\u025bnd \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nts \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az."}, {"text": "In response to their expulsion from the First International, anarchists formed the St. Imier International.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259nt. \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l."}, {"text": "Under the influence of Peter Kropotkin, a Russian philosopher and scientist, anarcho-communism overlapped with collectivism.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259tk\u02cc\u026an, \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026ast, \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u00e6pt w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Anarcho-communists, who drew inspiration from the 1871 Paris Commune, advocated for free federation and for the distribution of goods according to one's needs.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026asts, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ansp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02cc\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028adz \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnz n\u02c8i\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Tokyo was a hotspot for rebellious youth from East Asian countries, who moved to the Japanese capital to study.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8o\u028ak\u026a\u02cco\u028a w\u028cz\u0250 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tsp\u0251\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bli\u0259s j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi."}, {"text": "In Latin America, Argentina was a stronghold for anarcho-syndicalism, where it became the most prominent left-wing ideology.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259nt\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 w\u028cz\u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bho\u028ald f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cco\u028as\u02c8\u026and\u026ak\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt l\u02c8\u025bftw\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "During this time, a minority of anarchists adopted tactics of revolutionary political violence, known as propaganda of the deed.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am, \u0250 ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026aks \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "The dismemberment of the French socialist movement into many groups and the execution and exile of many Communards to penal colonies following the suppression of the Paris Commune favoured individualist political expression and acts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u026asm\u02c8\u025bmb\u025am\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bks\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0261za\u026al \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz t\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259niz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kts."}, {"text": "Even though many anarchists distanced themselves from these terrorist acts, infamy came upon the movement and attempts were made to prevent anarchists immigrating to the US, including the Immigration Act of 1903, also called the Anarchist Exclusion Act.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nst \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6kts, \u02c8\u026anf\u0259mi k\u02c8e\u026am \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "Despite concerns, anarchists enthusiastically participated in the Russian Revolution in opposition to the White movement, especially in the Makhnovshchina; however, they met harsh suppression after the Bolshevik government had stabilised, including during the Kronstadt rebellion.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz, \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u025bn\u03b8\u02ccu\u02d0zi\u02c8\u00e6st\u026akli p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6khn\u0259v\u0283t\u0283\u02cca\u026an\u0259; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8\u025bt h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283 s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0283\u026av\u02cc\u026ak \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt h\u00e6d st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bli\u0259n."}, {"text": "Several anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine, before the Bolsheviks crushed the anarchist movement there too.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6d \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a fl\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 ju\u02d0k\u0279\u02c8e\u026an, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0283\u026av\u02cc\u026aks k\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "With the anarchists being repressed in Russia, two new antithetical currents emerged, namely platformism and synthesis anarchism.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259, t\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d, n\u02c8e\u026amli pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "The former sought to create a coherent group that would push for revolution while the latter were against anything that would resemble a political party.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 ko\u028ah\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad p\u02c8\u028a\u0283 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l \u0250 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "Seeing the victories of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War, many workers and activists turned to communist parties which grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279iz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0283\u026av\u02cc\u026aks \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, m\u02c8\u025bni w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026asts t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "In France and the United States, members of major syndicalist movements such as the General Confederation of Labour and the Industrial Workers of the World left their organisations and joined the Communist International.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u0259nf\u02cc\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld l\u02c8\u025bft \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l."}, {"text": "In the Spanish Civil War of 1936\u201339, anarchists and syndicalists (CNT and FAI) once again allied themselves with various currents of leftists.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bnt\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bf\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a w\u02c8\u028cns \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6la\u026ad \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bft\u026asts."}, {"text": "A long tradition of Spanish anarchism led to anarchists playing a pivotal role in the war, and particularly in the Spanish Revolution of 1936.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m l\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts pl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8\u026av\u0259\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of Barcelona and of large areas of rural Spain, where they collectivised the land.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bli\u0259n, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast\u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u028cv p\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nts \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az, s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md m\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259z, t\u02c8\u028ak k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026al\u02c8o\u028an\u0259 \u00e6nd \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026an, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "The Soviet Union provided some limited assistance at the beginning of the war, but the result was a bitter fight between communists and other leftists in a series of events known as the May Days, as Joseph Stalin asserted Soviet control of the Republican government, ending in another defeat of anarchists at the hands of the communists.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt w\u028cz\u0250 b\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u02c8a\u026at b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u025bft\u026asts \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8e\u026az, \u00e6z d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, \u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure of Marxism\u2013Leninism and tensions built by the Cold War.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259st \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, l\u02c8a\u026akli k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u0250 p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks\u026az\u0259m l\u02c8\u025bn\u026an\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz b\u02c8\u026alt ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "During this time, anarchism found a presence in other movements critical towards both capitalism and the state such as the anti-nuclear, environmental, and peace movements, the counterculture of the 1960s, and the New Left.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am, \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m f\u02c8a\u028and \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026an\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279, \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l, \u00e6nd p\u02c8i\u02d0s m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bft."}, {"text": "It also saw a transition from its previous revolutionary nature to provocative anti-capitalist reformism.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0250 t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Anarchism became associated with punk subculture as exemplified by bands such as Crass and the Sex Pistols.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u028c\u014bk s\u02c8\u028cbk\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bmpl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a b\u02c8\u00e6ndz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bks p\u02c8\u026ast\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The established feminist tendencies of anarcha-feminism returned with vigour during the second wave of feminism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026ast t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsiz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u0259f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd w\u02c8e\u026av \u028cv f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Black anarchism began to take form at this time and influenced anarchism's move from a Eurocentric demographic.", "phonemes": "bl\u02c8\u00e6k \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6t \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz m\u02c8u\u02d0v f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028as\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u026ak d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak."}, {"text": "This coincided with its failure to gain traction in Northern Europe and its unprecedented height in Latin America.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u02cco\u028a\u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd \u026ats \u028cnp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bd\u0259nt\u1d7bd h\u02c8a\u026at \u026an l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence within anti-capitalist, anti-war and anti-globalisation movements.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast, \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026aw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u0261l\u02cco\u028ab\u0259l\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Group of Eight and the World Economic Forum.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvm\u0259nt \u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02cc\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259m."}, {"text": "During the protests, ad hoc leaderless anonymous cadres known as black blocs engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with the police.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts, \u02c8\u00e6d h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025al\u0259s \u0250n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025az n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z bl\u02c8\u00e6k bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d \u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027e\u026a\u014b, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt k\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s."}, {"text": "Other organisational tactics pioneered at this time include affinity groups, security culture and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026aks pa\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00e6t \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250f\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u025an\u02cc\u025bt."}, {"text": "Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the Zapatistas in Mexico and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, more commonly known as Rojava, a de facto autonomous region in northern Syria.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z h\u0250vb\u026an \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8\u00e6p\u0250t\u02cc\u026ast\u0259z \u026an m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak f\u02cc\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u0251\u02d0v\u0259, \u0250 d\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kto\u028a \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Instead, they are trying to build an alternative way of social organization, based on mutual interdependence and voluntary cooperation.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald \u0250n \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025ad\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Scholar Carissa Honeywell takes the example of Food not Bombs group of collectives, to highlight some features of how anarchist groups work: direct action, working together and in solidarity with those left behind.", "phonemes": "sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cn\u026aw\u02cc\u025bl t\u02c8e\u026aks \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mz \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avz, t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026at s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u028cv h\u02cca\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k: d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd \u026an s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0o\u028az l\u02c8\u025bft b\u1d7bh\u02c8a\u026and."}, {"text": "While doing so, they inform about the rising rates of world hunger suggest a policy to tackle hunger, ranging from de-funding the arms industry to addressing Monsanto seed-saving policies and patents, helping farmers and commodification of food and housing.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al d\u02ccu\u02d0\u026a\u014b s\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0e\u026a \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld h\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi t\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259l h\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a, \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm d\u0259f\u02c8\u028cnd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i t\u028a \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b m\u0254ns\u02c8\u00e6nto\u028a s\u02c8i\u02d0ds\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329ts, h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u00e6nd k\u0259m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u028az\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Honeywell also emphasizes that contemporary anarchists are interested in the flourishing not only of humans, but non-humans and the environment as well.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cn\u026aw\u02cc\u025bl \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nhj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "Honeywell argues that escalation of problems such as continuous wars and world poverty show that the current framework not only cannot solve those pressing problems for humanity, but are causal factors as well, resulting in the rejection of representative democracy and the state as a whole.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cn\u026aw\u02cc\u025bl \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u025bsk\u0250l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amw\u025c\u02d0k n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u00f0o\u028az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, social anarchism and individualist anarchism, owing to their different origins, values and evolution.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t h\u0250vb\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026an h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz, v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The individualist current emphasises negative liberty in opposing restraints upon the free individual, while the social current emphasises positive liberty in aiming to achieve the free potential of society through equality and social ownership.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei \u026an \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ants \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei \u026an \u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u028cv s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8o\u028an\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "In a chronological sense, anarchism can be segmented by the classical currents of the late 19th century and the post-classical currents (anarcha-feminism, green anarchism, and post-anarchism) developed thereafter.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bns, \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u025b\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028astkl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u0259f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028ast\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a."}, {"text": "Beyond the specific factions of anarchist movements which constitute political anarchism lies philosophical anarchism which holds that the state lacks moral legitimacy, without necessarily accepting the imperative of revolution to eliminate it.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m l\u02c8a\u026az f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u00e6ks m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l l\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026am\u0259si, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at n\u02cc\u025bs\u026as\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u026at."}, {"text": "A component especially of individualist anarchism, philosophical anarchism may tolerate the existence of a minimal state but claims that citizens have no moral obligation to obey government when it conflicts with individual autonomy.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m m\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at b\u02cc\u028ct kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0bl\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a o\u028ab\u02c8e\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt w\u025bn \u026at k\u0259nfl\u02c8\u026akts w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Anarchism pays significant attention to moral arguments since ethics have a central role in anarchist philosophy.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m p\u02c8e\u026az s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks h\u00e6v \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi."}, {"text": "Anarchism's emphasis on anti-capitalism, egalitarianism, and for the extension of community and individuality sets it apart from anarcho-capitalism and other types of economic libertarianism.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u1d7b\u0261\u02cc\u00e6l\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026adu\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bts \u026a\u027e \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Much of its economics and legal philosophy reflect anti-authoritarian, anti-statist, libertarian, and radical interpretations of left-wing and socialist politics such as collectivism, communism, individualism, mutualism, and syndicalism, among other libertarian socialist economic theories.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv \u026ats \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ast, l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bftw\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz."}, {"text": "As anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a single particular worldview, many anarchist types and traditions exist and varieties of anarchy diverge widely.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279 \u0250 f\u02c8\u026akst b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u026an f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldvju\u02d0, m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast t\u02c8a\u026aps \u00e6nd t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u00e6nd v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 w\u02c8a\u026adli."}, {"text": "One reaction against sectarianism within the anarchist milieu was anarchism without adjectives, a call for toleration and unity among anarchists first adopted by Fernando Tarrida del M\u00e1rmol in 1889 in response to the bitter debates of anarchist theory at the time.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst s\u025bkt\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast mi\u02d0lj\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026avz, \u0250 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026a\u027ei \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd ba\u026a f\u025c\u02d0n\u02c8\u00e6ndo\u028a t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bl m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0251\u02d0l \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Despite separation, the various anarchist schools of thought are not seen as distinct entities but rather as tendencies that intermingle and are connected through a set of uniform principles such as individual and local autonomy, mutual aid, network organisation, communal democracy, justified authority and decentralisation.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7b\u027eiz b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsiz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279m p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad, n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259l d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd d\u1d7bs\u02cc\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "They were followed by the major currents of social anarchism (collectivist, communist and syndicalist).", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "Mutualism is an 18th-century economic theory that was developed into anarchist theory by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.", "phonemes": "mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u0250n \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i ba\u026a p\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u0279d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f p\u0279\u02c8a\u028adh\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Its aims include \"abolishing the state\", reciprocity, free association, voluntary contract, federation and monetary reform of both credit and currency that would be regulated by a bank of the people.", "phonemes": "\u026ats \u02c8e\u026amz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \"\u0250b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at\", \u0279\u1d7bs\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kt, f\u02cc\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026at \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nsi \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "Mutualism has been retrospectively characterised as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism.", "phonemes": "mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0279\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026akli s\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": ", Proudhon first characterised his goal as a \"third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property.\"", "phonemes": ", p\u0279\u02c8a\u028adh\u0251\u02d0n f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd h\u026az \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a \"\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei.\""}, {"text": "Collectivist anarchism is a revolutionary socialist form of anarchism commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin.", "phonemes": "k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u026aka\u026al b\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026an."}, {"text": "Collectivist anarchists advocate collective ownership of the means of production which is theorised to be achieved through violent revolution and that workers be paid according to time worked, rather than goods being distributed according to need as in communism.", "phonemes": "k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026at k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8o\u028an\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279a\u026azd t\u0259bi \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az bi\u02d0 p\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0261\u02c8\u028adz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00e6z \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Collectivist anarchism arose alongside Marxism but rejected the dictatorship of the proletariat despite the stated Marxist goal of a collectivist stateless society.", "phonemes": "k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks\u026az\u0259m b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 d\u026akt\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279o\u028alt\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02cc\u00e6t d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks\u026ast \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast st\u02c8e\u026atl\u0259s s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "Anarcho-communism is a theory of anarchism that advocates a communist society with common ownership of the means of production, held by a federal network of voluntary associations, with production and consumption based on the guiding principle \"From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.\"", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026ats \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8o\u028an\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, h\u02c8\u025bld ba\u026a \u0250 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \"f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u026az \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei, t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u026az n\u02c8i\u02d0d.\""}, {"text": "Anarcho-communism developed from radical socialist currents after the French Revolution but was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the First International.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt f\u0279\u028cm \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l."}, {"text": "It was later expanded upon in the theoretical work of Peter Kropotkin, whose specific style would go onto become the dominating view of anarchists by the late 19th century.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259tk\u02cc\u026an, h\u02ccu\u02d0z sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak st\u02c8a\u026al w\u028ad \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism that views labour syndicates as a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the state with a new society democratically self-managed by workers.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cco\u028as\u02c8\u026and\u026ak\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t vj\u02c8u\u02d0z l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a s\u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli s\u02c8\u025blfm\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d ba\u026a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az."}, {"text": "The basic principles of anarcho-syndicalism are direct action, workers' solidarity and workers' self-management.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cco\u028as\u02c8\u026and\u026ak\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az s\u02c8\u025blfm\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Individualist anarchism is a set of several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u026al \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Early influences on individualist forms of anarchism include William Godwin, Max Stirner, and Henry David Thoreau.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dw\u026an, m\u02c8\u00e6ks st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025a, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad \u03b8\u0259\u0279\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Through many countries, individualist anarchism attracted a small yet diverse following of Bohemian artists and intellectuals as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as illegalism and individual reclamation.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l j\u02c8\u025bt da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u028cv bo\u028ah\u02c8i\u02d0mi\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259lz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8a\u028atl\u0254\u02d0z \u026an w\u028ct b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u026al\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bkl\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti-globalisation movement, whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad mo\u028am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u0261l\u02cco\u028ab\u0259l\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, h\u02ccu\u02d0z l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0ks w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u026an \u02cco\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "As the movement shaped 21st century radicalism, wider embrace of anarchist principles signaled a revival of interest.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u0283\u02c8e\u026apt tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, w\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u025bmb\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259ld \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst."}, {"text": "Anarchism has continued to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and combining disparate concepts to create new philosophical approaches.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m h\u0250z k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8\u025bni f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fiz \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts, \u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026amz \u026akl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026ak, d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026asp\u025a\u0279\u0259t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpts t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The anti-capitalist tradition of classical anarchism has remained prominent within contemporary currents.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m h\u0250z \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Contemporary news coverage which emphasizes black bloc demonstrations has reinforced anarchism's historical association with chaos and violence.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8u\u02d0z k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz bl\u02c8\u00e6k bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u0250z \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8e\u026a\u0251\u02d0s \u00e6nd v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Its publicity has also led more scholars in fields such as anthropology and history to engage with the anarchist movement, although contemporary anarchism favours actions over academic theory.", "phonemes": "\u026ats p\u028cbl\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a l\u02c8\u025bd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i t\u028a \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m f\u02c8e\u026av\u025az \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i."}, {"text": "Various anarchist groups, tendencies, and schools of thought exist today, making it difficult to describe the contemporary anarchist movement.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsiz, \u00e6nd sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "While theorists and activists have established \"relatively stable constellations of anarchist principles\", there is no consensus on which principles are core and commentators describe multiple anarchisms, rather than a singular anarchism, in which common principles are shared between schools of anarchism while each group prioritizes those principles differently.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \"\u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz\", \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p p\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u00f0o\u028az p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "Gender equality can be a common principle, although it ranks as a higher priority to anarcha-feminists than anarcho-communists.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279 i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a p\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u0259f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026asts \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "Anarchists are generally committed against coercive authority in all forms, namely \"all centralized and hierarchical forms of government (e.g., monarchy, representative democracy, state socialism, etc.), economic class systems (e.g., capitalism, Bolshevism, feudalism, slavery, etc.), autocratic religions (e.g., fundamentalist Islam, Roman Catholicism, etc.), patriarchy, heterosexism, white supremacy, and imperialism.\"", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst k\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026av \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz, n\u02c8e\u026amli \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6nd ha\u026a\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025aki, \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si, st\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259., \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak kl\u02c8\u00e6s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0283\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, fj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259., \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028ak\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u00e6\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259., p\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki, h\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cco\u028as\u026aks\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, w\u02c8a\u026at su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8\u025bm\u0259si, \u00e6nd \u026amp\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m.\""}, {"text": "The principle of equal liberty is closer to anarchist political ethics in that it transcends both the liberal and socialist traditions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei \u026az kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks \u026an \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u025bndz b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "This entails that liberty and equality cannot be implemented within the state, resulting in the questioning of all forms of domination and hierarchy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u025bnt\u02c8e\u026alz \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei \u00e6nd i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki."}, {"text": "Anarchists' tactics take various forms but in general serve two major goals, namely, to first oppose the Establishment and secondly to promote anarchist ethics and reflect an anarchist vision of society, illustrating the unity of means and ends.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts t\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026aks t\u02c8e\u026ak v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0261\u02c8o\u028alz, n\u02c8e\u026amli, t\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndli t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026a\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bndz."}, {"text": "A broad categorisation can be made between aims to destroy oppressive states and institutions by revolutionary means on one hand and aims to change society through evolutionary means on the other.", "phonemes": "\u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d k\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026amz t\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz ba\u026a \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026amz t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "Evolutionary tactics embrace nonviolence, reject violence and take a gradual approach to anarchist aims, although there is significant overlap between the two.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026aks \u025bmb\u0279\u02c8e\u026as n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns, \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026ak \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8e\u026amz, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u00e6p b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Anarchists during the early 20th century focused more on strikes and militancy while contemporary anarchists use a broader array of approaches.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n st\u0279\u02c8a\u026aks \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026al\u026at\u0259nsi w\u02cca\u026al k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Not only did they confront state armed forces, as in Spain and Ukraine, but some of them also employed terrorism as propaganda of the deed.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli d\u02c8\u026ad \u00f0e\u026a k\u0259nf\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt st\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, \u00e6z \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd ju\u02d0k\u0279\u02c8e\u026an, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6z p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Many anarchists, especially the Galleanists, believed that these attempts would be the impetus for a revolution against capitalism and the state.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6li\u02d0n\u02cc\u026asts, b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u027e\u0259s f\u025a\u0279\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Many of these attacks were done by individual assailants and the majority took place in the late 1870s, the early 1880s and the 1890s, with some still occurring in the early 1900s.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks w\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8e\u026al\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm st\u02c8\u026al \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad z."}, {"text": "Their decrease in prevalence was the result of further judicial power and targeting and cataloging by state institutions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l\u0259ns w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u026a\u014b ba\u026a st\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Other anarchist groups advocate direct action, a tactic which can include acts of sabotage or terrorism.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026at d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, \u0250 t\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6kts \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0292 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "This attitude was quite prominent a century ago when seeing the state as a tyrant and some anarchists believing that they had every right to oppose its oppression by any means possible.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d w\u028cz kw\u02c8a\u026at p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a w\u025bn s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nt \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u028a \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az \u026ats \u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u02cc\u025bni m\u02c8i\u02d0nz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l."}, {"text": "Emma Goldman and Errico Malatesta, who were proponents of limited use of violence, stated that violence is merely a reaction to state violence as a necessary evil.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bm\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028aldm\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u02cco\u028a m\u02cc\u00e6le\u026at\u02c8\u025bst\u0259, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u028cv l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns, st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns \u026az m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li \u0250 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l."}, {"text": "Anarchists took an active role in strike actions, although they tended to be antipathetic to formal syndicalism, seeing it as reformist.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts t\u02c8\u028ak \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0e\u026a t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026ap\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u00e6z \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u026ast."}, {"text": "Anarchists also reinforced their propaganda within the arts, some of whom practiced naturism and nudism.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv h\u02c8u\u02d0m p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Those anarchists also built communities which were based on friendship and were involved in the news media.", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02c8\u026alt k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u0283\u026ap \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0z m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259."}, {"text": "In the current era, Italian anarchist Alfredo Bonanno, a proponent of insurrectionary anarchism, has reinstated the debate on violence by rejecting the nonviolence tactic adopted since the late 19th century by Kropotkin and other prominent anarchists afterwards.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6lf\u0279\u02c8e\u026ado\u028a b\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6no\u028a, \u0250 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u028cv \u026ans\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, h\u0250z \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anst\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u0254n v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns t\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i ba\u026a k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259tk\u02cc\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025adz."}, {"text": "Both Bonanno and the French group The Invisible Committee advocate for small, informal affiliation groups, where each member is responsible for their own actions but works together to bring down oppression utilizing sabotage and other violent means against state, capitalism, and other enemies.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 b\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6no\u028a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u0250f\u02cc\u026al\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0292 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst st\u02c8e\u026at, k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn\u0259miz."}, {"text": "Overall, contemporary anarchists are much less violent and militant than their ideological ancestors.", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bs v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026al\u026at\u0259nt \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025az."}, {"text": "They mostly engage in confronting the police during demonstrations and riots, especially in countries such as Canada, Greece, and Mexico.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8o\u028astli \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026an k\u0259nf\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ts, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a."}, {"text": "Militant black bloc protest groups are known for clashing with the police; however, anarchists not only clash with state operators, they also engage in the struggle against fascists and racists, taking anti-fascist action and mobilizing to prevent hate rallies from happening.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026al\u026at\u0259nt bl\u02c8\u00e6k bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bst \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259l \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst f\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u026asts \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u026asts, t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026af\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ab\u026al\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt h\u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6liz f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust hierarchy, or the form of self-managing their lives through the creation of counter-institutions such as communes and non-hierarchical collectives.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u00e6n t\u02c8e\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u028cnd\u0292\u02c8\u028cst h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv s\u02c8\u025blfm\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026avz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0nz \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nha\u026a\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avz."}, {"text": "Decision-making is often handled in an anti-authoritarian way, with everyone having equal say in each decision, an approach known as horizontalism.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nm\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259ld \u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n w\u02c8e\u026a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l s\u02c8e\u026a \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u0250n \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026az\u02cc\u0254nt\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Contemporary-era anarchists have been engaging with various grassroots movements that are more or less based on horizontalism, although not explicitly anarchist, respecting personal autonomy and participating in mass activism such as strikes and demonstrations.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts h\u0250vb\u026an \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s\u0279u\u02d0ts m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026az\u02cc\u0254nt\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026atli \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u00e6nd p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6s \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z st\u0279\u02c8a\u026aks \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In contrast with the big-A anarchism of the classical era, the newly coined term small-a anarchism signals their tendency not to base their thoughts and actions on classical-era anarchism or to refer to classical anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon to justify their opinions.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0250 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li k\u02c8\u0254\u026and t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0250 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259lz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259tk\u02cc\u026an \u00e6nd p\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u0279d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f p\u0279\u02c8a\u028adh\u0251\u02d0n t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Those anarchists would rather base their thought and praxis on their own experience which they will later theorize.", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts w\u028ad \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a b\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a w\u026al l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279a\u026az."}, {"text": "Anarchists have employed various methods in order to build a rough consensus among members of their group without the need of a leader or a leading group.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u028cf k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "One way is for an individual from the group to play the role of facilitator to help achieve a consensus without taking part in the discussion themselves or promoting a specific point.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8e\u026a \u026az f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant."}, {"text": "Minorities usually accept rough consensus, except when they feel the proposal contradicts anarchist ethics, goals and values.", "phonemes": "ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt \u0279\u02c8\u028cf k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u026akts \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks, \u0261\u02c8o\u028alz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Anarchists usually form small groups (5\u201320 individuals) to enhance autonomy and friendships among their members.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps f\u02c8a\u026av tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz t\u028a \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6ns \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u0283\u026aps \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az."}, {"text": "Anarchists still support and participate in strikes, especially wildcat strikes as these are leaderless strikes not organised centrally by a syndicate.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts st\u02c8\u026al s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u026an st\u0279\u02c8a\u026aks, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li w\u02c8a\u026aldk\u00e6t st\u0279\u02c8a\u026aks \u00e6z \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025al\u0259s st\u0279\u02c8a\u026aks n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u02cca\u026azd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259li ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "As in the past, newspapers and journals are used, and anarchists have gone online in the World Wide Web to spread their message.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st, n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025az \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v \u0261\u0254n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nla\u026an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8a\u026ad w\u02c8\u025bb t\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Anarchists have found it easier to create websites because of distributional and other difficulties, hosting electronic libraries and other portals.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v f\u02c8a\u028and \u026a\u027e \u02c8i\u02d0zi\u025a t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u025bbsa\u026ats b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz, h\u02c8o\u028ast\u026a\u014b \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279iz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The way these hacktivists work to develop and distribute resembles the anarchist ideals, especially when it comes to preserving users' privacy from state surveillance.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0i\u02d0z h\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026asts w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259lz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259lz, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li w\u025bn \u026at k\u02c8\u028cmz t\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259si f\u0279\u028cm st\u02c8e\u026at s\u025av\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns."}, {"text": "During important events such as protests and when spaces are being occupied, they are often called Temporary Autonomous Zones (TAZ), spaces where art, poetry, and surrealism are blended to display the anarchist ideal.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts \u00e6nd w\u025bn sp\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s z\u02c8o\u028anz t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0, sp\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i, \u00e6nd s\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l\u026az\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 bl\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259l."}, {"text": "As seen by anarchists, squatting is a way to regain urban space from the capitalist market, serving pragmatical needs and also being an exemplary direct action.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z s\u02c8i\u02d0n ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts, skw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026az \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026as f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u00e6\u0261m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bmpl\u025a\u0279i d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Adding up these tactics while having in mind that not all anarchists share the same attitudes towards them, along with various forms of protesting at highly symbolic events, make up a carnivalesque atmosphere that is part of contemporary anarchist vividity.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026aks w\u02cca\u026al h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u026an m\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0dz t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026ali s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts, m\u02cce\u026ak \u02cc\u028cp \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u026ave\u026al\u02c8\u025bsk \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast v\u026av\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "As anarchism is a philosophy that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies, and schools of thought; disagreement over questions of values, ideology, and tactics is common.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u0250 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bmb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz m\u02c8\u025bni da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0dz, t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsiz, \u00e6nd sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t; d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt \u02cco\u028av\u025a kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z, \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026aks \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n."}, {"text": "Its diversity has led to widely different uses of identical terms among different anarchist traditions which has created a number of definitional concerns in anarchist theory.", "phonemes": "\u026ats da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei h\u0250z l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026adli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u028cv a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i."}, {"text": "The compatibility of capitalism, nationalism, and religion with anarchism is widely disputed, and anarchism enjoys complex relationships with ideologies such as communism, collectivism, Marxism, and trade unionism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az w\u02c8a\u026adli d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u025bnd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Anarchists may be motivated by humanism, divine authority, enlightened self-interest, veganism, or any number of alternative ethical doctrines.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei, \u025bnl\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329d s\u02c8\u025blf\u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst, v\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u026anz."}, {"text": "Phenomena such as civilisation, technology (e.g. within anarcho-primitivism), and the democratic process may be sharply criticised within some anarchist tendencies and simultaneously lauded in others.", "phonemes": "f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cco\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026at\u02cc\u026av\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279pli k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsiz \u00e6nd s\u02cca\u026am\u0259lt\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259sli l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u026at t\u0259bi \u026al\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bm\u0259t \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dl\u0259s \u028cv \u026ats p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsiz."}, {"text": "Instead of people being able to control the aspects of their life, major decisions are taken by a small elite.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026af, m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n ba\u026a \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026al\u02c8i\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Authority ultimately rests solely on power, regardless of whether that power is open or transparent, as it still has the ability to coerce people.", "phonemes": "\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli \u0279\u02c8\u025bsts s\u02c8o\u028alli \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dl\u0259s \u028cv w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt, \u00e6z \u026at st\u02c8\u026al h\u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 k\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "Another anarchist argument against states is that the people constituting a government, even the most altruistic among officials, will unavoidably seek to gain more power, leading to corruption.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259lz, w\u026al \u028cn\u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u0259bli s\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Anarchists consider the idea that the state is the collective will of the people to be an unachievable fiction due to the fact that the ruling class is distinct from the rest of society.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av w\u026al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0259bi \u0250n \u028cn\u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259b\u0259l f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u026az d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "Robert Paul Wolff believed that the tension between authority and autonomy would mean the state could never be legitimate.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u02c8\u028alff b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi w\u028ad m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at k\u028ad n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a bi\u02d0 l\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bm\u0259t."}, {"text": "Bakunin saw the state as meaning \"coercion, domination by means of coercion, camouflaged if possible but unceremonious and overt if need be.\"", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026an s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"k\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv k\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259fl\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0292d \u026af p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l b\u02cc\u028ct \u028cns\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259s \u00e6nd o\u028av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t \u026af n\u02c8i\u02d0d b\u02c8i\u02d0.\""}, {"text": "A. John Simmons and Leslie Green, who leaned toward philosophical anarchism, believed that the state could be legitimate if it is governed by consensus, although they saw this as highly unlikely.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026a. d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n s\u02c8\u026am\u0259nz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bsli \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8i\u02d0nd t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at k\u028ad bi\u02d0 l\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bm\u0259t \u026af \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025and ba\u026a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0e\u026a s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u026as \u00e6z h\u02c8a\u026ali \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026akli."}, {"text": "As gender and sexuality carry along them dynamics of hierarchy, many anarchists address, analyse, and oppose the suppression of one's autonomy imposed by gender roles.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm da\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aks \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki, m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cca\u026az, \u00e6nd \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnz \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026amp\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028alz."}, {"text": "Sexuality was not often discussed by classical anarchists but the few that did felt that an anarchist society would lead to sexuality naturally developing.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst ba\u026a kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u026ad f\u02c8\u025blt \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei w\u028ad l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Sexual violence was a concern for anarchists such as Benjamin Tucker, who opposed age of consent laws, believing they would benefit predatory men.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns w\u028cz\u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259m\u026an t\u02c8\u028ck\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bnt l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z, b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i m\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "In contemporary anarchism, this current survives as a tendency to support polyamory, relationship anarchy, and queer anarchism.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avz \u00e6z \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a\u0279i, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki, \u00e6nd kw\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Free love advocates were against marriage, which they saw as a way of men imposing authority over women, largely because marriage law greatly favoured the power of men.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u028cv \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026ats w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00e6z \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bn \u026amp\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u02cco\u028av\u025a w\u02c8\u026am\u026an, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "The notion of free love was much broader and included a critique of the established order that limited women's sexual freedom and pleasure.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u028cv w\u028cz m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u025a \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0250 k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u026am\u026anz s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a."}, {"text": "Those free love movements contributed to the establishment of communal houses, where large groups of travelers, anarchists and other activists slept in beds together.", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u028cv m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u028cv k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259l h\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u025az, \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026asts sl\u02c8\u025bpt \u026an b\u02c8\u025bdz t\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "Free love had roots both in Europe and the United States; however, some anarchists struggled with the jealousy that arose from free love.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u028cv h\u00e6d \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259ld w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u0259si \u00f0\u00e6t \u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u028az f\u0279\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u028cv."}, {"text": "Anarchist feminists were advocates of free love, against marriage, and pro-choice (utilising a contemporary term), and had a similar agenda.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026asts w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026ats \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u028cv, \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as j\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m, \u00e6nd h\u00e6d \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259."}, {"text": "During the second half of the 20th century, anarchism intermingled with the second wave of feminism, radicalising some currents of the feminist movement and being influenced as well.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259ld w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd w\u02c8e\u026av \u028cv f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u00e6nd b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "By the latest decades of the 20th century, anarchists and feminists were advocating for the rights and autonomy of women, gays, queers and other marginalised groups, with some feminist thinkers suggesting a fusion of the two currents.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026asts w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u028cv w\u02c8\u026am\u026an, \u0261\u02c8e\u026az, kw\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026an\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026ast \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u025az s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts."}, {"text": "With the third wave of feminism, sexual identity and compulsory heterosexuality became a subject of study for anarchists, yielding a post-structuralist critique of sexual normality.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d w\u02c8e\u026av \u028cv f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd k\u0259mp\u02c8\u028cls\u025a\u0279i h\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u028cv st\u02c8\u028cdi f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts, j\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8o\u028astst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l no\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Some anarchists distanced themselves from this line of thinking, suggesting that it leaned towards an individualism that was dropping the cause of social liberation.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nst \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u026as l\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b, s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at l\u02c8i\u02d0nd t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l l\u02cc\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The interest of anarchists in education stretches back to the first emergence of classical anarchism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u026an \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u1d7bz b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns \u028cv kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Anarchists consider proper education, one which sets the foundations of the future autonomy of the individual and the society, to be an act of mutual aid.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bts \u00f0\u0259 fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, t\u0259bi \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "Anarchist writers such as William Godwin (Political Justice) and Max Stirner (\"The False Principle of Our Education\") attacked both state education and private education as another means by which the ruling class replicate their privileges.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dw\u026an p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6ks st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025a\"\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254ls p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\"\u0250t\u02c8\u00e6kt b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 st\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u0279\u02c8\u025bpl\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u1d7bl\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In 1901, Catalan anarchist and free thinker Francisco Ferrer established the Escuela Moderna in Barcelona as an opposition to the established education system which was dictated largely by the Catholic Church.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn, k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u025a f\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026asko\u028a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u026a \u025bskw\u02c8e\u026al\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an\u0259 \u026an b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026al\u02c8o\u028an\u0259 \u00e6z \u0250n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz d\u02c8\u026akte\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "Ferrer's approach was secular, rejecting both state and church involvement in the educational process whilst giving pupils large amounts of autonomy in planning their work and attendance.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u025az \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a, \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvm\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs w\u02cca\u026alst \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b pj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0259lz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026an pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Ferrer aimed to educate the working class and explicitly sought to foster class consciousness among students.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026amd t\u028a \u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026atli s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u025a kl\u02c8\u00e6s k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sn\u0259s \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy, who published the essay Education and Culture, also established a similar school with its founding principle being that \"for education to be effective it had to be free.\"", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast l\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lst\u0254\u026a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bse\u026a \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259bi \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u026at h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.\""}, {"text": "In a similar token, A. S. Neill founded what became the Summerhill School in 1921, also declaring being free from coercion.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n, \u02c8e\u026a. \u02c8\u025bs. n\u02c8i\u02d0l f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd w\u028ct b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025ah\u02cc\u026al sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm k\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Anarchist education is based largely on the idea that a child's right to develop freely and without manipulation ought to be respected and that rationality would lead children to morally good conclusions; however, there has been little consensus among anarchist figures as to what constitutes manipulation.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u0254n\u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldz \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0li \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at m\u0259n\u02cc\u026apj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259bi \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei w\u028ad l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259li \u0261\u02c8\u028ad k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az \u00e6z t\u0259 w\u028ct k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts m\u0259n\u02cc\u026apj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Ferrer believed that moral indoctrination was necessary and explicitly taught pupils that equality, liberty and social justice were not possible under capitalism, along with other critiques of government and nationalism.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u025a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u026and\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026atli t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t pj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei, l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Late 20th century and contemporary anarchist writers (Paul Goodman, Herbert Read, and Colin Ward) intensified and expanded the anarchist critique of state education, largely focusing on the need for a system that focuses on children's creativity rather than on their ability to attain a career or participate in consumerism as part of a consumer society.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026at tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0261\u02c8\u028adm\u0259n, h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025at \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259nz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8e\u026an \u0250 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u026an k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "Contemporary anarchists such as Ward claim that state education serves to perpetuate socioeconomic inequality.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz t\u0259 p\u025ap\u02c8\u025bt\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026at s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02cco\u028ak\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u026ani\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "While few anarchist education institutions have survived to the modern-day, major tenets of anarchist schools, among them respect for child autonomy and relying on reasoning rather than indoctrination as a teaching method, have spread among mainstream educational institutions.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz h\u00e6v s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a, m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a t\u02c8\u025bn\u026ats \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026and\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d, h\u00e6v sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b m\u02c8e\u026anst\u0279i\u02d0m \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Judith Suissa names three schools as explicitly anarchists' schools, namely the Free Skool Santa Cruz in the United States which is part of a wider American-Canadian network of schools, the Self-Managed Learning College in Brighton, England, and the Paideia School in Spain.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u03b8 su\u02d0\u02c8\u026as\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6z \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026atli \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz, n\u02c8e\u026amli \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l s\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259\u014bk\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blfm\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u026an b\u0279\u02c8a\u026at\u0259n, \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026ade\u026a\u0259 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "The connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era such as futurists, surrealists and others.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t w\u028cz kw\u02c8a\u026at p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8a\u028and d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026asts, s\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "In literature, anarchism was mostly associated with the New Apocalyptics and the neo-romanticism movement.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u028cz m\u02c8o\u028astli \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0k\u0250l\u02c8\u026apt\u026aks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028a\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Anarchists such as Leo Tolstoy and Herbert Read stated that the border between the artist and the non-artist, what separates art from a daily act, is a construct produced by the alienation caused by capitalism and it prevents humans from living a joyful life.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z l\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lst\u0254\u026a \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025at \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ast \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ast, w\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 d\u02c8e\u026ali \u02c8\u00e6kt, \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0279\u028ckt p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026ali\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u026at p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnts hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026af\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "In his book Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas, Chris Rob\u00e9 claims that \"anarchist-inflected practices have increasingly structured movement-based video activism.\"", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az b\u02c8\u028ak b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bl: \u0250 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025az, v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028at\u02cce\u026ap \u0261\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u0259z, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8\u026and\u0292\u0259z, k\u0279\u02c8\u026as \u0279\u0259b\u02c8e\u026a kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast\u026anfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz h\u00e6v \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025ad m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259ntb\u02c8e\u026ast v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m.\""}, {"text": "Throughout the 20th century, many prominent anarchists (Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, Gustav Landauer and Camillo Berneri) and publications such as Anarchy wrote about matters pertaining to the arts.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, m\u02c8\u025bni p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259tk\u02cc\u026an, \u02c8\u025bm\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028aldm\u0259n, \u0261\u02c8\u028cst\u00e6v l\u02c8\u00e6nda\u028a\u025a \u00e6nd k\u00e6m\u02c8\u026alo\u028a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250b\u02cca\u028at m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025az p\u025at\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "It could depict a critique of existing society and hierarchies, serve as a prefigurative tool to reflect the anarchist ideal society and even turn into a means of direct action such as in protests.", "phonemes": "\u026at k\u028ad d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt \u0250 k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cv \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279kiz, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u02c8u\u02d0l t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts."}, {"text": "As it appeals to both emotion and reason, art could appeal to the whole human and have a powerful effect.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u026a\u027e \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz t\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t k\u028ad \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u00e6v \u0250 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "The 19th-century neo-impressionist movement had an ecological aesthetic and offered an example of an anarchist perception of the road towards socialism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028a\u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt h\u00e6d \u0250n \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u025bs\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "In Les chataigniers a Osny by anarchist painter Camille Pissarro, the blending of aesthetic and social harmony is prefiguring an ideal anarchistic agrarian community.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8\u025bs t\u0283\u00e6t\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u0279z \u0250 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sni ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast p\u02c8e\u026ant\u025a k\u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0l p\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279o\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u025bs\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ni \u026az p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250n a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u00e6\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The most common critique of anarchism is the assertion that humans cannot self-govern and so a state is necessary for human survival.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u025blf\u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l."}, {"text": "Philosopher Bertrand Russell supported this critique, stating that \"[p]eace and war, tariffs, regulations of sanitary conditions and the sale of noxious drugs, the preservation of a just system of distribution: these, among others, are functions which could hardly be performed in a community in which there was no central government.\"", "phonemes": "f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0279\u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026as k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0k, st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0s \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026afs, \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0283\u0259s d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261z, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n: \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dli bi\u02d0 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an \u0250 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt.\""}, {"text": "Another common criticism of anarchism is that it fits a world of isolation in which only the small enough entities can be self-governing; a response would be that major anarchist thinkers advocated anarchist federalism.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at f\u02c8\u026ats \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u028cv \u02cca\u026as\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an\u02c8\u028cf \u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7b\u027eiz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025blf\u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u026a\u014b; \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u025az \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Another criticism of anarchism is the belief that it is inherently unstable: that an anarchist society would inevitably evolve back into a state.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az \u026anh\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259ntli \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l: \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei w\u028ad \u026an\u02c8\u025bv\u1d7b\u027e\u0259bli \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Thomas Hobbes and other early social contract theorists argued that the state emerges in response to natural anarchy in order to protect the people's interests and keep order.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kt \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026asts \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bsts \u00e6nd k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "Philosopher Robert Nozick argued that a \"night-watchman state\", or minarchy, would emerge from anarchy through the process of an invisible hand, in which people would exercise their liberty and buy protection from protection agencies, evolving into a minimal state.", "phonemes": "f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 \"n\u02c8a\u026atw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283m\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at\", \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki, w\u028ad \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u0259v\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u028ad \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei \u00e6nd b\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsiz, \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Anarchists reject these criticisms by arguing that humans in a state of nature would not just be in a state of war.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz ba\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u026an \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u026an \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Anarcho-primitivists in particular argue that humans were better off in a state of nature in small tribes living close to the land, while anarchists in general argue that the negatives of state organization, such as hierarchies, monopolies and inequality, outweigh the benefits.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cco\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026at\u02cc\u026av\u026asts \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f \u026an \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279kiz, m\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz \u00e6nd \u026ani\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei, a\u028atw\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats."}, {"text": "Philosophy lecturer Andrew G. Fiala composed a list of common arguments against anarchism which includes critiques such as that anarchism is innately related to violence and destruction, not only in the pragmatic world, such as at protests, but in the world of ethics as well.", "phonemes": "f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. f\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u0250 l\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0ks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u026ann\u02c8e\u026atli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns \u00e6nd d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u00e6\u0261m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "Secondly, anarchism is evaluated as unfeasible or utopian since the state cannot be defeated practically.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndli, \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u026av\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u028cnf\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bb\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ju\u02d0t\u02c8o\u028api\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026akli."}, {"text": "The third argument is that anarchism is self-contradictory as a ruling theory that has no ruling theory.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az s\u02c8\u025blfk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i."}, {"text": "Anarchism also calls for collective action whilst endorsing the autonomy of the individual, hence no collective action can be taken.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u02cca\u026alst \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l, h\u02c8\u025bns n\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n."}, {"text": "Lastly, Fiala mentions a critique towards philosophical anarchism of being ineffective (all talk and thoughts) and in the meantime capitalism and bourgeois class remains strong.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6stli, f\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u0250 k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026an\u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ts \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0nta\u026am k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0292w\u0251\u02d0 kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b."}, {"text": "Philosophical anarchism has met the criticism of members of academia following the release of pro-anarchist books such as A. John Simmons' Moral Principles and Political Obligations.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m h\u0250z m\u02c8\u025bt \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8i\u02d0mi\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast b\u02c8\u028aks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8e\u026a. d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n s\u02c8\u026am\u0259nz m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0bl\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Law professor William A. Edmundson authored an essay to argue against three major philosophical anarchist principles which he finds fallacious.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025a w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8e\u026a. \u02c8\u025bdm\u028cnds\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025ad \u0250n \u02c8\u025bse\u026a t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026andz f\u00e6l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259s."}, {"text": "Edmundson says that while the individual does not owe the state a duty of obedience, this does not imply that anarchism is the inevitable conclusion and the state is still morally legitimate.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bdm\u028cnds\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei \u028cv o\u028ab\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259ns, \u00f0\u026as d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u025bv\u1d7b\u027e\u0259b\u0259l k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az st\u02c8\u026al m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259li l\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bm\u0259t."}, {"text": "In The Problem of Political Authority, Michael Huemer defends philosophical anarchism, claiming that \"political authority is a moral illusion.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u028cv p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei, m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bndz f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, kl\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "One of the earliest criticisms is that anarchism defies and fails to understand the biological inclination to authority.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026alz t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u026a\u014bkl\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "Joseph Raz states that the acceptance of authority implies the belief that following their instructions will afford more success.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f \u0279\u02c8\u00e6z st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259ns \u028cv \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz w\u026al \u0250f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Raz believes that this argument is true in following both authorities' successful and mistaken instruction.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6z b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u026az t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u026ast\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Anarchists reject this criticism because challenging or disobeying authority does not entail the disappearance of its advantages by acknowledging authority such as doctors or lawyers as reliable, nor does it involve a complete surrender of independent judgment.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026asts \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u026as k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026aso\u028ab\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025bnt\u02c8e\u026al \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv \u026ats \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz ba\u026a \u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025az \u00e6z \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259b\u0259l, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u0250 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t s\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Anarchist perception of human nature, rejection of the state, and commitment to social revolution has been criticised by academics as naive, overly simplistic, and unrealistic, respectively.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a, \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd k\u0259m\u02c8\u026atm\u0259nt t\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026aks \u00e6z na\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0v, \u02c8o\u028av\u025ali s\u026ampl\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u028cn\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "Classical anarchism has been criticised for relying too heavily on the belief that the abolition of the state will lead to human cooperation prospering.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bvili \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6b\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026al l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Friedrich Engels, considered to be one of the principal founders of Marxism, criticised anarchism's anti-authoritarianism as inherently counter-revolutionary because in his view a revolution is by itself authoritarian.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259lz, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l f\u02c8a\u028and\u025az \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks\u026az\u0259m, k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6z \u026anh\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259ntli k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026an h\u026az vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026az ba\u026a \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n."}, {"text": "Academic John Molyneux writes in his book Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism that \"anarchism cannot win\", believing that it lacks the ability to properly implement its ideas.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u026an h\u026az b\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m: \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks\u026ast k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u026an\", b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at l\u02c8\u00e6ks \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ali \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt \u026ats a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z."}, {"text": "The Marxist criticism of anarchism is that it has a utopian character because all individuals should have anarchist views and values.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks\u026ast k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at h\u0250z \u0250 ju\u02d0t\u02c8o\u028api\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u0283\u02cc\u028ad\u0259v \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast vj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z."}, {"text": "According to the Marxist view, that a social idea would follow directly from this human ideal and out of the free will of every individual formed its essence.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks\u026ast vj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 w\u028ad f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u026as hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026al \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026ats \u02c8\u025bs\u0259ns."}, {"text": "In the anarchist vision, the conflict between liberty and equality was resolved through coexistence and intertwining.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei \u00e6nd i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 k\u02cco\u028a\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025atw\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that \"both kinds of 'anarchism' [i.e. philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims.\"", "phonemes": "\u0250 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l kl\u02c8e\u026amz.\""}, {"text": "It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation).", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sk\u02c8e\u026al f\u0279\u028cm z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 bl\u02c8\u00e6k b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259nt \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259nt \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity Je to the irradiance Ee (flux per unit area) received by a surface.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u028cv \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028as\u02c8\u026a\u027ei d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u0279e\u026ad\u02cci\u0259ns \u02c8i\u02d0 fl\u02c8\u028cks p\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u025a d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location, and time (see position of the Sun).", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u026am s\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "While bi-hemispherical reflectance is calculated for a single angle of incidence (i.e., for a given position of the Sun), albedo is the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al b\u02c8a\u026ah\u02cc\u025bm\u026asf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259ns \u026az k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259ns \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., f\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259ns \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259lz \u026an \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "The temporal resolution may range from seconds (as obtained from flux measurements) to daily, monthly, or annual averages.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u00e6z \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and f\u0279\u028cm fl\u02c8\u028cks m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025am\u0259nts t\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026ali, m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8li, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Unless given for a specific wavelength (spectral albedo), albedo refers to the entire spectrum of solar radiation.", "phonemes": "\u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n f\u025a\u0279\u0259 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026avl\u025b\u014b\u03b8 sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259l \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259m \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Due to measurement constraints, it is often given for the spectrum in which most solar energy reaches the surface (between 0.3 and 3 \u03bcm).", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025am\u0259nt k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ants, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259m \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 mj\u02c8u\u02d0m."}, {"text": "This spectrum includes visible light (0.4\u20130.7 \u03bcm), which explains why surfaces with a low albedo appear dark (e.g., trees absorb most radiation), whereas surfaces with a high albedo appear bright (e.g., snow reflects most radiation).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259m \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz v\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026at z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n mj\u02c8u\u02d0m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026anz w\u02cca\u026a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., sn\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkts m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Ice\u2013albedo feedback is a positive feedback climate process where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet.", "phonemes": "\u02c8a\u026as \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6k \u026az \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6k kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv \u02c8a\u026as k\u02c8\u00e6ps, \u0261l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u025az, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026as \u02c8\u0254lt\u025az \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at."}, {"text": "Ice is very reflective, therefore it reflects far more solar energy back to space than the other types of land area or open water.", "phonemes": "\u02c8a\u026as \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av, \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 \u026at \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkts f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "The average albedo of the Earth from the upper atmosphere, its planetary albedo, is 30\u201335% because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279, \u026ats pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, \u026az \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv kl\u02c8a\u028ad k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02c8a\u026adli v\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259li \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Any albedo in visible light falls within a range of about 0.9 for fresh snow to about 0.04 for charcoal, one of the darkest substances.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bni \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u026an v\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026at f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.n\u02c8a\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283 sn\u02c8o\u028a t\u028a \u0250b\u02cca\u028at z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ko\u028al, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ast s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "When seen from a distance, the ocean surface has a low albedo, as do most forests, whereas desert areas have some of the highest albedos among landforms.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn s\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as h\u0250z \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, \u00e6z d\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z h\u00e6v s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028az \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6ndf\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "Earth's surface albedo is regularly estimated via Earth observation satellite sensors such as NASA's MODIS instruments on board the Terra and Aqua satellites, and the CERES instrument on the Suomi NPP and JPSS.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026at s\u02c8\u025bns\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 m\u02c8o\u028adiz \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nts \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kw\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i\u02d0z \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sju\u02d0\u02c8o\u028ami \u02cc\u025bnp\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cce\u026ap\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "As the amount of reflected radiation is only measured for a single direction by satellite, not all directions, a mathematical model is used to translate a sample set of satellite reflectance measurements into estimates of directional-hemispherical reflectance and bi-hemispherical reflectance (e.g.,).", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026at, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz, \u0250 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026at \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259ns m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025am\u0259nts \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ts \u028cv d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259lh\u02cc\u025bm\u026asf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259ns \u00e6nd b\u02c8a\u026ah\u02cc\u025bm\u026asf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259ns \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0.,."}, {"text": "These calculations are based on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), which describes how the reflectance of a given surface depends on the view angle of the observer and the solar angle.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 ba\u026ad\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259ns d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n b\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l."}, {"text": "If Earth were frozen entirely (and hence be more reflective), the average temperature of the planet would drop below .", "phonemes": "\u026af \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 w\u025c\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259n \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bns bi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at w\u028ad d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a ."}, {"text": "If only the continental land masses became covered by glaciers, the mean temperature of the planet would drop to about .", "phonemes": "\u026af \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a \u0261l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at w\u028ad d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p t\u028a \u0250b\u02c8a\u028at ."}, {"text": "In contrast, if the entire Earth was covered by water \u2013 a so-called ocean planet \u2013 the average temperature on the planet would rise to almost .", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, \u026af \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 w\u028cz k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0250 s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at w\u028ad \u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast ."}, {"text": "In 2021, scientists reported that Earth dimmed by ~0.5% over two decades (1998\u20132017) as measured by earthshine using modern photometric techniques.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 d\u02c8\u026amd ba\u026a t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad ba\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\u0283a\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028am\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "This may have both been co-caused by climate change as well as a substantial increase in global warming.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 b\u02cc\u026an k\u02c8o\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0250 s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "However, the link to climate change has not been explored to date and it is unclear whether or not this represents an ongoing trend.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk t\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 h\u0259zn\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cc\u026an \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d t\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261o\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd."}, {"text": "For land surfaces, it has been shown that the albedo at a particular solar zenith angle \u03b8i can be approximated by the proportionate sum of two terms:", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz, \u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u00e6\u027e\u0259 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a z\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259i k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n\u0259t s\u02c8\u028cm \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz:"}, {"text": "the directional-hemispherical reflectance at that solar zenith angle, , sometimes referred to as black-sky albedo, and", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259lh\u02cc\u025bm\u026asf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259ns \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a z\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l, , s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z bl\u02c8\u00e6ksk\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, \u00e6nd"}, {"text": "with  being the proportion of direct radiation from a given solar angle, and  being the proportion of diffuse illumination, the actual albedo  (also called blue-sky albedo) can then be given as:", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l, \u00e6nd b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u026al\u02ccu\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld bl\u02c8u\u02d0sk\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a k\u00e6n \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn bi\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00e6z:"}, {"text": "This formula is important because it allows the albedo to be calculated for any given illumination conditions from a knowledge of the intrinsic properties of the surface.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 \u026az \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a t\u0259bi k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u026al\u02ccu\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "Human activities (e.g., deforestation, farming, and urbanization) change the albedo of various areas around the globe.", "phonemes": "hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., di\u02d0f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025c\u02d0b\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab."}, {"text": "As per Campra et al., human impacts to \"the physical properties of the land surface can perturb the climate by altering the Earth\u2019s radiative energy balance\" even on a small scale or when undetected by satellites.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z p\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259 \u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u00e6l., hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kts tu\u02d0 \"\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as k\u00e6n p\u025at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t ba\u026a \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z \u0279\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns\" \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l sk\u02c8e\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u025bn \u02cc\u028cnd\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026ats."}, {"text": "The tens of thousands of hectares of greenhouses in Almer\u00eda, Spain form a large expanse of whitened plastic roofs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bnz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025b\u0279z \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nha\u028az\u1d7bz \u026an \u0254lm\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, sp\u02c8e\u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6ns \u028cv w\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329d pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0fs."}, {"text": "A 2008 study found that this anthropogenic change lowered the local surface area temperature of the high-albedo area, although changes were localized.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at st\u02c8\u028cdi f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd."}, {"text": "A follow-up study found that \"CO2-eq. emissions associated to changes in surface albedo are a consequence of land transformation\" and can reduce surface temperature increases associated with climate change.", "phonemes": "\u0250 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u02cc\u028cp st\u02c8\u028cdi f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"k\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bk. \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\" \u00e6nd k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292."}, {"text": "It has been found that urbanization generally decreases albedo (commonly being 0.01\u20130.02 lower than adjacent croplands), which contributes to global warming.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u025c\u02d0b\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0250d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nt k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pl\u0259ndz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0ts t\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Ouyang et al. estimated that, on a global scale, \"an albedo increase of 0.1 in worldwide urban areas would result in a cooling effect that is equivalent to absorbing ~44", "phonemes": "a\u028aj\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u00e6l. \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l sk\u02c8e\u026al, \"\u0250n \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u028cv z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z w\u028ad \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026an \u0250 k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt t\u028a \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279"}, {"text": "Intentionally enhancing the albedo of the Earth's surface, along with its daytime thermal emittance, has been proposed as a solar radiation management strategy to mitigate energy crises and global warming known as passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC).", "phonemes": "\u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats d\u02c8e\u026ata\u026am \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l \u026am\u02c8\u026at\u0259ns, h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i t\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i k\u0279\u02c8a\u026asi\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av d\u02c8e\u026ata\u026am \u0279\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b p\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Efforts toward widespread implementation of PDRCs may focus on maximizing the albedo of surfaces from very low to high values, so long as a thermal emittance of at least 90% can be achieved.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd \u02cc\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u028cv s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8o\u028a t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z, s\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6z \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l \u026am\u02c8\u026at\u0259ns \u028cv \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st n\u02c8a\u026anti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vd."}, {"text": "Albedo is not directly dependent on illumination because changing the amount of incoming light proportionally changes the amount of reflected light, except in circumstances where a change in illumination induces a change in the Earth's surface at that location (e.g. through melting of reflective ice).", "phonemes": "\u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254n \u026al\u02ccu\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm\u02cc\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026at p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n\u0259li t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd l\u02c8a\u026at, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259mst\u02cc\u00e6ns\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026an \u026al\u02ccu\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026and\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8a\u026as."}, {"text": "The intensity of albedo temperature effects depends on the amount of albedo and the level of local insolation (solar irradiance); high albedo areas in the Arctic and Antarctic regions are cold due to low insolation, whereas areas such as the Sahara Desert, which also have a relatively high albedo, will be hotter due to high insolation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u02cc\u026ans\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u0279e\u026ad\u02cci\u0259ns; h\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00e6nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028ald d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u026ans\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6v \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli h\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, w\u026al bi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u026ans\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Tropical and sub-tropical rainforest areas have low albedo, and are much hotter than their temperate forest counterparts, which have lower insolation.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z h\u00e6v l\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u0259t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ap\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6v l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ans\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Because insolation plays such a big role in the heating and cooling effects of albedo, high insolation areas like the tropics will tend to show a more pronounced fluctuation in local temperature when local albedo changes.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02cc\u026ans\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n pl\u02c8e\u026az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 b\u02c8\u026a\u0261 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, h\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u026ans\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026aks w\u026al t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259n\u02c8a\u028anst fl\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a w\u025bn l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8i\u02d0t b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u026ant\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0250n w\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b, \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and reflects less heat back into space.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u02c8a\u026as \u00e6nd sn\u02c8o\u028a h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az, k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025a k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkts l\u02c8\u025bs h\u02c8i\u02d0t b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u026ant\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "The uneven heating of Earth from albedo variations between land, ice, or ocean surfaces can drive weather.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 f\u0279\u028cm \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u02c8a\u026as, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz k\u00e6n d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "The response of the climate system to an initial forcing is modified by feedbacks: increased by \"self-reinforcing\" or \"positive\" feedbacks and reduced by \"balancing\" or \"negative\" feedbacks.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m t\u028a \u0250n \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014b \u026az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6ks: \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st b\u02c8a\u026a \"s\u02c8\u025blf\u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014b\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av\" f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6ks \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st b\u02c8a\u026a \"b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns\u026a\u014b\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av\" f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6ks."}, {"text": "The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water-vapour feedback, the ice\u2013albedo feedback, and the net effect of clouds.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014b f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6ks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025av\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6k, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026as \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6k, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bt \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv kl\u02c8a\u028adz."}, {"text": "In principle, if no outside temperature change affects this area (e.g., a warm air mass), the raised albedo and lower temperature would maintain the current snow and invite further snowfall, deepening the snow\u2013temperature feedback.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l, \u026af n\u02c8o\u028a a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \u0250 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6s, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a w\u028ad me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt sn\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8a\u026at f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a sn\u02c8o\u028af\u0254\u02d0l, d\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sn\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6k."}, {"text": "However, because local weather is dynamic due to the change of seasons, eventually warm air masses and a more direct angle of sunlight (higher insolation) cause melting.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026az da\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz, \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u028cv s\u02c8\u028cnla\u026at h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ans\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "When the melted area reveals surfaces with lower albedo, such as grass, soil, or ocean, the effect is reversed: the darkening surface lowers albedo, increasing local temperatures, which induces more melting and thus reducing the albedo further, resulting in still more heating.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025blt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0lz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s, s\u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u026az \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st: \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259n\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as l\u02c8o\u028a\u025az \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026and\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an st\u02c8\u026al m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Snow albedo is highly variable, ranging from as high as 0.9 for freshly fallen snow, to about 0.4 for melting snow, and as low as 0.2 for dirty snow.", "phonemes": "sn\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u026az h\u02c8a\u026ali v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l, \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u00e6z h\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6z z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.n\u02c8a\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0259n sn\u02c8o\u028a, t\u028a \u0250b\u02cca\u028at z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b sn\u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6nd \u00e6z l\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6z z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei sn\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "If a marginally snow-covered area warms, snow tends to melt, lowering the albedo, and hence leading to more snowmelt because more radiation is being absorbed by the snowpack (the ice\u2013albedo positive feedback).", "phonemes": "\u026af \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026an\u0259li sn\u02c8o\u028ak\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz, sn\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025blt, l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bns l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sn\u02c8o\u028am\u025blt b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sn\u02c8o\u028ap\u00e6k \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026as \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6k."}, {"text": "Just as fresh snow has a higher albedo than does dirty snow, the albedo of snow-covered sea ice is far higher than that of sea water.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6z f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283 sn\u02c8o\u028a h\u0250z \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u00f0\u0250n d\u02c8\u028cz d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei sn\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u028cv sn\u02c8o\u028ak\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026as \u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "When sea ice melts, either due to a rise in sea temperature or in response to increased solar radiation from above, the snow-covered surface is reduced, and more surface of sea water is exposed, so the rate of energy absorption increases.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026as m\u02c8\u025blts, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u0259b\u02c8\u028cv, \u00f0\u0259 sn\u02c8o\u028ak\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u026az \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028azd, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The extra absorbed energy heats the sea water, which in turn increases the rate at which sea ice melts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259 \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bd \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i h\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6t w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026as m\u02c8\u025blts."}, {"text": "As with the preceding example of snowmelt, the process of melting of sea ice is thus another example of a positive feedback.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv sn\u02c8o\u028am\u025blt, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6k."}, {"text": "Cryoconite, powdery windblown dust containing soot, sometimes reduces albedo on glaciers and ice sheets.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0na\u026at, p\u02c8a\u028ad\u025a\u0279i w\u02c8\u026andblo\u028an d\u02c8\u028cst k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028at, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u02cc\u0254n \u0261l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026as \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "The dynamical nature of albedo in response to positive feedback, together with the effects of small errors in the measurement of albedo, can lead to large errors in energy estimates.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 da\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6k, t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025am\u0259nt \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, k\u00e6n l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u026an \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ts."}, {"text": "Because of this, in order to reduce the error of energy estimates, it is important to measure the albedo of snow-covered areas through remote sensing techniques rather than applying a single value for albedo over broad regions.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ts, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u028cv sn\u02c8o\u028ak\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028at s\u02c8\u025bns\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u02cco\u028av\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In sunlight, dark clothes absorb more heat and light-coloured clothes reflect it better, thus allowing some control over body temperature by exploiting the albedo effect of the colour of external clothing.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8\u028cnla\u026at, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k kl\u02c8o\u028a\u00f0z \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026atk\u02c8\u028cl\u025ad kl\u02c8o\u028a\u00f0z \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt \u026at b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cco\u028av\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a ba\u026a \u025bkspl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l kl\u02c8o\u028a\u00f0\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "For example, the effects of a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by the differences between the spectrally weighted albedo of solar photovoltaic technology based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based compared to traditional spectral-integrated albedo predictions.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u0259v\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026av \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259li w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028avo\u028alt\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s s\u02c8\u026al\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8e\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0:\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0250l\u02cca\u026an s\u02c8\u026al\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0b\u02c8e\u026ast k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Research showed impacts of over 10% for vertically (90\u00b0) mounted systems, but such effects were substantially lower for systems with lower surface tilts.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kts \u028cv \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026akli n\u02c8a\u026anti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z m\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts w\u025c\u02d0 s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259li l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as t\u02c8\u026alts."}, {"text": "Spectral albedo strongly affects the performance of bifacial solar cells where rear surface performance gains of over 20% have been observed for c-Si cells installed above healthy vegetation.", "phonemes": "sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259l \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u028cv ba\u026af\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u025blz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u0261\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv \u02cco\u028av\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt h\u0250vb\u026an \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025blz \u026anst\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i v\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "An analysis on the bias due to the specular reflectivity of 22 commonly occurring surface materials (both human-made and natural) provided effective albedo values for simulating the performance of seven photovoltaic materials mounted on three common photovoltaic system topologies: industrial (solar farms), commercial flat rooftops and residential pitched-roof applications.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a \u0279\u1d7bfl\u026akt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nm\u02cce\u026ad \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028avo\u028alt\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz m\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028avo\u028alt\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m t\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz: \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz, k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l fl\u02c8\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ft\u0251\u02d0ps \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u1d7bd\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l p\u02c8\u026at\u0283t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Forests generally have a low albedo because the majority of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum is absorbed through photosynthesis.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li h\u00e6v \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028alt\u0279\u0250v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u026at \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259m \u026az \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "For this reason, the greater heat absorption by trees could offset some of the carbon benefits of afforestation (or offset the negative climate impacts of deforestation).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a h\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u028ad \u02c8\u0254fs\u025bt s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats \u028cv \u0250f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254fs\u025bt \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kts \u028cv di\u02d0f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In other words: The climate change mitigation effect of carbon sequestration by forests is partially counterbalanced in that reforestation can decrease the reflection of sunlight (albedo).", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz: \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 m\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n s\u02cci\u02d0kw\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ab\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259nst \u026an \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bf\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u028cnla\u026at \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a."}, {"text": "In the case of evergreen forests with seasonal snow cover albedo reduction may be great enough for deforestation to cause a net cooling effect.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02cci\u02d0n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259l sn\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279 \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u026an\u02c8\u028cf f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 di\u02d0f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u0250 n\u02c8\u025bt k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "The water vapor causes cooling on the land surface, causes heating where it condenses, acts a strong greenhouse gas, and can increase albedo when it condenses into clouds.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a v\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bz, \u02c8\u00e6kts \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nha\u028as \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s, \u00e6nd k\u00e6n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a w\u025bn \u026at k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a kl\u02c8a\u028adz."}, {"text": "Scientists generally treat evapotranspiration as a net cooling impact, and the net climate impact of albedo and evapotranspiration changes from deforestation depends greatly on local climate.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u026av\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259t\u0279\u02cc\u00e6nsp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u025bt k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bt kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u00e6nd \u026av\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259t\u0279\u02cc\u00e6nsp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm di\u02d0f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t."}, {"text": "Mid-to-high-latitude forests have a much lower albedo during snow seasons than flat ground, thus contributing to warming.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026adt\u0259h\u02c8a\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts h\u00e6v \u0250 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b sn\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz \u00f0\u0250n fl\u02c8\u00e6t \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Modeling that compares the effects of albedo differences between forests and grasslands suggests that expanding the land area of forests in temperate zones offers only a temporary mitigation benefit.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sl\u0259ndz s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts \u026an t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u0259t z\u02c8o\u028anz \u02c8\u0254f\u025az \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i m\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at."}, {"text": "In seasonally snow-covered zones, winter albedos of treeless areas are 10% to 50% higher than nearby forested areas because snow does not cover the trees as readily.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259li sn\u02c8o\u028ak\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad z\u02c8o\u028anz, w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a\u0279 \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028az \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259s \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz sn\u02c8o\u028a d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili."}, {"text": "Deciduous trees have an albedo value of about 0.15 to 0.18 whereas coniferous trees have a value of about 0.09 to 0.15.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026adju\u02d0\u0259s t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z h\u00e6v \u0250n \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n t\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.\u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z k\u0259n\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259s t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z h\u00e6v \u0250 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a n\u02c8a\u026an t\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Variation in summer albedo across both forest types is associated with maximum rates of photosynthesis because plants with high growth capacity display a greater fraction of their foliage for direct interception of incoming radiation in the upper canopy.", "phonemes": "v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279 \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast t\u02c8a\u026aps \u026az \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u0259m \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz pl\u02c8\u00e6nts w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8a\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u026ad\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02cc\u026ant\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259pi."}, {"text": "The result is that wavelengths of light not used in photosynthesis are more likely to be reflected back to space rather than being absorbed by other surfaces lower in the canopy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8e\u026avl\u025b\u014b\u03b8s \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026at n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259bi \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259pi."}, {"text": "Studies by the Hadley Centre have investigated the relative (generally warming) effect of albedo change and (cooling) effect of carbon sequestration on planting forests.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u028cdiz ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6dli s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a h\u00e6v \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00e6nd k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n s\u02cci\u02d0kw\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n pl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts."}, {"text": "They found that new forests in tropical and midlatitude areas tended to cool; new forests in high latitudes (e.g., Siberia) were neutral or perhaps warming.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts \u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026adl\u0250t\u02cc\u026a\u027eu\u02d0d \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u02c8u\u02d0l; n\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts \u026an h\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0dz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., sa\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "At the scale of the wavelength of light even wavy water is always smooth so the light is reflected in a locally specular manner (not diffusely).", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026avl\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u02c8e\u026avi w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026at \u026az \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259li sp\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zli."}, {"text": "At small angles of incident light, waviness results in reduced reflectivity because of the steepness of the reflectivity-vs.-incident-angle curve and a locally increased average incident angle.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259nt l\u02c8a\u026at, w\u02c8e\u026avin\u0259s \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u026an \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0279\u1d7bfl\u026akt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8i\u02d0pn\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u026akt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiv\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs.\u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259nt\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259li \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l."}, {"text": "Although the reflectivity of water is very low at low and medium angles of incident light, it becomes very high at high angles of incident light such as those that occur on the illuminated side of Earth near the terminator (early morning, late afternoon, and near the poles).", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u026akt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6t l\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259nt l\u02c8a\u026at, \u026at b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259nt l\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0o\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b, l\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u00e6ft\u025an\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028alz."}, {"text": "Because light specularly reflected from water does not usually reach the viewer, water is usually considered to have a very low albedo in spite of its high reflectivity at high angles of incident light.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz l\u02c8a\u026at sp\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025ali \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u026an sp\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv \u026ats h\u02c8a\u026a \u0279\u1d7bfl\u026akt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259nt l\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "Note that white caps on waves look white (and have high albedo) because the water is foamed up, so there are many superimposed bubble surfaces which reflect, adding up their reflectivities.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8a\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6ps \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8e\u026avz l\u02c8\u028ak w\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd h\u00e6v h\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az f\u02c8o\u028amd \u02c8\u028cp, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u026amp\u02c8o\u028azd b\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt, \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u026akt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Different types of clouds exhibit different reflectivity, theoretically ranging in albedo from a minimum of near 0 to a maximum approaching 0.8.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv kl\u02c8a\u028adz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bfl\u026akt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u026an \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m \u028cv n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u0259m \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u026a\u014b z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "\"On any given day, about half of Earth is covered by clouds, which reflect more sunlight than land and water.", "phonemes": "\"\u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u025bni \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n d\u02c8e\u026a, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u026az k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a kl\u02c8a\u028adz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cnla\u026at \u00f0\u0250n l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Albedo and climate in some areas are affected by artificial clouds, such as those created by the contrails of heavy commercial airliner traffic.", "phonemes": "\u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u00e6nd kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l kl\u02c8a\u028adz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0o\u028az k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279e\u026alz \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bvi k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279la\u026an\u025a t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak."}, {"text": "A study following the burning of the Kuwaiti oil fields during Iraqi occupation showed that temperatures under the burning oil fires were as much as  colder than temperatures several miles away under clear skies.", "phonemes": "\u0250 st\u02c8\u028cdi f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ku\u02d0w\u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8\u0254\u026al f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ki \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u026al f\u02c8a\u026a\u025az w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6z k\u02c8o\u028ald\u025a \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8a\u026alz \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 sk\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "Aerosols (very fine particles/droplets in the atmosphere) have both direct and indirect effects on Earth's radiative balance.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8a\u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pl\u026ats \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279 h\u00e6v b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z \u0279\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259t\u02cc\u026av b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The direct (albedo) effect is generally to cool the planet; the indirect effect (the particles act as cloud condensation nuclei and thereby change cloud properties) is less certain.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li t\u0259 k\u02c8u\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at; \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u02c8\u00e6kt \u00e6z kl\u02c8a\u028ad k\u0251\u02d0nd\u025bns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279b\u02c8a\u026a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 kl\u02c8a\u028ad p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329."}, {"text": "The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u02cc\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u02cc\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Aerosols modify the properties of clouds through a subset of the aerosol population called cloud condensation nuclei.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lz m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv kl\u02c8a\u028adz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u025bt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld kl\u02c8a\u028ad k\u0251\u02d0nd\u025bns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai."}, {"text": "Increased nuclei concentrations lead to increased cloud droplet number concentrations, which in turn leads to increased cloud albedo, increased light scattering and radiative cooling (first indirect effect), but also leads to reduced precipitation efficiency and increased lifetime of the cloud (second indirect effect).", "phonemes": "\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st kl\u02c8a\u028ad d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pl\u026at n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n l\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st kl\u02c8a\u028ad \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st l\u02c8a\u026at sk\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a l\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st l\u02c8a\u026afta\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u028ad s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "In extremely polluted cities like Delhi, aerosol pollutants influence local weather and induce an urban cool island effect during the day.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz l\u02c8a\u026ak d\u02c8\u025bli, \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0259nts \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd \u026and\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n k\u02c8u\u02d0l \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The size of this effect is difficult to quantify: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that the global mean radiative forcing for black carbon aerosols from fossil fuels is +0.2 W m\u22122, with a range +0.1 to +0.4 W m\u22122.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a: \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0261\u02cc\u028cv\u025anm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ts \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259t\u02cc\u026av f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 bl\u02c8\u00e6k k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lz f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lz \u026az pl\u02c8\u028cs z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bm m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 pl\u02c8\u028cs z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028cs z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bm m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Black carbon is a bigger cause of the melting of the polar ice cap in the Arctic than carbon dioxide due to its effect on the albedo.", "phonemes": "bl\u02c8\u00e6k k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u026az \u0250 b\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026as k\u02c8\u00e6p \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u00f0\u0250n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a."}, {"text": "In astronomy, the term albedo can be defined in several different ways, depending upon the application and the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation involved.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt w\u02c8e\u026az, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026avl\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028am\u0250\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd."}, {"text": "The albedos of planets, satellites and minor planets such as asteroids can be used to infer much about their properties.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028az \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ats, s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026ats \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ats s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0254\u026adz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u026anf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "The study of albedos, their dependence on wavelength, lighting angle (\"phase angle\"), and variation in time composes a major part of the astronomical field of photometry.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028az, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8e\u026avl\u025b\u014b\u03b8, l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l\"f\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l\", \u00e6nd v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8a\u026am k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv fo\u028at\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i."}, {"text": "For small and far objects that cannot be resolved by telescopes, much of what we know comes from the study of their albedos.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd ba\u026a t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bsk\u02cco\u028aps, m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv w\u028ct wi\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u028cmz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028az."}, {"text": "For example, the absolute albedo can indicate the surface ice content of outer Solar System objects, the variation of albedo with phase angle gives information about regolith properties, whereas unusually high radar albedo is indicative of high metal content in asteroids.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259l\u02ccu\u02d0t \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a k\u00e6n \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u02c8a\u026as k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts, \u00f0\u0259 v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u03b8 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li h\u02c8a\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u026az \u026and\u02c8\u026ak\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u026an \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0254\u026adz."}, {"text": "Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, has one of the highest known optical albedos of any body in the Solar System, with an albedo of 0.99.", "phonemes": "\u025bns\u02c8\u025bl\u00e6d\u0259s, \u0250 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n, h\u0250z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast n\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028az \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u028cv z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Such a dark surface is thought to be indicative of a primitive and heavily space weathered surface containing some organic compounds.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u026az \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259bi \u026and\u02c8\u026ak\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bvili sp\u02c8e\u026as w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025ad s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz."}, {"text": "The overall albedo of the Moon is measured to be around 0.14, but it is strongly directional and non-Lambertian, displaying also a strong opposition effect.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u026az m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad t\u0259bi \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026a\u027e \u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nl\u02c8\u00e6mb\u025a\u0283\u0259n, d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "Although such reflectance properties are different from those of any terrestrial terrains, they are typical of the regolith surfaces of airless Solar System bodies.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259ns p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l t\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279l\u0259s s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz."}, {"text": "Two common optical albedos that are used in astronomy are the (V-band) geometric albedo (measuring brightness when illumination comes from directly behind the observer) and the Bond albedo (measuring total proportion of electromagnetic energy reflected).", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8i\u02d0b\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028am\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8a\u026atn\u0259s w\u025bn \u026al\u02ccu\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cmz f\u0279\u028cm d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u026a \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028am\u0250\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "In detailed studies, the directional reflectance properties of astronomical bodies are often expressed in terms of the five Hapke parameters which semi-empirically describe the variation of albedo with phase angle, including a characterization of the opposition effect of regolith surfaces.", "phonemes": "\u026an di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald st\u02c8\u028cdiz, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259ns p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv \u0250st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av h\u02c8\u00e6pk p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u026a\u027e\u025az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026a\u025bmp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026akli d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u00f0\u0259 v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279a\u026az\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "It depends on properties of the material (refractive index), the size of the particle, and the wavelength of the incoming radiation.", "phonemes": "\u026at d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u02c8\u026and\u025bks, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026avl\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "An important relationship between an object's astronomical (geometric) albedo, absolute magnitude and diameter is given by:", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts \u0250st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028am\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259l\u02ccu\u02d0t m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u00e6nd da\u026a\u02c8\u00e6m\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n b\u02c8a\u026a:"}, {"text": "In planetary radar astronomy, a microwave (or radar) pulse is transmitted toward a planetary target (e.g. Moon, asteroid, etc.) and the echo from the target is measured.", "phonemes": "\u026an pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028aw\u02cce\u026av \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u028cls \u026az t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0250 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0254\u026ad, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259.\u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bko\u028a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at \u026az m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad."}, {"text": "In most instances, the transmitted pulse is circularly polarized and the received pulse is measured in the same sense of polarization as the transmitted pulse (SC) and the opposite sense (OC).", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u028cls \u026az s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u025ali p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd p\u02c8\u028cls \u026az m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv p\u02cco\u028al\u025a\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u028cls \u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at s\u02c8\u025bns \u02cco\u028as\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The echo power is measured in terms of radar cross-section, , , or  (total power, SC + OC) and is equal to the cross-sectional area of a metallic sphere (perfect reflector) at the same distance as the target that would return the same echo power.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bko\u028a p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u026az m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254ss\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, , , \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, \u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02cco\u028as\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254ss\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u0259v\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak sf\u02c8\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u025bkt \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8\u025bko\u028a p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a."}, {"text": "Those components of the received echo that return from first-surface reflections (as from a smooth or mirror-like surface) are dominated by the OC component as there is a reversal in polarization upon reflection.", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u02c8\u025bko\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0sts\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6z f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025al\u02c8a\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028as\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l \u026an p\u02cco\u028al\u025a\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "If the surface is rough at the wavelength scale or there is significant penetration into the regolith, there will be a significant SC component in the echo caused by multiple scattering.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u028cf \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026avl\u025b\u014b\u03b8 sk\u02c8e\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt p\u02cc\u025bn\u026at\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u03b8, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u026al bi\u02d0 \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bko\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l sk\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "For most objects in the solar system, the OC echo dominates and the most commonly reported radar albedo parameter is the (normalized)", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028as\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bko\u028a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026ats \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd"}, {"text": "In the event that most of the echo is from first surface reflections ( or so), the OC radar albedo is a first-order approximation of the Fresnel reflection coefficient (aka reflectivity) and can be used to estimate the bulk density of a planetary surface to a depth of a meter or so (a few wavelengths of the radar wavelength which is typically at the decimeter scale) using the following empirical relationships:", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bko\u028a \u026az f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028as\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6lb\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bsn\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n k\u02cco\u028a\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6k\u0250 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u026akt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028clk d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei \u0259v\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as t\u028a \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bp\u03b8 \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cco\u028a \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8e\u026avl\u025b\u014b\u03b8s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026avl\u025b\u014b\u03b8 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 d\u025bs\u02c8\u026am\u1d7b\u027e\u025a sk\u02c8e\u026al j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u025bmp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps:"}, {"text": "A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad."}, {"text": "The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028cp\u025ak\u02cce\u026as v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026adz \u0259v\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l, k\u0279\u02c8\u0254st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l ba\u026a \u0250 h\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254nts b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02c8\u0254n \u026at, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254nts \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u0279\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u026at\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026ap."}, {"text": "The earliest known certain ancestor of \"A\" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet, which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is also called an abjad to distinguish it from a true alphabet).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast n\u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \"\u02c8e\u026a\" \u026az \u02c8\u00e6l\u025bf \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u02c8\u00e6l\u025bf, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250n \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6d t\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 \u026at f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt."}, {"text": "In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled as a triangular head with two horns extended.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u025bf m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u0250 p\u02c8\u026akt\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6m \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks h\u02c8\u025bd \u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259\u0261l\u02cc\u026afz, st\u02c8a\u026ald \u00e6z \u0250 t\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u025a h\u02c8\u025bd w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "When the ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter to represent the glottal stop\u2014the consonant sound that the letter denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, and that was the first phoneme of the Phoenician pronunciation of the letter\u2014so they used their version of the sign to represent the vowel , and called it by the similar name of alpha.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d n\u02c8o\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0s f\u025a\u0279\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u2014\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt s\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u2014s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026an t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l , \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u026at ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259."}, {"text": "In the earliest Greek inscriptions after the Greek Dark Ages, dating to the eighth century BC, the letter rests upon its side, but in the Greek alphabet of later times it generally resembles the modern capital letter, although many local varieties can be distinguished by the shortening of one leg, or by the angle at which the cross line is set.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bsts \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u026ats s\u02c8a\u026ad, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u028cv l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u02c8a\u026amz \u026at d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259lz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0294n\u0329\u026a\u014b \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8\u025b\u0261, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u00e6t w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s l\u02c8a\u026an \u026az s\u02c8\u025bt."}, {"text": "The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to their civilization in the Italian Peninsula and left the letter unchanged.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u0279\u02c8\u028csk\u0259nz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bft \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cnt\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d."}, {"text": "The Romans later adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write the Latin language, and the resulting letter was preserved in the Latin alphabet that would come to be used to write many languages, including English.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u026at\u0279\u02c8\u028csk\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a w\u028cz p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad k\u02c8\u028cm t\u0259bi j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at m\u02c8\u025bni l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other \"permanent\" media.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ad\u02cc\u025b\u0279i st\u02c8a\u026al, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u025bn \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n st\u02c8o\u028an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \"p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt\" m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259."}, {"text": "There was also a cursive style used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026av st\u02c8a\u026al j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026ad\u02cce\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz d\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0283\u0259b\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Due to the \"perishable\" nature of these surfaces, there are not as many examples of this style as there are of the monumental, but there are still many surviving examples of different types of cursive, such as majuscule cursive, minuscule cursive, and semicursive minuscule.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \"p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0283\u0259b\u0259l\" n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bni \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8a\u026al \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al m\u02c8\u025bni s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026av, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259skj\u02ccu\u02d0l k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026av, m\u02c8\u026an\u0259skj\u02ccu\u02d0l k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026av, \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u025bm\u026ak\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026av m\u02c8\u026an\u0259skj\u02ccu\u02d0l."}, {"text": "At the end of the Roman Empire (5th century AD), several variants of the cursive minuscule developed through Western Europe.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026av m\u02c8\u026an\u0259skj\u02ccu\u02d0l d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "Among these were the semicursive minuscule of Italy, the Merovingian script in France, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Great Britain.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u025bm\u026ak\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026av m\u02c8\u026an\u0259skj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025b\u0279o\u028av\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261i\u0259n sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u00f0\u0259 v\u02cc\u026as\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026an, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ans\u0259l\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261lo\u028a\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026a\u028cns\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261lo\u028as\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259skj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n."}, {"text": "By the ninth century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the present-day form, was the principal form used in book-making, before the advent of the printing press.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026an sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntd\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an b\u02c8\u028akm\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "The Italic form, also called script a, is used in most current handwriting; it consists of a circle and vertical stroke on the right (\"\u0251\").", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u02c8e\u026a, \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b; \u026at k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at\"l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0f\u02c8a\u026avw\u02c8\u028cn\"."}, {"text": "This slowly developed from the fifth-century form resembling the Greek letter tau in the hands of medieval Irish and English writers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as sl\u02c8o\u028ali d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmbl\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u02c8a\u028a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "The Roman form is used in most printed material; it consists of a small loop with an arc over it (\"a\").", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l; \u026at k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u0259v\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u02c8o\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u026at\"\u02c8e\u026a\"."}, {"text": "In Greek handwriting, it was common to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the uncial version shown.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u026at w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bft l\u02c8\u025b\u0261 \u00e6nd h\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u00e6z d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u028cns\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u0283\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "In some of these, the serif that began the right leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten form.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026af \u00f0\u00e6t b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at l\u02c8\u025b\u0261 st\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, w\u02cca\u026al \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u026at w\u028cz d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279\u026a\u0294\u02ccn\u0329 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Graphic designers refer to the Italic and Roman forms as \"single decker a\" and \"double decker a\" respectively.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an\u025az \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6z \"s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l d\u02c8\u025bk\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\" \u00e6nd \"d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l d\u02c8\u025bk\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\" \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "Italic type is commonly used to mark emphasis or more generally to distinguish one part of a text from the rest (set in Roman type).", "phonemes": "\u026at\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026ap \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li t\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkst f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst s\u02c8\u025bt \u026an \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026ap."}, {"text": "There are some other cases aside from italic type where script a (\"\u0251\"), also called Latin alpha, is used in contrast with Latin \"a\" (such as in the International Phonetic Alphabet).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u0250s\u02c8a\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm \u026at\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026ap w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u0250\"l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0f\u02c8a\u026avw\u02c8\u028cn\", \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259, \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \"\u02c8e\u026a\" s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt."}, {"text": "the diphthong  as in ace and major (usually when  is followed by one, or occasionally two, consonants and then another vowel letter) \u2013 this results from Middle English lengthening followed by the Great Vowel Shift;", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u03b8\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u00e6z \u026an \u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li w\u025bn \u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a w\u02cc\u028cn, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259li t\u02c8u\u02d0, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8\u0259n\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u026aft;"}, {"text": "The double  sequence does not occur in native English words, but is found in some words derived from foreign languages such as Aaron and aardvark.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k."}, {"text": "However,  occurs in many common digraphs, all with their own sound or sounds, particularly , , , ,  and .", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a,  \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n d\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0279\u00e6fz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8a\u028and \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u028andz, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali , , , ,  \u00e6nd ."}, {"text": "is the third-most-commonly used letter in English (after  and ) and French, the second most common in Spanish, and the most common in Portuguese.", "phonemes": "\u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dm\u02c8o\u028astk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00e6nd \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an p\u02cco\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u0259\u0261\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "About 8.167% of letters used in English texts tend to be ; the number is around 7.636% in French, 11.525% in Spanish, and 14.634% for Portuguese.", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u02c8e\u026at.w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u02c8\u025bksts t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0 ; \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283, \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n.s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cco\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u0259\u0261\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "in the International Phonetic Alphabet,  is used for the open front unrounded vowel,  is used for the open central unrounded vowel, and  is used for the open back unrounded vowel.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt,  \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cn\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l,  \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u028cn\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n b\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cn\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l."}, {"text": "in X-SAMPA,  is used for the open front unrounded vowel and  is used for the open back unrounded vowel.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u025bkss\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259,  \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cn\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n b\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cn\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l."}, {"text": "In algebra, the letter a along with various other letters of the alphabet is often used to denote a variable, with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u00e6ld\u0292\u1d7bb\u0279\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250 \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028at \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks."}, {"text": "Moreover, in 1637, Ren\u00e9 Descartes \"invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c\", and this convention is still often followed, especially in elementary algebra.", "phonemes": "mo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u028av\u025a, \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a d\u1d7bsk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \"\u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028anz \u026an \u1d7bkw\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nz ba\u026a \u02c8\u025bks, w\u02c8a\u026a, \u00e6nd z\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028anz ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026a, b\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0\", \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an \u02cc\u025bl\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6ld\u0292\u1d7bb\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "A capital A is also typically used as one of the letters to represent an angle in a triangle, the lowercase a representing the side opposite angle A.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0250 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u026an \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ak\u02cce\u026as \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "\"A\" is often used to denote something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or status: A\u2212, A or A+, the best grade that can be assigned by teachers for students' schoolwork; \"A grade\" for clean restaurants; A-list celebrities, etc.", "phonemes": "\"\u02c8e\u026a\" \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028at s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn \u0259v\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u025bst\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s: \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s, \u0250 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 pl\u02c8\u028cs, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts sk\u02c8u\u02d0lw\u025c\u02d0k; \"\u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\" f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0251\u02d0nts; \u02c8e\u026al\u02c8\u026ast s\u0259l\u02c8\u025bb\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Such associations can have a motivating effect, as exposure to the letter A has been found to improve performance, when compared with other letters.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u00e6n h\u00e6v \u0250 m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt, \u00e6z \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n f\u02c8a\u028and t\u028a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns, w\u02cc\u025bn k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "In English grammar, \"a\", and its variant \"an\", is an indefinite article, used to introduce noun phrases.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a, \"\u02c8e\u026a\", \u00e6nd \u026ats v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nt \"\u00e6n\", \u026az \u0250n \u026and\u02c8\u025bf\u026an\u0259t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l, j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s n\u02c8a\u028an f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Finally, the letter A is used to denote size, as in a narrow size shoe, or a small cup size in a brassiere.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028at s\u02c8a\u026az, \u00e6z \u026an \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a s\u02c8a\u026az \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8\u028cp s\u02c8a\u026az \u026an \u0250 b\u0279\u02cc\u00e6si\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):", "phonemes": "f\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u02c8o\u028anli j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ak\u02cce\u026as, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u028cp\u025ak\u02cce\u026as f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz:"}, {"text": "\u039b \u028c : Turned V (also called a wedge, a caret, or a hat), which represents an open-mid back unrounded vowel in the IPA", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ndv\u02c8i\u02d0 : t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250 w\u02c8\u025bd\u0292, \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6t, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nm\u02c8\u026ad b\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cn\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026ap\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a"}, {"text": "\u1d00 : Small capital A, an obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent various sounds (mainly open vowels)", "phonemes": "l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cnd\u02c8i\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a : sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a, \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bs\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u02c8a\u028andz m\u02c8e\u026anli \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz"}, {"text": "A a \u1d44 : Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) (sometimes encoded with Unicode subscripts and superscripts)", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0250 l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cnd\u02c8i\u02d0f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 : m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025a l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak f\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt j\u02ccu\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak\u02cco\u028ad s\u02c8\u028cbsk\u0279\u026apts \u00e6nd s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025ask\u0279\u02cc\u026apts"}, {"text": "\u2200 : a turned capital letter A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification (\"for all\")", "phonemes": ": \u0250 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a, j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak t\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l kw\u02cc\u0254nt\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\"f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\""}, {"text": "In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, A is a number that corresponds to the number 10 in decimal (base 10) counting.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bks\u0250d\u02cc\u025bs\u026am\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u0250 \u026az \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a t\u02c8\u025bn \u026an d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026as t\u02c8\u025bn k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026az \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st\u025an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad ba\u026a t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8; d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st; fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028clf \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8; \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana.", "phonemes": "\u026ats \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u026az m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l, f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 k\u0279\u026a\u02c8o\u028alz \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 lu\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0z\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259."}, {"text": "Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century until the French acquired it in the early eighteenth century.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz, p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntd\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028cz\u0250 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u026a\u027e \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "During the antebellum period, Alabama was a major producer of cotton, and widely used African American slave labor.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026ab\u02c8\u025bl\u0259m p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028cz\u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329, \u00e6nd w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n sl\u02c8e\u026av l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a."}, {"text": "In 1861, the state seceded from the United States to become part of the Confederate States of America, with Montgomery acting as its first capital, and rejoined the Union in 1868.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at s\u025bs\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Following the American Civil War, Alabama would suffer decades of economic hardship, in part due to agriculture and a few cash crops being the main driver of the state's economy.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028ad s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u028cv \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0283\u026ap, \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws from the late 19th century up until the 1960s.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a sl\u02c8e\u026av st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6mi\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad d\u0292\u02c8\u026am k\u0279\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cc\u028cp \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z."}, {"text": "High-profile events such as the Selma to Montgomery march made the state a major focal point of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279\u02c8o\u028afa\u026al \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blm\u0259 t\u0259 m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z."}, {"text": "NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville would help Alabama's economic growth in the mid-to-late 20th century, by developing an aerospace industry.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as fl\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al w\u028ad h\u02c8\u025blp \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026adt\u0259l\u02c8e\u026at tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, ba\u026a d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028asp\u02cce\u026as \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i."}, {"text": "Alabama's economy in the 21st century is based on automotive, finance, tourism, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, and technology.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028am\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026av, f\u02c8a\u026an\u00e6ns, t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m, m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b, \u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028asp\u02cce\u026as, m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8k\u025b\u0279, \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0te\u026al, \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "The state's geography is diverse, with the north dominated by the mountainous Tennessee Valley and the south by Mobile Bay, a historically significant port.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u026az da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an\u0259s t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02c8\u00e6li \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 ba\u026a m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026a, \u0250 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Politically, as part of the Deep South, Alabama is predominantly a conservative state, and is known for its Southern culture.", "phonemes": "p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026akli, \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0p s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Within Alabama, American football, particularly at the college level, plays a major part of the state's culture.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l, pl\u02c8e\u026az \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The European-American naming of the Alabama River and state was derived from the Alabama people, a Muskogean-speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers on the upper reaches of the river.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a \u00e6nd st\u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u0250 m\u02cc\u028csko\u028ad\u0292\u02c8i\u0259nsp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab h\u02ccu\u02d0z m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az l\u02c8\u026avd d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0259 \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250p\u02ccu\u02d0s\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025az \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a."}, {"text": "In the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is  (or variously  or  in different dialects; the plural form is ).", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292 \u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259sli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u025bkts; \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u026az."}, {"text": "The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540: Garcilaso de la Vega used , while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu, respectively, in transliterations of the term.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u025an\u02c8\u00e6ndo\u028a d\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei: \u0261\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0so\u028a d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 v\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd , w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv \u02c8\u025blv\u0259z \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cco\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u02cc\u00e6l\u026ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mu\u02d0 \u00e6nd l\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mu\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli, \u026an t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, and Allibamou.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am h\u00e6v \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6l\u026ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mu\u02d0, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6mo\u028a, \u00e6lb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259, \u0250l\u02c8\u025bb\u0259m\u0259n, \u02cc\u00e6l\u026ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259, \u02c8\u00e6l\u026ab\u02cc\u00e6mu\u02d0, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6mu\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6l\u026ab\u02cc\u00e6mu\u02d0."}, {"text": "The use of state names derived from Native American languages is common in the U.S.; an estimated 26 states have names of Native American origin.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8e\u026amz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs.; \u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks st\u02c8e\u026ats h\u00e6v n\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an."}, {"text": "Some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw  (meaning 'plants' or 'weeds') and  (meaning 'to cut', 'to trim', or 'to gather').", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d k\u02c8\u028cmz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0254\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u00e6nts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028ct, t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u026am, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "The meaning may have been 'clearers of the thicket' or 'herb gatherers', referring to clearing land for cultivation or collecting medicinal plants.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026ak\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u025az, \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cc\u028clt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b m\u0259d\u02c8\u026as\u026an\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6nts."}, {"text": "Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization.", "phonemes": "\u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az l\u02c8\u026avd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025bnt \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period (1000BCE700CE) and continued until European contact.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st\u025an t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a o\u028ah\u02c8a\u026ao\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259l m\u02c8a\u028and p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 CE, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api\u0259n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u026ats m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az b\u02c8\u026alt \u00e6t w\u028ct \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028andv\u026al \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026at \u026an m\u02c8a\u028andv\u026al, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259."}, {"text": "This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, which was the center of the culture.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api\u0259n \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u00e6h\u02c8o\u028aki\u0259 \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntd\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars' formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC).", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02cc\u00e6kts f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u025bksk\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6t m\u02c8a\u028andv\u026al w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st\u025an s\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks s\u02c8\u025bk."}, {"text": "Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no direct links to Mesoamerican culture but developed independently.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u025b\u0279i t\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt l\u02c8\u026a\u014bks t\u0259 m\u02cc\u025bso\u028a\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a b\u02cc\u028ct d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz; \u026a\u027e \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8i\u02d0nz ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026az \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad."}, {"text": "Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in present-day Alabama at the time of European contact were the Cherokee, an Iroquoian language people; and the Muskogean-speaking Alabama (Alibamu), Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Koasati.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntd\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028ak\u02cci\u02d0, \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259kw\u02cc\u0254\u026a\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l; \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u028csko\u028ad\u0292\u02c8i\u0259nsp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u02cc\u00e6l\u026ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mu\u02d0, t\u0283\u02c8\u026ak\u0250s\u02cc\u0254\u02d0, t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0254\u02d0, k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, \u00e6nd ko\u028as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027ei."}, {"text": "While part of the same large language family, the Muskogee tribes developed distinct cultures and languages.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028csko\u028ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama during their exploration of North America in the 16th century.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259nz t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025bksplo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "More than 160 years later, the French founded the region's first European settlement at Old Mobile in 1702.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lm\u0259nt \u00e6\u027e \u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "After the French lost to the British in the Seven Years' War, it became part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1783.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 l\u02c8\u0254st t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u025bst fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "After the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War, the territory was divided between the United States and Spain.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i w\u028cz d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "The latter retained control of this western territory from 1783 until the surrender of the Spanish garrison at Mobile to U.S. forces on April 13, 1813.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026and k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n \u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Thomas Bassett, a loyalist to the British monarchy during the Revolutionary era, was one of the earliest white settlers in the state outside Mobile.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s b\u02c8\u00e6s\u026at, \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025aki d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast w\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u025btl\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l."}, {"text": "The district's boundaries were roughly limited to the area within a few miles of the Tombigbee River and included portions of what is today southern Clarke County, northernmost Mobile County, and most of Washington County.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts b\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279iz w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026alz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u026a\u0261b\u02cci\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv w\u028ct \u026az t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k k\u02c8a\u028anti, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025anm\u02cco\u028ast m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028anti, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028anti."}, {"text": "What is now the counties of Baldwin and Mobile became part of Spanish West Florida in 1783, part of the independent Republic of West Florida in 1810, and was finally added to the Mississippi Territory in 1812.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u028ct \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028antiz \u028cv b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ldw\u026an \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u025bst fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0259 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bst fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0259 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn, \u00e6nd w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "Most of what is now the northern two-thirds of Alabama was known as the Yazoo lands beginning during the British colonial period.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v w\u028ct \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an t\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u00e6zu\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6ndz b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "With the exception of the area around Mobile and the Yazoo lands, what is now the lower one-third of Alabama was made part of the Mississippi Territory when it was organized in 1798.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u00e6zu\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6ndz, w\u02cc\u028ct \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028cz m\u02cce\u026ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i w\u025bn \u026at w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Spain kept a claim on its former Spanish West Florida territory in what would become the coastal counties until the Adams\u2013On\u00eds Treaty officially ceded it to the United States in 1819.", "phonemes": "sp\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u025bpt \u0250 kl\u02c8e\u026am \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u025bst fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u026an w\u028ct w\u028ad b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028antiz \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026as t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027ei \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026at t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Before Mississippi's admission to statehood on December 10, 1817, the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the Alabama Territory.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026apiz \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ath\u028ad \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8\u025bn, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279sli s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ld \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i."}, {"text": "Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state on December 14, 1819, with Congress selecting Huntsville as the site for the first Constitutional Convention.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028cz \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd st\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026at f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Huntsville served as temporary capital from 1819 to 1820, when the seat of government moved to Cahaba in Dallas County.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0t \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 k\u00e6h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259 \u026an d\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s k\u02c8a\u028anti."}, {"text": "The Alabama Fever land rush was underway when the state was admitted to the Union, with settlers and land speculators pouring into the state to take advantage of fertile land suitable for cotton cultivation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283 w\u028cz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025aw\u02c8e\u026a w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025btl\u025az \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u02cc\u028clt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s, its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u028cnt\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti z \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z, \u026ats k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cf\u0279\u026ad\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026at m\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "Southeastern planters and traders from the Upper South brought slaves with them as the cotton plantations in Alabama expanded.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st\u025an pl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u025az \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t sl\u02c8e\u026avz w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 pl\u00e6nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The economy of the central Black Belt (named for its dark, productive soil) was built around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth grew mainly from slave labor.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l bl\u02c8\u00e6k b\u02c8\u025blt n\u02c8e\u026amd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av s\u02c8\u0254\u026al w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 pl\u00e6nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u02ccu\u02d0z \u02c8o\u028an\u025az w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026anli f\u0279\u028cm sl\u02c8e\u026av l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a."}, {"text": "Alabama had an estimated population of under 10,000 people in 1810, but it increased to more than 300,000 people by 1830.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u00e6d \u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a t\u02c8\u025bn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026a\u027e \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei."}, {"text": "Most Native American tribes were completely removed from the state within a few years of the passage of the Indian Removal Act by Congress in 1830.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6kt ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei."}, {"text": "On January 30, 1846, the Alabama legislature announced it had voted to move the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u026at h\u00e6d v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8\u028csk\u0250l\u02ccu\u02d0s\u0259 t\u0259 m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "By 1860, the population had increased to 964,201 people, of which nearly half, 435,080, were enslaved African Americans, and 2,690 were free people of color.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u00e6d \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li h\u02c8\u00e6f, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei, w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025bnsl\u02c8e\u026avd \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz, \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0,s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u025c\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u028cv k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a."}, {"text": "Although comparatively few battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the war effort.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli fj\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bf\u025at."}, {"text": "A company of cavalry soldiers from Huntsville, Alabama, joined Nathan Bedford Forrest's battalion in Hopkinsville, Kentucky.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u0279i s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and n\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8\u0259n b\u02c8\u025bdf\u025ad f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u025bsts b\u0250t\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pk\u026anzv\u02cc\u026al, k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki."}, {"text": "This led to them being greeted with \"Yellowhammer\", and the name later was applied to all Alabama troops in the Confederate Army.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \"j\u02c8\u025blo\u028ah\u02cc\u00e6m\u025a\", \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u028cz \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi."}, {"text": "Alabama was under military rule from the end of the war in May 1865 until its official restoration to the Union in 1868.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028cz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an m\u02c8e\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u026ats \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bst\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "From 1867 to 1874, with most white citizens barred temporarily from voting and freedmen enfranchised, many African Americans emerged as political leaders in the state.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d t\u02cc\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli f\u0279\u028cm v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dm\u025bn \u025bnf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026azd, m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d \u00e6z p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Alabama was represented in Congress during this period by three African-American congressmen: Jeremiah Haralson, Benjamin S. Turner, and James T. Rapier.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028cz \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d ba\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259sm\u02cc\u025bn: d\u0292\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u0259m\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ls\u02cco\u028an, b\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259m\u026an \u02c8\u025bs. t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025a, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz t\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0279\u02c8e\u026api\u025a."}, {"text": "During Reconstruction, state legislators ratified a new state constitution in 1868 which created the state's first public school system and expanded women's rights.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak sk\u02c8u\u02d0l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u026am\u026anz \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad projects, although these were plagued with allegations of fraud and misappropriation.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az f\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkts, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261d w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d \u00e6nd m\u026as\u0250p\u0279\u02cco\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Besides the short-lived original Ku Klux Klan, these included the Pale Faces, Knights of the White Camellia, Red Shirts, and the White League.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bs\u02cca\u026adz \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tl\u02c8\u026avd \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8u\u02d0 kl\u02c8\u028cks kl\u02c8\u00e6n, \u00f0i\u02d0z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026al f\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, n\u02c8a\u026ats \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at k\u00e6m\u02c8\u025bli\u0259, \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261."}, {"text": "Reconstruction in Alabama ended in 1874, when the Democrats regained control of the legislature and governor's office through an election dominated by fraud and violence.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026and k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d \u00e6nd v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns."}, {"text": "They wrote another constitution in 1875, and the legislature passed the Blaine Amendment, prohibiting public money from being used to finance religious-affiliated schools.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a p\u02c8\u00e6st \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8e\u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nt, p\u0279\u0259h\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak m\u02c8\u028cni f\u0279\u028cm b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6ns \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s\u0250f\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "The new 1901 Constitution of Alabama included provisions for voter registration that effectively disenfranchised large portions of the population, including nearly all African Americans and Native Americans, and tens of thousands of poor European Americans, through making voter registration difficult, requiring a poll tax and literacy test.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli d\u02cc\u026as\u025bnf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026azd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz \u00e6nd n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bnz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz, \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt, \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8o\u028al t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259si t\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "By 1903 only 2,980 African Americans were registered in Alabama, although at least 74,000 were literate.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8u\u02d0,n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u025ad \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259t."}, {"text": "The state legislature passed additional racial segregation laws related to public facilities into the 1950s: jails were segregated in 1911; hospitals in 1915; toilets, hotels, and restaurants in 1928; and bus stop waiting rooms in 1945.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a p\u02c8\u00e6st \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l s\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z: d\u0292\u02c8e\u026alz w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n; h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n; t\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026ats, ho\u028at\u02c8\u025blz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0251\u02d0nts \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at; \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u028cs st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0mz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to vote for this legislative effort to suppress black voting, the new restrictions resulted in their disenfranchisement as well, due mostly to the imposition of a cumulative poll tax.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u025a kl\u02c8\u00e6s h\u00e6d p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026ats t\u0259 v\u02c8o\u028at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u025bf\u025at t\u0259 s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs bl\u02c8\u00e6k v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02cc\u026as\u025bnf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026azm\u0259nt \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl, d\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028astli t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 kj\u02c8u\u02d0mj\u028al\u0259t\u02cc\u026av p\u02c8o\u028al t\u02c8\u00e6ks."}, {"text": "By 1941, whites constituted a slight majority of those disenfranchised by these laws: 600,000 whites vs. 520,000 African Americans.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02c8a\u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 sl\u02c8a\u026at m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az d\u02cc\u026as\u025bnf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0i\u02d0z l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z: s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u02c8a\u026ats v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs. f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Despite numerous legal challenges which succeeded in overturning certain provisions, the state legislature would create new ones to maintain disenfranchisement.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a w\u028ad k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cnz t\u0259 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an d\u02cc\u026as\u025bnf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026azm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The exclusion of blacks from the political system persisted until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in 1965 to enforce their constitutional rights as citizens.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv bl\u02c8\u00e6ks f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m p\u025as\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av t\u028a \u025bnf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u00e6z s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The rural-dominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disenfranchised African Americans, but it did not relieve them of paying taxes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259ld\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ntli \u02cc\u028cnd\u025af\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026as\u025bnf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026azd \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026at d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u028cv p\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Partially as a response to chronic underfunding of education for African Americans in the South, the Rosenwald Fund began funding the construction of what came to be known as Rosenwald Schools.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02cc\u028cnd\u025af\u02c8\u028cnd\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259nw\u0259ld f\u02c8\u028cnd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n f\u02c8\u028cnd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u028ct k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259bi n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259nw\u0259ld sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "In Alabama, these schools were designed, and the construction partially financed with Rosenwald funds, which paid one-third of the construction costs.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u00f0i\u02d0z sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6nst w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259nw\u0259ld f\u02c8\u028cndz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u02c8e\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254sts."}, {"text": "Black residents effectively taxed themselves twice, by raising additional monies to supply matching funds for such schools, which were built in many rural areas.", "phonemes": "bl\u02c8\u00e6k \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nts \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli t\u02c8\u00e6kst \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz tw\u02c8a\u026as, ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u028cn\u026az t\u0259 s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u028cndz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z."}, {"text": "Beginning in 1913, the first 80 Rosenwald Schools were built in Alabama for African American children.", "phonemes": "b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259nw\u0259ld sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "A total of 387 schools, seven teachers' houses, and several vocational buildings were completed by 1937 in the state.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az h\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l vo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Several of the surviving school buildings in the state are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8u\u02d0l b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u028a l\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u025a\u0279 \u028cv h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Continued racial discrimination and lynchings, agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans from rural Alabama and other states to seek opportunities in northern and midwestern cities during the early decades of the 20th century as part of the Great Migration out of the South.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l d\u026ask\u0279\u02cc\u026am\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026ant\u0283\u026a\u014bz, \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l w\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l \u026anf\u025bst\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bd t\u02c8\u025bnz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u00e6nd m\u026adw\u02c8\u025bst\u025an s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at ma\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "Reflecting this emigration, the population growth rate in Alabama (see \"historical populations\" table below) dropped by nearly half from 1910 to 1920.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as \u02cc\u025bm\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \"h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz\" t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt ba\u026a n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li h\u02c8\u00e6f f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti."}, {"text": "At the same time, many rural people migrated to the city of Birmingham to work in new industrial jobs.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am, m\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l m\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz."}, {"text": "Its residents were under-represented for decades in the state legislature, which refused to redistrict after each decennial census according to population changes, as it was required by the state constitution.", "phonemes": "\u026ats \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6z \u026at w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Industrial development related to the demands of World War II brought a level of prosperity to the state not seen since before the civil war.", "phonemes": "\u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv p\u0279\u0259sp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8i\u02d0n s\u02c8\u026ans b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Rural workers poured into the largest cities in the state for better jobs and a higher standard of living.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz \u00e6nd \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u028cv l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Between 1940 and 1943, more than 89,000 people moved into the city to work for war-related industries.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Cotton and other cash crops faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps f\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd \u026an \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250 m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as b\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961, the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population, as required by the state constitution to follow the results of decennial censuses.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at m\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259ld\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0250p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8a\u028as \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259t s\u02c8i\u02d0ts b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u028cv d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnsu\u02d0s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "One result was that Jefferson County, containing Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state, but did not receive a proportional amount in services.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt w\u028cz \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u025as\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028anti, k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6mz \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak p\u02c8a\u028a\u025ah\u02cca\u028as, k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination, \"a minority of about 25% of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature.", "phonemes": "\u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti st\u02c8\u028cdi n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \"\u0250 ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u026an m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "In the United States Supreme Court cases of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964), the court ruled that the principle of \"one man, one vote\" needed to be the basis of both houses of state legislatures, and that their districts had to be based on population rather than geographic counties.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv b\u02c8e\u026ak\u025a v\u02c8i\u02d0. k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259ldz v\u02c8i\u02d0. s\u02c8\u026amz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ld \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv \"w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u00e6n, w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02c8o\u028at\" n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 h\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025az, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak k\u02c8a\u028antiz."}, {"text": "African Americans continued to press in the 1950s and 1960s to end disenfranchisement and segregation in the state through the civil rights movement, including legal challenges.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnd d\u02cc\u026as\u025bnf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026azm\u0259nt \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that public schools had to be desegregated, but Alabama was slow to comply.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ld \u026an b\u0279\u02c8a\u028an v\u02c8i\u02d0. b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 di\u02d0s\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028cz sl\u02c8o\u028a t\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "During the 1960s, under Governor George Wallace, Alabama resisted compliance with federal demands for desegregation.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026as, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd k\u0259mpl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 di\u02d0s\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The civil rights movement had notable events in Alabama, including the Montgomery bus boycott (1955\u20131956), Freedom Rides in 1961, and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt h\u00e6d n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i b\u02c8\u028cs b\u02c8\u0254\u026ak\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks, f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u0279\u02c8a\u026adz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025blm\u0259 t\u0259 m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "These contributed to Congressional passage and enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 by the U.S. Congress.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u0259\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u025bn\u02c8\u00e6ktm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s."}, {"text": "Legal segregation ended in the states in 1964, but Jim Crow customs often continued until specifically challenged in court.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l s\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u0292\u02c8\u026am k\u0279\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259mz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d \u026an k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "According to The New York Times, by 2017, many of Alabama's African Americans were living in Alabama's cities such as Birmingham and Montgomery.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k t\u02c8a\u026amz, ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m \u00e6nd m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Also, the Black Belt region across central Alabama \"is home to largely poor counties that are predominantly African-American.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k b\u02c8\u025blt \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \"\u026az h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 k\u02c8a\u028antiz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1972, for the first time since 1901, the legislature completed the congressional redistricting based on the decennial census.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt\u026a\u014b b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s."}, {"text": "This benefited the urban areas that had developed, as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than sixty years.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u0250db\u026an \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u026aksti j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Alabama has made some changes since the late 20th century and has used new types of voting to increase representation.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u0250z m\u02cce\u026ad s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd h\u0250z j\u02c8u\u02d0zd n\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In the 1980s, an omnibus redistricting case, Dillard v. Crenshaw County, challenged the at-large voting for representative seats of 180 Alabama jurisdictions, including counties and school boards.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z, \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0mn\u026ab\u0259s \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt\u026a\u014b k\u02c8e\u026as, d\u02c8\u026al\u025ad v\u02c8i\u02d0. k\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0254\u02d0 k\u02c8a\u028anti, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d \u00f0\u026a \u00e6tl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av s\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b k\u02c8a\u028antiz \u00e6nd sk\u02c8u\u02d0l b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "At-large voting had diluted the votes of any minority in a county, as the majority tended to take all seats.", "phonemes": "\u00e6tl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u00e6d da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8o\u028ats \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an \u0250 k\u02c8a\u028anti, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8i\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "Despite African Americans making up a significant minority in the state, they had been unable to elect any representatives in most of the at-large jurisdictions.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0e\u026a h\u0250db\u026an \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u028a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt \u02cc\u025bni \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u00e6tl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "As part of settlement of this case, five Alabama cities and counties, including Chilton County, adopted a system of cumulative voting for election of representatives in multi-seat jurisdictions.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lm\u0259nt \u028cv \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8e\u026as, f\u02c8a\u026av \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u00e6nd k\u02c8a\u028antiz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u026alt\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028anti, \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv kj\u02c8u\u02d0mj\u028al\u0259t\u02cc\u026av v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u026an m\u02c8\u028clta\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0t d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In another form of proportional representation, 23 jurisdictions use limited voting, as in Conecuh County.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz j\u02c8u\u02d0s l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00e6z \u026an k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u028c k\u02c8a\u028anti."}, {"text": "Together use of these systems has increased the number of African Americans and women being elected to local offices, resulting in governments that are more representative of their citizens.", "phonemes": "t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz h\u0250z \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026am\u026an b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Beginning in the 1960s, the state's economy shifted away from its traditional lumber, steel, and textile industries because of increased foreign competition.", "phonemes": "b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a, st\u02c8i\u02d0l, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bksta\u026al \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "However, the state, particularly Huntsville, benefited from the opening of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center in 1960, a major facility in the development of the Saturn rocket program and the space shuttle.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al, b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 s\u02c8i\u02d0. m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as fl\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti, \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "Technology and manufacturing industries, such as automobile assembly, replaced some the state's older industries in the late twentieth century, but the state's economy and growth lagged behind other states in the area, such as Georgia and Florida.", "phonemes": "t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259b\u02cci\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli, \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast s\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 l\u02c8\u00e6\u0261d b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0259."}, {"text": "In 2001, Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore installed a statue of the Ten Commandments in the capitol in Montgomery.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a m\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u026anst\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026an m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "In 2002, the 11th US Circuit Court ordered the statue removed, but Moore refused to follow the court order, which led to protests around the capitol in favor of keeping the monument.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026an f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nju\u02d0m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In 2004, Hurricane Ivan, a category 3 storm upon landfall, struck the state and caused over $18 billion of damage.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026an \u02c8a\u026av\u0259n, \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6ndf\u0254\u02d0l, st\u0279\u02c8\u028ck \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u02cco\u028av\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u028cv d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "A super outbreak of 62 tornadoes hit the state in April 2011 and killed 238 people, devastating many communities.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u028atb\u0279e\u026ak \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8e\u026ado\u028az h\u02c8\u026at \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026an \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u026ald t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, d\u02c8\u025bv\u1d7bst\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with  of total area: 3.2% of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei\u0259\u03b8l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast st\u02c8e\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0 \u028cv t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259: \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026az w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u02c8\u026anl\u0259nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025aw\u02cce\u026a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "About three-fifths of the land area is part of the Gulf Coastal Plain, a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico.", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028clf k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026an, \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028clf \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a."}, {"text": "The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley and creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u026az m\u02c8o\u028astli m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an\u0259s, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a k\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 v\u02c8\u00e6li \u00e6nd k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks, st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz, \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025az, m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026aks."}, {"text": "Alabama is bordered by the states of Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida to the south, and Mississippi to the west.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026az b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8, d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st, fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "The state ranges in elevation from sea level at Mobile Bay to more than  in the northeast, to Mount Cheaha at .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u02cc\u025bl\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st, t\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028ant t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0h\u0259 \u00e6t ."}, {"text": "Suburban Baldwin County, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.", "phonemes": "s\u0259b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ldw\u026an k\u02c8a\u028anti, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028clf k\u02c8o\u028ast, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u02c8a\u028anti \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u0283u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025bnd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei; l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t p\u02c8e\u026an; \u0279\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026av n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292po\u02d0\u0279t; t\u02c8\u028csk\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0 \u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u025bn n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak s\u02c8a\u026at \u026an t\u02c8\u028csk\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0; \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028csk\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0 \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak s\u02c8a\u026at n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8\u028csk\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0."}, {"text": "Additionally, Alabama has four National Forests: Conecuh, Talladega, Tuskegee, and William B. Bankhead.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u0250z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts: k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u028c, t\u02c8\u00e6le\u026ad\u0261\u0259, t\u02c8\u028csk\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m b\u02c8i\u02d0. b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkh\u025bd."}, {"text": "Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway, the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail, and the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025bz t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kwe\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blm\u0259 t\u0259 m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak t\u0279\u02c8e\u026al, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv t\u02c8\u026a\u0279z n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak t\u0279\u02c8e\u026al."}, {"text": "Notable natural wonders include: the \"Natural Bridge\" rock, the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies, located just south of Haleyville; Cathedral Caverns in Marshall County, named for its cathedral-like appearance, features one of the largest cave entrances and stalagmites in the world; Ecor Rouge in Fairhope, the highest coastline point between Maine and Mexico; DeSoto Caverns in Childersburg, the first officially recorded cave in the United States; Noccalula Falls in Gadsden features a 90-foot waterfall; Dismals Canyon near Phil Campbell, home to two waterfalls, six natural bridges and allegedly served as a hideout for legendary outlaw Jesse James; Stephens Gap Cave in Jackson County boasts a 143-foot pit, two waterfalls and is one of the most photographed wild cave scenes in America; Little River Canyon near Fort Payne, one of the nation's longest mountaintop rivers; Rickwood Caverns near Warrior features an underground pool, blind cave fish and 260-million-year-old limestone formations; and the Walls of Jericho canyon on the Alabama-Tennessee state line.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cnd\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d: \u00f0\u0259 \"n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\" \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kiz, lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv h\u02c8e\u026aliv\u02cc\u026al; k\u0250\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6v\u025anz \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028anti, n\u02c8e\u026amd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats k\u0250\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259ll\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns, f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u02c8e\u026av \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd st\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ma\u026ats \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld; \u02c8\u025bk\u025a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292 \u026an f\u02c8\u025b\u0279ho\u028ap, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast k\u02c8o\u028astla\u026an p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a; d\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a k\u02c8\u00e6v\u025anz \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald\u025azb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd k\u02c8e\u026av \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats; n\u0259k\u02c8\u00e6lj\u028al\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u00e6dsd\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026antif\u02c8\u028at w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0l; d\u02c8\u026azm\u0259lz k\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0259n n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8\u026al k\u02c8\u00e6mb\u0259l, h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0lz, s\u02c8\u026aks n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u1d7bdli s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ada\u028at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i \u02c8a\u028atl\u0254\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsi d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz; st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259nz \u0261\u02c8\u00e6p k\u02c8e\u026av \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028anti b\u02c8o\u028asts \u0250 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u02c8\u028at p\u02c8\u026at, t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0lz \u00e6nd \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ft w\u02c8a\u026ald k\u02c8e\u026av s\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259; l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0259n n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t p\u02c8e\u026an, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026ant\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025az; \u0279\u02c8\u026akw\u028ad k\u02c8\u00e6v\u025anz n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0250n \u02c8\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02cca\u028and p\u02c8u\u02d0l, bl\u02c8a\u026and k\u02c8e\u026av f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026akstim\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nj\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald l\u02c8a\u026amsto\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz; \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u02cco\u028a k\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme (\"star-wound\") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026alz d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv d\u02c8a\u028anta\u028an w\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u028cmpk\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028ake\u026as \u00f0\u026a \u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt k\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz bl\u02c8\u00e6st\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bd\u0279\u0251\u02d0k, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u028cmpk\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0251\u02d0b\u0259lm\"st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279w\u02c8u\u02d0nd\"b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd z\u02c8o\u028anz \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025ad \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and b\u1d7bn\u02cci\u02d0\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as the 157th recognized impact crater on Earth.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8o\u028ab\u025c\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028ak\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv v\u026a\u02c8\u025bn\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt k\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats p\u0279\u0251\u02d0ks\u02c8\u026am\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028clf \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6p\u0250l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st, t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259bi sl\u02c8a\u026atli k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u025a."}, {"text": "Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u0250z v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u028cm\u025az \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u026ald w\u02c8\u026ant\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8o\u028api\u0259s p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Alabama receives an average of  of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u028cv \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li \u00e6nd \u025bnd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026az \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8i \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u02c8e\u026az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the U.S., with high temperatures averaging over  throughout the summer in some parts of the state.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cm\u025az \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs., w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279 \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028clf \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026amj\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279mz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u02c8\u028cmp t\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259s \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv \u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u02c8\u026anl\u0259nd \u00e6nd w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0259n."}, {"text": "This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state, but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u03b8\u02c8\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u026aksti d\u02c8e\u026az p\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Occasionally, thunderstorms are severe with frequent lightning and large hail; the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm.", "phonemes": "\u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259li, \u03b8\u02c8\u028cnd\u025ast\u02cco\u02d0\u0279mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nt l\u02c8a\u026atn\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 h\u02c8e\u026al; \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Alabama ranks ninth in the number of deaths from lightning and tenth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8s f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8a\u026atn\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8s f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8a\u026atn\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8a\u026aks p\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "Alabama, along with Oklahoma and Iowa, has the most confirmed F5 and EF5 tornadoes of any state, according to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period January 1, 1950, to June 2013.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cco\u028akl\u0250h\u02c8o\u028am\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026a\u0259w\u0259, h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \u02c8\u025bf f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd \u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8e\u026ado\u028az \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni st\u02c8e\u026at, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l kla\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti, t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Several long-tracked F5/EF5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities since 1950 than any other state.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt \u02c8\u025bf f\u02c8a\u026av sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8e\u026ado\u028az h\u00e6v k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8e\u026ado\u028a fe\u026at\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The state was affected by the 1974 Super Outbreak and was devastated tremendously by the 2011 Super Outbreak.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u028atb\u0279e\u026ak \u00e6nd w\u028cz d\u02c8\u025bv\u1d7bst\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259sli ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u028atb\u0279e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season in November and December besides the typically severe spring.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250z \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i t\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8e\u026ado\u028a s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u026an no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a \u00e6nd d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a b\u1d7bs\u02cca\u026adz \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279 sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie Alley, as distinct from the Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a t\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8e\u026ado\u028az \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z d\u02c8\u026aksi \u02c8\u00e6li, \u00e6z d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8e\u026ado\u028a \u02c8\u00e6li \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an pl\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the Southeastern United States, with average January low temperatures around  in Mobile and around  in Birmingham.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u026ant\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li m\u02c8a\u026ald \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st\u025an ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m."}, {"text": "Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a sn\u02c8o\u028a \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u028cv m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250 d\u02c8\u028cst\u026a\u014b \u028cv sn\u02c8o\u028a \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a\u0279\u0259tli h\u02c8\u025bvi sn\u02c8o\u028af\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i fj\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u0261\u02c8\u028clf k\u02c8o\u028ast, sn\u02c8o\u028af\u0254\u02d0l \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nt, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u02cc\u025bni sn\u02c8o\u028af\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Alabama's highest temperature of  was recorded on September 5, 1925, in the unincorporated community of Centerville.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a f\u02c8a\u026av, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cn\u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025av\u02cc\u026al."}, {"text": "Alabama is home to a diverse array of flora and fauna in habitats that range from the Tennessee Valley, Appalachian Plateau, and Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of the north to the Piedmont, Canebrake, and Black Belt of the central region to the Gulf Coastal Plain and beaches along the Gulf of Mexico in the south.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026az h\u02c8o\u028am t\u028a \u0250 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv fl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n\u0259 \u026an h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6ts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02c8\u00e6li, \u02cc\u00e6p\u0250l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n pl\u00e6t\u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u00e6ndv\u02c8\u00e6li \u02cc\u00e6p\u0250l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0dm\u0254nt, k\u02c8e\u026anb\u0279e\u026ak, \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u00e6k b\u02c8\u025blt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028clf k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028clf \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "Alabama is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and once boasted huge expanses of pine forest, which still form the largest proportion of forests in the state.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u028cbt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259n\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259s f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast b\u02c8a\u026ao\u028am \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cns b\u02c8o\u028ast\u1d7bd hj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u028cv p\u02c8a\u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8\u026al f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Indigenous animal species in the state include 62 mammal species, 93 reptile species, 73 amphibian species, roughly 307 native freshwater fish species, and 420 bird species that spend at least part of their year within the state.", "phonemes": "\u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026al sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t sp\u02c8\u025bnd \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "According to the 2020 United States census the population of Alabama was 5,024,279 on April 1, 2020, which represents an increase of 244,543 or 5.12%, since the 2010 census.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cn, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026av.tw\u02c8\u025blv p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s."}, {"text": "This includes a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 (502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 104,991 into the state.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8s m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8s \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bt ma\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Immigration from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 n\u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u00e6nd ma\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0250 n\u02c8\u025bt \u0261\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,\u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were undocumented (24,000).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at h\u00e6d w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nb\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u028cnd\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt\u1d7bd tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 3,752 homeless people in Alabama.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02cce\u026at\u0283j\u02ccu\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l h\u02c8o\u028aml\u0259s \u0250s\u02c8\u025bsm\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8o\u028aml\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259."}, {"text": "Those citing \"American\" ancestry in Alabama are of overwhelmingly English extraction, however most English Americans identify simply as having American ancestry because their roots have been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early 1600s.", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \"\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n\" \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u0279i \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u02cco\u028av\u025aw\u02c8\u025blm\u026a\u014bli \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a s\u02c8\u026ampli \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u0279i b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts h\u0250vb\u026an \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad z."}, {"text": "Demographers estimate that a minimum of 20\u201323% of people in Alabama are of predominantly English ancestry and state that the figure is probably much higher.", "phonemes": "d\u025bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025az \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259t \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u0279i \u00e6nd st\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279 \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "In the 1980 census 1,139,976 people in Alabama cited that they were of English ancestry out of a total state population of 2,824,719 making them 41% of the state at the time and the largest ethnic group.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an,n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u0279i \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0,\u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama are American (13.4%), Irish (10.5%), English (10.2%), German (7.9%), and Scots-Irish (2.5%) based on 2006-2008 Census data.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u0279i \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 t\u02c8\u025bn.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u02c8\u025bn.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, \u00e6nd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "The Scots-Irish were the largest non-English immigrant group from the British Isles before the American Revolution, and many settled in the South, later moving into the Deep South as it was developed.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u02c8a\u026a\u0259lz b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ld \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0p s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6z \u026at w\u028cz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt."}, {"text": "In 1984, under the Davis\u2013Strong Act, the state legislature established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u0250f\u02c8\u025b\u0279z k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Native American groups within the state had increasingly been demanding recognition as ethnic groups and seeking an end to discrimination.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at h\u00e6d \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli b\u02cc\u026an d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 d\u026ask\u0279\u02cc\u026am\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Given the long history of slavery and associated racial segregation, the Native American peoples, who have sometimes been of mixed race, have insisted on having their cultural identification respected.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l s\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz b\u02cc\u026an \u028cv m\u02c8\u026akst \u0279\u02c8e\u026as, h\u00e6v \u026ans\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "In the past, their self-identification was often overlooked as the state tried to impose a binary breakdown of society into white and black.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u025blfa\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u028akt \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u028a \u026amp\u02c8o\u028az \u0250 b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i b\u0279\u02c8e\u026akda\u028an \u028cv s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u00e6k."}, {"text": "The state has officially recognized nine American Indian tribes in the state, descended mostly from the Five Civilized Tribes of the American Southeast.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at h\u0250z \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd n\u02c8a\u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd m\u02c8o\u028astli f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "The state government has promoted recognition of Native American contributions to the state, including the designation in 2000 for Columbus Day to be jointly celebrated as American Indian Heritage Day.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt h\u0250z p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmb\u0259s d\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259bi d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026antli s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Most Alabama residents (95.1% of those five and older) spoke only English at home in 2010, a minor decrease from 96.1% in 2000.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nts n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av.w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a sp\u02c8o\u028ak \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u00e6t h\u02c8o\u028am \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks.w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Alabama English is predominantly Southern, and is related to South Midland speech which was taken across the border from Tennessee.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u026az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an, \u00e6nd \u026az \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 m\u02c8\u026adl\u0259nd sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a f\u0279\u028cm t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "In the major Southern speech region, there is the decreasing loss of the final r, for example the \"boyd\" pronunciation of \"bird\".", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 \"b\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\" p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \"b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\"."}, {"text": "In the northern third of the state, there is a South Midland \"arm\" and \"barb\" rhyming with \"form\" and \"orb\", respectively.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 m\u02c8\u026adl\u0259nd \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\" \u00e6nd \"b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\" \u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \"f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\" \u00e6nd \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\", \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "Unique words in Alabama English include: redworm (earthworm), peckerwood (woodpecker), snake doctor and snake feeder (dragonfly), tow sack (burlap bag), plum peach (clingstone), French harp (harmonica), and dog irons (andirons).", "phonemes": "ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d: \u0279\u02c8\u025bdw\u025c\u02d0m \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8w\u025c\u02d0m, p\u02c8\u025bk\u025aw\u02cc\u028ad w\u02c8\u028adp\u025bk\u025a, sn\u02c8e\u026ak d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a \u00e6nd sn\u02c8e\u026ak f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259nfl\u02cca\u026a, t\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u00e6k b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u00e6p b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261, pl\u02c8\u028cm p\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 kl\u02c8\u026a\u014bsto\u028an, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p h\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u02c8a\u026a\u025anz \u02c8\u00e6nda\u026a\u025anz."}, {"text": "In the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey, 86% of Alabama respondents reported their religion as Christian, including 6% Catholic, with 11% as having no religion.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a, \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259nts \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6z k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak, w\u026a\u00f0 \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b n\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "The composition of other traditions is 0.5% Mormon, 0.5% Jewish, 0.5% Muslim, 0.5% Buddhist, and 0.5% Hindu.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026az z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n, z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u0283, z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am, z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026ast, \u00e6nd z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0."}, {"text": "Alabama has been identified as one of the most religious states in the United States, with about 58% of the population attending church regularly.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali."}, {"text": ", the three largest denominational groups in Alabama are the Southern Baptist Convention, The United Methodist Church, and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant.", "phonemes": ", \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast d\u1d7bn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an b\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026ast k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u026ast t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cci\u02d0v\u0250nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In Alabama, the Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of adherents with 1,380,121; this is followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 220,938 adherents, and the Catholic Church with 150,647 adherents.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an b\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026ast k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cn,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn; \u00f0\u026as \u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u026ast t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cci\u02d0v\u0250nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti,n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti,s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Many Baptist and Methodist congregations became established in the Great Awakening of the early 19th century, when preachers proselytized across the South.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni b\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026ast \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u026ast k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u0250w\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, w\u02cc\u025bn p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sl\u026at\u02cca\u026azd \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "The Presbyterian churches, strongly associated with Scots-Irish immigrants of the 18th century and their descendants, had a combined membership around 75,000 (PCA\u201428,009 members in 108 congregations, PC(USA)\u201426,247 members in 147 congregations, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church\u20146,000 members in 59 congregations, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America\u20145,000 members and fifty congregations plus the EPC and Associate Reformed Presbyterians with 230 members and nine congregations).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bzb\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz, st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts, h\u00e6d \u0250 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u2014tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u026an w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, p\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a\u2014tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u026an w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmb\u025al\u0259nd p\u0279\u02cc\u025bzb\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u2014s\u02c8\u026aks,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u026an f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmb\u025al\u0259nd p\u0279\u02cc\u025bzb\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259\u2014f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026afti k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md p\u0279\u02cc\u025bzb\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Of those who indicated a religious preference, 59% said they possessed a \"full understanding\" of their faith and needed no further learning.", "phonemes": "\u028cv \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns, f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0e\u026a p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a \"f\u02c8\u028al \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b\" \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8 \u00e6nd n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd n\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Although in much smaller numbers, many other religious faiths are represented in the state as well, including Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith, and Unitarian Universalism.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026an m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az, m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8s \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0de\u026a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026az\u0259m, s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026az\u0259m, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02cca\u026a\u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0t f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8, \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Jews have been present in what is now Alabama since 1763, during the colonial era of Mobile, when Sephardic Jews immigrated from London.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0z h\u0250vb\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an w\u028ct \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ans w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l, w\u02cc\u025bn s\u025bf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n."}, {"text": "Later immigrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries tended to be Ashkenazi Jews from eastern Europe.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u02cc\u00e6\u0283k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zi d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "Jewish denominations in the state include two Orthodox, four Conservative, ten Reform, and one Humanistic synagogue.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u0283 d\u1d7bn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, t\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn hj\u02ccu\u02d0m\u0250n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak s\u02c8\u026an\u0250\u0261\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261."}, {"text": "Muslims have been increasing in Alabama, with 31 mosques built by 2011, many by African-American converts.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028azl\u026amz h\u0250vb\u026an \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sks b\u02c8\u026alt ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, m\u02c8\u025bni ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "Several Hindu temples and cultural centers in the state have been founded by Indian immigrants and their descendants, the best-known being the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Birmingham, the Hindu Temple and Cultural Center of Birmingham in Pelham, the Hindu Cultural Center of North Alabama in Capshaw, and the Hindu Mandir and Cultural Center in Tuscaloosa.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259lz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at h\u0250vb\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bstn\u02c8o\u028an b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u0279\u02c8a\u026a sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cc\u00e6\u0279e\u026a\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u0279 \u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m \u026an p\u02c8\u025bl\u00e6m, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6p\u0283\u0254\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u0279 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8\u028csk\u0250l\u02ccu\u02d0s\u0259."}, {"text": "This area has attracted an influx of refugees from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam during the 1970s and thereafter.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 h\u0250z \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u0250n \u02c8\u026anfl\u028cks \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm k\u00e6mb\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259, l\u02c8a\u028az, \u00e6nd v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a."}, {"text": "The four temples within a ten-mile radius of Bayou La Batre, include Chua Chanh Giac, Wat Buddharaksa, and Wat Lao Phoutthavihan.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bnm\u02c8a\u026al \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s \u028cv b\u02c8a\u026au\u02d0 l\u02cc\u00e6 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0283j\u02c8u\u02d0\u00e6 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6n d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259k, w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0250\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ks\u0259, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8a\u028a f\u02c8a\u028at\u03b8\u0250v\u02cc\u026ah\u00e6n."}, {"text": "The first community of adherents of the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith in Alabama was founded in 1896 by Paul K. Dealy, who moved from Chicago to Fairhope.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02cca\u026a\u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0t f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8 \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks ba\u026a p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8e\u026a. d\u02c8i\u02d0li, h\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a t\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279ho\u028ap."}, {"text": "In 2018, life expectancy in Alabama was 75.1 years, below the national average of 78.7 years and is the third lowest life expectancy in the country.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, l\u02c8a\u026af \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259nsi \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av.w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast l\u02c8a\u026af \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259nsi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study in 2008 showed that obesity in Alabama is a problem, with most counties having more than 29% of adults obese, except for ten which had a rate between 26% and 29%.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8\u028cdi \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t o\u028ab\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259\u027ei \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026az \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8a\u028antiz h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts o\u028ab\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bn w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d \u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "Residents of the state, along with those in five other states, were least likely in the nation to be physically active during leisure time.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0o\u028az \u026an f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats, w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8i\u02d0st l\u02c8a\u026akli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259bi f\u02c8\u026az\u026akli \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Alabama, and the southeastern U.S. in general, has one of the highest incidences of adult onset diabetes in the country, exceeding 10% of adults.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st\u025an j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, h\u0250z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bt d\u02cca\u026a\u0259b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027ei\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u025bks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts."}, {"text": "The state has invested in aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries, including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and fabrication.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at h\u0250z \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028asp\u02cce\u026as, \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279, b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s h\u02c8\u025bvi \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259b\u02cci\u0259l m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b, m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, st\u02c8i\u02d0l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02cc\u00e6b\u0279\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In contrast to the primarily agricultural economy of the previous century, this was only about one percent of the state's gross domestic product.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u026as w\u028cz \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt."}, {"text": "The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s, as land has been sold to developers, timber companies, and large farming conglomerates.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz h\u0250z d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6\u027e\u0259 st\u02c8\u025bdi \u0279\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u00e6z l\u02c8\u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u02c8o\u028ald t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u025az, t\u02c8\u026amb\u025a k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b k\u0259\u014b\u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats."}, {"text": "Non-agricultural employment in 2008 was 121,800 in management occupations; 71,750 in business and financial operations; 36,790 in computer-related and mathematical occupation; 44,200 in architecture and engineering; 12,410 in life, physical, and social sciences; 32,260 in community and social services; 12,770 in legal occupations; 116,250 in education, training, and library services; 27,840 in art, design and media occupations; 121,110 in healthcare; 44,750 in fire fighting, law enforcement, and security; 154,040 in food preparation and serving; 76,650 in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance; 53,230 in personal care and services; 244,510 in sales; 338,760 in office and administration support; 20,510 in farming, fishing, and forestry; 120,155 in construction and mining, gas, and oil extraction; 106,280 in installation, maintenance, and repair; 224,110 in production; and 167,160 in transportation and material moving.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn,\u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz; s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u026an b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s 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k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz; tw\u02c8\u025blv,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u026an l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz; w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u026an \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz; tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,\u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz; w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn \u026an h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8k\u025b\u0279; f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u026an f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u025bnf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sm\u0259nt, \u00e6nd s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei; w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u026an f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b; s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks,s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u026an b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andz kl\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026ant\u0259n\u0259ns; f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u026an p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz; t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn \u026an s\u02c8e\u026alz; \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6nd \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t; tw\u02c8\u025bnti,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn \u026an f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b, f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u0279i; w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av \u026an k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b, \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n; w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aks,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u026an \u02cc\u026anst\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, m\u02c8e\u026ant\u0259n\u0259ns, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025b\u0279; t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn \u026an p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n; \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u026an t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2008 total gross state product was $170billion, or $29,411 per capita.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. bj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a \u028cv \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as st\u02c8e\u026at p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt w\u028cz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "Alabama has no minimum wage and in February 2016 passed legislation preventing municipalities from setting one.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m w\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u026an f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n p\u02c8\u00e6st l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u028cn."}, {"text": ", Alabama has the sixth highest poverty rate among states in the U.S. In 2017, United Nations Special Rapporteur Philip Alston toured parts of rural Alabama and observed environmental conditions he said were poorer than anywhere he had seen in the developed world.", "phonemes": ", \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u00e6po\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 f\u02c8\u026al\u026ap \u02c8\u00e6lst\u0259n t\u02c8\u028a\u0279d p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u025bn\u026aw\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, fish, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8a\u028atp\u02cc\u028ats \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u02c8o\u028alt\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0261z, k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l, f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, pl\u02c8\u00e6nt n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz, p\u02c8i\u02d0n\u028cts, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329, \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259m, v\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259lz, m\u02c8\u026alk, s\u02c8\u0254\u026abi\u02d0nz, \u00e6nd p\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Although known as \"The Cotton State\", Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production, according to various reports, with Texas, Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 st\u02c8e\u026at\", \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8 \u026an n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s, d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "By 2008, approximately 4,000 people in Alabama were employed by the catfish industry and Alabama produced 132 million pounds of catfish.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at, \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6tf\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8a\u028andz \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6tf\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "The total 2020 sales of catfish raised in Alabama equaled $307 million but by 2020 the total employment of Alabamians fell to 2,442.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8e\u026alz \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6tf\u026a\u0283 \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ld d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6mi\u0259nz f\u02c8\u025bl t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "From the early 2000s to 2020, the Alabamian catfish industry has declined from 250 farms and 4 processors to 66 farms and 2 processors.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd z t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6mi\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6tf\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i h\u0250z d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026and f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u025az t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u025az."}, {"text": "Reasons for this decline include increased feed prices, catfish alternatives, COVID-19's impact on restaurant sales, disease, and fish size.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026an \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u02c8i\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz, k\u02c8\u00e6tf\u026a\u0283 \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0251\u02d0nt s\u02c8e\u026alz, d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u02c8a\u028atp\u02cc\u028ats \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u00e6nd st\u02c8i\u02d0l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6st\u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u00e6nd st\u02c8i\u02d0l p\u02c8a\u026ap; p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a, l\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028ad p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts; m\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028astli k\u02c8o\u028al; pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts; k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u028cks; \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l."}, {"text": "In addition, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, the location of NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the U.S. Army Materiel Command, headquartered at Redstone Arsenal.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028asp\u02cce\u026as \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts, m\u02c8o\u028astli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 s\u02c8i\u02d0. m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as fl\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd, h\u025bdkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025ad \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u025bdsto\u028an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u0259n\u0259l."}, {"text": "A great deal of Alabama's economic growth since the 1990s has been due to the state's expanding automotive manufacturing industry.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8i\u02d0l \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028am\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026av m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i."}, {"text": "Located in the state are Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama, Mercedes-Benz U.S. International, and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama, as well as their various suppliers.", "phonemes": "lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, h\u02c8\u028cnde\u026a m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, m\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8e\u026adi\u02d0zb\u02c8\u025bnts j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, \u00e6nd t\u0254\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "The eight models produced at the state's auto factories totaled combined sales of 74,335 vehicles for 2012.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028a f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279iz t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259ld k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and s\u02c8e\u026alz \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "The strongest model sales during this period were the Hyundai Elantra compact car, the Mercedes-Benz GL-Class sport utility vehicle and the Honda Ridgeline sport utility truck.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l s\u02c8e\u026alz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cnde\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0279\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6kt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 m\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8e\u026adi\u02d0zb\u02c8\u025bnts d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025blkl\u02c8\u00e6s sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t ju\u02d0t\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292la\u026an sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t ju\u02d0t\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0279\u02c8\u028ck."}, {"text": "Steel producers Outokumpu, Nucor, SSAB, ThyssenKrupp, and U.S. Steel have facilities in Alabama and employ more than 10,000 people.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8i\u02d0l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az a\u028at\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259mp\u02ccu\u02d0, n\u02c8u\u02d0k\u025a, \u02c8\u025bss\u02c8\u00e6b, \u03b8\u02c8\u026as\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8\u028cp, \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8i\u02d0l h\u00e6v f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6nd \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8\u025bn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "In May 2007, German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected Calvert in Mobile County for a 4.65billion combined stainless and carbon steel processing facility.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n st\u02c8i\u02d0lme\u026ak\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u026as\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8\u028cp s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6lv\u025c\u02d0t \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028anti f\u025a\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and st\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259s \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n st\u02c8i\u02d0l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "ThyssenKrupp's stainless steel division, Inoxum, including the stainless portion of the Calvert plant, was sold to Finnish stainless steel company Outokumpu in 2012.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8\u026as\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8\u028cps st\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259s st\u02c8i\u02d0l d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u0259m, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259s p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6lv\u025c\u02d0t pl\u02c8\u00e6nt, w\u028cz s\u02c8o\u028ald t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283 st\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259s st\u02c8i\u02d0l k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni a\u028at\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259mp\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "The remaining portion of the ThyssenKrupp plant had final bids submitted by ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel for $1.6billion in March 2013.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026as\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8\u028cp pl\u02c8\u00e6nt h\u00e6d f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l b\u02c8\u026adz s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u025bl\u025a m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u026ap\u0259n st\u02c8i\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn.s\u02c8\u026aks b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Companhia Sider\u00fargica Nacional submitted a combined bid for the mill at Calvert, plus a majority stake in the ThyssenKrupp mill in Brazil, for $3.8billion.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6nhi\u0259 s\u02cca\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and b\u02c8\u026ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026al \u00e6t k\u02c8\u00e6lv\u025c\u02d0t, pl\u02c8\u028cs \u0250 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei st\u02c8e\u026ak \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026as\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8\u028cp m\u02c8\u026al \u026an b\u0279\u0250z\u02c8\u026al, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Hunt Refining Company, a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated, Inc., is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cnt \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni, \u0250 s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026adj\u025a\u0279i \u028cv h\u02c8\u028cnt k\u0259ns\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u02c8\u026a\u014bk., \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an t\u02c8\u028csk\u0250l\u02ccu\u02d0s\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company operates a large plant in Gadsden which employs about 1,400 people.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028adj\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u025a k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u00e6dsd\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028cn,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "Construction of an Airbus A320 family aircraft assembly plant in Mobile was formally announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Br\u00e9gier from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2, 2012.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u028cs \u02cce\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst ba\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u028cs s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u026as b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292i\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "The plans include a $600million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex for the assembly of the A319, A320 and A321 aircraft.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u028akli \u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028apl\u02cc\u025bks f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u02cce\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u00e6nd \u02cce\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "Construction began in 2013, with plans for it to become operable by 2015 and produce up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017.b The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be built within the United States.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, w\u026a\u00f0 pl\u02c8\u00e6nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026at t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft p\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n.b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i t\u0259bi b\u02c8\u026alt w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "It was announced on February 1, 2013, that Airbus had hired Alabama-based Hoar Construction to oversee construction of the facility.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u028cs h\u00e6d h\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259b\u02c8e\u026ast h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u02cco\u028av\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The factory officially opened on September 14, 2015, covering one million square feet on 53 acres of flat grassland.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ak\u025az \u028cv fl\u02c8\u00e6t \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sl\u0259nd."}, {"text": "An estimated 26 million tourists visited the state in 2017 and spent $14.3 billion, providing directly or indirectly 186,900 jobs in the state, which includes 362,000 International tourists spending $589 million.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asts v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u025bnt d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks,n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asts sp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "The state is home to various attractions, natural features, parks and events that attract visitors from around the globe, notably the annual Hangout Music Festival, held on the public beaches of Gulf Shores; the Alabama Shakespeare Festival, one of the ten largest Shakespeare festivals in the world; the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail, a collection of championship caliber golf courses distributed across the state; casinos such as Victoryland; amusement parks such as Alabama Splash Adventure; the Riverchase Galleria, one of the largest shopping centers in the southeast; Guntersville Lake, voted the best lake in Alabama by Southern Living Magazine readers; and the Alabama Museum of Natural History, the oldest museum in the state.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u00e6nd \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab, n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261a\u028at mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l, h\u02c8\u025bld \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak b\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028clf \u0283\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z; \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u0283\u02c8e\u026aksp\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u0283\u02c8e\u026aksp\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld; \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lf t\u0279\u02c8e\u026al, \u0250 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap k\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ab\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lf k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at; k\u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z v\u02c8\u026akto\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u026al\u00e6nd; \u0250mj\u02c8u\u02d0zm\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 spl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a; \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025at\u0283\u02cce\u026as \u0261\u02cc\u00e6l\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u0259, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st; \u0261\u02c8\u028cnt\u025azv\u02cc\u026al l\u02c8e\u026ak, v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst l\u02c8e\u026ak \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 ba\u026a s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az; \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Mobile is known for having the oldest organized Mardi Gras celebration in the United States, beginning in 1703.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279di \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z s\u02cc\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "It was also host to the first formally organized Mardi Gras parade in the United States in 1830, a tradition that continues to this day.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u02c8o\u028ast t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279di \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei, \u0250 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "In 2018, Mobile's Mardi Gras parade was the state's top event, producing the most tourists with an attendance of 892,811.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259lz m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279di \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asts w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0,\u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "The top attraction was the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville with an attendance of 849,981, followed by the Birmingham Zoo with 543,090.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. sp\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an,n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m z\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a n\u02c8a\u026anti."}, {"text": "Alabama has historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes and contrast of environments.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u0250z h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli b\u02cc\u026an \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026alm \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0ts d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s l\u02c8\u00e6ndske\u026aps \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st \u028cv \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Movies filmed in Alabama include: Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Get Out, 42, Selma, Big Fish, The Final Destination, Due Date, Need For Speed and many more.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az f\u02c8\u026almd \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d: kl\u02c8o\u028as \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d k\u02c8a\u026and, \u0261\u025bt \u02c8a\u028at, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, s\u02c8\u025blm\u0259, b\u02c8\u026a\u0261 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l d\u02cc\u025bst\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026at, n\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "UAB Hospital, USA Health University Hospital, Huntsville Hospital, and Children's Hospital of Alabama are the only LevelI trauma centers in Alabama.", "phonemes": "j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cce\u026ab\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026a\u027e\u0259l, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026a\u027e\u0259l, h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026a\u027e\u0259l, \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259nz h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l a\u026a t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0m\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259."}, {"text": "A 2017 study found that Alabama had the least competitive health insurance market in the country, with Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama having a market share of 84% followed by UnitedHealth Group at 7%.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n st\u02c8\u028cdi f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0st k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u026an\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259ns m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, w\u026a\u00f0 bl\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s \u00e6nd bl\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "Wells Fargo has a regional headquarters, an operations center campus, and a $400million data center in Birmingham.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025blz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261o\u028a h\u0250z \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l h\u025bdkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az, \u0250n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259s, \u00e6nd \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m."}, {"text": "Many smaller banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham area, including ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u025bdkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014bz b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk."}, {"text": "Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies, including Harbert Management Corporation.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 h\u025bdkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u026anv\u02c8\u025bstm\u0259nt m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025at m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Telecommunications provider AT&T, formerly BellSouth, has a major presence in Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham.", "phonemes": "t\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bk\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0\u0259nt\u02c8i\u02d0, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025ali b\u02c8\u025bl s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, h\u0250z \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m."}, {"text": "Many technology companies are headquartered in Huntsville, such as ADTRAN, a network access company; Intergraph, a computer graphics company; and Avocent, an IT infrastructure company.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u025bdkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025ad \u026an h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250dt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n, \u0250 n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni; \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f, \u0250 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026aks k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni; \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6vo\u028as\u0259nt, \u0250n \u02cca\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni."}, {"text": "Brasfield & Gorrie, BE&K, Hoar Construction, and B.L. Harbert International, based in Alabama and subsidiaries of URS Corporation, are all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design, international construction, and engineering firms.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sfi\u02d0ld \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u0254\u0279i, bi\u02d0 \u00e6nd k\u02c8e\u026a, h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bl. h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025at \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026adj\u025a\u0279iz \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u025bs k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279u\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0nli \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad l\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an, \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz."}, {"text": "The foundational document for Alabama's government is the Alabama Constitution, which was ratified in 1901.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "With over 850 amendments and almost 87,000 words, it is by some accounts the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the United States Constitution.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u026a\u027e \u026az ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Critics argue that Alabama's constitution maintains highly centralized power with the state legislature, leaving practically no power in local hands.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026anz h\u02c8a\u026ali s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a, l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026akli n\u02c8o\u028a p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u026an l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6ndz."}, {"text": "Any policy changes proposed in different areas of the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and, frequently, by state referendum.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bni p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd, f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli, ba\u026a st\u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02cc\u025bf\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259m."}, {"text": "One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length intentionally codify segregation and racism.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t \u026ats k\u0259mpl\u02c8\u025bks\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li k\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a s\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature, a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives, with 105 members, and the Alabama Senate, with 35 members.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a, \u0250 ba\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz, w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259t, w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az."}, {"text": "The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority (most state Legislatures require a two-thirds majority to override a veto).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a t\u028a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 \u0261j\u02ccu\u02d0b\u025an\u0250t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l v\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei m\u02c8o\u028ast st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025az \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei t\u028a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 v\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a."}, {"text": "It had not redistricted congressional districts since passage of its constitution in 1901; as a result, urbanized areas were grossly underrepresented.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt\u1d7bd k\u0259\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts s\u02c8\u026ans p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u026ats k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn; \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028asli \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "In Reynolds v. Sims (1964), the U.S. Supreme Court implemented the principle of \"one man, one vote\", ruling that congressional districts had to be reapportioned based on censuses (as the state already included in its constitution but had not implemented.)", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259ldz v\u02c8i\u02d0. s\u02c8\u026amz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv \"w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u00e6n, w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02c8o\u028at\", \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0250p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259nd b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025bnsu\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an \u026ats k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Further, the court ruled that both houses of bicameral state legislatures had to be apportioned by population, as there was no constitutional basis for states to have geographically based systems.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ld \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 h\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz \u028cv ba\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025az h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 \u0250p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259nd ba\u026a p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 h\u00e6v d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026akli b\u02c8e\u026ast s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz."}, {"text": "At that time, Alabama and many other states had to change their legislative districting, as many across the country had systems that underrepresented urban areas and districts.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats h\u00e6dt\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt\u026a\u014b, \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bni \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts."}, {"text": "For instance, Birmingham and Jefferson County taxes had supplied one-third of the state budget, but Jefferson County received only 1/67th of state services in funding.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u025as\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028anti t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz h\u00e6d s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u025as\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028anti \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an f\u02c8\u028cnd\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Other members of the executive branch include the cabinet, the lieutenant governor of Alabama, the Attorney General of Alabama, the Alabama Secretary of State, the Alabama State Treasurer, and the State Auditor of Alabama.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6b\u1d7bn\u0259t, \u00f0\u0259 lu\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bn\u0259nt \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ni d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at t\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259."}, {"text": "Statewide officials, such as the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, and other constitutional officers, take office the following January.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8e\u026atwa\u026ad \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259lz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a, lu\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bn\u0259nt \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a, \u0250t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ni d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u025az, t\u02c8e\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i."}, {"text": "The judiciary is responsible for interpreting the Constitution of Alabama and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u026az \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u026an st\u02c8e\u026at k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "There are two intermediate appellate courts, the Court of Civil Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals, and four trial courts: the circuit court (trial court of general jurisdiction), and the district, probate, and municipal courts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz, \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts: \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt, p\u0279\u02c8o\u028abe\u026at, \u00e6nd mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Alabama has the death penalty with authorized methods of execution that include the electric chair and the gas chamber.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 p\u02c8\u025bn\u0259l\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv \u02cc\u025bks\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025a."}, {"text": "Some critics believe the election of judges has contributed to an exceedingly high rate of executions.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz h\u0250z k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250n \u025bks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bli h\u02c8a\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u02cc\u025bks\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In some years, it imposes more death sentences than does Texas, a state which has a population five times larger.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u026a\u027e \u026amp\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0250n d\u02c8\u028cz t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s, \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z \u0250 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8a\u026amz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a."}, {"text": "Some of its cases have been highly controversial; the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned 24 convictions in death penalty cases.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u026ats k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz h\u0250vb\u026an h\u02c8a\u026ali k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l; \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t h\u0250z \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u026an d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 p\u02c8\u025bn\u0259l\u027ei k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "It was the only state to allow judges to override jury decisions in whether or not to use a death sentence; in 10 cases judges overturned sentences of life imprisonment without parole that were voted unanimously by juries.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli st\u02c8e\u026at t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz t\u028a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u026an w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns; \u026an t\u02c8\u025bn k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259nm\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at p\u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd ju\u02d0n\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259sli ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279iz."}, {"text": "On May 14, 2019, Alabama passed the Human Life Protection Act, banning abortion at any stage of pregnancy unless there is a \"serious health risk\", with no exceptions for rape and incest.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026af p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kt, b\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u00e6\u027e \u02cc\u025bni st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261n\u0259nsi \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8e\u026a \"s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8\u026ask\", w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u028a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ap \u00e6nd \u026ans\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "The law was originally supposed to take effect the following November, but on October 29, 2019, U.S. District Judge Myron Thompson blocked the law from taking effect due to it being in conflict with the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02cc\u0254n \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 m\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mps\u0259n bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026at b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u02c8o\u028a v\u02c8i\u02d0. w\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "On June 24, 2022, after the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Judge Thompson lifted the injunction, allowing the law to go into effect.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028a v\u02c8i\u02d0. w\u02c8e\u026ad \u026an d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz v\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259n w\u02c8\u026am\u026anz h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mps\u0259n l\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "Taxpayers are allowed to deduct their federal income tax from their Alabama state tax, even if taking the standard deduction; those who itemize can also deduct FICA (the Social Security and Medicare tax).", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u00e6kspe\u026a\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad t\u0259 d\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ckt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm t\u02c8\u00e6ks f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8\u00e6ks, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026af t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad d\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n; \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259m\u02cca\u026az k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ckt f\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u02cc\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6ks."}, {"text": "For example, the total sales tax rate in Mobile County, Alabama is 10% and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1%, which means a diner in Mobile County, Alabama would pay an 11% tax on a meal.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8e\u026alz t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028anti, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026az t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250n \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0251\u02d0nt t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0250 d\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028anti, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028ad p\u02c8e\u026a \u0250n \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "The overall federal, state, and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax-burdened state in the country.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l, st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u00e6ks b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd l\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u02c8\u00e6ksb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0259nd st\u02c8e\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "Because of the constraints of the Alabama Constitution, which centralizes power in the state legislature, only seven counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have limited home rule.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ants \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a, \u02c8o\u028anli s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028antiz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u025as\u0259n, l\u02c8i\u02d0, m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l, m\u02c8\u00e6d\u026as\u0259n, m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i, \u0283\u02c8\u025blbi, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028csk\u0250l\u02ccu\u02d0s\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8o\u028am \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies approved, ranging from waste disposal to land use zoning.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd, m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8a\u028antiz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u028cst l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bi \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd, \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8e\u026ast d\u026asp\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s z\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The state legislature has retained power over local governments by refusing to pass a constitutional amendment establishing home rule for counties, as recommended by the 1973 Alabama Constitutional Commission.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a h\u0250z \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026and p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025a l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nts ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6s \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nt \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b h\u02c8o\u028am \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8a\u028antiz, \u00e6z \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "United States Supreme Court decisions in Baker v. Carr (1964) required that both houses have districts established on the basis of population, and redistricted after each census, to implement the principle of \"one man, one vote\".", "phonemes": "ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u026an b\u02c8e\u026ak\u025a v\u02c8i\u02d0. k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 h\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz h\u00e6v d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s, t\u028a \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv \"w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u00e6n, w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02c8o\u028at\"."}, {"text": "Before that, each county was represented by one state senator, leading to under-representation in the state senate for more urbanized, populous counties.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8a\u028anti w\u028cz \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259\u027e\u025a, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u0259s k\u02c8a\u028antiz."}, {"text": "The rural bias of the state legislature, which had also failed to redistrict seats in the state house, affected politics well into the 20th century, failing to recognize the rise of industrial cities and urbanized areas.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8e\u026ald t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt s\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at h\u02c8a\u028as, \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks w\u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z."}, {"text": "\"The lack of home rule for counties in Alabama has resulted in the proliferation of local legislation permitting counties to do things not authorized by the state constitution.", "phonemes": "\"\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv h\u02c8o\u028am \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8a\u028antiz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u0250z \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8a\u028antiz t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Alabama's constitution has been amended more than 700 times, and almost one-third of the amendments are local in nature, applying to only one county or city.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0250m\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast w\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u026an n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a, \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8a\u028anti \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "A significant part of each legislative session is spent on local legislation, taking away time and attention of legislators from issues of statewide importance.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av s\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u026az sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026atwa\u026ad \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state, meaning the state government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak b\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al st\u02c8e\u026at, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u0250 m\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259li \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l."}, {"text": "The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board controls the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the state.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u02cc\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak b\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak b\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "A total of 25 of the 67 counties are \"dry counties\" which ban the sale of alcohol, and there are many dry municipalities in counties which permit alcohol sales.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028antiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \"d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8a\u028antiz\" w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an k\u02c8a\u028antiz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u025am\u02c8\u026at \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l s\u02c8e\u026alz."}, {"text": "During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8o\u028ap."}, {"text": "In 1874, the political coalition of white Democrats known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans, in part by suppressing the black vote through violence, fraud, and intimidation.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u02cco\u028a\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8a\u026at d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8i\u02d0m\u025az t\u02c8\u028ak k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz, \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t ba\u026a s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k v\u02c8o\u028at \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns, f\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d, \u00e6nd \u026ant\u02cc\u026am\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "After 1890, a coalition of White Democratic politicians passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise African American residents, a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti, \u0250 k\u02cco\u028a\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8a\u026at d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u02c8\u00e6st l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026at \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u026as\u025bnf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026az \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nts, \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The total effects were greater on the black community, as almost all its citizens were disfranchised and relegated to separate and unequal treatment under the law.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026ats s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026asf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026azd \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00e6nd \u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0."}, {"text": "From 1901 through the 1960s, the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state during urbanization and industrialization of certain areas.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279i\u02d0d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts \u00e6z p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025c\u02d0b\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026and\u02cc\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z."}, {"text": "As counties were the basis of election districts, the result was a rural minority that dominated state politics through nearly three-quarters of the century, until a series of federal court cases required redistricting in 1972 to meet equal representation.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z k\u02c8a\u028antiz w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt w\u028cz\u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt\u026a\u014b \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the civil rights movement, when whites bureaucratically, and at times violently, resisted protests for electoral and social reform.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks \u0261\u02c8e\u026and n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nw\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, w\u02cc\u025bn w\u02c8a\u026ats bj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028ak\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli, \u00e6nd \u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026amz v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ntli, \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Governor George Wallace, the state's only four-term governor, was a controversial figure who vowed to maintain segregation.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a, w\u028cz\u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 v\u02c8a\u028ad t\u0259 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an s\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Only after passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African Americans regain the ability to exercise suffrage, among other civil rights.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av d\u02c8\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u028a \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cca\u026az s\u02c8\u028cf\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "In many jurisdictions, they continued to be excluded from representation by at-large electoral systems, which allowed the majority of the population to dominate elections.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u025bni d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0e\u026a k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259bi \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u00e6tl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Some changes at the county level have occurred following court challenges to establish single-member districts that enable a more diverse representation among county boards.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028anti l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l h\u00e6v \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz t\u028a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lm\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b k\u02c8a\u028anti b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "In 2007, the Alabama Legislature passed, and Republican governor Bob Riley signed a resolution expressing \"profound regret\" over slavery and its lingering impact.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a p\u02c8\u00e6st, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b \u0279\u02c8a\u026ali s\u02c8a\u026and \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \"p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8a\u028and \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\" \u02cco\u028av\u025a sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u026ats l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "In a symbolic ceremony, the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol, which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026al w\u028cz s\u02c8a\u026and \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8a\u028azd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": ", there are a total of 3,707,233 registered voters, with 3,318,679 active, and the others inactive in the state.", "phonemes": ", \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u025ad v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az, w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n,s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u026an\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The 2023 American Values Atlas by Public Religion Research Institute found that a majority of Alabama residents support same-sex marriage.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s ba\u026a p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nts s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8e\u026ams\u02c8\u025bks m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "With the disfranchisement of Blacks in 1901, the state became part of the \"Solid South\", a system in which the Democratic Party operated as effectively the only viable political party in every Southern state.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u026asf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026azm\u0259nt \u028cv bl\u02c8\u00e6ks \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \"s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8\", \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259b\u0259l p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u026an \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "For nearly a hundred years local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, with generally only token Republican challengers running in the general election.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u0250 h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u00e6nd st\u02c8e\u026at \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i, w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Since the mid- to late 20th century, however, white conservatives started shifting to the Republican Party.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad t\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, w\u02c8a\u026at k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "In Alabama, majority-white districts are now expected to regularly elect Republican candidates to federal, state and local office.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiw\u02c8a\u026at d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u028a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026ats t\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l, st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "Members of the nine seats on the Supreme Court of Alabama and all ten seats on the state appellate courts are elected to office.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "In that general election, the then-incumbent chief justice, Ernest C. Hornsby, refused to leave office after losing the election by approximately 3,000 votes to Republican Perry O. Hooper Sr.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmb\u0259nt t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026ast s\u02c8i\u02d0. h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279nsbi, \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a v\u02c8o\u028ats t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02c8o\u028a. h\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly remained in office for nearly a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279nsbi s\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6nd d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ntli \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026an k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "The Democrats lost the last of the nineteen court seats in August 2011 with the resignation of the last Democrat on the bench.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts l\u02c8\u0254st \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6t \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283."}, {"text": "In the early 21st century, Republicans hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz h\u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atwa\u026ad \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In 2010, Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature, giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz t\u02c8\u028ak l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "The last remaining statewide Democrat, who served on the Alabama Public Service Commission, was defeated in 2012.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026atwa\u026ad d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6t, h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u028cz d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "Only three Republican lieutenant governors have been elected since the end of Reconstruction, when Republicans generally represented Reconstruction government, including the newly emancipated freedmen who had gained the franchise.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028anli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n lu\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bn\u0259nt \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az h\u0250vb\u026an \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li \u026am\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dm\u025bn h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0261\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026az."}, {"text": "The three GOP lieutenant governors are Steve Windom (1999\u20132003), Kay Ivey (2011\u20132017), and Will Ainsworth (2019\u2013present).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028ap\u02c8i\u02d0 lu\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bn\u0259nt \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8i\u02d0v w\u02c8\u026and\u0259m n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8a\u026avi t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, \u00e6nd w\u026al \u02c8e\u026answ\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Many local offices (county commissioners, boards of education, tax assessors, mayors, etc.) in the state are still held by Democrats.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz k\u02c8a\u028anti k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025az, b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz \u028cv \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u0250s\u02c8\u025bs\u025az, m\u02c8e\u026a\u025az, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259.\u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al h\u02c8\u025bld ba\u026a d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts."}, {"text": "Many metropolitan and suburban counties have voters who are majority Democrats, resulting in local elections being decided in the Democratic primary.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u0259b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028antiz h\u00e6v v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Similarly most rural counties are majority-Republican and elections are effectively decided in the Republican Primary.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028antiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei\u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "However, since local governments in Alabama are weaker than in other parts of the country, Republicans have the upper hand in government.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02c8\u026ans l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nts \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Alabama's 67 county sheriffs are elected in partisan, at-large races, and Republicans retain the vast majority of those posts.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028anti \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026afs \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026as\u0259n, \u00e6tl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6st m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az p\u02c8o\u028asts."}, {"text": "The majority of Republican sheriffs have been elected in the more rural counties with lower population.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026afs h\u0250vb\u026an \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028antiz w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, six of whom are Republicans: (Jerry Carl, Mike Rogers, Robert Aderholt, Dale Strong, Barry Moore, and Gary Palmer) and one Democrat: Terri Sewell, who represents the Black Belt as well as most of the predominantly black portions of Birmingham, Tuscaloosa and Montgomery.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. h\u02c8a\u028as \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az, s\u02c8\u026aks \u028cv h\u02c8u\u02d0m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz: d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l, m\u02c8a\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025az, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u0250d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ho\u028alt, d\u02c8e\u026al st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b, b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i m\u02c8\u028a\u0279, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6t: t\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025bl, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k b\u02c8\u025blt \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli bl\u02c8\u00e6k p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m, t\u02c8\u028csk\u0250l\u02ccu\u02d0s\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the purview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026az \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vju\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u02c8o\u028av\u025as\u02cca\u026at ba\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028anti sk\u02c8u\u02d0l b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz \u028cv \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak sk\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u02c8\u028cnd\u026a\u014b \u026az \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8\u028cst f\u02c8\u028cnd."}, {"text": "In 2007, more than 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law, using measures determined by the state of Alabama.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz m\u02cce\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6d\u026akw\u0259t j\u02c8\u026a\u0279li p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs \u02cce\u026aw\u02cca\u026ap\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l n\u02c8o\u028a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald l\u02c8\u025bft b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259."}, {"text": "While Alabama's public education system has improved in recent decades, it lags behind in achievement compared to other states.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m h\u0250z \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz, \u026at l\u02c8\u00e6\u0261z b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u026an \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nt k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "According to U.S. Census data (2000), Alabama's high school graduation rate (75%) is the fourth lowest in the U.S. (after Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi).", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z h\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki, lu\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0z\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api."}, {"text": "According to National Assessment of Educational Progress (NEAP), Alabama ranks 39 in reading and 40 in math among fourth-grade students in the rankings from 2022.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bsm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs n\u02c8i\u02d0p, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014bz f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Generally prohibited in the West at large, school corporal punishment is not unusual in Alabama, with 27,260 public school students paddled at least one time, according to government data for the 2011\u20132012 school year.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li p\u0279\u0259h\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6t l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292, sk\u02c8u\u02d0l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak sk\u02c8u\u02d0l st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts p\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259ld \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8a\u026am, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv sk\u02c8u\u02d0l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz, t\u02c8u\u02d0j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259t \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259t j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "In the state are four medical schools (as of fall 2015) (University of Alabama School of Medicine, University of South Alabama and Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine and The Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine\u2014Auburn Campus), two veterinary colleges (Auburn University and Tuskegee University), a dental school (University of Alabama School of Dentistry), an optometry college (University of Alabama at Birmingham), two pharmacy schools (Auburn University and Samford University), and five law schools (University of Alabama School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, Cumberland School of Law, Miles Law School, and the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law).", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6z \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n, j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0st\u026a\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u026ak m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0st\u026a\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u026ak m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n\u2014\u02c8\u0254\u02d0b\u025c\u02d0n k\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259s, t\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0b\u025c\u02d0n j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028csk\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l sk\u02c8u\u02d0l j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv d\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ast\u0279i, \u0250n \u0251\u02d0pt\u02c8o\u028am\u0259t\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6t b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m, t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259si sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0b\u025c\u02d0n j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6mf\u025ad j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026av l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, k\u02c8\u028cmb\u025al\u0259nd sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, m\u02c8a\u026alz l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u0261\u02c8\u028ad d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0."}, {"text": "Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education and the Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak, p\u02c8o\u028asts\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026az \u02cco\u028av\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0n ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u028cv p\u02c8o\u028asts\u026ak\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to a multitude of doctoral level programs.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u02c8\u0254f\u025a d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026at d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u028clt\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz."}, {"text": "The largest single campus is the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259s \u026az \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an t\u02c8\u028csk\u0250l\u02ccu\u02d0s\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av \u025bn\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010, with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses (Troy, Dothan, Montgomery, and Phenix City), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u025bn\u0279\u02c8o\u028alm\u0259nt \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an,s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259s\u1d7bz t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259n, m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025bn\u026aks s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z s\u02c8\u026aksti l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026ats \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "The oldest institutions are the public University of North Alabama in Florence and the Catholic Church-affiliated Spring Hill College in Mobile, both founded in 1830.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026an fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u0250f\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u026al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei."}, {"text": "Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) as well as other subject-focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE), the Council on Occupational Education (COE), and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS).", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u0279\u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u026az \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz s\u02c8\u00e6ks \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bktf\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250k\u0279\u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsiz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u026abl\u026ak\u0259l h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250bh\u02c8\u025b, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028a\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u0250s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "According to the 2011 U.S. News & World Report, Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America (University of Alabama at 31, Auburn University at 36, and University of Alabama at Birmingham at 73).", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. n\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u00e6d \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6t \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0b\u025c\u02d0n j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6t \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6t b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m \u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "According to the 2012 U.S. News & World Report, Alabama had four tier one universities (University of Alabama, Auburn University, University of Alabama at Birmingham and University of Alabama in Huntsville).", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. n\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u00e6d f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0b\u025c\u02d0n j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6t b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026an h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al."}, {"text": "Alabama literature is characterized by themes of race and issues of gender and war, and is influenced by events such as the American Civil War, the Reconstruction era, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Vietnam War.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd \u026az \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Some notable examples of Alabama literature include Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird, Winston Groom's Forrest Gump, Fannie Flagg's Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistlestop Cafe, and the biographies of Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0z t\u0259 k\u02c8\u026al \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u014bb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0d, w\u02c8\u026anst\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0mz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u025bst \u0261\u02c8\u028cmp, f\u02c8\u00e6ni fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261z f\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u027eo\u028az \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026as\u0259lst\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p k\u02c8\u00e6fe\u026a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fiz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u026an l\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Alabama has several professional and semi-professional sports teams, including three minor league baseball teams.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u0250z s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bma\u026ap\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts t\u02c8i\u02d0mz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 b\u02c8e\u026asb\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8i\u02d0mz."}, {"text": "It has a seating capacity of 143,000 and is the thirteenth largest stadium in the world and sixth largest stadium in America.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u0250z \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n\u03b8 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast st\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast st\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Alabama has hosted several professional golf tournaments, such as the 1984 and 1990 PGA Championship at Shoal Creek, the Barbasol Championship (PGA Tour), the Mobile LPGA Tournament of Champions, Airbus LPGA Classic, and Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic (LPGA Tour), and The Tradition (Champions Tour).", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u0250z h\u02c8o\u028ast\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lf t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad 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\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259nz t\u02c8\u028a\u0279."}, {"text": "College football is extremely popular in Alabama, particularly the University of Alabama Crimson Tide and Auburn University Tigers, rivals in the Southeastern Conference.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l \u026az \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026ams\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0b\u025c\u02d0n j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei t\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u025az, \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st\u025an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Alabama averages over 100,000 fans per game and Auburn averages over 80,000\u2014both numbers among the top twenty in the nation.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02cco\u028av\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u02c8\u00e6nz p\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0b\u025c\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a\u2014b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Bryant\u2013Denny Stadium is the home of the Alabama football team, and has a seating capacity of 101,821, and is the fifth largest stadium in America.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt d\u02c8\u025bni st\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028am \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8i\u02d0m, \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn,\u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast st\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Ladd\u2013Peebles Stadium in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team, and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl, LendingTree Bowl, and Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic; the stadium seats 40,646.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6d p\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0259lz st\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u026az \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8i\u02d0m, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028am \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0nj\u025a b\u02c8o\u028al, l\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8o\u028al, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak; \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m s\u02c8i\u02d0ts f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei,s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "In 2009, Bryant\u2013Denny Stadium and Jordan-Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games, after previously being held at Legion Field in Birmingham.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, b\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt d\u02c8\u025bni st\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259nh\u02c8\u025b\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028amz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u00e6\u03b8l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025bld \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m."}, {"text": "Major airports with sustained operations in Alabama include Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport (BHM), Huntsville International Airport (HSV), Dothan Regional Airport (DHN), Mobile Regional Airport (MOB), Montgomery Regional Airport (MGM), Northwest Alabama Regional Airport (MSL) and Northeast Alabama Regional Airport (GAD).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279ts w\u026a\u00f0 s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026and \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m\u0283\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259lsw\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279t b\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8\u025bm, h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279t \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02cc\u025bsv\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279t d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8\u025bn, m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l 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\u02c8\u00e6mt\u0279\u00e6k sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0lz \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u0259nt, \u0250 d\u02c8e\u026ali p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026and\u0292\u025a t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an, \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279li\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u00e6n\u026ast\u0259n, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028csk\u0250l\u02ccu\u02d0s\u0259."}, {"text": "Alabama has six major interstate routes: Interstate 65 (I-65) travels north\u2013south roughly through the middle of the state; I-20/I-59 travel from the central west Mississippi state line to Birmingham, where I-59 continues to the north-east corner of the state and I-20 continues east towards Atlanta; I-85 originates in Montgomery and travels east-northeast to the Georgia state line, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and I-10 traverses the southernmost portion of the state, traveling from west to east through Mobile.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 h\u0250z s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025ast\u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02c8a\u028ats: \u02cc\u026ant\u025ast\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av a\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259lz n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at; a\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 a\u026a f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u025bst m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8a\u026an t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 a\u026a f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0st k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd a\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z \u02c8i\u02d0st t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259; a\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026ats \u026an m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259lz \u02c8i\u02d0stn\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8a\u026an, p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026an \u03b8\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028af\u02cc\u025b\u0279 t\u028a \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259; \u00e6nd a\u026a t\u02c8\u025bn t\u0279\u0250v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025anm\u02cco\u028ast p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u025bst t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l."}, {"text": "In addition, there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state: I-165 in Mobile, I-359 in Tuscaloosa, I-459 around Birmingham, I-565 in Decatur and Huntsville, and I-759 in Gadsden.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli f\u02c8a\u026av \u0254\u02d0ks\u02c8\u026ali\u0259\u0279i \u02cc\u026ant\u025ast\u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02c8a\u028ats \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at: a\u026a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l, a\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an \u026an t\u02c8\u028csk\u0250l\u02ccu\u02d0s\u0259, a\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m, a\u026a f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av \u026an d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al, \u00e6nd a\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u00e6dsd\u0259n."}, {"text": "A sixth route, I-685, will be formed when I-85 is rerouted along a new southern bypass of Montgomery.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8a\u028at, a\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, w\u026al bi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md w\u025bn a\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u026az \u0279\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an b\u02c8a\u026ap\u00e6s \u028cv m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Several U.S. Highways also pass through the state, such as U.S. Route 11 (US-11), US-29, US-31, US-43, US-45, US-72, US-78, US-80, US-82, US-84, US-90, US-98, US-231, US-278, US-280, US-331, US-411, and US-431.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u02c8\u00e6s \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u0279\u02c8a\u028at \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs n\u02c8a\u026anti, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "There are four toll roads in the state: Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery; Northport/Tuscaloosa Western Bypass in Tuscaloosa and Northport; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka; and Beach Express in Orange Beach.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8o\u028al \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at: m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bswe\u026a \u026an m\u0251\u02d0nt\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279i; n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8po\u02d0\u0279t sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u02c8\u028csk\u0250l\u02ccu\u02d0s\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an b\u02c8a\u026ap\u00e6s \u026an t\u02c8\u028csk\u0250l\u02ccu\u02d0s\u0259 \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8po\u02d0\u0279t; \u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u0259ld m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bswe\u026a \u026an w\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u028cmpk\u0259; \u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u0279\u026and\u0292 b\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "The Port of Mobile, Alabama's only saltwater port, is a large seaport on the Gulf of Mexico with inland waterway access to the Midwest by way of the Tennessee\u2013Tombigbee Waterway.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259z \u02c8o\u028anli s\u02c8\u0254ltw\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u026az \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 s\u02c8i\u02d0po\u02d0\u0279t \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028clf \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u026anl\u0259nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025aw\u02cce\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u026adw\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u026a\u0261b\u02cci\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025aw\u02cce\u026a."}, {"text": "The newly expanded container terminal at the Port of Mobile was ranked as the 25th busiest for container traffic in the nation during 2011.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u025a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 b\u02c8\u026azi\u026ast f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u025a t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Mohl, Raymond A. \"Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama\" Alabama Review (2002, 55(4): 243\u2013274).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028al, \u0279\u02c8e\u026am\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026a. \"l\u02cc\u00e6t\u026an\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv d\u02c8\u026aksi: h\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026aks \u026an l\u02c8e\u026attw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259\" \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279: t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974).", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u025b\u0279s, n\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0p s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259: p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks, \u00e6nd p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u02c8i\u02d0p s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 st\u02c8e\u026ats n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "In Greek mythology, Achilles ( ) or Achilleus () was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u0259s w\u028cz\u0250 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "A central character in Homer's Iliad, he was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia and famous Argonaut.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u02c8o\u028am\u025az \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025b\u0279e\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259s, k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv f\u03b8\u02c8i\u0259 \u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Achilles was raised in Phthia along his childhood companion Patroclus and received his education by the centaur Chiron.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u026an f\u03b8\u02c8i\u0259 \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b h\u026az t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd h\u026az \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan prince Hector outside the gates of Troy.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a."}, {"text": "Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the Iliad, other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him with an arrow.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d, \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz k\u0259\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028cz k\u02c8\u026ald n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t h\u02cc\u026am w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "Later legends (beginning with Statius' unfinished epic Achilleid, written in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for one heel.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259ndz b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0259s \u028cnf\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ale\u026ad, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028cz \u026anv\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv h\u026az b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "According to that myth, when his mother Thetis dipped him in the river Styx as an infant, she held him by one of his heels leaving it untouched by the waters and thus his only vulnerable body part.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8, w\u02cc\u025bn h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz d\u02c8\u026apt h\u02cc\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a st\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u026anf\u0259nt, \u0283i\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bld h\u02cc\u026am ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u026az h\u02c8i\u02d0lz l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u028cnt\u02c8\u028ct\u0283t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs h\u026az \u02c8o\u028anli v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Alluding to these legends, the term \"Achilles' heel\" has come to mean a point of weakness which can lead to downfall, especially in someone or something with an otherwise strong constitution.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0i\u02d0z l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259ndz, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z h\u02c8i\u02d0l\" h\u0250z k\u02c8\u028cm t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0250 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u028cv w\u02c8i\u02d0kn\u0259s w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 d\u02c8a\u028anf\u0254\u02d0l, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Linear B tablets attest to the personal name Achilleus in the forms a-ki-re-u and a-ki-re-we, the latter being the dative of the former.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 b\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u00e6bl\u0259ts \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026am \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u0259s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u02c8e\u026ak\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026ak\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0wi\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a."}, {"text": "The name grew more popular, becoming common soon after the seventh century BC and was also turned into the female form  (Achille\u00eda), attested in Attica in the fourth century BC (IG II\u00b2 1617) and, in the form Achillia, on a stele in Halicarnassus as the name of a female gladiator fighting an \"Amazon\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a, b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ale\u026a\u0259, \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cca\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ali\u0259, \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 st\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026an h\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u0259\u0283\u0259s \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6n \"\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250z\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\"."}, {"text": "Achilles' name can be analyzed as a combination of  () \"distress, pain, sorrow, grief\" and  () \"people, soldiers, nation\", resulting in a proto-form *Akh\u00ed-l\u0101u\u032fos \"he who has the people distressed\" or \"he whose people have distress\".", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z n\u02c8e\u026am k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \"d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, p\u02c8e\u026an, s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028a, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\" \u00e6nd \"p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az, n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask \u02c8\u00e6ka\u026al\u02c8\u0254\u02d0o\u028az \"hi\u02d0 h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"hi\u02d0 h\u02ccu\u02d0z p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u00e6v d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\"."}, {"text": "The grief or distress of the people is a theme raised numerous times in the Iliad (and frequently by Achilles himself).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026az \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s t\u02c8a\u026amz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli ba\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "Achilles' role as the hero of grief or distress forms an ironic juxtaposition with the conventional view of him as the hero of   (\"glory\", usually in war).", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0250n a\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak d\u0292\u02cc\u028ckst\u0250p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u028cv\"\u0261l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\", j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Furthermore, la\u00f3s has been construed by Gregory Nagy, following Leonard Palmer, to mean \"a corps of soldiers\", a muster.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, l\u02c8a\u028az h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d ba\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u025a\u0279i n\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292i, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025bn\u025ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a, t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \"\u0250 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az\", \u0250 m\u02c8\u028cst\u025a."}, {"text": "With this derivation, the name obtains a double meaning in the poem: when the hero is functioning rightly, his men bring distress to the enemy, but when wrongly, his men get the grief of war.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u026as d\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm: w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u026az f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u026atli, h\u026az m\u02c8\u025bn b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u025bs t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u0259mi, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u025bn \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli, h\u026az m\u02c8\u025bn \u0261\u025bt \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Achilles' descent from the Nereid Thetis and a similarity of his name with those of river deities such as Acheron and Achelous have led to speculations about his being an old water divinity .", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025b\u0279e\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv h\u026az n\u02c8e\u026am w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259tiz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026akl\u0259s h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 sp\u02cc\u025bkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u026az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei ."}, {"text": "Robert S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin of the name, based among other things on the coexistence of -\u03bb\u03bb- and -\u03bb- in epic language, which may account for a palatalized phoneme /ly/ in the original language.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u02c8\u025bs. p\u02c8i\u02d0. b\u02c8i\u02d0ks h\u0250z s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cco\u028a\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259 \u026an \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0m sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 l\u02c8a\u026a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Achilles was the son of Thetisa Nereid and daughter of the Old Man of the Seaand Peleus, the king of the Myrmidons.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0\u0259t\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259 n\u02c8\u025b\u0279e\u026ad \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u00e6n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0\u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0259m\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Zeus and Poseidon had been rivals for Thetis's hand in marriage until Prometheus, the fore-thinker, warned Zeus of a prophecy (originally uttered by Themis, goddess of divine law) that Thetis would bear a son greater than his father.", "phonemes": "z\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00e6nd p\u0259s\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n h\u0250db\u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz\u1d7bz h\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al p\u0279o\u028am\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u025a, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nd z\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259si \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li \u02c8\u028c\u027e\u025ad ba\u026a \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0miz, \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s \u028cv d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz w\u028ad b\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cn \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "There is a tale which offers an alternative version of these events: In the Argonautica (4.760) Zeus' sister and wife Hera alludes to Thetis' chaste resistance to the advances of Zeus, pointing out that Thetis was so loyal to Hera's marriage bond that she coolly rejected the father of gods.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 t\u02c8e\u026al w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254f\u025az \u0250n \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts: \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z\u02c8u\u02d0s s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8a\u026af h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0dz t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz t\u0283\u02c8e\u026ast \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u028cv z\u02c8u\u02d0s, p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz w\u028cz s\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l t\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259z m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 k\u02c8u\u02d0li \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Thetis, although a daughter of the sea-god Nereus, was also brought up by Hera, further explaining her resistance to the advances of Zeus.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0250 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d n\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259s, w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u02cc\u028cp ba\u026a h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u028cv z\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "According to the Achilleid, written by Statius in the 1st century AD, and to non-surviving previous sources, when Achilles was born Thetis tried to make him immortal by dipping him in the river Styx; however, he was left vulnerable at the part of the body by which she held him: his left heel .", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ale\u026ad, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0259s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd t\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak h\u02cc\u026am \u026am\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259l ba\u026a d\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a st\u02c8\u026aks; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz l\u02c8\u025bft v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0283i\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bld h\u02cc\u026am: h\u026az l\u02c8\u025bft h\u02c8i\u02d0l ."}, {"text": "In another version of this story, Thetis anointed the boy in ambrosia and put him on top of a fire in order to burn away the mortal parts of his body.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i, \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz \u0250n\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u026an \u00e6mb\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u028at h\u02cc\u026am \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv h\u026az b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "To the contrary, in the Iliad, Homer mentions Achilles being wounded: in Book 21 the Paeonian hero Asteropaios, son of Pelagon, challenged Achilles by the river Scamander.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u025b\u0279i, \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d, h\u02c8o\u028am\u025a m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b w\u02c8u\u02d0nd\u1d7bd: \u026an b\u02c8\u028ak tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 pi\u02d0\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pe\u026a\u02cco\u028az, s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv p\u02c8\u025bl\u00e6\u0261\u0259n, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a sk\u02c8\u00e6m\u00e6nd\u025a."}, {"text": "He was ambidextrous, and cast a spear from each hand; one grazed Achilles' elbow, \"drawing a spurt of blood\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026ad\u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259s, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6st \u0250 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 h\u02c8\u00e6nd; w\u02c8\u028cn \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02c8\u025blbo\u028a, \"d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t \u028cv bl\u02c8\u028cd\"."}, {"text": "In the few fragmentary poems of the Epic Cycle which describe the hero's death (i.e. the Cypria, the Little Iliad by Lesches of Pyrrha, the Aethiopis and Iliupersis by Arctinus of Miletus), there is no trace of any reference to his general invulnerability or his famous weakness at the heel.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u0279\u00e6\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bmz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ap\u0279i\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d ba\u026a l\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv p\u02c8\u026arh\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8o\u028apiz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026al\u026aj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025as\u02cc\u026as ba\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026an\u0259s \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026alt\u0259s, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 h\u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u026anv\u02cc\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s w\u02c8i\u02d0kn\u0259s \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "In the later vase paintings presenting the death of Achilles, the arrow (or in many cases, arrows) hit his torso.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a v\u02c8e\u026as p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014bz p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028az h\u02c8\u026at h\u026az t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279so\u028a."}, {"text": "Peleus entrusted Achilles to Chiron, who lived on Mount Pelion and was known as the most righteous of the Centaurs, to be reared.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259s \u025bnt\u0279\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bd \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z t\u0259 k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026avd \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8a\u028ant p\u02c8\u025bli\u0259n \u00e6nd w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8a\u026at\u0283\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0254\u02d0\u0279z, t\u0259bi \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d."}, {"text": "In some accounts, Achilles' original name was \"Ligyron\" and he was later named Achilles by his tutor Chiron.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026am w\u028cz \"l\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u0279\u0259n\" \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a n\u02c8e\u026amd \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z ba\u026a h\u026az t\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Homer further writes that Achilles taught Patroclus what he himself had been taught by Chiron, including the medical arts.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8o\u028am\u025a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s w\u028ct hi\u02d0 h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf h\u0250db\u026an t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t ba\u026a k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Thetis foretold that her son's fate was either to gain glory and die young, or to live a long but uneventful life in obscurity.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz fo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8o\u028ald \u00f0\u00e6t h\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cnz f\u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026an \u0261l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026a j\u02c8\u028c\u014b, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02cc\u028ct \u028cn\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bntf\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026af \u026an \u0259bskj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "According to Photius, the sixth book of the New History by Ptolemy Hephaestion reported that Thetis burned in a secret place the children she had by Peleus.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i ba\u026a t\u02c8o\u028almi h\u02c8\u025bfi\u02d0st\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt pl\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u0283i\u02d0 h\u00e6d ba\u026a p\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "When she had Achilles, Peleus noticed, tore him from the flames with only a burnt foot, and confided him to the centaur Chiron.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0283i\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, p\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259s n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026ast, t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u026am f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8e\u026amz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nt f\u02c8\u028at, \u00e6nd k\u0259nf\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Later Chiron exhumed the body of the Damysus, who was the fastest of all the giants, removed the ankle, and incorporated it into Achilles' burnt foot.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8u\u02d0md \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026as\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ast \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nts, \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026a\u027e \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nt f\u02c8\u028at."}, {"text": "In the account of Dares the Phrygian, Achilles was described having \"... a large chest, a fine mouth, and powerfully formed arms and legs.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv d\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u0259n, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028cz d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd h\u02c8\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \"... \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bst, \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, \u00e6nd p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z."}, {"text": "Pyrisous, \"saved from the fire\", his first name, which seems to favour the tradition in which his mortal parts were burned by his mother Thetis", "phonemes": "p\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u0259s, \"s\u02c8e\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\", h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8e\u026am, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u026az m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd ba\u026a h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz"}, {"text": "Podarkes, \"swift-footed\" (literally, \"defending with the foot,\" from the verb \u1f00\u03c1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c9, \"to defend, ward off\"); Ptolemy Hephaestion, alternatively, says that it was due to the wings of Arke being attached to his feet.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks, \"sw\u02c8\u026aftf\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd\" l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259li, \"d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028at,\" f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259\u02c8\u025bps\u026al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028am\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259, \"t\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8\u0254f\"; t\u02c8o\u028almi h\u02c8\u025bfi\u02d0st\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli, s\u02c8\u025bz \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 h\u026az f\u02c8i\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Some post-Homeric sources claim that in order to keep Achilles safe from the war, Thetis (or, in some versions, Peleus) hid the young man dressed as a princess or at least a girl at the court of Lycomedes, king of Skyros.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8o\u028astho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z s\u02c8e\u026af f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz \u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz, p\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259s h\u02c8\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6n d\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u025bs \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259m\u02cc\u025bdz, k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv sk\u02c8a\u026a\u0279o\u028az."}, {"text": "There, Achilles, properly disguised, lived among Lycomedes' daughters, perhaps under the name \"Pyrrha\" (the red-haired girl), Cercysera or Aissa (\"swift\").", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ali d\u026as\u0261\u02c8a\u026azd, l\u02c8\u026avd \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259m\u02cc\u025bdz d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az, p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \"p\u02c8\u026arh\u0259\" \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bdh\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0sa\u026as\u0279\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026as\u0259\"sw\u02c8\u026aft\"."}, {"text": "With Lycomedes' daughter Deidamia, with whom he had begun a relationship, Achilles there fathered two sons, Neoptolemus (also called Pyrrhus, after his father's possible alias) and Oneiros.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259m\u02cc\u025bdz d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a de\u026ad\u02c8e\u026ami\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8u\u02d0m hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u028cn \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cnz, n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028apt\u02cco\u028alm\u0259s \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld p\u02c8\u026arh\u0259s, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ali\u0259s \u00e6nd w\u028cn\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az."}, {"text": "According to this story, Odysseus learned from the prophet Calchas that the Achaeans would be unable to capture Troy without Achilles' aid.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i, \u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6lt\u0283\u0259z \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u0259nz w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "Odysseus went to Skyros in the guise of a peddler selling women's clothes and jewellery and placed a shield and spear among his goods.", "phonemes": "\u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s w\u025bnt t\u0259 sk\u02c8a\u026a\u0279o\u028az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8a\u026az \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bdl\u025a s\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u026am\u026anz kl\u02c8o\u028a\u00f0z \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l\u0279i \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250 \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b h\u026az \u0261\u02c8\u028adz."}, {"text": "When Achilles instantly took up the spear, Odysseus saw through his disguise and convinced him to join the Greek campaign.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ntli t\u02c8\u028ak \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 h\u026az d\u026as\u0261\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026anst h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "In another version of the story, Odysseus arranged for a trumpet alarm to be sounded while he was with Lycomedes' women.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i, \u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d f\u025a\u0279\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u028cmp\u026at \u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m t\u0259bi s\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd w\u02cca\u026al hi\u02d0 w\u028cz w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259m\u02cc\u025bdz w\u02c8\u026am\u026an."}, {"text": "He appointed five leaders (each leader commanding 500 Myrmidons): Menesthius, Eudorus, Peisander, Phoenix and Alcimedon.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd f\u02c8a\u026av l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026a\u0259m\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nz: m\u025bn\u02c8\u025bs\u03b8\u026a\u0259s, j\u02c8u\u02d0do\u02d0\u0279\u0259s, p\u02c8e\u026as\u00e6nd\u025a, f\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026aks \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6lsa\u026amd\u0259n."}, {"text": "In the resulting battle, Achilles gave Telephus a wound that would not heal; Telephus consulted an oracle, who stated that \"he that wounded shall heal\".", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0261\u02c8e\u026av t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u0259s \u0250 w\u02c8u\u02d0nd \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u02c8i\u02d0l; t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u0259s k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l, h\u02ccu\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"hi\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8u\u02d0nd\u1d7bd \u0283\u02cc\u00e6l h\u02c8i\u02d0l\"."}, {"text": "Guided by the oracle, he arrived at Argos, where Achilles healed him in order that he might become their guide for the voyage to Troy.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l, hi\u02d0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261o\u028az, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z h\u02c8i\u02d0ld h\u02cc\u026am \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 m\u02cca\u026at b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a."}, {"text": "According to other reports in Euripides' lost play about Telephus, he went to Aulis pretending to be a beggar and asked Achilles to heal his wound.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279\u026ap\u02cca\u026adz l\u02c8\u0254st pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u0259s, hi\u02d0 w\u025bnt t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0liz p\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0259bi \u0250 b\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6skt \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z t\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0l h\u026az w\u02c8u\u02d0nd."}, {"text": "Alternatively, Telephus held Orestes for ransom, the ransom being Achilles' aid in healing the wound.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli, t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u0259s h\u02c8\u025bld \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259m, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259m b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02c8e\u026ad \u026an h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8u\u02d0nd."}, {"text": "Odysseus reasoned that the spear had inflicted the wound; therefore, the spear must be able to heal it.", "phonemes": "\u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279 h\u00e6d \u026anfl\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8u\u02d0nd; \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279 m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026at."}, {"text": "According to the Cypria (the part of the Epic Cycle that tells the events of the Trojan War before Achilles' wrath), when the Achaeans desired to return home, they were restrained by Achilles, who afterwards attacked the cattle of Aeneas, sacked neighbouring cities (like Pedasus and Lyrnessus, where the Greeks capture the queen Briseis) and killed Tenes, a son of Apollo, as well as Priam's son Troilus in the sanctuary of Apollo Thymbraios; however, the romance between Troilus and Chryseis described in Geoffrey Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde and in William Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida is a medieval invention.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ap\u0279i\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8\u025blz \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u0259nz d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n h\u02c8o\u028am, \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026and ba\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025adz \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259z, s\u02c8\u00e6kt n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz l\u02c8a\u026ak p\u02c8\u025bd\u00e6s\u0259s \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u025bs\u0259s, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8i\u02d0n b\u0279\u02c8a\u026asa\u026az \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u026ald t\u02c8i\u02d0nz, \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8i\u0259mz s\u02c8\u028cn t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u0259s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u026amb\u0279e\u026a\u02cco\u028az; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u0259s \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8a\u026asa\u026az d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u0279i t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u025az t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u0259s \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8a\u026asa\u026ad \u00e6nd \u026an w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u0283\u02c8e\u026aksp\u026a\u0279z t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u0259s \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0259 \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l \u026anv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In Dares Phrygius' Account of the Destruction of Troy, the Latin summary through which the story of Achilles was transmitted to medieval Europe, as well as in older accounts, Troilus was a young Trojan prince, the youngest of King Priam's and Hecuba's five legitimate sons (or according other sources, another son of Apollo).", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u02c8\u025b\u0279z f\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u0259s \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279i \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028cz t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u026an \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants, t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u0259s w\u028cz\u0250 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u026ast \u028cv k\u02c8\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8i\u0259mz \u00e6nd h\u025bkj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259z f\u02c8a\u026av l\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bm\u0259t s\u02c8\u028cnz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "Despite his youth, he was one of the main Trojan war leaders, a \"horse fighter\" or \"chariot fighter\" according to Homer.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at h\u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az, \u02c8e\u026a \"h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u0259t f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a\" \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028am\u025a."}, {"text": "Yet Achilles, struck by the beauty of both Troilus and his sister Polyxena, and overcome with lust, directed his sexual attentions on the youth\u00a0\u2013 who, refusing to yield, instead found himself decapitated upon an altar-omphalos of Apollo Thymbraios.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8\u025bt \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, st\u0279\u02c8\u028ck ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u0259s \u00e6nd h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026aks\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, \u00e6nd \u02cco\u028av\u025ak\u02c8\u028cm w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u028cst, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 h\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u0259 j\u02c8i\u02d0ld, \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd f\u02c8a\u028and h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf d\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6p\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0250n \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mf\u0259l\u02cco\u028az \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u026amb\u0279e\u026a\u02cco\u028az."}, {"text": "Later versions of the story suggested Troilus was accidentally killed by Achilles in an over-ardent lovers' embrace.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u0259s w\u028cz \u02cc\u00e6ks\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li k\u02c8\u026ald ba\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026an \u0250n \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259nt l\u02c8\u028cv\u025az \u025bmb\u0279\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Had Troilus lived to adulthood, the First Vatican Mythographer claimed, Troy would have been invincible; however, the motif is older and found already in Plautus' Bacchides.", "phonemes": "h\u00e6d t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u0259s l\u02c8\u026avd t\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clth\u028ad, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st v\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259n m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a kl\u02c8e\u026amd, t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a w\u028adh\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u026anv\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bb\u0259l; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 mo\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0f \u026az \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u028and \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi \u026an pl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259s b\u02c8\u00e6ka\u026adz."}, {"text": "The Homeric epic only covers a few weeks of the decade-long war, and does not narrate Achilles' death.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak \u02c8o\u028anli k\u02c8\u028cv\u025az \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adl\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "It begins with Achilles' withdrawal from battle after being dishonoured by Agamemnon, the commander of the Achaean forces.", "phonemes": "\u026at b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025ad ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026ammn\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The prophet Calchas correctly determines the source of the troubles but will not speak unless Achilles vows to protect him.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6lt\u0283\u0259z k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lz b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026al n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t sp\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z v\u02c8a\u028az t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "Agamemnon consents, but then commands that Achilles' battle prize Briseis, the daughter of Briseus, be brought to him to replace Chryseis.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026ammn\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bnts, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az b\u0279\u02c8a\u026asa\u026az, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8a\u026asi\u0259s, bi\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as k\u0279\u02c8a\u026asa\u026az."}, {"text": "Angry at the dishonour of having his plunder and glory taken away (and, as he says later, because he loves Briseis), with the urging of his mother Thetis, Achilles refuses to fight or lead his troops alongside the other Greek forces.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0279i \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b h\u026az pl\u02c8\u028cnd\u025a \u00e6nd \u0261l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd, \u00e6z hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz hi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u028cvz b\u0279\u02c8a\u026asa\u026az, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u028cv h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8i\u02d0d h\u026az t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "At the same time, burning with rage over Agamemnon's theft, Achilles prays to Thetis to convince Zeus to help the Trojans gain ground in the war, so that he may regain his honour.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026ammn\u0259nz \u03b8\u02c8\u025bft, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8e\u026az t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz t\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ans z\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259nz \u0261\u02c8e\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026an h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a."}, {"text": "As the battle turns against the Greeks, thanks to the influence of Zeus, Nestor declares that the Trojans are winning because Agamemnon has angered Achilles, and urges the king to appease the warrior.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks, \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u028cv z\u02c8u\u02d0s, n\u02c8\u025bst\u025a d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026ammn\u0259n h\u0250z \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u025ad \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "They promise that, if Achilles returns to battle, Agamemnon will return the captive Briseis and other gifts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, \u026af \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz t\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026ammn\u0259n w\u026al \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026av b\u0279\u02c8a\u026asa\u026az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u026afts."}, {"text": "Achilles rejects all Agamemnon offers him and simply urges the Greeks to sail home as he was planning to do.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026ammn\u0259n \u02c8\u0254f\u025az h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026ampli \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026al h\u02c8o\u028am \u00e6z hi\u02d0 w\u028cz pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The Trojans, led by Hector, subsequently push the Greek army back toward the beaches and assault the Greek ships.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259nz, l\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a, s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli p\u02c8\u028a\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u0254lt \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0283\u02c8\u026aps."}, {"text": "With the Greek forces on the verge of absolute destruction, Patroclus leads the Myrmidons into battle, wearing Achilles' armour, though Achilles remains at his camp.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259l\u02ccu\u02d0t d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s l\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0259m\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u00e6t h\u026az k\u02c8\u00e6mp."}, {"text": "Patroclus succeeds in pushing the Trojans back from the beaches, but is killed by Hector before he can lead a proper assault on the city of Troy.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u026an p\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259nz b\u02c8\u00e6k f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az k\u02c8\u026ald ba\u026a h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 hi\u02d0 k\u00e6n l\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u0254lt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a."}, {"text": "After receiving the news of the death of Patroclus from Antilochus, the son of Nestor, Achilles grieves over his beloved companion's death.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv n\u02c8\u025bst\u025a, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u02cco\u028av\u025a h\u026az b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u028cvd k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259nz d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "She persuades Hephaestus to make new armour for him, in place of the armour that Patroclus had been wearing, which was taken by Hector.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026adz h\u02c8\u025bfi\u02d0st\u0259s t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u026am, \u026an pl\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s h\u0250db\u026an w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n ba\u026a h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a."}, {"text": "Enraged over the death of Patroclus, Achilles ends his refusal to fight and takes the field, killing many men in his rage but always seeking out Hector.", "phonemes": "\u025bn\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bndz h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0259l t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld, k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u025bn \u026an h\u026az \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a."}, {"text": "Achilles even engages in battle with the river god Scamander, who has become angry that Achilles is choking his waters with all the men he has killed.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d sk\u02c8\u00e6m\u00e6nd\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u0250z b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026az t\u0283\u02c8o\u028ak\u026a\u014b h\u026az w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bn hi\u02d0 h\u0250z k\u02c8\u026ald."}, {"text": "Zeus himself takes note of Achilles' rage and sends the gods to restrain him so that he will not go on to sack Troy itself before the time allotted for its destruction, seeming to show that the unhindered rage of Achilles can defy fate itself.", "phonemes": "z\u02c8u\u02d0s h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf t\u02c8e\u026aks n\u02c8o\u028at \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bndz \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026an h\u02cc\u026am s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u026al n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u02cc\u0254n t\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u028cnh\u02c8\u026and\u025ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z k\u00e6n d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026a f\u02c8e\u026at \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "Achilles chases Hector around the wall of Troy three times before Athena, in the form of Hector's favorite and dearest brother, Deiphobus, persuades Hector to stop running and fight Achilles face to face.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z t\u0283\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ast b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, d\u02c8e\u026af\u0251\u02d0b\u0259s, p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026adz h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026at \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z f\u02c8e\u026as t\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Accepting his fate, Hector begs Achilles not to spare his life, but to treat his body with respect after killing him.", "phonemes": "\u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u026a\u014b h\u026az f\u02c8e\u026at, h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a b\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af, b\u02cc\u028ct t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t h\u026az b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "Achilles tells Hector it is hopeless to expect that of him, declaring that \"my rage, my fury would drive me now to hack your flesh away and eat you raw \u2013 such agonies you have caused me\".", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z t\u02c8\u025blz h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u027e \u026az h\u02c8o\u028apl\u0259s t\u028a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \u028cv h\u02cc\u026am, d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"ma\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, ma\u026a fj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i w\u028ad d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av m\u02cci\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u028a t\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6k j\u028a\u0279 fl\u02c8\u025b\u0283 \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0t ju\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259niz ju\u02d0 h\u00e6v k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd m\u02cci\u02d0\"."}, {"text": "After having a dream where Patroclus begs Achilles to hold his funeral, Achilles hosts a series of funeral games in honour of his companion.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s b\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z t\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028ald h\u026az fj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z h\u02c8o\u028asts \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv fj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv h\u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "At the onset of his duel with Hector, Achilles is referred to as the brightest star in the sky, which comes on in the autumn, Orion's dog (Sirius); a sign of evil.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bt \u028cv h\u026az d\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026az \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026ast st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8a\u026a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u028cmz \u02cc\u0254n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u028cm, \u0254\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0259s; \u0250 s\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l."}, {"text": "During the cremation of Patroclus, he is compared to Hesperus, the evening/western star (Venus), while the burning of the funeral pyre lasts until Phosphorus, the morning/eastern star (also Venus) has set (descended).", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s, hi\u02d0 \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bsp\u025a\u0279\u0259s, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0vn\u026a\u014b sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259s, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8a\u026a\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6sts \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfo\u02d0\u0279\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a v\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259s h\u0250z s\u02c8\u025bt d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "With the assistance of the god Hermes (Argeiphontes), Hector's father Priam goes to Achilles' tent to plead with Achilles for the return of Hector's body so that he can be buried.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292e\u026af\u02cc\u0254nts, h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8i\u0259m \u0261o\u028az t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z t\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 pl\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279id."}, {"text": "Achilles relents and promises a truce for the duration of the funeral, lasting 9 days with a burial on the 10th (in the tradition of Niobe's offspring).", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0279\u026al\u02c8\u025bnts \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as\u1d7bz \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u0259l, l\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8e\u026az w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u026a\u02c8o\u028abz \u02c8\u0254fsp\u0279\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The poem ends with a description of Hector's funeral, with the doom of Troy and Achilles himself still to come.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm \u02c8\u025bndz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az fj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0m \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u00e6nd \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf st\u02c8\u026al t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cm."}, {"text": "The Aethiopis (7th century BC) and a work named Posthomerica, composed by Quintus of Smyrna in the fourth century CE, relate further events from the Trojan War.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8o\u028apiz s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k n\u02c8e\u026amd po\u028asth\u02c8o\u028am\u0279\u026ak\u0259, k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a kw\u02c8\u026ant\u0259s \u028cv sm\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "When Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons and daughter of Ares, arrives in Troy, Priam hopes that she will defeat Achilles.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn p\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8\u026as\u02cc\u026ali\u0259, kw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6m\u0250z\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u02d0z, \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz \u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a, p\u0279\u02c8i\u0259m h\u02c8o\u028aps \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 w\u026al d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z."}, {"text": "After his temporary truce with Priam, Achilles fights and kills the warrior queen, only to grieve over her death later.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u02c8i\u0259m, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z f\u02c8a\u026ats \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u026alz \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u025a kw\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0v \u02cco\u028av\u025a h\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "When Memnon, son of the Dawn Goddess Eos and king of Ethiopia, slays Antilochus, Achilles once more obtains revenge on the battlefield, killing Memnon.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn m\u02c8\u025bmn\u0251\u02d0n, s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s \u026a\u02c8o\u028az \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8o\u028api\u0259, sl\u02c8e\u026az \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u0259s, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u02c8\u028cns m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026anz \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259lf\u02cci\u02d0ld, k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bmn\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The fight between Achilles and Memnon over Antilochus echoes that of Achilles and Hector over Patroclus, except that Memnon (unlike Hector) was also the son of a goddess.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bmn\u0251\u02d0n \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u0259s \u02c8\u025bko\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025a p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u025bmn\u0251\u02d0n \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u0259v\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s."}, {"text": "Many Homeric scholars argued that episode inspired many details in the Iliads description of the death of Patroclus and Achilles' reaction to it.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bp\u026as\u02cco\u028ad \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad m\u02c8\u025bni di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026alz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6dz d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u026at."}, {"text": "The episode then formed the basis of the cyclic epic Aethiopis, which was composed after the Iliad, possibly in the 7th century BC.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bp\u026as\u02cco\u028ad \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026akl\u026ak \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak \u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8o\u028apiz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The exact nature of Achilles' relationship with Patroclus has been a subject of dispute in both the classical period and modern times.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u028cv d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0t \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u02c8a\u026amz."}, {"text": "Although there is no direct evidence in the text of the Iliad that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers, this theory was expressed by some later authors.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkst \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u028cv\u025az, \u00f0\u026as \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i w\u028cz \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az."}, {"text": "Commentators from classical antiquity to the present have often interpreted the relationship through the lens of their own cultures.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az f\u0279\u028cm kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bnz \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "In 5th-century BC Athens, the intense bond was often viewed in light of the Greek custom of paiderasteia, which is the relationship between an older male and a younger one, usually a teenager.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz, \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026an l\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259m \u028cv p\u02c8e\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ste\u026a\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250n \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a m\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd \u0250 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a w\u02cc\u028cn, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250 t\u02c8i\u02d0ne\u026ad\u0292\u025a."}, {"text": "In Patroclus and Achilles' case, Achilles would have been the younger as Patroclus is usually seen as his elder.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z k\u02c8e\u026as, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028adh\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z h\u026az \u02c8\u025bld\u025a."}, {"text": "In Plato's Symposium, the participants in a dialogue about love assume that Achilles and Patroclus were a couple; Phaedrus argues that Achilles was the younger and more beautiful one", "phonemes": "\u026an pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az s\u026amp\u02c8o\u028asi\u0259m, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nts \u026an \u0250 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at l\u02c8\u028cv \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8\u028cp\u0259l; f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l w\u02cc\u028cn"}, {"text": "However, ancient Greek had no words to distinguish heterosexual and homosexual, and it was assumed that a man could both desire handsome young men and have sex with women.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k h\u00e6d n\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz t\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 h\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u02cco\u028amo\u028as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u026at w\u028cz \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n k\u028ad b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nds\u028cm j\u02c8\u028c\u014b m\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u025bks w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u026am\u026an."}, {"text": "Many pairs of men throughout history have been compared to Achilles and Patroclus to imply a homosexual relationship.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bn \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i h\u0250vb\u026an k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s t\u028a \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a \u0250 h\u02cco\u028amo\u028as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "The death of Achilles, even if considered solely as it occurred in the oldest sources, is a complex one, with many different versions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026af k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad s\u02c8o\u028alli \u00e6z \u026a\u027e \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks w\u02cc\u028cn, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Starting with the oldest account, In the Iliad Book XXII, Hector predicts with his last dying breath that Paris and Apollo will slay him at the Scaean Gates leading to Troy (with an arrow to the heel according to Statius).", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant, \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d b\u02c8\u028ak \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akts w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az l\u02c8\u00e6st d\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u026al sl\u02c8e\u026a h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n \u0261\u02c8e\u026ats l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "In Book XXIII, the sad spirit of dead Patroclus visits Achilles just as he drifts off into slumber, requesting that his bones be placed with those of Achilles in his golden vase, a gift of his mother.", "phonemes": "\u026an b\u02c8\u028ak \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6d sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at \u028cv d\u02c8\u025bd p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s v\u02c8\u026az\u026ats \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6z hi\u02d0 d\u0279\u02c8\u026afts \u02c8\u0254f \u02cc\u026ant\u028a sl\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a, \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az b\u02c8o\u028anz bi\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026an h\u026az \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n v\u02c8e\u026as, \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026aft \u028cv h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "One of these is Achilles, who when greeted as \"blessed in life, blessed in death\", responds that he would rather be a slave to the worst of masters than be king of all the dead.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u026az \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025bn \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \"bl\u02c8\u025bst \u026an l\u02c8a\u026af, bl\u02c8\u025bst \u026an d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\", \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028ad \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a bi\u02d0 \u0250 sl\u02c8e\u026av t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az \u00f0\u0250n bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bd."}, {"text": "But Achilles then asks Odysseus of his son's exploits in the Trojan war, and Odysseus tells him of Neoptolemus' actions.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6sks \u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s \u028cv h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cnz \u02c8\u025bkspl\u0254\u026ats \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s t\u02c8\u025blz h\u02cc\u026am \u028cv n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028apt\u02cco\u028alm\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In the Odyssey Book XXIV we read dead King Agamemnon's ghostly account of his death: Achilles' funeral pyre bleached bones had been mixed with those of Patroclus and put into his mother's golden vase.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026asi b\u02c8\u028ak \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 wi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d d\u02c8\u025bd k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026ammn\u0259nz \u0261\u02c8o\u028astli \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8: \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z fj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8a\u026a\u025a bl\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t b\u02c8o\u028anz h\u0250db\u026an m\u02c8\u026akst w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u028at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n v\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Also, the bones of Antilocus, who had become closer to Achilles than any other following Patroclus' death, were separately enclosed.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028anz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026al\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259tli \u025b\u014bkl\u02c8o\u028azd."}, {"text": "And, the customary funeral games of a hero were performed, and a massive tomb or mound was built on the Hellespont for approaching seagoers to celebrate.", "phonemes": "\u00e6nd, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259m\u02cc\u025b\u0279i fj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u0259v\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u025c\u02d0 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md, \u00e6nd \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av t\u02c8u\u02d0m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u028and w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bl\u026asp\u02cc\u0254nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u025az t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "Achilles was represented in the Aethiopis as living after his death in the island of Leuke at the mouth of the river Danube.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028cz \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8o\u028apiz \u00e6z l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0k \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a d\u02c8\u00e6nu\u02d0b."}, {"text": "Another version of Achilles' death is that he fell deeply in love with one of the Trojan princesses, Polyxena.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025bl d\u02c8i\u02d0pli \u026an l\u02c8\u028cv w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u025bs\u1d7bz, p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026aks\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259."}, {"text": "Priam is willing because it would mean the end of the war and an alliance with the world's greatest warrior.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8i\u0259m \u026az w\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at w\u028ad m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u0250n \u0250l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "But while Priam is overseeing the private marriage of Polyxena and Achilles, Paris, who would have to give up Helen if Achilles married his sister, hides in the bushes and shoots Achilles with a divine arrow, killing him.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02cca\u026al p\u0279\u02c8i\u0259m \u026az \u02cco\u028av\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026aks\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028adh\u02cc\u00e6vt\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u02cc\u028cp h\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n \u026af \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a, h\u02c8a\u026adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a, k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "According to some accounts, he had married Medea in life, so that after both their deaths they were united in the Elysian Fields of Hades\u00a0\u2013 as Hera promised Thetis in Apollonius' Argonautica (3rd century BC).", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u02cc\u028cm \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants, hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id m\u02c8\u025bdi\u0259 \u026an l\u02c8a\u026af, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8s \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u025bl\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u028cv h\u02c8e\u026adi\u02d0z \u00e6z h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ast \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz \u026an \u0250p\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259s \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "They competed for it by giving speeches on why they were the bravest after Achilles to their Trojan prisoners, who, after considering both men's presentations, decided Odysseus was more deserving of the armour.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026at ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cca\u026a \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026av\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n\u025az, h\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025bnz p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s w\u028cz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a."}, {"text": "Furious, Ajax cursed Odysseus, which earned him the ire of Athena, who temporarily made Ajax so mad with grief and anguish that he began killing sheep, thinking them his comrades.", "phonemes": "fj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259s, \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u00e6ks k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd h\u02cc\u026am \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u02cc\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli m\u02cce\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u00e6ks s\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8\u00e6d w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p, \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm h\u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0279\u00e6dz."}, {"text": "After a while, when Athena lifted his madness and Ajax realized that he had actually been killing sheep, he was so ashamed that he committed suicide.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026al, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 l\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd h\u026az m\u02c8\u00e6dn\u0259s \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u00e6ks \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026azd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li b\u02cc\u026an k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u02cco\u028a \u0250\u0283\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as\u02cca\u026ad."}, {"text": "When Odysseus encounters the shade of Ajax much later in the House of Hades (Odyssey 11.543\u2013566), Ajax is still so angry about the outcome of the competition that he refuses to speak to Odysseus.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8e\u026ad \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u00e6ks m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as \u028cv h\u02c8e\u026adi\u02d0z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026asi \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u00e6ks \u026az st\u02c8\u026al s\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0279i \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atk\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz t\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u028a \u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "The armour they fought for was made by Hephaestus and thus much stronger and more beautiful than any armour a mortal could craft.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u028cz m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a h\u02c8\u025bfi\u02d0st\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u0250 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259l k\u028ad k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "Thetis had the gear made for Achilles because his first set was worn by Patroclus when he went to battle and taken by Hector when he killed Patroclus.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026a\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bt w\u028cz w\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n ba\u026a p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s w\u025bn hi\u02d0 w\u025bnt t\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n ba\u026a h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a w\u025bn hi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u026ald p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s."}, {"text": "A relic claimed to be Achilles' bronze-headed spear was preserved for centuries in the temple of Athena on the acropolis of Phaselis, Lycia, a port on the Pamphylian Gulf.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak kl\u02c8e\u026amd t\u0259bi \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nzh\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bd sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u028cz p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u028cv \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u00e6k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz \u028cv f\u02c8e\u026asliz, l\u02c8a\u026a\u0283\u0259, \u0250 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u00e6mf\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028clf."}, {"text": "The city was visited in 333 BC by Alexander the Great, who envisioned himself as the new Achilles and carried the Iliad with him, but his court biographers do not mention the spear; however, it was shown in the time of Pausanias in the 2nd century CE.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei w\u028cz v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u025bnv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nd h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02cc\u026am, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u026az k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025az du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026at w\u028cz \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv p\u0254\u02d0s\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The tomb of Achilles, extant throughout antiquity in Troad, was venerated by Thessalians, but also by Persian expeditionary forces, as well as by Alexander the Great and the Roman emperor Caracalla.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0m \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, \u025bkst\u02c8\u00e6nt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad, w\u028cz v\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u03b8\u025bs\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a ba\u026a p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z ba\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250k\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259."}, {"text": "Achilles' cult was also to be found at other places, e. g. on the island of Astypalaea in the Sporades, in Sparta which had a sanctuary, in Elis and in Achilles' homeland Thessaly, as well as in the Magna Graecia cities of Tarentum, Locri and Croton, accounting for an almost Panhellenic cult to the hero.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z k\u02c8\u028clt w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u0259bi f\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u02c8i\u02d0. d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv \u0250st\u02c8a\u026ap\u0250l\u02c8i\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279e\u026adz, \u026an sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, \u026an \u1d7bliz \u00e6nd \u026an \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z h\u02c8o\u028aml\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025bs\u0259li, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u028cv t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u025bnt\u0259m, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279i \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0259n, \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast p\u02cc\u00e6nh\u026al\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak k\u02c8\u028clt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "The cult of Achilles is illustrated in the 500 BC Polyxena sarcophagus, which depicts the sacrifice of Polyxena near the tumulus of Achilles.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026az \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026aks\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 s\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259\u0261\u0259s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akts \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as \u028cv p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026aks\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0mj\u028al\u0259s \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The spread and intensity of the hero's veneration among the Greeks that had settled on the northern coast of the Pontus Euxinus, today's Black Sea, appears to have been remarkable.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6nd \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az v\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ld \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an k\u02c8o\u028ast \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259s j\u02c8u\u02d0ks\u026an\u0259s, t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026az bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "An archaic cult is attested for the Milesian colony of Olbia as well as for an island in the middle of the Black Sea, today identified with Snake Island (Ukrainian \u0417\u043c\u0456\u0457\u043d\u0438\u0439, Zmiinyi, near Kiliya, Ukraine).", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak k\u02c8\u028clt \u026az \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 ma\u026al\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259ni \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0lbi\u0259 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8i\u02d0, t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 sn\u02c8e\u026ak \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd ju\u02d0k\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n z\u02c8\u025b\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bm s\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026akl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u02c8a\u026avs\u02c8\u026aks s\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026akl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u02c8a\u026avs\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u026a\u02d0 \u02cc\u026akr\u02c8\u00e6tk\u0254ji, z\u02c8i\u02d0m\u02c8\u026a\u026an\u02cc\u026ai, n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 k\u02c8\u026al\u026aj\u0259, ju\u02d0k\u0279\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Early dedicatory inscriptions from the Greek colonies on the Black Sea (graffiti and inscribed clay disks, these possibly being votive offerings, from Olbia, the area of Berezan Island and the Tauric Chersonese) attest the existence of a heroic cult of Achilles from the sixth century BC onwards.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li d\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259niz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u0250f\u02c8i\u02d0\u027ei \u00e6nd \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd kl\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8\u026asks, \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026av \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014bz, f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0lbi\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025bz\u0259n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak t\u0283\u02cc\u025c\u02d0so\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 h\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak k\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u025adz."}, {"text": "The cult was still thriving in the third century CE, when dedicatory stelae from Olbia refer to an Achilles Pont\u00e1rch\u0113s (\u03a0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2, roughly \"lord of the Sea,\" or \"of the Pontus Euxinus\"), who was invoked as a protector of the city of Olbia, venerated on par with Olympian gods such as the local Apollo Prostates, Hermes Agoraeus, or Poseidon.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt w\u028cz st\u02c8\u026al \u03b8\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u025bn d\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i st\u02c8\u025bli\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0lbi\u025a \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250n \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z p\u02c8\u0254nt\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u1d7bz p\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u0259nnj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u02c8a\u028a\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259, \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli \"l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0,\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259s j\u02c8u\u02d0ks\u026an\u0259s\", h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u026anv\u02c8o\u028akt \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0lbi\u0259, v\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0259l\u02c8\u026ampi\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ste\u026ats, h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6\u0261o\u02d0\u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0259s, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259s\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n."}, {"text": "Pliny the Elder (23\u201379 AD) in his Natural History mentions a \"port of the Ach\u00e6i\" and an \"island of Achilles\", famous for the tomb of that \"man\" (), situated somewhat nearby Olbia and the Dnieper-Bug Estuary; furthermore, at 125\u00a0Roman miles from this island, he places a peninsula \"which stretches forth in the shape of a sword\" obliquely, called Dromos Achilleos (\u1f08\u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, Achill\u00e9\u014ds dr\u00f3mos \"the Race-course of Achilles\") and considered the place of the hero's exercise or of games instituted by him.", "phonemes": "pl\u02c8a\u026ani \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bld\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an h\u026az n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8e\u026a \"p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0i\" \u00e6nd \u00e6n \"\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z\", f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0m \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"m\u02c8\u00e6n\", s\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0lbi\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 dn\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025ab\u02c8\u028c\u0261 \u02c8\u025bstju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i; f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6t w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n m\u02c8a\u026alz f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u026as \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, hi\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u0250 p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 \"w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u1d7bz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\" o\u028abl\u02c8i\u02d0kli, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld d\u0279\u02c8o\u028amo\u028az \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cco\u028az l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028at\u0283\u02c8a\u026aa\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259\u02c8\u025bps\u026al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028am\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259 d\u02c8\u025blt\u0259\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u0259nmj\u02c8u\u02d0\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u0259ns\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259, \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ale\u026a\u02cco\u028az d\u0279\u02c8o\u028amo\u028az \"\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ask\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z\"\u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cca\u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "This last feature of Pliny's account is considered to be the iconic spit, called today Tendra (or Kosa Tendra and Kosa Djarilgatch), situated between the mouth of the Dnieper and Karkinit Bay, but which is hardly 125\u00a0Roman miles (\u00a0km) away from the Dnieper-Bug estuary, as Pliny states.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u00e6st f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv pl\u02c8a\u026aniz \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u00f0\u026a a\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak sp\u02c8\u026at, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0279\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028as\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u028as\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026al\u0261\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283, s\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 dn\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026an\u02cc\u026at b\u02c8e\u026a, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dli w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n m\u02c8a\u026alz k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bm \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 dn\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025ab\u02c8\u028c\u0261 \u02c8\u025bstju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, \u00e6z pl\u02c8a\u026ani st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "In the following chapter of his book, Pliny refers to the same island as Achillea and introduces two further names for it:", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv h\u026az b\u02c8\u028ak, pl\u02c8a\u026ani \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u00e6z \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ali\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8e\u026amz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026at:"}, {"text": "The \"present day\" measures, he gives at this point, seem to account for an identification of Achillea or Leuce with today's Snake Island.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt d\u02c8e\u026a\" m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az, hi\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u00e6t \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant f\u025a\u0279\u0259n a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ali\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026az sn\u02c8e\u026ak \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Pliny's contemporary Pomponius Mela () tells that Achilles was buried on an island named Achillea, situated between the Borysthenes and the Ister, adding to the geographical confusion.", "phonemes": "pl\u02c8a\u026aniz k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259s m\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 t\u02c8\u025blz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028cz b\u02c8\u025b\u0279id \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd n\u02c8e\u026amd \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ali\u0259, s\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 bo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u03b8\u0259n\u02cci\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ast\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Ruins of a square temple, measuring 30 meters to a side, possibly that dedicated to Achilles, were discovered by Captain Kritzikly () in 1823 on Snake Island.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u026anz \u0259v\u0259 skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l, m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025az t\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8a\u026ad, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u026ats\u026akli \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n sn\u02c8e\u026ak \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd."}, {"text": "A second exploration in 1840 showed that the construction of a lighthouse had destroyed all traces of this temple.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u025bksplo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026atha\u028as h\u00e6d d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l."}, {"text": "A fifth century BC black-glazed lekythos inscription, found on the island in 1840, reads: \"Glaukos, son of Poseidon, dedicated me to Achilles, lord of Leuke.\"", "phonemes": "\u0250 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 bl\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261l\u02c8e\u026azd l\u025bk\u02c8\u026a\u03b8o\u028az \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, f\u02c8a\u028and \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dz: \"\u0261l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ko\u028az, s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv p\u0259s\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n, d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02cci\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0k.\""}, {"text": "In another inscription from the fifth or fourth century BC, a statue is dedicated to Achilles, lord of Leuke, by a citizen of Olbia, while in a further dedication, the city of Olbia confirms its continuous maintenance of the island's cult, again suggesting its quality as a place of a supra-regional hero veneration.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0 \u026az d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0k, ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0lbi\u0259, w\u02cca\u026al \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u02cc\u025bd\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0lbi\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u026ats k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s m\u02c8e\u026ant\u0259n\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz k\u02c8\u028clt, \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u026ats kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026as \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0279\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a v\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The heroic cult dedicated to Achilles on Leuce seems to go back to an account from the lost epic Aethiopis according to which, after his untimely death, Thetis had snatched her son from the funeral pyre and removed him to a mythical  (Le\u00fak\u0113 N\u00easos \"White Island\").", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak k\u02c8\u028clt d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8u\u02d0s s\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u0250n \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254st \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak \u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8o\u028apiz \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az \u028cnt\u02c8a\u026amli d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz h\u00e6d sn\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t h\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cn f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd h\u02cc\u026am t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8u\u02d0k n\u02c8\u025b\u0279so\u028az \"w\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd\"."}, {"text": "Already in the fifth century BC, Pindar had mentioned a cult of Achilles on a \"bright island\" (\u03c6\u03b1\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ac \u03bd\u1fb6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2, phaenn\u00e1 n\u00e2sos) of the Black Sea, while in another of his works, Pindar would retell the story of the immortalized Achilles living on a geographically indefinite Island of the Blest together with other heroes such as his father Peleus and Cadmus.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, p\u02c8\u026and\u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u00e6d m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd \u0250 k\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026a \"b\u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd\" f\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259\u02c8\u025bps\u026al\u0259nnj\u02c8u\u02d0nj\u02c8u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 nj\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfb\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8\u026aks s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259 \u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259, fi\u02d0n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0so\u028az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cca\u026al \u026an \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, p\u02c8\u026and\u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025bl \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026akli \u026and\u02c8\u025bf\u026an\u0259t \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u025bst t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259s \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6dm\u0259s."}, {"text": "Well known is the connection of these mythological Fortunate Isles (\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9, mak\u00e1r\u00f4n n\u00easoi) or the Homeric Elysium with the stream Oceanus which according to Greek mythology surrounds the inhabited world, which should have accounted for the identification of the northern strands of the Euxine with it.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025bl n\u02c8o\u028an \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z m\u02cc\u026a\u03b8\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u0259n\u0259t \u02c8a\u026a\u0259lz mj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028a l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bf\u02c8\u025bfs\u02c8\u026aks nj\u02c8u\u02d0 nj\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8\u026aks s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259 \u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n a\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259, m\u02c8\u00e6k\u00e6\u0279\u0259n n\u02c8\u025b\u0279s\u0254\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u025bl\u02c8\u026asi\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\u0259s w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028andz \u00f0\u026a \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad\u0259v \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ksa\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 \u026at."}, {"text": "Guy Hedreen has found further evidence for this connection of Achilles with the northern margin of the inhabited world in a poem by Alcaeus, speaking of \"Achilles lord of Scythia\" and the opposition of North and South, as evoked by Achilles' fight against the Aethiopian prince Memnon, who in his turn would be removed to his homeland by his mother Eos after his death.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8a\u026a h\u02c8\u025bd\u0279i\u02d0n h\u0250z f\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u026an \u0250 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lki\u02d0\u0259s, sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u028cv \"\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8i\u0259\" \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, \u00e6z \u026av\u02c8o\u028akt ba\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z f\u02c8a\u026at \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8o\u028api\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans m\u02c8\u025bmn\u0251\u02d0n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026an h\u026az t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 h\u026az h\u02c8o\u028aml\u0259nd ba\u026a h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u02c8o\u028az \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "The Greek geographer Dionysius Periegetes, who likely lived during the first century CE, wrote that the island was called Leuce \"because the wild animals which live there are white.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a d\u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s p\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u02cc\u025b\u0261i\u02d0ts, h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026akli l\u02c8\u026avd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld l\u02c8u\u02d0s \"b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ald \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u026av \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "It is said that there, in Leuce island, reside the souls of Achilles and other heroes, and that they wander through the uninhabited valleys of this island; this is how Jove rewarded the men who had distinguished themselves through their virtues, because through virtue they had acquired everlasting honour\".", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u026an l\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028alz \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u02c8\u0254nd\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cn\u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd; \u00f0\u026as \u026az h\u02cca\u028a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028av \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bn h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0z, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0 \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u02cc\u025bv\u025al\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\"."}, {"text": "Pausanias has been told that the island is \"covered with forests and full of animals, some wild, some tame.", "phonemes": "p\u0254\u02d0s\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259z h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n t\u02c8o\u028ald \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u026az \"k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u028al \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8a\u026ald, s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8e\u026am."}, {"text": "Strabo mentioned that the cape of the Racecourse of Achilles was sacred to Achilles and although it was treeless, was called Alsos (\u1f04\u03bb\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2).", "phonemes": "st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bo\u028a m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026ap \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026asko\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028cz s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026at w\u028cz t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259s, w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028az l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u0259ns\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259."}, {"text": "Herodotus, Pliny the Elder and Strabo reported on the existence of a town Ach\u00edlleion (\u1f08\u03c7\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd), built by settlers from Mytilene in the sixth century BC, close to the hero's presumed burial mound in the Troad.", "phonemes": "h\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259\u027e\u0259s, pl\u02c8a\u026ani \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bld\u025a \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bo\u028a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 t\u02c8a\u028an \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ale\u026a\u0259n l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028at\u0283\u02c8a\u026aa\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259\u02c8\u025bps\u026al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0na\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u0259nnj\u02c8u\u02d0, b\u02c8\u026alt ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025btl\u025az f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8a\u026a\u027ea\u026al\u02cci\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0md b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259l m\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad."}, {"text": "Later attestations point to an Ach\u00edlleion in Messenia (according to Stephanus Byzantinus) and an Ach\u00edlleios (\u1f08\u03c7\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) in Laconia.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250\u027e\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant t\u028a \u0250n \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ale\u026a\u0259n \u026an m\u025bs\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259 \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 st\u02c8\u025bf\u00e6n\u0259s b\u026az\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026an\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0250n \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ale\u026a\u02cco\u028az l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028at\u0283\u02c8a\u026aa\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259\u02c8\u025bps\u026al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0na\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u0259ns\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259 \u026an l\u00e6k\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259."}, {"text": "Nicolae Densu\u015fianu recognized a connection to Achilles in the names of Aquileia and of the northern arm of the Danube delta, called Chilia (presumably from an older Achileii), though his conclusion, that Leuce had sovereign rights over the Black Sea, evokes modern rather than archaic sea-law.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bnsu\u02d0\u0283\u02cci\u0259nu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u0250 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6kw\u026al\u02cce\u026a\u0259 \u00e6nd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u00e6nu\u02d0b d\u02c8\u025blt\u0259, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld t\u0283\u02c8\u026ali\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259bli f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a\u0279 \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ale\u026ai, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a h\u026az k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8u\u02d0s h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u026av\u02c8o\u028aks m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak s\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0."}, {"text": "Alexander the Great, son of the Epirote princess Olympias, could therefore also claim this descent, and in many ways strove to be like his great ancestor.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at, s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bp\u026a\u0279\u02cco\u028at p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u025bs \u0259l\u02c8\u026ampi\u0259z, k\u028ad \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u026as d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt, \u00e6nd \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni w\u02c8e\u026az st\u0279\u02c8o\u028av t\u0259bi l\u02c8a\u026ak h\u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a."}, {"text": "In AD 216 the Roman Emperor Caracalla, while on his way to war against Parthia, emulated Alexander by holding games around Achilles' tumulus.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250k\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259, w\u02cca\u026al \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u0259, \u02c8\u025bmj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a ba\u026a h\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0mj\u028al\u0259s."}, {"text": "The Greek tragedian Aeschylus wrote a trilogy of plays about Achilles, given the title Achilleis by modern scholars.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u0279\u00e6d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u026al\u0259s \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv pl\u02c8e\u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ale\u026az ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az."}, {"text": "The tragedies relate the deeds of Achilles during the Trojan War, including his defeat of Hector and eventual death when an arrow shot by Paris and guided by Apollo punctures his heel.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259diz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a \u00e6nd \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 w\u025bn \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t ba\u026a p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u02c8\u028c\u014bkt\u0283\u025az h\u026az h\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Extant fragments of the Achilleis and other Aeschylean fragments have been assembled to produce a workable modern play.", "phonemes": "\u025bkst\u02c8\u00e6nt f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ale\u026az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cci\u02d0\u0283a\u026al\u02c8i\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nts h\u0250vb\u026an \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259ld t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259b\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an pl\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The first part of the Achilleis trilogy, The Myrmidons, focused on the relationship between Achilles and chorus, who represent the Achaean army and try to convince Achilles to give up his quarrel with Agamemnon; only a few lines survive today.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8\u026ale\u026az t\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u0259d\u0292i, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0259m\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nz, f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a t\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ans \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u02cc\u028cp h\u026az kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026ammn\u0259n; \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026anz s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "In Plato's Symposium, Phaedrus points out that Aeschylus portrayed Achilles as the lover and Patroclus as the beloved; Phaedrus argues that this is incorrect because Achilles, being the younger and more beautiful of the two, was the beloved, who loved his lover so much that he chose to die to avenge him.", "phonemes": "\u026an pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az s\u026amp\u02c8o\u028asi\u0259m, f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259s p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u026al\u0259s po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cv\u025a \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u028cvd; f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u026a\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u028cvd, h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8\u028cvd h\u026az l\u02c8\u028cv\u025a s\u02c8o\u028a m\u02cc\u028ct\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az t\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292 h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "The tragedian Sophocles also wrote The Lovers of Achilles, a play with Achilles as the main character.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259n s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0251\u02d0k\u0259lz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cv\u025az \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026a w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a."}, {"text": "Towards the end of the 5th century BC, a more negative view of Achilles emerges in Greek drama; Euripides refers to Achilles in a bitter or ironic tone in Hecuba, Electra, and Iphigenia in Aulis.", "phonemes": "t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259; j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279\u026ap\u02cca\u026adz \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026an \u0250 b\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 a\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak t\u02c8o\u028an \u026an h\u025bkj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026afa\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0liz."}, {"text": "The philosopher Zeno of Elea centred one of his paradoxes on an imaginary footrace between \"swift-footed\" Achilles and a tortoise, by which he attempted to show that Achilles could not catch up to a tortoise with a head start, and therefore that motion and change were impossible.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a z\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8i\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259d w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u026az p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u026am\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8\u028at\u0279e\u026as b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \"sw\u02c8\u026aftf\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd\" \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u0250 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259s, ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a \u0250 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l."}, {"text": "As a student of the monist Parmenides and a member of the Eleatic school, Zeno believed time and motion to be illusions.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6nd \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ak sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, z\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259bi \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In Hippias Minor, a Socratic dialogue attributed to Plato, an arrogant man named Hippias argues with Socrates.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u02c8\u026api\u0259z m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a, \u0250 s\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259\u0261\u0259nt m\u02c8\u00e6n n\u02c8e\u026amd h\u02c8\u026api\u0259z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0250t\u02cci\u02d0z."}, {"text": "They decide that a person who is intentionally false must be \"better\" than a person who is unintentionally false, on the basis that someone who lies intentionally must understand the subject about which they are lying.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254ls m\u02c8\u028cst b\u02c8i\u02d0 \"b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\" \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az \u02cc\u028cn\u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254ls, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026az \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li m\u02c8\u028cst \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Socrates and Hippias agree that Odysseus, who concocted a number of lies throughout the Odyssey and other stories in the Trojan War Cycle, was false intentionally.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0250t\u02cci\u02d0z \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026api\u0259z \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u0259\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u1d7bd \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026az \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026asi \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279iz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l, w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254ls \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li."}, {"text": "Hippias believes that Achilles was a generally honest man, while Socrates believes that Achilles lied for his own benefit.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u026api\u0259z b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028cz\u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ast m\u02c8\u00e6n, w\u02cca\u026al s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0250t\u02cci\u02d0z b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z l\u02c8a\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at."}, {"text": "Socrates eventually abandons Homeric arguments and makes sports analogies to drive home the point: someone who does wrong on purpose is a better person than someone who does wrong unintentionally.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0250t\u02cci\u02d0z \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nz ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026aks sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292iz t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av h\u02c8o\u028am \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant: s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u026az \u0250 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02cc\u028cn\u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li."}, {"text": "Virgil refers to Achilles as a savage and a merciless butcher of men, while Horace portrays Achilles ruthlessly slaying women and children.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6v\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u0250 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0sil\u0259s b\u02c8\u028at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bn, w\u02cca\u026al h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8l\u0259sli sl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "Other writers, such as Catullus, Propertius, and Ovid, represent a second strand of disparagement, with an emphasis on Achilles' erotic career.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u028cl\u0259s, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027e\u026a\u0259s, \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028av\u026ad, \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv d\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "This strand continues in Latin accounts of the Trojan War by writers such as Dictys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius and in Beno\u00eet de Sainte-Maure's  and Guido delle Colonne's Historia destructionis Troiae, which remained the most widely read and retold versions of the Matter of Troy until the 17th century.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z \u026an l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u02c8\u026aktiz k\u0279\u025bt\u02c8\u025bns\u026as \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025b\u0279z f\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u0259s \u00e6nd \u026an b\u1d7bn\u02c8\u0254\u026at d\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026antm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259z \u00e6nd \u0261w\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a d\u02c8\u025bl k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0251\u02d0nz h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adli \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8o\u028ald v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Achilles was described by the Byzantine chronicler Leo the Deacon, not as Hellene, but as Scythian, while according to the Byzantine author John Malalas, his army was made up of a tribe previously known as Myrmidons and later as Bulgars.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u028cz d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026az\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0n k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026akl\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0259n, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6z h\u02c8\u025bli\u02d0n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6z s\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8i\u0259n, w\u02cca\u026al \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026az\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n m\u00e6l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259z, h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi w\u028cz m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u028cp \u0259v\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z m\u02c8\u026a\u0259m\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nz \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z b\u02c8\u028cl\u0261\u025az."}, {"text": "Achilles is portrayed as a former hero who has become lazy and devoted to the love of Patroclus, in William Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida (1602).", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026az po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u0250z b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8e\u026azi \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cv \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s, \u026an w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u0283\u02c8e\u026aksp\u026a\u0279z t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u0259s \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Despicably, he has his Myrmidons murder the unarmed Hector, and then gets them to announce that Achilles himself has slain Hector, as if it had been in a fair fight (Act 5.9.5-14).", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u026ak\u0259bli, hi\u02d0 h\u0250z h\u026az m\u02c8\u026a\u0259m\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nz m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u028cn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0261\u02c8\u025bts \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u028a \u0250n\u02c8a\u028ans \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf h\u0250z sl\u02c8e\u026an h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a, \u00e6z \u026af \u026at h\u0250db\u026an \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u00e6kt f\u02c8a\u026av.n\u02c8a\u026an.f\u02c8a\u026av d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "In 1899, the Polish playwright, painter and poet Stanis\u0142aw Wyspia\u0144ski published a national drama, based on Polish history, named Achilles.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0283 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0279a\u026at, p\u02c8e\u026ant\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at st\u02c8\u00e6n\u026asl\u02cc\u0254\u02d0 w\u026asp\u02c8i\u0259nski p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0283 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, n\u02c8e\u026amd \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z."}, {"text": "In 1921, Edward Shanks published The Island of Youth and Other Poems, concerned among others with Achilles.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad \u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bmz, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z."}, {"text": "H.D.'s 1961 long poem Helen in Egypt features Achilles prominently as a figure whose irrational hatred of Helen traumatizes her, the bulk of the poem's plot being about her recovery.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026at\u0283.d\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8\u0254\u014b p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm h\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0z \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l h\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026ad \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0m\u0250t\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz h\u025c\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028clk \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bmz pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Akhilles is killed by a poisoned Kentaur arrow shot by Kassandra in Marion Zimmer Bradley's novel The Firebrand (1987).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6kh\u026alz \u026az k\u02c8\u026ald ba\u026a \u0250 p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259nd k\u02c8\u025bnt\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t ba\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6s\u00e6nd\u0279\u0259 \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u0259n z\u02c8\u026am\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6dliz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025ab\u0279\u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Death of Achilles (\u0421\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0410\u0445\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430, 1998) is an historical detective novel by Russian writer Boris Akunin that alludes to various figures and motifs from the Iliad.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u025bm j\u02c8\u025b\u02d0 \u02c8\u025br t\u02c8\u025b\u02d0 j\u02c8e\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6\u00e6 x\u02c8\u00e6\u00e6 \u02c8\u026a\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl1 \u02c8\u025bl1 j\u02c8\u025b\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u00e6\u00e6, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at \u026az \u00e6n h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l d\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as \u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0dz t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az \u00e6nd mo\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0fs f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d."}, {"text": "The character Achilles in Ender's Shadow (1999), by Orson Scott Card, shares his namesake's cunning mind and ruthless attitude.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026an \u02c8\u025bnd\u025az \u0283\u02c8\u00e6do\u028a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, ba\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u0259n sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d, \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z h\u026az n\u02c8e\u026amse\u026akz k\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b m\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8l\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Achilles is a major character in Madeline Miller's debut novel, The Song of Achilles (2011), which won the 2012 Orange Prize for Fiction.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259l\u026an m\u02c8\u026al\u025az de\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv \u02c8\u0254\u0279\u026and\u0292 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The novel explores the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles from boyhood to the fateful events of the Iliad.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8\u0254\u026ah\u028ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026atf\u0259l \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d."}, {"text": "Achilles is a main character in Pat Barker's 2018 novel The Silence of the Girls, much of which is narrated by his slave Briseis.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6t b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025az t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0lz, m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026az n\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u026az sl\u02c8e\u026av b\u0279\u02c8a\u026asa\u026az."}, {"text": "Achilles is the main character of Wrath Goddess Sing, a 2022 novel by Maya Deane, depicted as a transgender woman and daughter of Athena.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s s\u02c8\u026a\u014b, \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l ba\u026a m\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0n, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 t\u0279\u00e6nsd\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259."}, {"text": "Achilles with the Daughters of Lycomedes is a subject treated in paintings by Anthony van Dyck (before 1618; Museo del Prado, Madrid) and Nicolas Poussin (; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) among others.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259m\u02cc\u025bdz \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014bz ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259ni v\u02c8\u00e6n d\u02c8\u026ak b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n; mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u02cco\u028a d\u02c8\u025bl p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a, m\u0259d\u0279\u02c8\u026ad \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u0259z p\u02c8a\u028as\u026an; mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, b\u02c8\u0254st\u0259n \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Peter Paul Rubens has authored a series of works on the life of Achilles, comprising the titles: Thetis dipping the infant Achilles into the river Styx, Achilles educated by the centaur Chiron, Achilles recognized among the daughters of Lycomedes, The wrath of Achilles, The death of Hector, Thetis receiving the arms of Achilles from Vulcanus, The death of Achilles (Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam), and Briseis restored to Achilles (Detroit Institute of Arts; all \u20131635)", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259nz h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025ad \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz: \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz d\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anf\u0259nt \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a st\u02c8\u026aks, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n, \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259m\u02cc\u025bdz, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a, \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm v\u02c8\u028clk\u00e6n\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m b\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nz v\u02c8\u00e6n bj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026and\u0292\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025ad\u02cc\u00e6m, \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8a\u026asa\u026az \u0279\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z d\u026at\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026at \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts; \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av"}, {"text": "Pieter van Lint, \"Achilles Discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes\", 1645, at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem", "phonemes": "p\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027e\u025a v\u02c8\u00e6n l\u02c8\u026ant, \"\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259m\u02cc\u025bdz\", w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026az\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m, d\u0292\u025a\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0259l\u0259m"}, {"text": "The Rage of Achilles is a fresco by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1757, Villa Valmarana Ai Nani, Vicenza).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026az \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bsko\u028a ba\u026a d\u0292\u0259v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ast\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0259l\u02cco\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, v\u02c8\u026al\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lm\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 \u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8\u00e6ni, v\u02c8a\u026as\u0259nz\u0259."}, {"text": "Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix painted a version of The Education of Achilles for the ceiling of the Paris Palais Bourbon (1833\u20131847), one of the seats of the French Parliament.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292i\u02d0n d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6krw\u0251\u02d0 p\u02c8e\u026ant\u1d7bd \u0250 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as p\u02c8\u00e6le\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Achille et Polyx\u00e8ne (Paris 1687) is an opera begun by Jean-Baptiste Lully and finished by Pascal Collasse.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bt p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026aks\u02c8i\u02d0n p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u00e6pt\u02c8i\u02d0st l\u02c8\u028cli \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a p\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u00e6s."}, {"text": "Achilles (London 1733) is a ballad opera, written by John Gay, parodied by Thomas Arne as Achilles in petticoats in 1773.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8e\u026a, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259did ba\u026a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n \u00e6z \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026an p\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u02cco\u028ats \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Achille in Sciro is a libretto by Metastasio, composed by Domenico Sarro for the inauguration of the Teatro di San Carlo (Naples, 4 November 1737).", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0 \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0\u0279o\u028a \u026az \u0250 l\u026ab\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027eo\u028a ba\u026a m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259st\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u02cco\u028a, k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a d\u02c8o\u028amn\u026ak\u02cco\u028a s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279o\u028a f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0279o\u028a di s\u02cc\u00e6n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lo\u028a n\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259lz, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Later operas on the same libretto were composed by Leonardo Leo (Turin 1739), Niccol\u00f2 Jommelli (Vienna 1749 and Rome 1772), Giuseppe Sarti (Copenhagen 1759 and Florence 1779), Johann Adolph Hasse (Naples 1759), Giovanni Paisiello (St. Petersburg 1772), Giuseppe Gazzaniga (Palermo 1781) and many others.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259z \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am l\u026ab\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027eo\u028a w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a li\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279do\u028a l\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028a tj\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cco\u028a d\u0292\u0259m\u02c8\u025bli v\u026a\u02c8\u025bn\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028am w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0, d\u0292\u02c8\u026aju\u02d0s\u02cc\u025bp s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei k\u02cco\u028ap\u0259nh\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an, j\u02c8o\u028ah\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6d\u0251\u02d0lf h\u02c8\u00e6s n\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259lz w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an, d\u0292\u0259v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni p\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u025blo\u028a s\u0259nt. p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025azb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0, d\u0292\u02c8\u026aju\u02d0s\u02cc\u025bp \u0261\u02c8\u00e6z\u0250n\u02cc\u026a\u0261\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6l\u025am\u02cco\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Achilles, oder Das zerst\u00f6rte Troja (\"Achilles, or Troy Destroyed\", Bonn 1885) is an oratorio by the German composer Max Bruch.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, \u02c8o\u028ad\u025a d\u02c8\u00e6s z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st\u025c\u02d0t t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259\"\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\", b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028a ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6ks b\u0279\u02c8\u028ct\u0283."}, {"text": "Achilles auf Skyros (Stuttgart 1926) is a ballet by the Austrian-British composer and musicologist Egon Wellesz.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0f sk\u02c8a\u026a\u0279o\u028az st\u02c8\u028ct\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks \u026az \u0250 b\u00e6l\u02c8e\u026a ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u0279i\u0259nb\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u025a \u00e6nd mj\u02ccu\u02d0z\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028an w\u02c8\u025bl\u025bsz."}, {"text": "Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy in Eight Parts is the first song on the 1992 Manowar album The Triumph of Steel.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259ni \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bkst\u0259si \u026an \u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6no\u028a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lb\u0259m \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u028cmf \u028cv st\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "The Wellington Monument is a statue representing Achilles erected in 1822 as a memorial to Arthur Wellesley, the first duke of Wellington, and his victories in the Peninsular War and the latter stages of the Napoleonic Wars.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014bt\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u026az \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6z \u0250 m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u025a w\u02c8\u025bl\u025bsli, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u02c8u\u02d0k \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, \u00e6nd h\u026az v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279iz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u025a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u00e6p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z."}, {"text": "The name of Achilles has been used for at least nine Royal Navy warships since 1744 \u2013 both as  and with the French spelling .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st n\u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026avi w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u026aps s\u02c8\u026ans w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6z \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b ."}, {"text": "A 60-gun ship of that name served at the Battle of Belleisle in 1761 while a 74-gun ship served at the Battle of Trafalgar.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u0261\u02c8\u028cn \u0283\u02c8\u026ap \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8e\u026am s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv b\u02c8\u025bl\u025bs\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02cca\u026al \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u028cn \u0283\u02c8\u026ap s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv t\u0279\u0250f\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u025a."}, {"text": "In addition to earning the battle honour 'River Plate', HMNZS Achilles also served at Guadalcanal 1942\u20131943 and Okinawa in 1945.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026at, \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bnz\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6t \u0261w\u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259n\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0k\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0w\u0259 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "After returning to the Royal Navy, the ship was sold to the Indian Navy in 1948, but when she was scrapped parts of the ship were saved and preserved in New Zealand.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026avi, \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026ap w\u028cz s\u02c8o\u028ald t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026avi \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u025bn \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz sk\u0279\u02c8\u00e6pt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026ap w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8e\u026avd \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 z\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Gregory Nagy (1984), The Name of Achilles: Questions of Etymology and 'Folk Etymology, Illinois Classical Studies.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u025a\u0279i n\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z: kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u028ak \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdiz."}, {"text": "Abrantes, M.C. (2016), Themes of the Trojan Cycle: Contribution to the study of the greek mythological tradition (Coimbra).", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts, \u02c8\u025bm.s\u02c8i\u02d0. t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l: k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u02cc\u026a\u03b8\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u026amb\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Abraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809\u00a0\u2013 April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n ; f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025blv, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av w\u028cz \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025a, p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd st\u02c8e\u026atsm\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al h\u026az \u0250s\u02cc\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Lincoln led the Union through the American Civil War to defend the nation as a constitutional union and succeeded in defeating the insurgent Confederacy, abolishing slavery, expanding the power of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nt k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259si, \u0250b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i, \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier, primarily in Indiana.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u0261 k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026an \u026an k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u028cnt\u02c8\u026a\u0279, p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u026an \u02cc\u026andi\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259."}, {"text": "He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. congressman from Illinois.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025blf\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025a, w\u02c8\u026a\u0261 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a, \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259sm\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a."}, {"text": "In 1854, he was angered by the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, causing him to re-enter politics.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s n\u0259b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6kt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz t\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks."}, {"text": "Pro-slavery elements in the South viewed his election as a threat to slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8o\u028asl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 vj\u02c8u\u02d0d h\u026az \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025bt t\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an st\u02c8e\u026ats b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n s\u025bs\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "During this time, the newly formed Confederate States of America began seizing federal military bases in the South.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "A little over one month after Lincoln assumed the presidency, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in South Carolina.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02cco\u028av\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nsi, k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6kt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u028cmt\u025a, \u0250 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02c8a\u026an\u0259."}, {"text": "Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n, h\u00e6dt\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026at \u0250 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259s \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u00e6nd \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz."}, {"text": "His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6la\u026az, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz, d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259ts."}, {"text": "He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz ba\u026a \u025bkspl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u025bnm\u1d7b\u027ei, k\u02c8\u025b\u0279f\u0259li d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0259n\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd ba\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "Anti-war Democrats (called \"Copperheads\") despised Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to plot his assassination.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nta\u026aw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ah\u02cc\u025bdz\"d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026azd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ns\u02cca\u026al\u0259b\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u025bnt s\u02c8o\u028a f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z t\u0259 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t h\u026az \u0250s\u02cc\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "His Gettysburg Address came to be seen as one of the greatest and most influential statements of American national purpose.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u0261\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026asb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259bi s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nts \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s."}, {"text": "Lincoln closely supervised the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals, and implemented a naval blockade of the South's trade.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n kl\u02c8o\u028asli s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025av\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026aks \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bf\u025at, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026av\u0259l bl\u0251\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8z t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, and averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd h\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s \u026an m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al\u02cc\u00e6nd \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025blsw\u025b\u0279, \u00e6nd \u0250v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u02cc\u026ant\u025av\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a d\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250f\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "In 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states \"in rebellion\" to be free.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd 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\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \"\u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats.\""}, {"text": "Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and he promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as punishment for a crime.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025ad b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats t\u028a \u02c8a\u028atl\u0254\u02d0 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0283t sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u00e6z p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt f\u025a\u0279\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "On April 14, 1865, just five days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst f\u02c8a\u026av d\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z \u02c8\u025bnd \u00e6\u027e \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6t f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, d\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8i\u02d0., w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026af, m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i, w\u02cc\u025bn hi\u02d0 w\u028cz f\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259li \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t ba\u026a k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u03b8\u02cca\u026az\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n w\u02c8\u026alks b\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and a national hero for his wartime leadership and for his efforts to preserve the Union and abolish slavery.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u026az \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bmb\u025ad \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ta\u026am l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0283 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Lincoln is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president in American history.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a \u00e6nd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025ali p\u02c8o\u028alz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025blv, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6nsi h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u0261 k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026an \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292nv\u026al, k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki."}, {"text": "He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6mju\u02d0l l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283m\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u00e6m, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u0259k, t\u028a \u026ats n\u02c8e\u026amse\u026ak, h\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u00e6m, m\u02cc\u00e6s\u0250t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ats, \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Lincoln was also a descendant of the Harrison family of Virginia; his paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (n\u00e9e Herring) moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u028cv v\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259; h\u026az p\u0259t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndf\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd n\u02c8e\u026amse\u026ak, k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026an \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6nd w\u02c8a\u026af b\u00e6\u03b8\u0283\u02c8\u025bb\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali f\u0279\u028cm v\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259 t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u025as\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028anti, k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki."}, {"text": "Thomas then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz \u026an k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki \u00e6nd t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ld \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026an k\u02c8a\u028anti, k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki, \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad z."}, {"text": "Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6nsi m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n tw\u02c8\u025blv, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aks, \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028anti, \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u028a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026az\u0259b\u0259\u03b8t\u02cca\u028an, k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki."}, {"text": "Thomas Lincoln bought or leased farms in Kentucky before losing all but  of his land in court disputes over property titles.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u026an k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02cc\u028ct \u028cv h\u026az l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026an k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u02cco\u028av\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Indiana was a \"free\" (non-slaveholding) territory, and they settled in an \"unbroken forest\" in Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026andi\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 w\u028cz\u0250 \"f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\" n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nsl\u02c8e\u026avho\u028ald\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ld \u026an \u00e6n \"\u028cnb\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\" \u026an h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026an t\u02c8a\u028an\u0283\u026ap, p\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8a\u028anti, \u02cc\u026andi\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259."}, {"text": "In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was \"partly on account of slavery\", but mainly due to land title difficulties.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz m\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u028a \u02cc\u026andi\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 w\u028cz \"p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli \u02cc\u0254n \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i\", b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8e\u026anli d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz."}, {"text": "At various times, he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s t\u02c8a\u026amz, hi\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028and f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz, l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k, \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u028an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts, p\u02c8e\u026ad t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u00e6t \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279iz, \u0250p\u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u1d7bst\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8a\u028anti p\u0250t\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz."}, {"text": "Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptists church, which forbade alcohol, dancing, and slavery.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6nsi w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t b\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026asts t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u025ab\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l, d\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to  in Indiana, an area which became the Little Pigeon Creek Community.", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025ak\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz, t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u028a \u026an \u02cc\u026andi\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259, \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l p\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her father, 9-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a f\u02c8a\u026av, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, n\u02c8\u00e6nsi l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u02c8a\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u026alk s\u02c8\u026akn\u0259s, l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nj\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259 \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0259v\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028ald \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, n\u02c8a\u026anj\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6nsiz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nj\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cz\u0259n, d\u02c8\u025bn\u026as h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks."}, {"text": "Ten years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at, s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026ad w\u02cca\u026al \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u028a \u0250 st\u02c8\u026alb\u0254\u02d0\u0279n s\u02c8\u028cn, d\u02c8\u025bv\u1d7bst\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n."}, {"text": "On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259 b\u02c8\u028a\u0283 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259n, \u0250 w\u02c8\u026ado\u028a f\u0279\u028cm \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026az\u0259b\u0259\u03b8t\u02cca\u028an, k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki, w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "His family even said he was lazy, for all his \"reading, scribbling, writing, ciphering, writing Poetry, etc.\".", "phonemes": "h\u026az f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bd hi\u02d0 w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026azi, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u02c8\u026az \"\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, sk\u0279\u02c8\u026abl\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, s\u02c8a\u026af\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259.\"."}, {"text": "It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to read but probably not to write, at age seven, and in Indiana, where he went to school sporadically due to farm chores, for a total of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by the age of 15.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t st\u02c8\u026ants \u026an k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d b\u02cc\u028ct p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at, \u00e6\u027e \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026an \u02cc\u026andi\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 w\u025bnt t\u0259 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l spo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026akli d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m t\u0283\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z, f\u025a\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n tw\u02c8\u025blv m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026at ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his reading included the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025az, \u00e6nd sk\u02c8u\u02d0lme\u026ats \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz b\u02c8a\u026ab\u0259l, \u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ps f\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8\u028cnj\u0259nz \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026al\u0261\u0279\u026amz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs, d\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l d\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u028az \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026ans\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0so\u028a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028aba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u028cv b\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259m\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkl\u026an."}, {"text": "Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of honorary degrees later in life, including an honorary Doctor of Laws from Columbia University in June 1861.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025blf\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026api\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an l\u02c8a\u026af, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "As a teen, Lincoln took responsibility for chores and customarily gave his father all earnings from work outside the home until he was 21.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 t\u02c8i\u02d0n, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n t\u02c8\u028ak \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u028cst\u0259m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u0261\u02c8e\u026av h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028am \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al hi\u02d0 w\u028cz tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "He was an active wrestler during his youth and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u0279\u02c8\u025bsl\u025a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8e\u026and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cf k\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u00e6zk\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283k\u00e6n st\u02c8a\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z k\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u0259l\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "He gained a reputation for strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of ruffians known as \"the Clary's Grove Boys\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8e\u026and \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0d\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u0259l\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u028and l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028cfi\u0259nz n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028av b\u02c8\u0254\u026az\"."}, {"text": "In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in Macon County.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei, f\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u026alk s\u02c8\u026akn\u0259s \u02c8a\u028atb\u0279e\u026ak, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m, m\u02c8u\u02d0vd w\u02c8\u025bst t\u028a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a, \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ld \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028anti."}, {"text": "In 1831, as Thomas and other family members prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck out on his own.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6z t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8o\u028amst\u025bd \u026an k\u02c8o\u028alz k\u02c8a\u028anti, \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a, \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m st\u0279\u02c8\u028ck \u02c8a\u028at \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, by flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz t\u02c8\u028ak \u0261\u02c8\u028adz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026av h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, ba\u026a fl\u02c8\u00e6tbo\u028at t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279li\u0259nz, lu\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0z\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259st sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he moved to New Salem.", "phonemes": "sp\u02cc\u025bkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u026asts \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6n \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259ld\u0292, h\u02c8u\u02d0m hi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bt w\u025bn hi\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8e\u026al\u0259m."}, {"text": "Witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack of any specific recollection of a romance between the two.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ni, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025ad, \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u025a \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; saying that he could not bear the idea of rain falling on Ann's grave, Lincoln sunk into a serious episode of depression, and this gave rise to speculation that he had been in love with her.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259ld\u0292 d\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, m\u02c8o\u028ast l\u02c8a\u026akli \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026af\u0254\u026ad f\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025a; s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8e\u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6nz \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026av, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8\u028c\u014bk \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u025bp\u026as\u02cco\u028ad \u028cv d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 sp\u02cc\u025bkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u0250db\u026an \u026an l\u02c8\u028cv w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u02c8o\u028a\u026anz \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b hi\u02d0 w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bl\u02c8e\u026am h\u025c\u02d0 \u026af \u0283i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap, \u00e6nd \u0283i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "A wedding set for January 1, 1841, was canceled at Lincoln's request, but they reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's sister.", "phonemes": "\u0250 w\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u028cz k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259ld \u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ns\u02cca\u026ald \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02cc\u0254n no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bfi\u02d0ld m\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a."}, {"text": "While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, \"To hell, I suppose.\"", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0283\u0259sli p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259lz, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6skt w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8a\u026ad, \"t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bl, a\u026a s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az.\""}, {"text": "Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz \u0250n \u0250f\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259t h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cnz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali k\u02c8\u025bpt h\u02cc\u026am \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8o\u028am."}, {"text": "Lincoln's third son, \"Willie\" Lincoln was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever at the White House on February 20, 1862.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u028cn, \"w\u02c8\u026ali\" l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti, \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026ad \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8a\u028as \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The youngest, Thomas \"Tad\" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u026ast, t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \"t\u02c8\u00e6d\" l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a b\u02cc\u028ct d\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 \u00e6\u027e \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Lincoln \"was remarkably fond of children\" and the Lincolns were not considered to be strict with their own.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \"w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259bli f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n\" \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi st\u0279\u02c8\u026akt w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln brought his children to the law office.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u02c8\u00e6kt, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd\u0259n w\u028ad \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u0279\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u025bn l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t h\u026az t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "Herndon recounted, \"I have felt many and many a time that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for Lincoln I kept my mouth shut.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd, \"a\u026a h\u00e6v f\u02c8\u025blt m\u02c8\u025bni \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t a\u026a w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8\u025bks, \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u025bt \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n a\u026a k\u02c8\u025bpt ma\u026a m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0283\u02c8\u028ct."}, {"text": "Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and Robert committed her for a time to an asylum in 1875.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an l\u02c8a\u026af, m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259ld w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cnz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0 f\u025a\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am t\u028a \u0250n \u0250s\u02c8a\u026al\u0259m \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "In 1832, he declared his candidacy for the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d h\u026az k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ad\u0259si f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a h\u02c8a\u028as \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u1d7bd h\u026az k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026an \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a m\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "When Lincoln returned home from the Black Hawk War, he planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general store on credit.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd h\u02c8o\u028am f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, hi\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 bl\u02c8\u00e6ksm\u026a\u03b8, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cnj\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m b\u02c8\u025b\u0279i, w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8u\u02d0m hi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026ast \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8e\u026al\u0259m d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026at."}, {"text": "Because a license was required to sell customers single beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026as\u0259ns w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259m\u025az s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l b\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, b\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u025bnd\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026as\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf, \u00e6nd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nb\u02c8\u025b\u0279i d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 t\u02c8\u00e6v\u025an \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z l\u02c8a\u026as\u0259nst b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u025bnd\u025az, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025b\u0279i w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ats, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026ak\u025a, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 tw\u02c8\u025blv s\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250 p\u02c8a\u026ant."}, {"text": "But Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to work, and Lincoln ended up running the store by himself.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct b\u02c8\u025b\u0279i b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak, w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u014bk t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u02cc\u028cp \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln to sell his share.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi w\u028cz b\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259ld \u00e6nd w\u025bnt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a d\u02c8\u025bt, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl h\u026az \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "In his first campaign speech after returning from his military service, Lincoln observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his \"neck and the seat of his trousers\", and tossed him.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm h\u026az m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u0250 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8a\u028ad \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6bd \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8e\u026al\u0259nt ba\u026a h\u02c8\u026az \"n\u02c8\u025bk \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0t \u028cv h\u026az t\u0279\u02c8a\u028as\u025az\", \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0254st h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "He could draw crowds as a raconteur, but lacked the requisite formal education, powerful friends, and money, and lost the election.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 k\u028ad d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8a\u028adz \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u00e6k\u0254nt\u02c8\u028a\u0279, b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bkw\u026as\u02cc\u026at f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028cni, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254st \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad v\u02c8o\u028ats k\u02c8\u00e6st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8e\u026al\u0259m p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bkt."}, {"text": "Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading and decided to become a lawyer.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8e\u026al\u0259mz p\u02c8o\u028astm\u00e6st\u025a \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z k\u02c8a\u028anti s\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d h\u026az vo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259s \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on his own.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n st\u02c8\u028cdi\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u0259v\u0259n \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u0250t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ni, \u00e6z w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259m, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bksts f\u0279\u028cm \u0250t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0niz d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d st\u02c8u\u02d0\u025at \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s d\u0279\u02c8\u028cm\u0259nd, p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026ast b\u02c8\u028aks \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b bl\u02c8\u00e6ksto\u028anz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nt\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz pl\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "Lincoln's second state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Whig, was a success over a powerful Whig opponent.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd st\u02c8e\u026at h\u02c8a\u028as k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6z \u0250 w\u02c8\u026a\u0261, w\u028cz\u0250 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l w\u02c8\u026a\u0261 \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt."}, {"text": "He voted to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males, but adopted a \"free soil\" stance opposing both slavery and abolition.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cf\u0279\u026ad\u0292 b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd w\u02c8a\u026at l\u02c8\u00e6ndo\u028an\u025az t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u02c8a\u026at m\u02c8e\u026alz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u02c8e\u026a \"f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al\" st\u02c8\u00e6ns \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6b\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1837, he declared, \"[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils.\"", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d, \"\u00f0\u0259 \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u026az f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6d p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u0259l\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6b\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u026anz t\u02c8\u025bndz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0250n \u0250b\u02c8e\u026at \u026ats \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259lz.\""}, {"text": "He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition in conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bko\u028ad h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i kl\u02c8e\u026az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6b\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an k\u0259nd\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d sl\u02c8e\u026avz \u026an la\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i\u02d0\u0259."}, {"text": "He was admitted to the Illinois bar on September 9, 1836, and moved to Springfield and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026an, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bfi\u02d0ld \u00e6nd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n t\u02c8i\u02d0. st\u02c8u\u02d0\u025at, m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz k\u02c8\u028cz\u0259n."}, {"text": "He partnered several years with Stephen T. Logan, and in 1844 began his practice with William Herndon, \"a studious young man\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n t\u02c8i\u02d0. l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd\u0259n, \"\u0250 st\u02c8u\u02d0di\u0259s j\u02c8\u028c\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6n\"."}, {"text": "On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then twenty-eight years old, delivered his first major speech at the Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, after the murder of newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u02c8e\u026at j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8o\u028ald, d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025ad h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 la\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259m \u026an sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bfi\u02d0ld, \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283 l\u02c8\u028cvd\u0292\u0254\u026a \u026an \u02c8\u00e6lt\u0259n."}, {"text": "Prior to that, on April 28, 1836, an innocent black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St. Louis, Missouri.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, \u0250n \u02c8\u026an\u0259s\u0259nt bl\u02c8\u00e6k m\u02c8\u00e6n, f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026as m\u0259k \u026ant\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283, w\u028cz b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u0250l\u02c8a\u026av \u026an s\u0259nt. l\u02c8u\u02d0i, m\u026az\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i."}, {"text": "Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off a chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run for President.", "phonemes": "z\u02c8\u00e6n \u0261\u02c8\u026al d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025az s\u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u0254f \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpt\u1d7bd \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt."}, {"text": "True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends in 1861 to be \"an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay\".", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 h\u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bst t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0 \"\u0250n \u02c8o\u028ald l\u02c8a\u026an w\u02c8\u026a\u0261, \u0250 d\u026as\u02c8a\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i kl\u02c8e\u026a\"."}, {"text": "Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u025an\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b, t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026afs t\u0259 f\u02c8\u028cnd \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028adz, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025c\u02d0b\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for Illinois' 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin though he prevailed with the party in limiting Hardin to one term.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026a\u0261 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt s\u02c8i\u02d0t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. h\u02c8a\u028as \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz; hi\u02d0 w\u028cz d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026an \u00f0\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026ald w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u026an l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026an t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in 1846 but also won the election.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli p\u02c8\u028ald \u02c8\u0254f h\u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv \u0261\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed the party line.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u026a\u0261 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a d\u02cc\u025bl\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6z d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l \u00e6z \u02cc\u025bni p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l v\u02c8o\u028ats \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei l\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "He was assigned to the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u02cc\u0254n \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026at\u0283\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n t\u02c8i\u02d0md w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283ju\u02d0\u0259 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. \u0261\u02c8\u026ad\u026a\u014bz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 b\u02c8\u026al t\u028a \u0250b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0283 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt \u028cv k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259ns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028an\u025az, \u025bnf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sm\u0259nt t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a fj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av sl\u02c8e\u026avz, \u00e6nd \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a v\u02c8o\u028at \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "On foreign and military policy, Lincoln spoke against the Mexican\u2013American War, which he imputed to President James K. Polk's desire for \"military glory\u2014that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood\".", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n sp\u02c8o\u028ak \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u026ampj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz k\u02c8e\u026a. p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lks d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0261l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u2014\u00f0\u00e6t \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u0279\u02c8e\u026anbo\u028a, \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u026an \u0283\u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u028cv bl\u02c8\u028cd\"."}, {"text": "He supported the Wilmot Proviso, a failed proposal to ban slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026alm\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026azo\u028a, \u0250 f\u02c8e\u026ald p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l t\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6n sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u026an \u02cc\u025bni j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a."}, {"text": "The war had begun with a killing of American soldiers by Mexican cavalry patrol in disputed territory, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had \"invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil.\"", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u00e6d b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u028cn w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u0279i p\u0250t\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lk \u026ans\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az h\u02cc\u00e6d \"\u026anv\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cca\u028a\u025a t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cd \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a f\u02c8\u025blo\u028as\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n \u02cca\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8\u0254\u026al.\""}, {"text": "Lincoln demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lk \u0283\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 bl\u02c8\u028cd h\u0250db\u026an \u0283\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t w\u028cz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8\u0254\u026al."}, {"text": "The resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers, and it cost Lincoln political support in his district.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025az, \u00e6nd \u026at k\u02c8\u0254st l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026an h\u026az d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt."}, {"text": "Lincoln later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv h\u026az st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nts, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li h\u026az \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az."}, {"text": "Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, he supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8e\u026a w\u028cz \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nsi, hi\u02d0 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l z\u02c8\u00e6k\u025a\u0279i t\u02c8e\u026al\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026a\u0261 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The administration offered to appoint him secretary or governor of the Oregon Territory as consolation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant h\u02cc\u026am s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0261\u0259n t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u00e6z k\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have disrupted his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed his law practice.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i w\u028cz\u0250 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bho\u028ald, \u00e6nd \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028ast w\u028adh\u0250v d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u1d7bd h\u026az l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a, s\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8u\u02d0md h\u026az l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as."}, {"text": "In his Springfield practice, Lincoln handled \"every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer\".", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bfi\u02d0ld p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259ld \"\u02c8\u025bv\u0279i k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad k\u02c8\u028cm b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025a\"."}, {"text": "Twice a year he appeared for 10 consecutive weeks in county seats in the Midstate county courts; this continued for 16 years.", "phonemes": "tw\u02c8a\u026as \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 hi\u02d0 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bn k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av w\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u026an k\u02c8a\u028anti s\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026adste\u026at k\u02c8a\u028anti k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts; \u00f0\u026as k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Lincoln handled transportation cases in the midst of the nation's western expansion, particularly river barge conflicts under the many new railroad bridges.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259ld t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026adst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akts \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "As a riverboat man, Lincoln initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025ab\u02cco\u028at m\u02c8\u00e6n, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad \u00f0o\u028az \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bsts, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd hu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bv\u025a h\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "He later represented a bridge company against a riverboat company in Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company, a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025ab\u02cco\u028at k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u026an h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d v\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni, \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0251\u02d0\u0279k k\u02c8e\u026as \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l b\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Lincoln appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases; he was sole counsel in 51 cases, of which 31 were decided in his favor.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026an w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz; hi\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u026an f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u026an h\u026az f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a."}, {"text": "Lincoln argued in an 1858 criminal trial, defending William \"Duff\" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u026an \u00e6n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l, d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \"d\u02c8\u028cf\" \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02cc\u0254n t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz p\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0259n m\u02c8\u025btsk\u025a."}, {"text": "The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by judicial notice to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u026az f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02cc\u025bd\u026ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8a\u026aw\u026atn\u0259s."}, {"text": "After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, Lincoln produced a Farmers' Almanac showing the Moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250n \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8a\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nla\u026at, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0250 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u02c8\u0254lm\u0250n\u02cc\u00e6k \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u028cz \u00e6\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l, d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u026akli \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b v\u02cc\u026az\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Leading up to his presidential campaign, Lincoln elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of Simeon Quinn \"Peachy\" Harrison who was a third cousin; Harrison was also the grandson of Lincoln's political opponent, Rev. Peter Cartwright.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 h\u026az p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026av\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8o\u028afa\u026al \u026an \u00e6n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025a k\u02c8e\u026as, w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026am\u0251\u02d0n kw\u02c8\u026an \"p\u02c8i\u02d0ki\" h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d k\u02c8\u028cz\u0259n; h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nds\u028cn \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt, \u0279\u02c8\u025bv. p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0279a\u026at."}, {"text": "Harrison was charged with the murder of Greek Crafton who, as he lay dying of his wounds, confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n w\u028cz t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u0259n h\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6z hi\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u028cv h\u026az w\u02c8u\u02d0ndz, k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bst t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0279a\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8o\u028akt h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n."}, {"text": "Lincoln angrily protested the judge's initial decision to exclude Cartwright's testimony about the confession as inadmissible hearsay.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0279ili p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u028a \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0279a\u026ats t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u026an\u0250dm\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bb\u0259l h\u02c8\u026a\u0279se\u026a."}, {"text": "Lincoln argued that the testimony involved a dying declaration and was not subject to the hearsay rule.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u0250 d\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b d\u02cc\u025bkl\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279se\u026a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Instead of holding Lincoln in contempt of court as expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, resulting in Harrison's acquittal.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv h\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmpt \u028cv k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6z \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292, \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6t, \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st h\u026az \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259nz \u0250kw\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "The debate over the status of slavery in the territories failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North, with the failure of the Compromise of 1850, a legislative package designed to address the issue.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026at \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz f\u02c8e\u026ald t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u02cce\u026at t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026avh\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti, \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ad\u0292 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and t\u028a \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0."}, {"text": "In his 1852 eulogy for Clay, Lincoln highlighted the latter's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to \"both extremes\" on the slavery issue.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8e\u026a, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n tu\u02d0 \"b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz\" \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0."}, {"text": "As the slavery debate in the Nebraska and Kansas territories became particularly acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u0259b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u02cc\u00e6k\u0279\u026am\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259s, \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259\u027e\u025a st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u02c8e\u026a. d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026anti \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az; \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a w\u028ad \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i t\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The legislation alarmed many Northerners, who sought to prevent the spread of slavery that could result, but Douglas's Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in May 1854.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md m\u02c8\u025bni n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an\u025az, h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s n\u0259b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6kt n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028ali p\u02c8\u00e6st k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u026an m\u02c8e\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "He said the Kansas Act had a \"declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6kt h\u00e6d \u02c8e\u026a \"d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u026and\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6z a\u026a m\u02c8\u028cst \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk, \u0250 ko\u028av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l z\u02c8i\u02d0l f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Nationally, the Whigs were irreparably split by the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026a\u0261z w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u0259bli spl\u02c8\u026at ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s n\u0259b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6kt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Reflecting on the demise of his party, Lincoln wrote in 1855, \"I think I am a Whig, but others say there are no Whigs, and that I am an abolitionist....", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bm\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv h\u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av, \"a\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk a\u026a\u0250m \u0250 w\u02c8\u026a\u0261, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az s\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8\u026a\u0261z, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t a\u026a\u0250m \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6b\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast...."}, {"text": "The new Republican Party was formed as a northern party dedicated to antislavery, drawing from the antislavery wing of the Whig Party and combining Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members, Lincoln resisted early Republican entreaties, fearing that the new party would become a platform for extreme abolitionists.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026asl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i, d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026asl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i w\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026a\u0261 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u00e6nd k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al, l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026asl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n \u025bnt\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eiz, f\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u028ad b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u02cc\u00e6b\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "Lincoln held out hope for rejuvenating the Whigs, though he lamented his party's growing closeness with the nativist Know Nothing movement.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u02c8\u025bld \u02c8a\u028at h\u02c8o\u028ap f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026a\u0261z, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 l\u0250m\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd h\u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8o\u028asn\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026av\u02cc\u026ast n\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The year's elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act, and in the aftermath, Lincoln sought election to the United States Senate.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s n\u0259b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6kt, \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025am\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259t."}, {"text": "Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8\u028cmb\u028al w\u028cz \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026asl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6t, \u00e6nd h\u00e6d \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd fj\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8o\u028ats \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ts; h\u026az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026asl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts, h\u00e6d v\u02c8a\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02cc\u025bni w\u02c8\u026a\u0261."}, {"text": "Lincoln's decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate, Joel Aldrich Matteson.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld h\u026az w\u02c8\u026a\u0261 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u028cmb\u028alz \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026asl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts t\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026anst\u0279i\u02d0m d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at, d\u0292\u02c8o\u028al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025bs\u0259n."}, {"text": "Violent political confrontations in Kansas continued, and opposition to the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s n\u0259b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6kt \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8."}, {"text": "As the 1856 elections approached, Lincoln joined the Republicans and attended the Bloomington Convention, which formally established the Illinois Republican Party.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283t, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026a\u014bt\u0259n k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "The convention platform endorsed Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories and backed the admission of Kansas as a free state.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02cce\u026at sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u026a \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s \u00e6z \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Lincoln gave the final speech of the convention supporting the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "At the June 1856 Republican National Convention, though Lincoln received support to run as vice president, John C. Fr\u00e9mont and William Dayton comprised the ticket, which Lincoln supported throughout Illinois.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6z v\u02c8a\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n s\u02c8i\u02d0. f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am\u0254nt \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m d\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026ak\u026at, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a."}, {"text": "The Democrats nominated former Secretary of State James Buchanan and the Know-Nothings nominated former Whig President Millard Fillmore.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz bju\u02d0k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028an\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014bz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a w\u02c8\u026a\u0261 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt m\u02c8\u026al\u0251\u02d0\u0279d f\u02c8\u026almo\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Buchanan prevailed, while Republican William Henry Bissell won election as Governor of Illinois, and Lincoln became a leading Republican in Illinois.", "phonemes": "bju\u02d0k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n p\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026ald, w\u02cca\u026al \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i b\u02c8\u026as\u025bl w\u02c8\u028cn \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a."}, {"text": "Dred Scott was a slave whose master took him from a slave state to a territory that was free as a result of the Missouri Compromise.", "phonemes": "d\u0279\u02c8\u025bd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t w\u028cz\u0250 sl\u02c8e\u026av h\u02ccu\u02d0z m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a t\u02c8\u028ak h\u02cc\u026am f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 sl\u02c8e\u026av st\u02c8e\u026at t\u028a \u0250 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u026az\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az."}, {"text": "In his opinion, Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote that black people were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional for infringing upon slave owners' \"property\" rights.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n, su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a b\u02c8i\u02d0. t\u02c8e\u026ani \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t bl\u02c8\u00e6k p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz \u00e6nd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd n\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 m\u026az\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az w\u028cz \u028c\u014bk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026anf\u0279\u02c8\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n sl\u02c8e\u026av \u02c8o\u028an\u025az \"p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei\" \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "While many Democrats hoped that Dred Scott would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts h\u02c8o\u028apt \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0279\u02c8\u025bd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t w\u028ad \u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0t \u02cco\u028av\u025a sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u028at\u0279e\u026ad\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8."}, {"text": "He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect, they believed all men were equal \"in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n w\u028cz \u00e6t v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bkl\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns; hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l \u026an \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt, \u00f0e\u026a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u025bn w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l \"\u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u026an\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n\u0259b\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026af, l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0t \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s\"."}, {"text": "Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and Lincoln's 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8\u025blt \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a w\u02c8\u026a\u0261 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u028cmb\u028al h\u00e6d \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd h\u02cc\u026am \u0250 f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a."}, {"text": "Some eastern Republicans supported Douglas for his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution and admission of Kansas as a slave state.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u02d0mpt\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s \u00e6z \u0250 sl\u02c8e\u026av st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and Lincoln won the nomination with little opposition.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am, \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz h\u02c8\u025bld \u0250 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259t k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "After his nomination he delivered his House Divided Speech, with the biblical reference Mark 3:25, \"A house divided against itself cannot stand.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025ad h\u026az h\u02c8a\u028as d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026abl\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0:tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av, \"\u0250 h\u02c8a\u028as d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t st\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "I do not expect the Union to be dissolved\u2014I do not expect the house to fall\u2014but I do expect it will cease to be divided.", "phonemes": "a\u026a du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n t\u0259bi d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd\u2014a\u026a du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u2014b\u02cc\u028ct a\u026a d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt \u026at w\u026al s\u02c8i\u02d0s t\u0259bi d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The stage was then set for the election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8\u025bt f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u02c8\u028ad, \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z."}, {"text": "When informed of Lincoln's nomination, Douglas stated, \"[Lincoln] is the strong man of the party\u00a0... and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \"l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei\u00a0... \u00e6nd \u026af a\u026a b\u02c8i\u02d0t h\u02cc\u026am, ma\u026a v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i w\u026al bi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dli w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "These were the most famous political debates in American history; they had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i; \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8\u026an t\u028a \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026azfa\u026at \u00e6nd d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8a\u028adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz."}, {"text": "Lincoln warned that Douglas' \"Slave Power\" was threatening the values of republicanism, and accused Douglas of distorting the Founding Fathers' premise that all men are created equal.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nd \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z \"sl\u02c8e\u026av p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\" w\u028cz \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z \u028cv d\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bm\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u025bn \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l."}, {"text": "Douglas emphasized his Freeport Doctrine, in which he said local settlers were free to choose whether to allow slavery within their territory, and accused Lincoln of having joined the abolitionists.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026azd h\u026az f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0po\u02d0\u0279t d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u026an, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u025btl\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0z w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u028cv h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6b\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "Lincoln's argument assumed a moral tone, as he claimed Douglas represented a conspiracy to promote slavery.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md \u0250 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8o\u028an, \u00e6z hi\u02d0 kl\u02c8e\u026amd d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0250 k\u0259nsp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259si t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Douglas's argument was more legal in nature, claiming that Lincoln was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court as exercised in the Dred Scott decision.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt w\u028cz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u026an n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a, kl\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6z \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cca\u026azd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u025bd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026ats w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a v\u02c8o\u028ats, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0ts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z."}, {"text": "In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper that was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted for Democrats, but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8e\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026ast \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u02c8\u00e6nza\u026ad\u0292\u025a, \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259nl\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ntli s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026av; m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259nl\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a m\u02c8o\u028ab\u026al\u02cca\u026azd \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "In the aftermath of the 1858 election, newspapers frequently mentioned Lincoln as a potential Republican presidential candidate, rivaled by William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates, and Simon Cameron.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025am\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025az f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at, \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259ld ba\u026a w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad, s\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0. t\u0283\u02c8e\u026as, \u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad b\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026am\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "While Lincoln was popular in the Midwest, he lacked support in the Northeast and was unsure whether to seek the office.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u026adw\u02c8\u025bst, hi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6kt s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u028cn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "In January 1860, Lincoln told a group of political allies that he would accept the presidential nomination if offered and, in the following months, several local papers endorsed his candidacy.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n t\u02c8o\u028ald \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6la\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028ad \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026af \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad \u00e6nd, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025az \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st h\u026az k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ad\u0259si."}, {"text": "By the quality and simplicity of his rhetoric, he quickly became the champion of the Republican party.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd s\u026ampl\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv h\u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak, hi\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u026akli b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "However, despite his overwhelming support in the Midwestern United States, he was less appreciated in the east.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at h\u026az \u02cco\u028av\u025aw\u02c8\u025blm\u026a\u014b s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u026adw\u02c8\u025bst\u025an ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz l\u02c8\u025bs \u0250p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, at that time wrote up an unflattering account of Lincoln's compromising position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred Scott ruling, which was promptly used against him by his political rivals.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0li, \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0n, \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u02cc\u028cp \u0250n \u028cnfl\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u028ckt\u0259ns t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u0279\u02c8\u025bd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mptli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst h\u02cc\u026am ba\u026a h\u026az p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259lz."}, {"text": "On February 27, 1860, powerful New York Republicans invited Lincoln to give a speech at Cooper Union, in which he argued that the Founding Fathers of the United States had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti, p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz \u026anv\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u0250 sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6t k\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026anti \u00e6nd h\u00e6d \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bdli s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026akt sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "He insisted that morality required opposition to slavery and rejected any \"groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026ans\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t m\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u025bni \"\u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\"."}, {"text": "Journalist Noah Brooks reported, \"No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience\".", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u028c b\u0279\u02c8\u028aks \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd, \"n\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8\u025bv\u025a b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ad s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250n \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l t\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns\"."}, {"text": "Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as \"a superb political move for an unannounced presidential aspirant.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025at d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6z \"\u0250 su\u02d0p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8u\u02d0v f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u028cn\u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025a\u0279\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Appearing in Seward's home state, sponsored by a group largely loyal to Chase, Lincoln shrewdly made no reference to either of these Republican rivals for the nomination.\"", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026an s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025adz h\u02c8o\u028am st\u02c8e\u026at, sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025ad ba\u026a \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026as, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0283\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0dli m\u02cce\u026ad n\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259lz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n.\""}, {"text": "Lincoln's followers organized a campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois, and Lincoln received his first endorsement.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u0250 k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an t\u02c8i\u02d0m l\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as, n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd, l\u02c8\u025bn\u025ad sw\u02c8\u025bt, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsi d\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0254\u026az, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Exploiting his embellished frontier legend (clearing land and splitting fence rails), Lincoln's supporters adopted the label of \"The Rail Candidate\".", "phonemes": "\u025bkspl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u025bmb\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0283t f\u0279\u028cnt\u02c8\u026a\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259nd kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd spl\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025bns \u0279\u02c8e\u026alz, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u028cv \"\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026al k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at\"."}, {"text": "In 1860, Lincoln described himself: \"I am in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes.\"", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf: \"a\u026a\u0250m \u026an h\u02c8a\u026at, s\u02c8\u026aks f\u02c8i\u02d0t, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u0283\u1d7bz, n\u02c8\u026a\u0279li; l\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an fl\u02c8\u025b\u0283, w\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b, \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292, w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei p\u02c8a\u028andz; d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k k\u0259mpl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s bl\u02c8\u00e6k h\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8a\u026az.\""}, {"text": "At times he was presented as the plain-talking \"Rail Splitter\" and at other times he was \"Honest Abe\", unpolished but trustworthy.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026amz hi\u02d0 w\u028cz p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026ant\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \"\u0279\u02c8e\u026al spl\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\" \u00e6nd \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026amz hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ast \u02c8e\u026ab\", \u028cnp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0283t b\u02cc\u028ct t\u0279\u02c8\u028cstw\u025c\u02d0\u00f0i."}, {"text": "On May 18, at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, Lincoln won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as Seward and Chase.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259t, b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026ats s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Lincoln's success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements and the tariff.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an t\u02c8i\u02d0m, h\u026az \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0, \u00e6nd h\u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026af."}, {"text": "Pennsylvania put him over the top, led by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support.", "phonemes": "p\u02cc\u025bns\u026alv\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259 p\u02cc\u028at h\u02cc\u026am \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p, l\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bsts h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0259\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279d ba\u026a h\u026az t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026af s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Lincoln's managers had focused on this delegation while honoring Lincoln's dictate to \"Make no contracts that will bind me\".", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u025az h\u00e6d f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u026as d\u02cc\u025bl\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz d\u02c8\u026akte\u026at tu\u02d0 \"m\u02cce\u026ak n\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kts \u00f0\u00e6t w\u026al b\u02c8a\u026and m\u02cci\u02d0\"."}, {"text": "As the Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government, most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026av p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a t\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329d \u026ats \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026ap \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "Throughout the 1850s, Lincoln had doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters rejected claims that his election would incite secession.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u00e6d d\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u025bkts \u028cv s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd h\u026az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n w\u028ad \u026ans\u02c8a\u026at s\u025bs\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the Democratic convention; they opposed Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and selected incumbent Vice President John C. Breckinridge as their candidate.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z w\u028cz s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts, d\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n sl\u02c8e\u026av st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kt \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n; \u00f0e\u026a \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z\u1d7bz p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026anti, \u00e6nd s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026a\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmb\u0259nt v\u02c8a\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n s\u02c8i\u02d0. b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u026an\u0279\u02cc\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell of Tennessee.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a w\u02c8\u026a\u0261z \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014bz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8\u025bl \u028cv t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Lincoln and Douglas competed for votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge primarily found support in the South.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8o\u028ats \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8, w\u02cca\u026al b\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u026an\u0279\u02cc\u026ad\u0292 p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli f\u02c8a\u028and s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "Prior to the Republican convention, the Lincoln campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the Wide Awakes, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n k\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nw\u02cca\u026ad j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250w\u02c8e\u026aks, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026at j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i t\u0259 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279h\u025bd v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz, \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u028c\u014b v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u028a \u025bmb\u0279\u02c8e\u026as n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz."}, {"text": "People of the Northern states knew the Southern states would vote against Lincoln and rallied supporters for Lincoln.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an st\u02c8e\u026ats n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u028ad v\u02c8o\u028at \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6lid s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n."}, {"text": "As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, Lincoln gave no speeches, relying on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026ats k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026and, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0261\u02c8e\u026av n\u02c8o\u028a sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u025bn\u03b8\u02c8u\u02d0zi\u02cc\u00e6z\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei d\u02c8\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0250n \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259ns \u028cv k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an p\u02c8o\u028ast\u025az, l\u02c8i\u02d0fl\u026ats, \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Republican speakers focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln's life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz l\u02c8a\u026af st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i, \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b h\u026az t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei."}, {"text": "The goal was to demonstrate the power of \"free labor\", which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top by his own efforts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028al w\u028cz t\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \"f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m b\u02c8\u0254\u026a t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k h\u026az w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p ba\u026a h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats."}, {"text": "The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition; a Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life and sold 100,000\u2013200,000 copies.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a dw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ft \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n; \u0250 \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6mfl\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz l\u02c8a\u026af \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026az."}, {"text": "In the runup to the election, he took an office in the Illinois state capitol to deal with the influx of attention.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u028cp t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028ak \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anfl\u028cks \u028cv \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "He also hired John George Nicolay as his personal secretary, who would remain in that role during the presidency.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cce\u026a \u00e6z h\u026az p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u026an \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8o\u028al d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nsi."}, {"text": "He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u00e6nd h\u026az v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i w\u028cz \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 h\u026az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "No ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states, an omen of the impending Civil War.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ts w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6st f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u026am \u026an t\u02c8\u025bn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an sl\u02c8e\u026av st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8a\u028antiz \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u0250n \u02c8o\u028am\u025bn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes, or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race, carrying the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd w\u02c8\u028cn,\u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8o\u028ats, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an.\u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279w\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026as, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0261\u0259n."}, {"text": "The South was outraged by Lincoln's election, and in response secessionists implemented plans to leave the Union before he took office in March 1861.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 w\u028cz \u02c8a\u028at\u0279e\u026ad\u0292d ba\u026a l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns s\u025bs\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd pl\u02c8\u00e6nz t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 t\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0d ba\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u0259ns \u028cv s\u025bs\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n; ba\u026a f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0259, m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259, lu\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0z\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad."}, {"text": "Six of these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America, and adopted a constitution.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026aks \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z st\u02c8e\u026ats d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz t\u0259bi \u0250 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6nd \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats d\u02c8\u025bl\u0250w\u02cc\u025b\u0279, m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al\u02cc\u00e6nd, v\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki, m\u026az\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259ns\u02cc\u0254\u02d0 \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u025bs\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt bju\u02d0k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259si, d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u025bs\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u026al\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l."}, {"text": "Attempts at compromise followed but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise as contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the territories.", "phonemes": "\u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts \u00e6t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd k\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u025bnd\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az \u00e6z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u025b\u0279i t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Lincoln said, \"I will suffer death before I consent\u00a0... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right\".", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bd, \"a\u026a w\u026al s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 a\u026a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bnt\u00a0... t\u028a \u02cc\u025bni k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u028aks l\u02c8a\u026ak b\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u1d7bl\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak p\u0259z\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 wi\u02d0 h\u00e6v \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026at\"."}, {"text": "Lincoln supported the Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which passed Congress and was awaiting ratification by the states when Lincoln took office.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u02c8\u00e6st k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u025bn l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n t\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "On March 4, 1861, in his first inaugural address, Lincoln said that, because he holds \"such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable\".", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u026an h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz hi\u02d0 h\u02c8o\u028aldz \"s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u028a bi\u02d0 \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026ad k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, a\u026a h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u026ats b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b m\u02cce\u026ad \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd \u026a\u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259b\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "A few weeks before the war, Lincoln sent a letter to every governor informing them Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution.", "phonemes": "\u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8i\u02d0ks b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279 \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s h\u00e6d p\u02c8\u00e6st \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250m\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "On February 11, 1861, Lincoln gave a particularly emotional farewell address upon leaving Springfield; he would never again return to Springfield alive.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u025b\u0279w\u02c8\u025bl \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bfi\u02d0ld; hi\u02d0 w\u028ad n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bfi\u02d0ld \u0250l\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Due to secessionist plots, a then-unprecedented attention to security was given to him and his train.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 s\u025bs\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts, \u0250 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn\u028cnp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bd\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei w\u028cz \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6nd h\u026az t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "On February 23, 1861, he arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, hi\u02d0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u026an d\u026as\u0261\u02c8a\u026az \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, d\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8i\u02d0., w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "Lincoln directed his inaugural address to the South, proclaiming once again that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states:", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd h\u026az \u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, p\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cns \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d n\u02c8o\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0283 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an st\u02c8e\u026ats:"}, {"text": "Lincoln cited his plans for banning the expansion of slavery as the key source of conflict between North and South, stating \"One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az pl\u02c8\u00e6nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \"w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vz sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259bi \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0t n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259bi \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The president ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: \"We are not enemies, but friends.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd h\u026az \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8: \"wi\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u025bn\u0259miz, b\u02cc\u028ct f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz."}, {"text": "The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.\"", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i, st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259lf\u02cci\u02d0ld, \u00e6nd p\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026a\u0259t \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026av, t\u028a \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8sto\u028an, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u026as b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d l\u02c8\u00e6nd, w\u026al j\u02c8\u025bt sw\u02c8\u025bl \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283t, \u00e6z \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279li \u00f0e\u026a w\u026al b\u02c8i\u02d0, ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u0259lz \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a.\""}, {"text": "Meanwhile, Lincoln and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8i\u02d0nwa\u026al, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 d\u026asm\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "In his second inaugural address, Lincoln looked back on the situation at the time and said: \"Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n l\u02c8\u028akt b\u02c8\u00e6k \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bd: \"b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz d\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u026ak\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u028ad m\u02cce\u026ak w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n l\u02c8\u025bt \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u028ad \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n l\u02c8\u025bt \u026at p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0283, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026am."}, {"text": "Major Robert Anderson, commander of the Union's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, sent a request for provisions to Washington, and Lincoln's order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025as\u0259n, k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259nz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u028cmt\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lst\u0259n, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, s\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst w\u028cz s\u02c8i\u02d0n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u025bs\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Historian Allan Nevins argued that the newly inaugurated Lincoln made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking Southern Unionist opposition to an invasion.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n n\u02c8\u025bv\u026anz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li \u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u028a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n m\u02cce\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u026ask\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz: \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u026as, \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast s\u02c8\u025bnt\u026am\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, \u00e6nd \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250n \u026anv\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "William Tecumseh Sherman talked to Lincoln during inauguration week and was \"sadly disappointed\" at his failure to realize that \"the country was sleeping on a volcano\" and that the South was preparing for war.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m t\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ms\u02cce\u026a \u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kt t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026an\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6nd w\u028cz \"s\u02c8\u00e6dli d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd\" \u00e6t h\u026az f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i w\u028cz sl\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 v\u0251\u02d0lk\u02c8e\u026ano\u028a\" \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 w\u028cz p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Donald concludes that, \"His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, \"h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad k\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u026an\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u025bft\u02c8i\u02d0. s\u02c8\u028cmt\u025a \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad hi\u02d0 \u00e6dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279d t\u0259 h\u026az v\u02c8a\u028a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025bd f\u0279\u0250t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l bl\u02c8\u028cd."}, {"text": "The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot; they did just that.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u028cz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259ts t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t; \u00f0e\u026a d\u02c8\u026ad d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t."}, {"text": "On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send a total of 75,000 volunteer troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and \"preserve the Union\", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts, p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, \u00e6nd \"p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n\", w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \u026an h\u026az vj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u026ant\u02c8\u00e6kt d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 s\u025bs\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Virginia seceded and was rewarded with the designation of Richmond as the Confederate capital, despite its exposure to Union lines.", "phonemes": "v\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259 s\u025bs\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283m\u0259nd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u026ats \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026anz."}, {"text": "Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky remained neutral.", "phonemes": "s\u025bs\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bnt\u026am\u0259nt w\u028cz st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u026an m\u026az\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al\u02cc\u00e6nd, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026al; k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l."}, {"text": "As States sent Union regiments south, on April 19, Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links attacked Union troops who were changing trains.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u025bnt j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026am\u0259nts s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, b\u02c8\u0254lt\u026am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz \u026an k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026al l\u02c8\u026a\u014bks \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6kt j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "Local leaders' groups later burned critical rail bridges to the capital and the Army responded by arresting local Maryland officials.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026al b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al\u02cc\u00e6nd \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in an effort to protect the troops trying to reach Washington.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026at \u028cv h\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s \u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u025bf\u025at t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n."}, {"text": "John Merryman, one Maryland official hindering the U.S. troop movements, petitioned Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney to issue a writ of habeas corpus.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al\u02cc\u00e6nd \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l h\u02c8\u026and\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts, p\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nd su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a b\u02c8i\u02d0. t\u02c8e\u026ani t\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026at \u028cv h\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s."}, {"text": "In June, in Ex parte Merryman, Taney, not ruling on behalf of the Supreme Court, issued the writ, believing that Article I, section 9 of the Constitution authorized only Congress and not the president to suspend it.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u026an \u02c8\u025bks p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259n, t\u02c8e\u026ani, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n b\u1d7bh\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026at, b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a, s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8o\u028anli k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt t\u0259 s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bnd \u026at."}, {"text": "He responded to the unprecedented political and military crisis as commander-in-chief by exercising unprecedented authority.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u028cnp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bd\u0259nt\u1d7bd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u026as \u00e6z k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279\u026ant\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f ba\u026a \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u028cnp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bd\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended habeas corpus, and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd h\u026az w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az, \u026amp\u02c8o\u028azd \u0250 bl\u0251\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, d\u026asb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u028cndz b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02cco\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s, s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd h\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s, \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u03b8\u02cca\u026az\u025az."}, {"text": "Lincoln also had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states and keep the war from becoming an international conflict.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6dt\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u03b8iz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a sl\u02c8e\u026av st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt."}, {"text": "It was clear from the outset that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028ats\u025bt \u00f0\u00e6t ba\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026as\u0259n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t w\u028cz \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l t\u0259 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u025bni k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az \u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8a\u026adz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0259l, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026antm\u0259nt \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts t\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judicial proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederates.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st s\u02c8\u026aks, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ask\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ask\u02cce\u026at \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8e\u026avz h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259ts."}, {"text": "In August 1861, General John C. Fr\u00e9mont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, without consulting Washington, issued a martial edict freeing slaves of the rebels.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n s\u02c8i\u02d0. f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am\u0254nt, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0d\u026akt f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b sl\u02c8e\u026avz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bb\u0259lz."}, {"text": "He relied on his combative Secretary of State William Seward while working closely with Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman Charles Sumner.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az k\u0259mb\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026av s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad w\u02cca\u026al w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8o\u028asli w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz s\u02c8\u028cmn\u025a."}, {"text": "In the 1861 Trent Affair, which threatened war with Great Britain, the U.S. Navy illegally intercepted a British mail ship, the Trent, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys; Britain protested vehemently while the U.S. cheered.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250f\u02c8\u025b\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329d w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. n\u02c8e\u026avi \u026al\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259li \u02cc\u026ant\u025as\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026al \u0283\u02c8\u026ap, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0zd t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u02c8\u025bnv\u0254\u026az; b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd v\u02c8i\u0259m\u0259ntli w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. t\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u0279d."}, {"text": "He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors, and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8e\u026az\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bf\u025at, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az, \u00e6nd s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259lz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "In January 1862, after complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, Lincoln replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026ants \u028cv \u026an\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0f\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i s\u02c8a\u026am\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a\u0279\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025bdw\u026an st\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259n."}, {"text": "Stanton centralized the War Department's activities, auditing and canceling contracts, saving the federal government $17,000,000.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nts \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259l\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kts, s\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "Stanton was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who gravitated toward the Radical Republican faction.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259n w\u028cz\u0250 st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0nt\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast, p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ab\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6t h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Lincoln's war strategy embraced two priorities: ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a prompt, decisive victory.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i \u025bmb\u0279\u02c8e\u026ast t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz: \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n w\u028cz w\u02c8\u025bld\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00e6nd k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bf\u025at f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpt, d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026as\u026av v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "For his edification Lincoln relied upon a book by his chief of staff General Henry Halleck entitled Elements of Military Art and Science; Halleck was a disciple of the European strategist Antoine-Henri Jomini.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u02cc\u025bd\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026ad \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0250 b\u02c8\u028ak ba\u026a h\u026az t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f \u028cv st\u02c8\u00e6f d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i h\u02c8\u00e6l\u025bk \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns; h\u02c8\u00e6l\u025bk w\u028cz\u0250 d\u026as\u02c8a\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6nt\u0254\u026anh\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i d\u0292\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0ni."}, {"text": "Lincoln began to appreciate the critical need to control strategic points, such as the Mississippi River.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u028a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al st\u0279\u0259t\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a."}, {"text": "Lincoln saw the importance of Vicksburg and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than merely capturing territory.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns \u028cv v\u02c8\u026aksb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 n\u0259s\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u027ei \u028cv d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u0259miz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i."}, {"text": "In directing the Union's war strategy, Lincoln valued the advice of Gen. Winfield Scott, even after his retirement as Commanding General of the United States Army.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259nz w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026as \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn. w\u02c8\u026anfi\u02d0ld sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt \u00e6z k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi."}, {"text": "On June 23\u201324, 1862, President Lincoln made an unannounced visit to West Point, where he spent five hours consulting with Scott regarding the handling of the Civil War and the staffing of the War Department.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0, p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250n \u028cn\u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst v\u02c8\u026az\u026at t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u025bnt f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8a\u028a\u025az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6f\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "After the Union rout at Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u028at \u00e6t b\u02c8\u028al \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026anfi\u02d0ld sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 b\u02c8i\u02d0. m\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u026ant\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f."}, {"text": "McClellan's slow progress frustrated Lincoln, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington.", "phonemes": "m\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nz sl\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs f\u0279\u028cst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, \u00e6z d\u02c8\u026ad h\u026az p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8o\u028a t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n."}, {"text": "McClellan, in turn, blamed the failure of the campaign on Lincoln's reservation of troops for the capital.", "phonemes": "m\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n, \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, bl\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "Pope satisfied Lincoln's desire to advance on Richmond from the north, thus protecting Washington from counterattack.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8o\u028ap s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026ad l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u028a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283m\u0259nd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a\u0279\u0250t\u02cc\u00e6k."}, {"text": "But Pope was then soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac back to defend Washington.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct p\u02c8o\u028ap w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8a\u028andli d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv b\u02c8\u028al \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279 \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8o\u028am\u0259k b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n."}, {"text": "Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, Lincoln restored him to command of all forces around Washington.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at h\u026az d\u026as\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 m\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nz f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s p\u02c8o\u028ap, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n."}, {"text": "Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u02c8i\u02d0. l\u02c8i\u02d0z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz k\u0279\u02c8\u0254st \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8o\u028am\u0259k \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al\u02cc\u00e6nd, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u00e6m."}, {"text": "That battle, a Union victory, was among the bloodiest in American history; it facilitated Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in January.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l, \u0250 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i, w\u028cz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cdi\u026ast \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i; \u026at f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kl\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i."}, {"text": "McClellan then resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's withdrawing army, while General Don Carlos Buell likewise refused orders to move the Army of the Ohio against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee.", "phonemes": "m\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nts d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi, w\u02cca\u026al d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lo\u028az bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026akwa\u026az \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az t\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u028cv\u00f0\u026a o\u028ah\u02c8a\u026ao\u028a \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u0279\u02c8\u025bb\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Lincoln replaced Buell with William Rosecrans; and after the 1862 midterm elections he replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u0279\u02c8o\u028azk\u0279\u0259nz; \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026adt\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast m\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6mb\u0279o\u028az b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nsa\u026ad."}, {"text": "Burnside, against presidential advice, launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg in December.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nsa\u026ad, \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026as, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u0250n \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns\u026av \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u0250h\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259k \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a \u00e6nd w\u028cz d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a l\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6t f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026aksb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a."}, {"text": "Desertions during 1863 came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so Lincoln replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker.", "phonemes": "d\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026aksb\u025c\u02d0\u0261, s\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nsa\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f h\u02c8\u028ak\u025a."}, {"text": "In the 1862 midterm elections the Republicans suffered severe losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, suspension of habeas corpus, military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026adt\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028cf\u025ad s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7bz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u026anfl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz, \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025az \u028cv k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259n, s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s, m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d sl\u02c8e\u026avz w\u028ad k\u02c8\u028cm n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025am\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at."}, {"text": "The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for Republicans in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but cost votes in the Irish and German strongholds and in the lower Midwest, where many Southerners had lived for generations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kl\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u02c8e\u026and v\u02c8o\u028ats f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a m\u026adw\u02c8\u025bst, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u02c8\u0254st v\u02c8o\u028ats \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bho\u028aldz \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a m\u026adw\u02c8\u025bst, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an\u025az h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u026avd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In the spring of 1863 Lincoln was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, Grant on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259ntli \u02cc\u0251\u02d0pt\u026am\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u028cpk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026anz t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u028ad bi\u02d0 n\u02c8\u026a\u0279; \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks ba\u026a h\u02c8\u028ak\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283m\u0259nd, \u0279\u02c8o\u028azk\u0279\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6t\u0250n\u02ccu\u02d0\u0261\u0259, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt \u02cc\u0254n v\u02c8\u026aksb\u025c\u02d0\u0261, \u00e6nd \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026av\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u0254lt \u02cc\u0254n t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lst\u0259n."}, {"text": "Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, then resigned and was replaced by George Meade.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028ak\u025a w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a l\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026al\u025azv\u02cc\u026al \u026an m\u02c8e\u026a, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u026az\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 m\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Meade followed Lee north into Pennsylvania and beat him in the Gettysburg Campaign, but then failed to follow up despite Lincoln's demands.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad l\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a p\u02cc\u025bns\u026alv\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259 \u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0t h\u02cc\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026asb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261 k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8e\u026ald t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02cc\u028cp d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz."}, {"text": "At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the far western rebel states.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad v\u02c8\u026aksb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8e\u026and k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a, spl\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u0279\u02c8\u025bb\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "The Federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865 was understood to reserve the issue to the individual states.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nts p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnd sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i w\u028cz l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av w\u028cz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad t\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Lincoln believed that slavery would be rendered obsolete if its expansion into new territories were prevented, because these territories would be admitted to the Union as free states, and free states would come to outnumber slave states.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bs\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0t \u026af \u026ats \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a n\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u00e6z f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u028ad k\u02c8\u028cm t\u028a a\u028atn\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a sl\u02c8e\u026av st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Lincoln rejected Major General John C. Fr\u00e9mont's August 1861 emancipation attempt, as well as one by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power and might upset loyal border states enough for them to secede.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n s\u02c8i\u02d0. f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am\u0254nts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad h\u02c8\u028cnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an m\u02c8e\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andz \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02cca\u026at \u028cps\u02c8\u025bt l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an\u02c8\u028cf f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 s\u025bs\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "In July, the Confiscation Act of 1862 was enacted, providing court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion; Lincoln approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ask\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028cz \u025bn\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd, p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025az t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026avz \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bli\u0259n; l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026al d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at h\u026az b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz \u028c\u014bk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l."}, {"text": "He felt such action could be taken only within the war powers of the commander-in-chief, which he planned to exercise.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025blt s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n k\u028ad bi\u02d0 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8o\u028anli w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279\u026ant\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u028a \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cca\u026az."}, {"text": "Peace Democrats (Copperheads) argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification, but Republican editor Horace Greeley of the New-York Tribune, in his public letter, \"The Prayer of Twenty Millions\", implored Lincoln to embrace emancipation.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0s d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ah\u02cc\u025bdz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz\u0250 st\u02c8\u028cmbl\u026a\u014b bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k t\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cci\u02d0j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025a h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0li \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0n, \u026an h\u026az p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a, \"\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz\", \u026ampl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n t\u028a \u025bmb\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In a public letter of August 22, 1862, Lincoln replied to Greeley, writing that while he personally wished all men could be free, his first obligation as president was to preserve the Union:", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0li, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02cca\u026al hi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259li w\u02c8\u026a\u0283t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u025bn k\u028ad bi\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cc\u0251\u02d0bl\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt w\u028cz t\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n:"}, {"text": "On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which announced that, in states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863, the slaves would be freed.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026al\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kl\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, \u026an st\u02c8e\u026ats st\u02c8\u026al \u026an \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bli\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026avz w\u028ad bi\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "He spent the next 100 days, between September 22 and January 1, preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters by warning of the threat that freed slaves posed to northern whites.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u02c8e\u026az, b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn, p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cca\u026al d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts \u0279\u02c8\u00e6lid \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az ba\u026a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025bt \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d sl\u02c8e\u026avz p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an w\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "But, on January 1, 1863, keeping his word, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas under such control.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct, \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kl\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026avz \u026an t\u02c8\u025bn st\u02c8e\u026ats n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al, w\u026a\u00f0 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bmp\u0283\u0259nz sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "Lincoln's comment on signing the Proclamation was: \"I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnt \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kl\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz: \"a\u026a n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026an ma\u026a l\u02c8a\u026af, f\u02c8\u025blt m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u00f0\u00e6t a\u026a w\u028cz d\u02ccu\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u026at, \u00f0\u0250n a\u026a d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an s\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a."}, {"text": "With the abolition of slavery in the rebel states now a military objective, Union armies advancing south \"enable[d] thousands of slaves to escape to freedom\".", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6b\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bb\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ats n\u02c8a\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av, j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279miz \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \"\u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026avz t\u028a \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m\"."}, {"text": "The Emancipation Proclamation having stated that freedmen would be \"received into the armed service of the United States,\" enlisting these freedmen became official policy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kl\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dm\u025bn w\u028ad b\u02c8i\u02d0 \"\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats,\" \u025bnl\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u00f0i\u02d0z f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dm\u025bn b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi."}, {"text": "In a letter to Tennessee military governor Andrew Johnson encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, Lincoln wrote, \"The bare sight of fifty thousand armed, and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once\".", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a \u026an \u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b bl\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u02c8o\u028at, \"\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md, \u00e6nd d\u0279\u02c8\u026ald bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api w\u028ad \u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bli\u0259n \u0250tw\u02c8\u028cns\"."}, {"text": "By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General Lorenzo Thomas \"had enrolled twenty regiments of African Americans\" from the Mississippi Valley.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u025bnzo\u028a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \"h\u00e6d \u025bn\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz\" f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api v\u02c8\u00e6li."}, {"text": "In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted that the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, \"conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal\".", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks, \"k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u026an l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u025bn \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end, and the future of democracy would be assured, that \"government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8s \u028cv s\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni b\u0279\u02c8e\u026av s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u026an v\u02c8e\u026an, \u00f0\u00e6t sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i w\u028ad \u02c8\u025bnd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0259\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279d, \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u0283\u02cc\u00e6l n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0283 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\"."}, {"text": "Defying his prediction that \"the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here\", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b h\u026az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u026al l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8o\u028at, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a w\u028ct wi\u02d0 s\u02c8e\u026a h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\", \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast kw\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "General Ulysses Grant's victories at the Battle of Shiloh and in the Vicksburg campaign impressed Lincoln.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026as\u02cci\u02d0z \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279iz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u0283\u02c8a\u026alo\u028a \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026aksb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n."}, {"text": "With Grant in command, Lincoln felt the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters, while also including black troops.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt \u026an k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n f\u02c8\u025blt \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi k\u028ad \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns \u026an m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025az, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b bl\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "Meade's failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac persuaded Lincoln to promote Grant to supreme commander.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8i\u02d0dz f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026asb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d p\u00e6s\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8o\u028am\u0259k p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt t\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a."}, {"text": "He arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions, and once assured that he had none, Lincoln promoted Grant to the newly revived rank of Lieutenant General, a rank which had been unoccupied since George Washington.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u025a\u0279i t\u028a \u026a\u014bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cns \u0259\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279d \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d n\u02c8\u028cn, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026avd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u028cv lu\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bn\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250db\u026an \u028cn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad s\u02c8\u026ans d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n."}, {"text": "Authorization for such a promotion \"with the advice and consent of the Senate\" was provided by a new bill which Lincoln signed the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \"w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026as \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259t\" w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026al w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am d\u02c8e\u026a hi\u02d0 s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts n\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259t."}, {"text": "When Lincoln asked what Grant's plans were, the persistent general replied, \"I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer.\"", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6skt w\u028ct \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts pl\u02c8\u00e6nz w\u025c\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8a\u026ad, \"a\u026a p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at \u026a\u027e \u02c8a\u028at \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u026as l\u02c8a\u026an \u026af \u026at t\u02c8e\u026aks \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a.\""}, {"text": "Lincoln traveled to Grant's headquarters at City Point, Virginia, to confer with Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259ld t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts h\u025bdkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u00e6t s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, v\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259, t\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m t\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ms\u02cce\u026a \u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n."}, {"text": "Lincoln authorized Grant to target infrastructure\u2014plantations, railroads, and bridges\u2014hoping to weaken the South's morale and fighting ability.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt t\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u2014pl\u00e6nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028adz, \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz\u2014h\u02c8o\u028ap\u026a\u014b t\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8z m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "He emphasized defeat of the Confederate armies over destruction (which was considerable) for its own sake.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026azd d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279miz \u02cco\u028av\u025a d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Lincoln's engagement became distinctly personal on one occasion in 1864 when Confederate general Jubal Early raided Washington, D.C.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bktli p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u028cn \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u025bn k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259l \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, d\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Legend has it that while Lincoln watched from an exposed position, Union Captain (and future Supreme Court Justice) Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. shouted at him, \"Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!\"", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259nd h\u0250z \u026at \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283t f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028azd p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026an \u00e6nd fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as \u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026av\u025a w\u02c8\u025bnd\u025bl h\u02c8o\u028amz d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. \u0283\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6t h\u02cc\u026am, \"\u0261\u025bt d\u02c8a\u028an, ju\u02d0 d\u02c8\u00e6m f\u02c8u\u02d0l, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 ju\u02d0 \u0261\u025bt \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t!\""}, {"text": "Confederate Vice President Stephens led a group meeting with Lincoln, Seward, and others at Hampton Roads.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t v\u02c8a\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259nz l\u02c8\u025bd \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u00e6t h\u02c8\u00e6mpt\u0259n \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz."}, {"text": "Lincoln refused to negotiate with the Confederacy as a coequal; his objective to end the fighting was not realized.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 n\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259si \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02cco\u028a\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l; h\u026az \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026azd."}, {"text": "Lincoln ran for reelection in 1864, while uniting the main Republican factions, along with War Democrats Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u00e6n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279i\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cca\u026al ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts \u02c8\u025bdw\u026an \u02c8\u025bm. st\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n."}, {"text": "Lincoln used conversation and his patronage powers\u2014greatly expanded from peacetime\u2014to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd k\u0251\u02d0nv\u025as\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u026az p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0259n\u026ad\u0292 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az\u2014\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8i\u02d0sta\u026am\u2014t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025bnd \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, Lincoln ran under the label of the new Union Party.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u0259n h\u026az k\u02cco\u028a\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u00e6n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "Grant's bloody stalemates damaged Lincoln's re-election prospects, and many Republicans feared defeat.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts bl\u02c8\u028cdi st\u02c8e\u026alme\u026ats d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292d l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u025bkts, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz f\u02c8\u026a\u0279d d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Lincoln confidentially pledged in writing that if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House; Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li pl\u02c8\u025bd\u0292d \u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u026af hi\u02d0 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, hi\u02d0 w\u028ad st\u02c8\u026al d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259si b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8a\u028as; l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u025bd\u0292 t\u0259 h\u026az k\u02c8\u00e6b\u1d7bn\u0259t, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u00e6skt \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u0259l\u02cco\u028ap."}, {"text": "The Democratic platform followed the \"Peace wing\" of the party and called the war a \"failure\"; but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 \"p\u02c8i\u02d0s w\u02c8\u026a\u014b\" \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a \"f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279\"; b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at, m\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n, s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bpj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Historian Mark Noll places the speech \"among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;\" it is inscribed in the Lincoln Memorial.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k n\u02c8o\u028al pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \"\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u02c8\u00e6ndf\u0259l \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bma\u026as\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bksts ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u025b\u0279 pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld;\" \u026a\u027e \u026az \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l."}, {"text": "Reconstruction preceded the war's end, as Lincoln and his associates considered the reintegration of the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z \u02c8\u025bnd, \u00e6z l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u026az \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026ats k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d sl\u02c8e\u026avz."}, {"text": "When a general asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates were to be treated, Lincoln replied, \"Let 'em up easy.\"", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6skt l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259ts w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259bi t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8a\u026ad, \"l\u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u025bm \u02cc\u028cp \u02c8i\u02d0zi.\""}, {"text": "Lincoln was determined to find meaning in the war in its aftermath, and did not want to continue to outcast the southern states.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u026ats \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025am\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8, \u00e6nd d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u0254nt t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8a\u028atk\u00e6st \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "His main goal was to keep the union together, so he proceeded by focusing not on whom to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one.", "phonemes": "h\u026az m\u02c8e\u026an \u0261\u02c8o\u028al w\u028cz t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n t\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a, s\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd ba\u026a f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u026a\u014b n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8u\u02d0m t\u0259 bl\u02c8e\u026am, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02cc\u0254n h\u02cca\u028a t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026ald \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z w\u02cc\u028cn."}, {"text": "Lincoln led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals, under Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. Benjamin Wade, who otherwise remained Lincoln's allies.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a\u0279\u0259ts \u026an \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bp. \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u0259s st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u025bn. t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz s\u02c8\u028cmn\u025a \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bn. b\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259m\u026an w\u02c8e\u026ad, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6la\u026az."}, {"text": "Determined to reunite the nation and not alienate the South, Lincoln urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held.", "phonemes": "d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d \u00f0\u00e6t sp\u02c8i\u02d0di \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259s t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz bi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bld."}, {"text": "His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners, if they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6mn\u0259sti p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kl\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u02c8\u025bld \u0250 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6nd h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u026ast\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n\u025az, \u026af \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026an \u0250n \u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns."}, {"text": "In Tennessee and Arkansas, Lincoln respectively appointed Johnson and Frederick Steele as military governors.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259ns\u02cc\u0254\u02d0, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak st\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00e6z m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az."}, {"text": "In Louisiana, Lincoln ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed, and only if the reconstructed states abolished slavery.", "phonemes": "\u026an lu\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0z\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l n\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0. b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at \u0250 pl\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad \u0279i\u02d0\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283 st\u02c8e\u026ath\u028ad w\u025bn t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d, \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli \u026af \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u0250b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0283t sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Democratic opponents accused Lincoln of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations.", "phonemes": "d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u028a \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 h\u026az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6sp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the 1864 Wade\u2013Davis Bill, which Lincoln vetoed.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz d\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u028anst h\u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u00e6z t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259nt, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6st \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an pl\u02c8\u00e6n, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026ad d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as b\u02c8\u026al, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n v\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028ad."}, {"text": "The Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat elected representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u00e6l\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0t \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz f\u0279\u028cm lu\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0z\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259ns\u02cc\u0254\u02d0, \u00e6nd t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, who Lincoln believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as t\u02c8e\u026aniz s\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, hi\u02d0 n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as, s\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0. t\u0283\u02c8e\u026as, h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd w\u028ad \u028cph\u02c8o\u028ald h\u026az \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a m\u02c8\u028cni p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz."}, {"text": "After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the nation with a constitutional amendment.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kl\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s t\u028a \u02c8a\u028atl\u0254\u02d0 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "He declared that such an amendment would \"clinch the whole matter\" and by December 1863 an amendment was brought to Congress.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nt w\u02c8\u028ad \"kl\u02c8\u026ant\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\" \u00e6nd ba\u026a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nt w\u028cz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s."}, {"text": "The Senate passed it on April 8, 1864, but the first vote in the House of Representatives fell short of the required two-thirds majority.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259t p\u02c8\u00e6st \u026a\u027e \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026at, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st v\u02c8o\u028at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz f\u02c8\u025bl \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad t\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Passage became part of Lincoln's reelection platform, and after his successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u0279i\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u0279i\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as p\u02c8\u00e6st \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "With ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a s\u02c8\u026aks, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "He signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u026and s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz s\u02c8\u028cmn\u025az f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dm\u025bnz bj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a b\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bt \u02cc\u028cp \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259t n\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a sl\u02c8e\u026avz."}, {"text": "Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u0250 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n pl\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u00e6t \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al, p\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0279i\u02d0dm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "Historians agree that it is impossible to predict how Reconstruction would have proceeded had Lincoln lived.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt h\u02cca\u028a \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n w\u028adh\u0250v p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n l\u02c8\u026avd."}, {"text": "Lincoln's experience with Native Americans started early with their killing of his grandfather in front of the family.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b \u028cv h\u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndf\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali."}, {"text": "While in office his administration faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraphs, from Indian attacks.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as h\u026az \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8e\u026asd d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an s\u02c8\u025btl\u025az, \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028adz, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz, f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks."}, {"text": "Hundreds of settlers were killed, 30,000 were displaced from their homes, and Washington was deeply alarmed.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv s\u02c8\u025btl\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u026ald, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ast f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8o\u028amz, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n w\u028cz d\u02c8i\u02d0pli \u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md."}, {"text": "Some feared incorrectly that it might represent a Confederate conspiracy to start a war on the Northwestern frontier.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026a\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at m\u02cca\u026at \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t k\u0259nsp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259si t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0250 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an f\u0279\u028cnt\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "When the Confederates protested forcing Confederate prisoners to fight Indians, Lincoln revoked the policy and none set foot in Minnesota.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259ts p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014b k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t p\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n\u025az t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u026andi\u0259nz, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028akt \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u025bt f\u02c8\u028at \u026an m\u02cc\u026an\u026as\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "Lincoln sent General John Pope to Minnesota as commander of the new Department of the Northwest a couple of weeks into the hostilities.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bnt d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8o\u028ap t\u0259 m\u02cc\u026an\u026as\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259 \u00e6z k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u0250 k\u02c8\u028cp\u0259l \u028cv w\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 h\u0251\u02d0st\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Before he arrived, the Fond Du Lac band of Chippewa sent Lincoln a letter begging to go to war for the United States against the Sioux, so Lincoln could send Minnesota's troops to fight the South.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 hi\u02d0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd d\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6k b\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u026apju\u02d0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0, s\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n k\u028ad s\u02c8\u025bnd m\u02cc\u026an\u026as\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259z t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "Lincoln did not accept the Chippewa offer, as he had no means to control the outcome and women and children were considered legitimate casualties in native American warfare.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026apju\u02d0\u0259 \u02c8\u0254f\u025a, \u00e6z hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d n\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atk\u028cm \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad l\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bm\u0259t k\u02c8\u00e6\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u027eiz \u026an n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "One of the Chippewa signing the letter, Chief Naw-Gaw-Nub, had received a Presidential medal from Lincoln earlier in the year.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026apju\u02d0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a, t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n\u02c8\u028cb, h\u00e6d \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0250 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Minnesota's Governor had made Sibley a Colonel United States Volunteers to command the US force tasked with fighting the war and that eventually defeated Little Crow's forces at the Battle of Wood Lake.", "phonemes": "m\u02cc\u026an\u026as\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259z \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a h\u00e6d m\u02cce\u026ad s\u02c8\u026abli \u0250 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s t\u02c8\u00e6skt w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8o\u028az f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv w\u02c8\u028ad l\u02c8e\u026ak."}, {"text": "The day the Mdewakanton force surrendered at Camp Release, a Chippewa war council met at Minnesota's capitol with another Chippewa offer to Lincoln, to fight the Sioux.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmd\u02c8u\u02d0\u0250k\u02cc\u00e6nt\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s s\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025ad \u00e6t k\u02c8\u00e6mp \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s, \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u026apju\u02d0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bt \u00e6t m\u02cc\u026an\u026as\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259z k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u026apju\u02d0\u0259 \u02c8\u0254f\u025a t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Sibley ordered a military commission to review that actions of the captured to try those that had committed war crimes.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026abli \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad \u0250 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a \u00f0o\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8a\u026amz."}, {"text": "The legitimacy of military commissions trying opposing combatants had been established during the Mexican War.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026am\u0259si \u028cv m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u00e6t\u0259nts h\u0250db\u026an \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Sibley thought he had 16 to 20 of men he wanted for trial while Gen. Pope ordered that all detained warriors be tried.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026abli \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bn hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l w\u02cca\u026al d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn. p\u02c8o\u028ap \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u026at\u02c8e\u026and w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u025az bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "Lincoln ordered Gen Pope send all of the trial transcripts to Washington where he and two of his staff pored over the trials.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn p\u02c8o\u028ap s\u02c8\u025bnd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026apts t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv h\u026az st\u02c8\u00e6f p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259lz."}, {"text": "He slowly realized that the trials could be divided into two groups: combat between combatants and combat against civilians.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 sl\u02c8o\u028ali \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026azd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259lz k\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps: k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u00e6t b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u00e6t\u0259nts \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u00e6t \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The groups could be identified by their transcripts, the first group were all just three pages in length while the second group had more pages, some up to twelve.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps k\u028ad bi\u02d0 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026apts, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p h\u00e6d m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, s\u02cc\u028cm \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "He placed 263 cases into the first group and commuted their sentences for the largest mass commutation in history.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ast t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00e6nd k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast m\u02c8\u00e6s k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Less than four months after the executions, Lincoln issued General Order 100 that relates more to the Minnesota War than the Civil War.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bks\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ats m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u026an\u026as\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Now a congressman, Alexander Ramsey told Lincoln, in 1864, that he would have gotten more re-election support in Minnesota had he executed all 303 of the Mdewakanton.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8a\u028a \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259sm\u0259n, \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6msi t\u02c8o\u028ald l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028adh\u0250v \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026an m\u02cc\u026an\u026as\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259 h\u00e6d hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bks\u1d7bkj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmd\u02c8u\u02d0\u0250k\u02cc\u00e6nt\u0259n."}, {"text": "Lincoln adhered to the Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws while deferring to Congress' responsibility for legislating.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026a\u0261 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nsi f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025bks\u1d7bkj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z w\u02cca\u026al d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The 1862 Homestead Act made millions of acres of Western government-held land available for purchase at low cost.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8o\u028amst\u025bd \u02c8\u00e6kt m\u02cce\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ak\u025az \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nth\u02c8\u025bld l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026as \u00e6t l\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u0254st."}, {"text": "The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026al l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02c8\u00e6kt p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' first transcontinental railroad, which was completed in 1869.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026alwe\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kts \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was enabled by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028amst\u025bd \u02c8\u00e6kt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026alwe\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kts w\u028cz \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259sm\u02cc\u025bn \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259\u027e\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z."}, {"text": "In the selection and use of his cabinet, Lincoln employed the strengths of his opponents in a manner that emboldened his presidency.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv h\u026az k\u02c8\u00e6b\u1d7bn\u0259t, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8s \u028cv h\u026az \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bmb\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259nd h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nsi."}, {"text": "There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a Federal income tax.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az p\u02c8\u00e6st t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0z f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt: t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026afs \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bd\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u0250 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm t\u02c8\u00e6ks."}, {"text": "In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs, following the first enacted by Buchanan.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026al t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026afs, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u025bn\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd ba\u026a bju\u02d0k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n."}, {"text": "He also signed the Revenue Act of 1861, creating the first U.S. income tax\u2014a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 ().", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u2014\u0250 fl\u02c8\u00e6t t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cmz \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad."}, {"text": "The Lincoln Administration presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nts \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z."}, {"text": "The US issued paper currency for the first time, known as greenbacks\u2014printed in green on the reverse side.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nsi f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u00e6ks\u2014p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s s\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the New York World and the Journal of Commerce published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others to corner the gold market.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025az \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8u\u02d0d d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025c\u02d0s p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254ls d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kl\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250n \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at."}, {"text": "Lincoln attacked the media for such behavior, and ordered a military seizure of the two papers which lasted for two days.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad \u0250 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u00e6st\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 jo\u028as\u02c8\u025bm\u0259\u027ei \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt \u025bn\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u028cnp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bd\u0259nt\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 n\u02c8a\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z jo\u028as\u02c8\u025bm\u0259\u027ei n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k."}, {"text": "Lincoln's philosophy on court nominations was that \"we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"wi\u02d0 k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6sk \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n w\u028ct hi\u02d0 w\u026al d\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u026af wi\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u028ad, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u028cs, wi\u02d0 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026az h\u02cc\u026am f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026at."}, {"text": "David Davis was Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in the Illinois court circuit where Lincoln practiced.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as w\u028cz l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u00e6nd h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast."}, {"text": "Democrat Stephen Johnson Field, a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6t st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0ld, \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as, p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0283\u02c8e\u026as w\u028cz \u0250n \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ast, w\u028ad s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026antm\u0259nt ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "Lincoln named his main political rival, William H. Seward, as Secretary of State and left most diplomatic issues in his portfolio.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026amd h\u026az m\u02c8e\u026an p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l, w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad, \u00e6z s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bft m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u02cc\u026apl\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u026an h\u026az po\u02d0\u0279tf\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u02cco\u028a."}, {"text": "He also closely watched the handling of the Trent Affair in late 1861 to make sure there was no escalation into a war with Britain.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a kl\u02c8o\u028asli w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026an l\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u025bsk\u0250l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n."}, {"text": "He was successful after indicating to Britain and France that the Union would declare war on them if they supported the South.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n w\u028ad d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026af \u00f0e\u026a s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n w\u02c8\u026alks b\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 w\u028cz\u0250 w\u02c8\u025bln\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t sp\u02c8a\u026a f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al\u02cc\u00e6nd; \u00f0\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi, hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kts w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259t s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as."}, {"text": "After attending Lincoln's last public address, on April 11, 1865, in which Lincoln stated his preference that the franchise be conferred on some black men, specifically \"on the very intelligent, and on those who serve our cause as soldiers\", Booth hatched a plot to assassinate the President.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz l\u02c8\u00e6st p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026az bi\u02d0 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02cc\u0254n s\u02cc\u028cm bl\u02c8\u00e6k m\u02c8\u025bn, sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli \"\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u026ant\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u02cca\u028a\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00e6z s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az\", b\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t \u0250 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt."}, {"text": "When Booth learned of the Lincolns' intent to attend a play with General Grant, he planned to assassinate Lincoln and Grant at Ford's Theatre.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn b\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnt t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026a w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt, hi\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt \u00e6t f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Lincoln and his wife attended the play Our American Cousin on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026af \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u02cca\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cz\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0vn\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst f\u02c8a\u026av d\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279tha\u028as."}, {"text": "At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st m\u02c8\u026an\u026at, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0si t\u0259 v\u02c8\u026az\u026at h\u026az t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "On April 14, 1865, hours before he was assassinated, Lincoln signed legislation establishing the United States Secret Service, and, at 10:15 in the evening, Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u02c8a\u028a\u025az b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250s\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026and l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as, \u00e6nd, \u00e6t t\u02c8\u025bn:f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0vn\u026a\u014b, b\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks, k\u0279\u02c8\u025bpt \u02cc\u028cp f\u0279\u028cm b\u1d7bh\u02c8a\u026and, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz h\u02c8\u025bd, m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259li w\u02c8u\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "Lincoln's guest, Major Henry Rathbone, momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u0261\u02c8\u025bst, m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8bo\u028an, m\u02cco\u028am\u0259nt\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259ld w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8, b\u02cc\u028ct b\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 st\u02c8\u00e6bd h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6nd \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026apt."}, {"text": "After being attended by Doctor Charles Leale and two other doctors, Lincoln was taken across the street to Petersen House.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd ba\u026a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz l\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025az, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t t\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n h\u02c8a\u028as."}, {"text": "Lincoln's body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin, which was loaded into a hearse and escorted to the White House by Union soldiers.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di w\u028cz pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an \u0250 fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6pt k\u02c8\u0254f\u026an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz l\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u00e6nd \u025bsk\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8a\u028as ba\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az."}, {"text": "Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia, and was mortally shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett and died on April 26.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8i\u02d0ks l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, b\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8, \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a, w\u028cz t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt t\u028a \u0250 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u026an v\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259, \u00e6nd w\u028cz m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259li \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t ba\u026a s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259nt b\u02c8\u0254st\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested to be court martialed.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259n h\u00e6d \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 bi\u02d0 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8a\u026av, s\u02cco\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at w\u028cz \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd t\u0259bi k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259ld."}, {"text": "The late President lay in state, first in the East Room of the White House, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 to 21.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt l\u02c8e\u026a \u026an st\u02c8e\u026at, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8a\u028as, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u028cnd\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The caskets containing Lincoln's body and the body of his son Willie traveled for three weeks on the Lincoln Special funeral train.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6sk\u026ats k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u028cv h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8\u026ali t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259ld f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l fj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "The train followed a circuitous route from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping at many cities for memorials attended by hundreds of thousands.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad \u0250 s\u025c\u02d0kj\u02c8u\u02d0\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259s \u0279\u02c8a\u028at f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n d\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8i\u02d0. t\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bfi\u02d0ld, \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a, st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u00e6t m\u02c8\u025bni s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259lz \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz."}, {"text": "Many others gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing or in silent grief.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025ad \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ks \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an p\u02c8\u00e6st w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u00e6ndz, b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfa\u026a\u025az, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026am s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an s\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f."}, {"text": "Poet Walt Whitman composed \"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd\" to eulogize him, one of four poems he wrote about Lincoln.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at w\u02c8\u0254lt w\u02c8\u026atm\u0259n k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \"w\u02cc\u025bn l\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ks l\u02c8\u00e6st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279j\u0251\u02d0\u0279d bl\u02c8u\u02d0md\" t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cca\u026az h\u02cc\u026am, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bmz hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250b\u02cca\u028at l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n."}, {"text": "Historians emphasized the widespread shock and sorrow, but noted that some Lincoln haters celebrated his death.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028a, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025az s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "His three most famous speeches\u2014the House Divided Speech, the Gettysburg Address, and his second inaugural\u2014each contain direct allusions to Providence and quotes from Scripture.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz\u2014\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026asb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, \u00e6nd h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l\u2014\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ad\u0259ns \u00e6nd kw\u02c8o\u028ats f\u0279\u028cm sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "In the 1840s, Lincoln subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity, a belief that the human mind was controlled by a higher power.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei z, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u0259bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u026an \u028cv n\u0259s\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u027ei, \u0250 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n m\u02c8a\u026and w\u028cz k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald ba\u026a \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a."}, {"text": "He never joined a church, although he frequently attended First Presbyterian Church with his wife beginning in 1852.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a hi\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u0279\u02cc\u025bzb\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026af b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "In the 1850s, Lincoln asserted his belief in \"providence\" in a general way, and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u02c8\u026an \"p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ad\u0259ns\" \u026an \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279li j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0v\u0250nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak\u0259lz; hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279\u0259ns."}, {"text": "He wrote at this time that God \"could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00e6t \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \"k\u02cc\u028ad\u0250v \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8e\u026avd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0250 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bst."}, {"text": "Lincoln did believe in an all-powerful God that shaped events and by 1865 was expressing that belief in major speeches.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u02c8\u026ad b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lp\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283\u02c8e\u026apt \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u00e6nd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av w\u028cz \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u026an m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "By the end of the war, he increasingly appealed to the Almighty for solace and to explain events, writing on April 4, 1864, to a newspaper editor in Kentucky:", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, hi\u02d0 \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0ld t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0254lm\u02c8a\u026a\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026as \u00e6nd t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, t\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki:"}, {"text": "This spirituality can best be seen in his second inaugural address, considered by some scholars as the greatest such address in American history, and by Lincoln himself as his own greatest speech, or one of them at the very least.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as sp\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei k\u00e6n b\u02c8\u025bst bi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd ba\u026a l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6z h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "Lincoln's frequent use of religious imagery and language toward the end of his life may have reflected his own personal beliefs or might have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly evangelical Protestants.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nt j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u0279i \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cca\u026ath\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u0250 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 h\u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns\u1d7bz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028astli \u02cci\u02d0v\u0250nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast\u0259nts."}, {"text": "It is also suspected that he might have had a rare genetic disease such as Marfan syndrome or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 m\u02cca\u026ath\u0250v h\u00e6d \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279f\u0259n s\u02c8\u026and\u0279o\u028am \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l \u02c8\u025bndo\u028ak\u0279\u02cca\u026an n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028apl\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026ap t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Lincoln's redefinition of republican values has been stressed by historians such as John Patrick Diggins, Harry V. Jaffa, Vernon Burton, Eric Foner, and Herman J. Belz.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n st\u0279\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak d\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u026anz, h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i v\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6f\u0259, v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259n b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259n, \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak f\u02c8o\u028an\u025a, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. b\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "Lincoln called the Declaration of Independence\u2014which emphasized freedom and equality for all\u2014the \"sheet anchor\" of republicanism beginning in the 1850s.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bkl\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns\u2014w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026azd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u00e6nd i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u2014\u00f0\u0259 \"\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\" \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z."}, {"text": "He did this at a time when the Constitution, which \"tolerated slavery\", was the focus of most political discourse.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad \u00f0\u026as \u00e6\u027e\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \"t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i\", w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u026asko\u02d0\u0279s."}, {"text": "Diggins notes, \"Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself\" in the 1860 Cooper Union speech.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u026anz n\u02c8o\u028ats, \"l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254f\u025az \u0250 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8a\u028and k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bst\u026ani \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf\" \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti k\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "His position on war was founded on a legal argument regarding the Constitution as essentially a contract among the states, and all parties must agree to pull out of the contract.", "phonemes": "h\u026az p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kt \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz m\u02c8\u028cst \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028al \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "Many soldiers and religious leaders from the north, though, felt the fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was ordained by their moral and religious beliefs.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a, f\u02c8\u025blt \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026avz w\u028cz \u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8e\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs."}, {"text": "As a Whig activist, Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to Jacksonian democrats.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 w\u02c8\u026a\u0261 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz\u0250 sp\u02c8o\u028aksm\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bsts, f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026afs, b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks, \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028adz, \u026an \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 d\u0292\u00e6ks\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ts."}, {"text": "Lincoln shared the sympathies that the Jacksonians professed for the common man, but he disagreed with the Jacksonian view that the government should be divorced from economic enterprise.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u03b8iz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u00e6ks\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259nz p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bst f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6n, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u00e6ks\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st f\u0279\u028cm \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ap\u0279\u02cca\u026az."}, {"text": "William C. Harris found that Lincoln's \"reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism.\"", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m s\u02c8i\u02d0. h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \"\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279\u0259ns f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u02c8\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u026at, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u00e6nd \u026ats \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8\u0259nd h\u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026az\u0259m.\""}, {"text": "James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation \"in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform.\"", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz h\u026az t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u0259ns \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \"\u026an h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ali p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs, h\u026az d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u028cst \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u02cc\u00e6d\u0292\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u028ckt\u0259ns t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8\u026al da\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd sk\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m.\""}, {"text": "Randall concludes that \"he was conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u02d0l k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"hi\u02d0 w\u028cz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u026an h\u026az k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, h\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026avho\u028ald\u025a, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259ns, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026as\u0259n pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u028cnd\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259s d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u02cco\u028av\u025an\u02c8a\u026at ba\u026a a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad\u025az."}, {"text": "He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u028anst s\u025bs\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki, \u00e6nd \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u00e6t m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst ba\u026a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ants."}, {"text": "He said \"A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd \"\u0250 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei h\u02c8\u025bld \u026an \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ant ba\u026a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u025bks \u00e6nd l\u02cc\u026am\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0zili w\u026a\u00f0 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259nz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u026am\u0259nts, \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an \u0259v\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "The term \"the United States\" has historically been used sometimes in the plural (\"these United States\") and other times in the singular.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats\" h\u0250z h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli b\u02cc\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l\"\u00f0i\u02d0z ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats\"\u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026amz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u025a."}, {"text": "The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u028cz\u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are Lincoln, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026az \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nts k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkl\u026an d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028a \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259v\u02cc\u025blt, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Between 1999 and 2011, Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan were the top-ranked presidents in eight public opinion surveys, according to Gallup.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bf. k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nts \u026an \u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026az, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u028cp."}, {"text": "A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u028cdi f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u028cv h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a w\u02cc\u028cn, w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az pl\u02c8e\u026ast h\u02cc\u026am s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n."}, {"text": "Allen C. Guelzo states that Lincoln was a \"classical liberal democrat\u2014an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to Mill, Cobden, and Bright\", whose portrait Lincoln hung in his White House office.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0261\u02c8\u025blzo\u028a st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz\u0250 \"kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6t\u2014\u0250n \u02c8\u025bn\u0259mi \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki, \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s \u00e6z \u025bn\u02c8o\u028abl\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u025bn\u02c8e\u026abl\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ap\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 m\u02c8\u026al, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0259n, \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8a\u026at\", h\u02ccu\u02d0z p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u026at l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u026an h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8a\u028as \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that Lincoln's American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era (1900\u20131920s), when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners.", "phonemes": "s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u0283w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 sl\u02c8o\u028ali f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti z, w\u02cc\u025bn hi\u02d0 \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259z m\u02c8o\u028ast v\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b w\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an\u025az."}, {"text": "The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant k\u02c8e\u026am \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bd\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, d\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Union nationalism, as envisioned by Lincoln, \"helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.\"", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6z \u025bnv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nd ba\u026a l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, \"h\u02c8\u025blpt l\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259d\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259v\u02cc\u025blt, w\u02c8\u028ad\u0279a\u028a w\u02c8\u026als\u0259n, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkl\u026an d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028a \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259v\u02cc\u025blt.\""}, {"text": "In the New Deal era, liberals honored Lincoln not so much as the self-made man or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who they claimed would have supported the welfare state.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259lz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025ad l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8o\u028a m\u02cc\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blfm\u02cce\u026ad m\u02c8\u00e6n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6n h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u00f0e\u026a kl\u02c8e\u026amd w\u028adh\u0250v s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025blf\u025b\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Schwartz argues that in the 1930s and 1940s the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with \"a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life.\"", "phonemes": "\u0283w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026akli s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \"\u0250 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026af.\""}, {"text": "During the Great Depression, he argues, Lincoln served \"as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful.\"", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n, hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \"\u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026antm\u0259nts, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026ats s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014bz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8o\u028a m\u02cc\u028ct\u0283 \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026ak\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6z m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bf\u0259l.\""}, {"text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkl\u026an d\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259v\u02cc\u025blt, p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt t\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025bt p\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni \u00e6nd d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance, and this \"fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness.\"", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0283w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8a\u026andz \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u026ans w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a h\u0250z l\u02c8\u0254st \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259ns, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u026as \"f\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u026az s\u02cc\u026ampt\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u028cv f\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ad\u0259ns \u026an n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atn\u0259s.\""}, {"text": "In the Cold War years, Lincoln's image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by Communist regimes.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t h\u02c8o\u028ap t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast \u0279e\u026a\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0mz."}, {"text": "He had long been known as the Great Emancipator, but, by the late 1960s, some African American intellectuals, led by Lerone Bennett Jr., denied that Lincoln deserved that title.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02cc\u026an n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u026am\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct, ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259lz, l\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a l\u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028an b\u02c8\u025bn\u026at d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279., d\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "Bennett argued that Lincoln opposed social equality and proposed that freed slaves voluntarily move to another country.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025bn\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d sl\u02c8e\u026avz v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli m\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u028a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "The emphasis shifted away from Lincoln the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government to emancipate them.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t bl\u02c8\u00e6ks h\u00e6d f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz f\u0279\u028cm sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt t\u028a \u026am\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "Defenders of Lincoln, such as authors Dirck and Cashin, retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day and that he was a \"moral visionary\" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u025az \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u026an, \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6z b\u02c8\u00e6d \u00e6z m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv h\u026az d\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 \"m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i\" h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bftli \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6b\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z, \u00e6z f\u02c8\u00e6st \u00e6z p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026akli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l."}, {"text": "Dirck stated that few Civil War scholars take Bennett seriously, pointing to his \"narrow political agenda and faulty research\".", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t fj\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az t\u02c8e\u026ak b\u02c8\u025bn\u026at s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli, p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u02c8\u026az \"n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254lti \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\"."}, {"text": "By the 1970s, Lincoln had become a hero to political conservatives\u2014apart from neo-Confederates such as Mel Bradford, who denounced his treatment of the white South\u2014for his intense nationalism, his support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of slavery, his acting on Lockean and Burkean principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u00e6d b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz\u2014\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028ak\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259ts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8\u025bl b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6df\u025ad, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u028anst h\u026az t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8\u2014f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, h\u026az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s, h\u026az \u026ans\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i, h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ki\u0259n \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ki\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u02cc\u0254n b\u1d7bh\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei \u00e6nd t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd h\u026az d\u026av\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image suffered \"erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule\" in the late 20th century.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u0283w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 s\u02c8\u028cf\u025ad \"\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u0259n, f\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u025bst\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292, b\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l\" \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of negative capability, defined by the poet John Keats and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were \"content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason\".", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld o\u028ap\u02c8a\u026and \u026an h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n w\u028cz d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bktli \u025bnd\u02c8a\u028ad w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u02cce\u026ap\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n k\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u00e6nd \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az h\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026adst \u028cv \u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259ntiz \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u028ats, \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025bld t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named Lincoln his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt b\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k o\u028ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u026az f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u026ans\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n b\u02c8a\u026ab\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259niz."}, {"text": "Lincoln has been also admired by political figures outside the U.S., including German political theorist Karl Marx, Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi, former Liberian president Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, and Libyan revolutionary Muammar Gaddafi.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250dm\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs., \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6h\u00e6tm\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndi, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a la\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i\u02d0\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bl\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li\u02d0f, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u00e6m\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u00e6d\u00e6fi."}, {"text": "Lincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of United States currency, the penny and the $5 bill.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u026at \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u1d7bn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nsi, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bni \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8\u026al."}, {"text": "While he is usually portrayed bearded, he did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old Grace Bedell.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al hi\u02d0 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad b\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u1d7bd, hi\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u0250 b\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nj\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026as b\u1d7bd\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "The Lincoln Memorial is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital and is one of the top five most visited National Park Service sites in the country.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8o\u028ast v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as s\u02c8a\u026ats \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "Ford's Theatre, among the most visited sites in Washington, D.C., is across the street from Petersen House, where Lincoln died.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8a\u026ats \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, d\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8i\u02d0., \u026az \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n h\u02c8a\u028as, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "Memorials in Springfield, Illinois, include the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Lincoln's home, and his tomb.", "phonemes": "m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259lz \u026an sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bfi\u02d0ld, \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nd mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259nz h\u02c8o\u028am, \u00e6nd h\u026az t\u02c8u\u02d0m."}, {"text": "A portrait carving of Lincoln appears with those of three other presidents on Mount Rushmore, which receives about 3\u00a0million visitors a year.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u026at k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026a\u014b \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nts \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8a\u028ant \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283mo\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u025az \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "An influential statue of Lincoln stands in Lincoln Park, Chicago, with recastings given as diplomatic gifts standing in Parliament Square, London, and Parque Lincoln, Mexico City.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0 \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n st\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u026an l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014bz \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00e6z d\u02cc\u026apl\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0261\u02c8\u026afts st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259m\u0259nt skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279, l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n, m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "The room is located off National Statuary Hall and served as the post office of the House while then-Representative Abraham Lincoln served in Congress from 1847 to 1849.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m \u026az lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254f n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his 2021 book, Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, Democracy, and Everything Else, Penguin Press.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261z \u02c8\u025bse\u026a \u026az \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm h\u026az t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8\u028ak, \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap: \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ad\u0259n d\u0292i\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i \u028cv \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i, d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bls, p\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u0261w\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "The Lincoln Presidential Library's ongoing digitization of all documents written by or to Abraham Lincoln during his lifetime", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279iz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261o\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u02cc\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026afta\u026am"}, {"text": "Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln \u2013 complete collected works as edited by Basler et al. (1958) \u2013 an online edition available through University of Michigan Library Digital Collections", "phonemes": "k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u00e6z \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a b\u02c8\u00e6sl\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u00e6l. n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nla\u026an \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u0261\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz"}, {"text": "Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project \u2013 Northern Illinois University Libraries", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8\u025bt: \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l d\u02cc\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279iz"}, {"text": "Digitized items in the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division in the Library of Congress", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026at\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02cc\u026a\u014bk\u0259lni\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u028ak \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s"}, {"text": "His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology and the arts.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279 \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkts sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks, sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ap\u0250t\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 la\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259m \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz, hi\u02d0 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bt \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andw\u025c\u02d0k f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored his son Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC.", "phonemes": "\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a d\u02c8a\u026ad, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bft \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz \u00e6nd, \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv f\u02c8\u026al\u026ap \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0259n, t\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025ad h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "He established a library in the Lyceum which helped him to produce many of his hundreds of books on papyrus scrolls.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 la\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u025blpt h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v h\u026az h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv b\u02c8\u028aks \u02cc\u0254n p\u0250p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259s sk\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz."}, {"text": "Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues for publication, only around a third of his original output has survived, none of it intended for publication.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028at m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0261\u0259nt t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az\u1d7bz \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0251\u02d0\u0261z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8o\u028anli \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u028cv h\u026az \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at h\u0250z s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd, n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u026a\u027e \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "His teachings and methods of inquiry have had a significant global impact, and as a result, his philosophy has exerted an influence across the world and it continues to be a subject of contemporary philosophical discussion.", "phonemes": "h\u026az t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014bkw\u025a\u0279i h\u00e6v h\u00e6d \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt, \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt, h\u026az f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi h\u0250z \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250n \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6nd \u026at k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z t\u0259bi \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u028cv k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The influence of his physical science extended from late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages into the Renaissance, and was not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such as classical mechanics were developed.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u028cv h\u026az f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns, \u00e6nd w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u025bnl\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329m\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026aks w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt."}, {"text": "Some of Aristotle's zoological observations found in his biology, such as on the hectocotyl (reproductive) arm of the octopus, were disbelieved until the 19th century.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz z\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an h\u026az ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027ea\u026al \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0259p\u0259s, w\u025c\u02d0 d\u02cc\u026asb\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "He influenced Judeo-Islamic philosophies during the Middle Ages, as well as Christian theology, especially the Neoplatonism of the Early Church and the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8e\u026ao\u028a\u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fiz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028apl\u02c8\u00e6t\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "Aristotle was revered among medieval Muslim scholars as \"The First Teacher\", and among medieval Christians like Thomas Aquinas as simply \"The Philosopher\", while the poet Dante called him \"the master of those who know\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\", \u00e6nd \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz l\u02c8a\u026ak t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6kw\u026an\u0259z \u00e6z s\u02c8\u026ampli \"\u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a\", w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nte\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u02cc\u026am \"\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a\"."}, {"text": "His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, and were studied by medieval scholars such as Peter Abelard and Jean Buridan.", "phonemes": "h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast n\u02c8o\u028an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak, \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8\u028cdid ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ad\u0259n."}, {"text": "In addition, his ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, h\u026az \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l, \u0261\u02c8e\u026and \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025bnt \u028cv v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks."}, {"text": "The biographies written in ancient times are often speculative and historians only agree on a few salient points.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fiz \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n sp\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u00e6nd h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants."}, {"text": "Aristotle was born in 384\u00a0BC in Stagira, Chalcidice, about 55\u00a0km (34 miles) east of modern-day Thessaloniki.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an st\u00e6d\u0292\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ls\u026ad\u026as, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026alz \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u025bs\u0250l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u026aki."}, {"text": "While he was young, Aristotle learned about biology and medical information, which was taught by his father.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al hi\u02d0 w\u028cz j\u02c8\u028c\u014b, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t ba\u026a h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "Both of Aristotle's parents died when he was about thirteen, and Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259nts d\u02c8a\u026ad w\u025bn hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025bn\u0259s \u028cv \u00e6t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u0259s b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am h\u026az \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279di\u0259n."}, {"text": "Although little information about Aristotle's childhood has survived, he probably spent some time within the Macedonian palace, making his first connections with the Macedonian monarchy.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad h\u0250z s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd, hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli sp\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8a\u026am w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6s\u026ad\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6l\u026as, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6s\u026ad\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025aki."}, {"text": "At the age of seventeen or eighteen, Aristotle moved to Athens to continue his education at Plato's Academy.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 h\u026az \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi."}, {"text": "He probably experienced the Eleusinian Mysteries as he wrote when describing the sights one viewed at the Eleusinian Mysteries, \"to experience is to learn\"", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259nst \u00f0\u026a \u1d7blu\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279iz \u00e6z hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at w\u025bn d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ats w\u02c8\u028cn vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u1d7blu\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279iz, \"t\u028a \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u026az t\u0259 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\""}, {"text": "The traditional story about his departure records that he was disappointed with the Academy's direction after control passed to Plato's nephew Speusippus, although it is possible that he feared the anti-Macedonian sentiments in Athens at that time and left before Plato died.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u026az d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025adz \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028cz d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259miz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al p\u02c8\u00e6st t\u0259 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az n\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0 spj\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ap\u0259s, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026a\u027e \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026am\u02cc\u00e6s\u026ad\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bnt\u026am\u0259nts \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bft b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a d\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "After the death of Hermias, Aristotle travelled with his pupil Theophrastus to the island of Lesbos, where together they researched the botany and zoology of the island and its sheltered lagoon.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u0259z, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259ld w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az pj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0259l \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u0259s t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bsbo\u028az, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0259ni \u00e6nd zu\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u026ats \u0283\u02c8\u025blt\u025ad l\u0250\u0261\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "During Aristotle's time in the Macedonian court, he gave lessons not only to Alexander but also to two other future kings: Ptolemy and Cassander.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6s\u026ad\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, hi\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8e\u026av l\u02c8\u025bs\u0259nz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a k\u02c8\u026a\u014bz: t\u02c8o\u028almi \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6s\u00e6nd\u025a."}, {"text": "Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest, and Aristotle's own attitude towards Persia was unabashedly ethnocentric.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292d \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bkw\u025bst, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259 w\u028cz \u02cc\u028cn\u0250b\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u1d7bdli \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u026ak."}, {"text": "In one famous example, he counsels Alexander to be \"a leader to the Greeks and a despot to the barbarians, to look after the former as after friends and relatives, and to deal with the latter as with beasts or plants\".", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, hi\u02d0 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259lz \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a t\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0 \"\u0250 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6nd \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bsp\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nz, t\u0259 l\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz, \u00e6nd t\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u00e6nts\"."}, {"text": "If the Suda  an uncritical compilation from the Middle Ages  is accurate, he may also have had an er\u00f4menos, Palaephatus of Abydus.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259 \u0250n \u028c\u014bk\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026az \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t, hi\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6v h\u00e6d \u0250n \u026a\u0279\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028az, p\u02c8\u00e6li\u02d0f\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u028cv \u0250b\u02c8\u026ad\u0259s."}, {"text": "This period in Athens, between 335 and 323 BC, is when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his works.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz, b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u026az w\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u026az b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259 h\u00e6v k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "Those works that have survived are in treatise form and were not, for the most part, intended for widespread publication; they are generally thought to be lecture aids for his students.", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n; \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259bi l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026adz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts."}, {"text": "His most important treatises include Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, On the Soul and Poetics.", "phonemes": "h\u026az m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259m\u02cc\u00e6\u0283i\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6nd po\u028a\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks."}, {"text": "Aristotle studied and made significant contributions to \"logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance, and theatre.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdid \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz tu\u02d0 \"l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak, m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks, f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0259ni, \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n, d\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Near the end of his life, Alexander and Aristotle became estranged over Alexander's relationship with Persia and Persians.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af, \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u025bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "A widespread tradition in antiquity suspected Aristotle of playing a role in Alexander's death, but the only evidence of this is an unlikely claim made some six years after the death.", "phonemes": "\u0250 w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u028cv pl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u0250n \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026akli kl\u02c8e\u026am m\u02cce\u026ad s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u026aks j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "In 322\u00a0BC, Demophilus and Eurymedon the Hierophant reportedly denounced Aristotle for impiety, prompting him to flee to his mother's family estate in Chalcis, on Euboea, at which occasion he was said to have stated: \"I will not allow the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy\" \u2013 a reference to Athens's trial and execution of Socrates.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279a\u026amd\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0f\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bdli d\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u028anst \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpt\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 fl\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u1d7bst\u02c8e\u026at \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ls\u026as, \u02cc\u0254n ju\u02d0b\u02c8i\u0259, \u00e6t w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n hi\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd: \"a\u026a w\u026al n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259nz t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an tw\u02c8a\u026as \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi\" \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz\u1d7bz t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bks\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0250t\u02cci\u02d0z."}, {"text": "He died in Chalcis, Euboea of natural causes later that same year, having named his student Antipater as his chief executor and leaving a will in which he asked to be buried next to his wife.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ls\u026as, ju\u02d0b\u02c8i\u0259 \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8e\u026am j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b n\u02c8e\u026amd h\u026az st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z h\u026az t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u026al \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6skt t\u0259bi b\u02c8\u025b\u0279id n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u0259 h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th-century advances in mathematical logic.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u026az k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak, \u00e6nd h\u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u026an m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak."}, {"text": "What is today called Aristotelian logic with its types of syllogism (methods of logical argument), Aristotle himself would have labelled \"analytics\".", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u028ct \u026az t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv s\u02c8\u026al\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026az\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf w\u028adh\u0250v l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \"\u02cc\u00e6n\u0250l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks\"."}, {"text": "Most of Aristotle's work is probably not in its original form, because it was most likely edited by students and later lecturers.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026an \u026ats \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at w\u028cz m\u02c8o\u028ast l\u02c8a\u026akli \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u025az."}, {"text": "The logical works of Aristotle were compiled into a set of six books called the Organon around 40 BC by Andronicus of Rhodes or others among his followers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8a\u026ald \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aks b\u02c8\u028aks k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u00e6n\u0259n \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026a \u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak\u0259s \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025az."}, {"text": "The order of the books (or the teachings from which they are composed) is not certain, but this list was derived from analysis of Aristotle's writings.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028aks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014bz f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u026ast w\u028cz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "It goes from the basics, the analysis of simple terms in the Categories, the analysis of propositions and their elementary relations in On Interpretation, to the study of more complex forms, namely, syllogisms (in the Analytics) and dialectics (in the Topics and Sophistical Refutations).", "phonemes": "\u026at \u0261o\u028az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026aks, \u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz, \u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u025bl\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02cc\u0254n \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz, n\u02c8e\u026amli, s\u02c8\u026al\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd da\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026aks \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026aks \u00e6nd s\u0259f\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bfju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The first three treatises form the core of the logical theory stricto sensu: the grammar of the language of logic and the correct rules of reasoning.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az\u1d7bz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i st\u0279\u02c8\u026akto\u028a s\u02c8\u025bnsu\u02d0: \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The word \"metaphysics\" appears to have been coined by the first century AD editor who assembled various small selections of Aristotle's works to the treatise we know by the name Metaphysics.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks\" \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259ld v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az wi\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks."}, {"text": "Aristotle called it \"first philosophy\", and distinguished it from mathematics and natural science (physics) as the contemplative (theoretik\u0113) philosophy which is \"theological\" and studies the divine.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u026at \"f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi\", \u00e6nd d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t \u026at f\u0279\u028cm m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u0259mpl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026at\u02cca\u026ak f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026az \"\u03b8i\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l\" \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Aristotle examines the concepts of substance (ousia) and essence (to ti \u00ean einai, \"the what it was to be\") in his Metaphysics (Book VII), and he concludes that a particular substance is a combination of both matter and form, a philosophical theory called hylomorphism.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpts \u028cv s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u02c8a\u028a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bs\u0259ns t\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279n \u02c8a\u026ana\u026a, \"\u00f0\u0259 w\u028ct \u026at w\u028cz t\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0\"\u026an h\u026az m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks b\u02c8\u028ak \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u026az \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u0250 f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u02c8a\u026al\u0259m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279f\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "In Book VIII, he distinguishes the matter of the substance as the substratum, or the stuff of which it is composed.", "phonemes": "\u026an b\u02c8\u028ak \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u02c8e\u026at, hi\u02d0 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u028cbst\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cf \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u027e \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd."}, {"text": "For example, the matter of a house is the bricks, stones, timbers, etc., or whatever constitutes the potential house, while the form of the substance is the actual house, namely 'covering for bodies and chattels' or any other differentia that let us define something as a house.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as \u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks, st\u02c8o\u028anz, t\u02c8\u026amb\u025az, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259., \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u028ct\u02c8\u025bv\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l h\u02c8a\u028as, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l h\u02c8a\u028as, n\u02c8e\u026amli k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u025bt \u02cc\u028cs d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8a\u028as."}, {"text": "The formula that gives the components is the account of the matter, and the formula that gives the differentia is the account of the form.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Aristotle's ontology places the universal (katholou) in particulars (kath' hekaston), things in the world, whereas for Plato the universal is a separately existing form which actual things imitate.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0259l\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025az k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 h\u02c8\u025bk\u00e6st\u0259n, \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259tli \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "For Aristotle, \"form\" is still what phenomena are based on, but is \"instantiated\" in a particular substance.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \"f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\" \u026az st\u02c8\u026al w\u028ct f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02c8\u0254n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az \"\u026anst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd\" \u026an \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Plato argued that all things have a universal form, which could be either a property or a relation to other things.", "phonemes": "pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz h\u00e6v \u0250 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "When one looks at an apple, for example, one sees an apple, and one can also analyse a form of an apple.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn w\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8\u028aks \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cca\u026az \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l."}, {"text": "Moreover, one can place an apple next to a book, so that one can speak of both the book and apple as being next to each other.", "phonemes": "mo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u028av\u025a, w\u02c8\u028cn k\u00e6n pl\u02c8e\u026as \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u028a \u0250 b\u02c8\u028ak, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6tw\u02cc\u028cn k\u00e6n sp\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "For example, it is possible that there is no particular good in existence, but \"good\" is still a proper universal form.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026a\u027e \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u026an \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns, b\u02cc\u028ct \"\u0261\u02c8\u028ad\" \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Aristotle disagreed with Plato on this point, arguing that all universals are instantiated at some period of time, and that there are no universals that are unattached to existing things.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026anst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6t s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cn\u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Where Plato spoke of the forms as existing separately from the things that participate in them, Aristotle maintained that universals exist within each thing on which each universal is predicated.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a sp\u02c8o\u028ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6z \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259tli f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u026an \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259lz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "So, according to Aristotle, the form of apple exists within each apple, rather than in the world of the forms.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028a, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "Concerning the nature of change (kinesis) and its causes, as he outlines in his Physics and On Generation and Corruption (319b\u2013320a), he distinguishes coming-to-be (genesis, also translated as 'generation') from:", "phonemes": "k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 k\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026as \u00e6nd \u026ats k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz, \u00e6z hi\u02d0 \u02c8a\u028atla\u026anz \u026an h\u026az f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026a, hi\u02d0 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014bt\u0259bi d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bs\u02cc\u026as, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm:"}, {"text": "Coming-to-be is a change where the substrate of the thing that has undergone the change has itself changed.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014bt\u0259bi \u026az \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0279e\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250z \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 h\u0250z \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d."}, {"text": "In that particular change he introduces the concept of potentiality (dynamis) and actuality (entelecheia) in association with the matter and the form.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 hi\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02c8a\u026an\u00e6miz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u025bnt\u02c8\u025bl\u026at\u0283\u02cce\u026a\u0259 \u026an \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Referring to potentiality, this is what a thing is capable of doing or being acted upon if the conditions are right and it is not prevented by something else.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00f0\u026as \u026az w\u028ct \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u026az k\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv d\u02ccu\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u026af \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bls."}, {"text": "For example, the seed of a plant in the soil is potentially (dynamei) a plant, and if it is not prevented by something, it will become a plant.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0259v\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u026az p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250m\u02cce\u026a \u0250 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt, \u00e6nd \u026af \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b, \u026at w\u026al b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt."}, {"text": "Potentially beings can either 'act' (poiein) or 'be acted upon' (paschein), which can be either innate or learned.", "phonemes": "p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz k\u00e6n \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u02c8\u00e6kt p\u02c8\u0254\u026ai\u02d0n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u00e6\u0283i\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026ann\u02c8e\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd."}, {"text": "For example, the eyes possess the potentiality of sight (innate \u2013 being acted upon), while the capability of playing the flute can be possessed by learning (exercise \u2013 acting).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026az p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026at \u026ann\u02c8e\u026at b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cce\u026ap\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv pl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8u\u02d0t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cca\u026az \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Because the end (telos) is the principle of every change, and potentiality exists for the sake of the end, actuality, accordingly, is the end.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd t\u02c8i\u02d0lo\u028az \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd, \u02cc\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bli, \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd."}, {"text": "Referring then to the previous example, it can be said that an actuality is when a plant does one of the activities that plants do.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026at k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az w\u025bn \u0250 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt d\u02c8\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t pl\u02c8\u00e6nts d\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "In summary, the matter used to make a house has potentiality to be a house and both the activity of building and the form of the final house are actualities, which is also a final cause or end.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250 h\u02c8a\u028as h\u0250z p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259bi \u0250 h\u02c8a\u028as \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u026a \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l h\u02c8a\u028as \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bnd."}, {"text": "Then Aristotle proceeds and concludes that the actuality is prior to potentiality in formula, in time and in substantiality.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028asi\u02d0dz \u00e6nd k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259, \u026an t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd \u026an s\u0259bst\u02cc\u00e6n\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "With this definition of the particular substance (i.e., matter and form), Aristotle tries to solve the problem of the unity of the beings, for example, \"what is it that makes a man one\"?", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u026as d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026a\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \"w\u02cc\u028ct \u026az \u026at \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cce\u026aks \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n w\u02cc\u028cn\"?"}, {"text": "However, according to Aristotle, the potential being (matter) and the actual one (form) are one and the same.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am."}, {"text": "Aristotle's immanent realism means his epistemology is based on the study of things that exist or happen in the world, and rises to knowledge of the universal, whereas for Plato epistemology begins with knowledge of universal Forms (or ideas) and descends to knowledge of particular imitations of these.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u026am\u02c8e\u026an\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l\u026az\u0259m m\u02c8i\u02d0nz h\u026az \u1d7bp\u02cc\u026ast\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz t\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u1d7bp\u02cc\u026ast\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u00e6nd d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026am\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Aristotle uses induction from examples alongside deduction, whereas Plato relies on deduction from a priori principles.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026and\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad d\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026az \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 p\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Aristotle's \"natural philosophy\" spans a wide range of natural phenomena including those now covered by physics, biology and other natural sciences.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \"n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi\" sp\u02c8\u00e6nz \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az n\u02c8a\u028a k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In Aristotle's terminology, \"natural philosophy\" is a branch of philosophy examining the phenomena of the natural world, and includes fields that would be regarded today as physics, biology and other natural sciences.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz t\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \"n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi\" \u026az \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6z f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Aristotle makes philosophy in the broad sense coextensive with reasoning, which he also would describe as \"science\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l m\u02cce\u026aks f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d s\u02c8\u025bns k\u02cco\u028a\u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u028ad d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u00e6z \"s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\"."}, {"text": "However, his use of the term science carries a different meaning than that covered by the term \"scientific method\".", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, h\u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279iz \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\"."}, {"text": "For Aristotle, \"all science (dianoia) is either practical, poetical or theoretical\" (Metaphysics 1025b25).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns da\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u0254\u026a\u0259 \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l, po\u028a\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l\" m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "His practical science includes ethics and politics; his poetical science means the study of fine arts including poetry; his theoretical science covers physics, mathematics and metaphysics.", "phonemes": "h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks; h\u026az po\u028a\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i; h\u026az \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns k\u02c8\u028cv\u025az f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks."}, {"text": "In his On Generation and Corruption, Aristotle related each of the four elements proposed earlier by Empedocles, earth, water, air, and fire, to two of the four sensible qualities, hot, cold, wet, and dry.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a ba\u026a \u025bmp\u02c8\u025bd\u0251\u02d0k\u0259lz, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bb\u0259l kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, k\u02c8o\u028ald, w\u02c8\u025bt, \u00e6nd d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "Aristotle's scheme added the heavenly aether, the divine substance of the heavenly spheres, stars and planets.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz sk\u02c8i\u02d0m \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nli \u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nli sf\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ats."}, {"text": "Aristotle describes two kinds of motion: \"violent\" or \"unnatural motion\", such as that of a thrown stone, in the Physics (254b10), and \"natural motion\", such as of a falling object, in On the Heavens (300a20).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n: \"v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u028cnn\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\", s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0259v\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028an st\u02c8o\u028an, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bn, \u00e6nd \"n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\", s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt, \u026an \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nz \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti."}, {"text": "In violent motion, as soon as the agent stops causing it, the motion stops also: in other words, the natural state of an object is to be at rest, since Aristotle does not address friction.", "phonemes": "\u026an v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026at, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a: \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u026az t\u0259bi \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u025bst, s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs f\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "With this understanding, it can be observed that, as Aristotle stated, heavy objects (on the ground, say) require more force to make them move; and objects pushed with greater force move faster.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u026as \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b, \u026at k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, h\u02c8\u025bvi \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and, s\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm m\u02c8u\u02d0v; \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts p\u02c8\u028a\u0283t w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s m\u02c8u\u02d0v f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a."}, {"text": "Natural motion depends on the element concerned: the aether naturally moves in a circle around the heavens, while the 4 Empedoclean elements move vertically up (like fire, as is observed) or down (like earth) towards their natural resting places.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd: \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li m\u02c8u\u02d0vz \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nz, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u025bmp\u02c8\u025bd\u0259kl\u02cci\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts m\u02c8u\u02d0v v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026akli \u02cc\u028cp l\u02c8a\u026ak f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, \u02cc\u00e6z\u02cc\u026az \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cca\u028an l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In the Physics (215a25), Aristotle effectively states a quantitative law, that the speed, v, of a falling body is proportional (say, with constant c) to its weight, W, and inversely proportional to the density, \u03c1, of the fluid in which it is falling:;", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli st\u02c8e\u026ats \u0250 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0d, v\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u026az p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8e\u026a, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats w\u02c8e\u026at, d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0sli p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0279\u02c8o\u028a, \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ad \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u027e \u026az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b:;"}, {"text": "Aristotle implies that in a vacuum the speed of fall would become infinite, and concludes from this apparent absurdity that a vacuum is not possible.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an \u0250 v\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0m \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0d \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u028ad b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u026anf\u026an\u0259t, \u00e6nd k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u026as \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt \u0250bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0m \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l."}, {"text": "Henri Carteron held the \"extreme view\" that Aristotle's concept of force was basically qualitative, but other authors reject this.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259n h\u02c8\u025bld \u00f0\u0259 \"\u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m vj\u02c8u\u02d0\" \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s w\u028cz b\u02c8e\u026as\u026akli kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u02c8\u026as."}, {"text": "Archimedes corrected Aristotle's theory that bodies move towards their natural resting places; metal boats can float if they displace enough water; floating depends in Archimedes' scheme on the mass and volume of the object, not, as Aristotle thought, its elementary composition.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0z k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz m\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz; m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l b\u02c8o\u028ats k\u00e6n fl\u02c8o\u028at \u026af \u00f0e\u026a d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an\u02c8\u028cf w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a; fl\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u026an \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0z sk\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t, \u026ats \u02cc\u025bl\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "John Philoponus (in Late antiquity) and Galileo (in Early modern period) are said to have shown by experiment that Aristotle's claim that a heavier object falls faster than a lighter object is incorrect.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n f\u02c8\u026al\u0259p\u02cco\u028an\u0259s \u026an l\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u0261\u02cc\u00e6l\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ao\u028a \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0283\u02c8o\u028an ba\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u026az \u026a\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "A contrary opinion is given by Carlo Rovelli, who argues that Aristotle's physics of motion is correct within its domain of validity, that of objects in the Earth's gravitational field immersed in a fluid such as air.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u025b\u0279i \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n \u026az \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lo\u028a \u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u025bli, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u026ats d\u0259m\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv v\u00e6l\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026an \u0250 fl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ad s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "In this system, heavy bodies in steady fall indeed travel faster than light ones (whether friction is ignored, or not), and they do fall more slowly in a denser medium.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, h\u02c8\u025bvi b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u026an st\u02c8\u025bdi f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a \u00f0\u0250n l\u02c8a\u026at w\u02c8\u028cnz w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a d\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8o\u028ali \u026an \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bns\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m."}, {"text": "Newton's \"forced\" motion corresponds to Aristotle's \"violent\" motion with its external agent, but Aristotle's assumption that the agent's effect stops immediately it stops acting (e.g., the ball leaves the thrower's hand) has awkward consequences: he has to suppose that surrounding fluid helps to push the ball along to make it continue to rise even though the hand is no longer acting on it, resulting in the Medieval theory of impetus.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0259nz \"f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st\" m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \"v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt\" m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u026at st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u025az h\u02c8\u00e6nd h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0kw\u025ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns\u1d7bz: hi\u02d0 h\u0250z t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b fl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ad h\u02c8\u025blps t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u026at k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026az n\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254n \u026at, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u027e\u0259s."}, {"text": "Aristotle suggested that the reason for anything coming about can be attributed to four different types of simultaneously active factors.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv s\u02cca\u026am\u0259lt\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259sli \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az."}, {"text": "His term aitia is traditionally translated as \"cause\", but it does not always refer to temporal sequence; it might be better translated as \"explanation\", but the traditional rendering will be employed here.", "phonemes": "h\u026az t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259 \u026az t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \"k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\", b\u02cc\u028ct \u026at d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns; \u026at m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \"\u025bkspl\u0250n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u026al bi\u02d0 \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad h\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "It tells one what a thing is, that a thing is determined by the definition, form, pattern, essence, whole, synthesis or archetype.", "phonemes": "\u026at t\u02c8\u025blz w\u02c8\u028cn w\u028ct \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u026az, \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u026az d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025an, \u02c8\u025bs\u0259ns, h\u02c8o\u028al, s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at\u02cca\u026ap."}, {"text": "It embraces the account of causes in terms of fundamental principles or general laws, as the whole (i.e., macrostructure) is the cause of its parts, a relationship known as the whole-part causation.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u025bmb\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv \u026ats p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028alp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t k\u0254\u02d0s\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Plainly put, the formal cause is the idea in the mind of the sculptor that brings the sculpture into being.", "phonemes": "pl\u02c8e\u026anli p\u02c8\u028at, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u026az \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "A simple example of the formal cause is the mental image or idea that allows an artist, architect, or engineer to create a drawing.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ast, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at\u02cc\u025bkt, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The efficient cause is \"the primary source\", or that from which the change under consideration proceeds.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u026az \"\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\", \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a k\u0259ns\u02cc\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028asi\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "It identifies 'what makes of what is made and what causes change of what is changed' and so suggests all sorts of agents, non-living or living, acting as the sources of change or movement or rest.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az w\u028ct m\u02cce\u026aks \u028cv w\u028ct \u026az m\u02cce\u026ad \u00e6nd w\u028ct k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv w\u028ct \u026az t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nl\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b, \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "Representing the current understanding of causality as the relation of cause and effect, this covers the modern definitions of \"cause\" as either the agent or agency or particular events or states of affairs.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv k\u0254\u02d0z\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt, \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8\u028cv\u025az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \"k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\" \u00e6z \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv \u0250f\u02c8\u025b\u0279z."}, {"text": "In the case of animals, this agency is a combination of how it develops from the egg, and how its body functions.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, \u00f0\u026as \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi \u026az \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02cca\u028a \u026at d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259ps f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261, \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u028a \u026ats b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The final cause (telos) is its purpose, the reason why a thing exists or is done, including both purposeful and instrumental actions and activities.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z t\u02c8i\u02d0lo\u028az \u026az \u026ats p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n w\u02cca\u026a \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026az d\u02c8\u028cn, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259sf\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "He also noted that increasing the distance between the aperture and the image surface magnified the image.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6p\u025at\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "According to Aristotle, spontaneity and chance are causes of some things, distinguishable from other types of cause such as simple necessity.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u0259b\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l n\u0259s\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "There is also more a specific kind of chance, which Aristotle names \"luck\", that only applies to people's moral choices.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026amz \"l\u02c8\u028ck\", \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In astronomy, Aristotle refuted Democritus's claim that the Milky Way was made up of \"those stars which are shaded by the earth from the sun's rays,\" pointing out partly correctly that if \"the size of the sun is greater than that of the earth and the distance of the stars from the earth many times greater than that of the sun, then... the sun shines on all the stars and the earth screens none of them.\"", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259s\u1d7bz kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026alki w\u02c8e\u026a w\u028cz m\u02cce\u026ad \u02c8\u028cp \u028cv \"\u00f0o\u028az st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cnz \u0279\u02c8e\u026az,\" p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \u026af \"\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025bni t\u02c8a\u026amz \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn... \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u0283\u02c8a\u026anz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nz n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm.\""}, {"text": "The geologist Charles Lyell noted that Aristotle described such change, including \"lakes that had dried up\" and \"deserts that had become watered by rivers\", giving as examples the growth of the Nile delta since the time of Homer, and \"the upheaving of one of the Aeolian islands, previous to a volcanic eruption.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz l\u02c8a\u026a\u025bl n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \"l\u02c8e\u026aks \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d d\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u028cp\" \u00e6nd \"d\u02c8\u025bz\u025ats \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ad ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025az\", \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026al d\u02c8\u025blt\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv h\u02c8o\u028am\u025a, \u00e6nd \"\u00f0\u026a \u028cph\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a i\u02d0\u02c8o\u028ali\u0259n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz, p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s t\u028a \u0250 v\u0251\u02d0lk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Aristotle also made many observations about the hydrologic cycle and meteorology (including his major writings \"Meteorologica\").", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02cce\u026ad m\u02c8\u025bni \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u02cci\u02d0\u027e\u026ao\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u026az m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \"m\u02cci\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u02cco\u02d0\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259\"."}, {"text": "For example, he made some of the earliest observations about desalination: he observed early \u2013 and correctly \u2013 that when seawater is heated, freshwater evaporates and that the oceans are then replenished by the cycle of rainfall and river runoff (\"I have proved by experiment that salt water evaporated forms fresh and the vapor does not when it condenses condense into sea water again.\")", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, hi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at d\u1d7bs\u02cc\u00e6l\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n: hi\u02d0 \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6nd k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025bn s\u02c8i\u02d0w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd, f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026av\u02c8\u00e6p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u0254f\"a\u026a h\u00e6v p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u0254lt w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026av\u02c8\u00e6p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u025bn \u026at k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bz k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bns \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn.\""}, {"text": "Aristotle was the first person to study biology systematically, and biology forms a large part of his writings.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli, \u00e6nd ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv h\u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "He spent two years observing and describing the zoology of Lesbos and the surrounding seas, including in particular the Pyrrha lagoon in the centre of Lesbos.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u025bnt t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 zu\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bsbo\u028az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026arh\u0259 l\u0250\u0261\u02c8u\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bsbo\u028az."}, {"text": "His data in History of Animals, Generation of Animals, Movement of Animals, and Parts of Animals are assembled from his own observations, statements given by people with specialized knowledge such as beekeepers and fishermen, and less accurate accounts provided by travellers from overseas.", "phonemes": "h\u026az d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u026an h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259ld f\u0279\u028cm h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nts \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u02c8i\u02d0ki\u02d0p\u025az \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025am\u02cc\u025bn, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u025bl\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u02cco\u028av\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "His apparent emphasis on animals rather than plants is a historical accident: his works on botany have been lost, but two books on plants by his pupil Theophrastus have survived.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n pl\u02c8\u00e6nts \u026az \u0250 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026ad\u0259nt: h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0259ni h\u0250vb\u026an l\u02c8\u0254st, b\u02cc\u028ct t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u028aks \u02cc\u0254n pl\u02c8\u00e6nts ba\u026a h\u026az pj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0259l \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u0259s h\u00e6v s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd."}, {"text": "He describes the catfish, electric ray, and frogfish in detail, as well as cephalopods such as the octopus and paper nautilus.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6tf\u026a\u0283, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261f\u026a\u0283 \u026an di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026al, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z s\u02c8\u025bf\u0250l\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0259p\u0259s \u00e6nd p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u0259s."}, {"text": "His description of the hectocotyl arm of cephalopods, used in sexual reproduction, was widely disbelieved until the 19th century.", "phonemes": "h\u026az d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027ea\u026al \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bf\u0250l\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz, j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, w\u028cz w\u02c8a\u026adli d\u02cc\u026asb\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "He gives accurate descriptions of the four-chambered fore-stomachs of ruminants, and of the ovoviviparous embryological development of the hound shark.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025ad f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279st\u02c8\u028cm\u0259kz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nts, \u00e6nd \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028av\u0259v\u02cc\u026av\u026ap\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u02cc\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028and \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k."}, {"text": "He notes that an animal's structure is well matched to function so birds like the heron (which live in marshes with soft mud and live by catching fish) have a long neck, long legs, and a sharp spear-like beak, whereas ducks that swim have short legs and webbed feet.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az w\u02c8\u025bl m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n s\u02cco\u028a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u026av \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u0254ft m\u02c8\u028cd \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026av ba\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 h\u00e6v \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b n\u02c8\u025bk, l\u02c8\u0254\u014b l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z, \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279l\u02c8a\u026ak b\u02c8i\u02d0k, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z d\u02c8\u028cks \u00f0\u00e6t sw\u02c8\u026am h\u00e6v \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bbd f\u02c8i\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Darwin, too, noted these sorts of differences between similar kinds of animal, but unlike Aristotle used the data to come to the theory of evolution.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279w\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0, n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cm t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Aristotle's writings can seem to modern readers close to implying evolution, but while Aristotle was aware that new mutations or hybridizations could occur, he saw these as rare accidents.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz k\u00e6n s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u028a \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8u\u02d0 mju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cca\u026ab\u0279\u026ad\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u028ad \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0, hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0i\u02d0z \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026ad\u0259nts."}, {"text": "For Aristotle, accidents, like heat waves in winter, must be considered distinct from natural causes.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026ad\u0259nts, l\u02c8a\u026ak h\u02c8i\u02d0t w\u02c8e\u026avz \u026an w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a, m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "He was thus critical of Empedocles's materialist theory of a \"survival of the fittest\" origin of living things and their organs, and ridiculed the idea that accidents could lead to orderly results.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv \u025bmp\u02c8\u025bd\u0259k\u0259lz\u1d7bz m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u0259v\u0259 \"s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ast\" \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0ld \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026ad\u0259nts k\u028ad l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ali \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts."}, {"text": "To put his views into modern terms, he nowhere says that different species can have a common ancestor, or that one kind can change into another, or that kinds can become extinct.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 p\u02cc\u028at h\u026az vj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, hi\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028aw\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bz \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z k\u00e6n h\u00e6v \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6tw\u02cc\u028cn k\u02c8a\u026and k\u00e6n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8a\u026andz k\u00e6n b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt."}, {"text": "He used the ancient Greek term pepeiramenoi to mean observations, or at most investigative procedures like dissection.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m p\u02c8\u025bp\u025b\u0279\u02cce\u026amn\u0254\u026a t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026anv\u02cc\u025bst\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025az l\u02c8a\u026ak da\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In Generation of Animals, he finds a fertilized hen's egg of a suitable stage and opens it to see the embryo's heart beating inside.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, hi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026andz \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02cca\u026azd h\u02c8\u025bnz \u02c8\u025b\u0261 \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259b\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nz \u026at t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028az h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "Instead, he practiced a different style of science: systematically gathering data, discovering patterns common to whole groups of animals, and inferring possible causal explanations from these.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd, hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt st\u02c8a\u026al \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns: s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259, d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u026anf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u0259l \u025bkspl\u0250n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "This style is common in modern biology when large amounts of data become available in a new field, such as genomics.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as st\u02c8a\u026al \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u025bn l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u026an \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0292\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks."}, {"text": "It does not result in the same certainty as experimental science, but it sets out testable hypotheses and constructs a narrative explanation of what is observed.", "phonemes": "\u026at d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259nti \u00e6z \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026at s\u02c8\u025bts \u02c8a\u028at t\u02c8\u025bst\u0259b\u0259l ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0279\u028ckts \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u025bkspl\u0250n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u028ct \u026az \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd."}, {"text": "From the data he collected and documented, Aristotle inferred quite a number of rules relating the life-history features of the live-bearing tetrapods (terrestrial placental mammals) that he studied.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 hi\u02d0 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt\u1d7bd, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u026anf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d kw\u02c8a\u026at \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026afh\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026avb\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l pl\u0259s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u028cdid."}, {"text": "Brood size decreases with (adult) body mass, so that an elephant has fewer young (usually just one) per brood than a mouse.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u02c8a\u026az d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di m\u02c8\u00e6s, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250n \u02c8\u025bl\u026af\u0259nt h\u0250z fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a j\u02c8\u028c\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025c\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028as."}, {"text": "Lifespan increases with gestation period, and also with body mass, so that elephants live longer than mice, have a longer period of gestation, and are heavier.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026afsp\u00e6n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u025bst\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di m\u02c8\u00e6s, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bl\u026af\u0259nts l\u02c8a\u026av l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u0250n m\u02c8a\u026as, h\u00e6v \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv d\u0292\u025bst\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a."}, {"text": "As a final example, fecundity decreases with lifespan, so long-lived kinds like elephants have fewer young in total than short-lived kinds like mice.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, f\u025bk\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8a\u026afsp\u00e6n, s\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u0254\u014bl\u02c8\u026avd k\u02c8a\u026andz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u025bl\u026af\u0259nts h\u00e6v fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u026an t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tl\u02c8\u026avd k\u02c8a\u026andz l\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8a\u026as."}, {"text": "Aristotle distinguished about 500 species of animals, arranging these in the History of Animals in a graded scale of perfection, a nonreligious version of the scala naturae, with man at the top.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0i\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u026an \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd sk\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv p\u025af\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, \u0250 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8e\u026al\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p."}, {"text": "His system had eleven grades of animal, from highest potential to lowest, expressed in their form at birth: the highest gave live birth to hot and wet creatures, the lowest laid cold, dry mineral-like eggs.", "phonemes": "h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m h\u00e6d \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026adz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l, f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l t\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast, \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6t b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8: \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u0261\u02c8e\u026av l\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bt k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast l\u02c8e\u026ad k\u02c8o\u028ald, d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259ll\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u025b\u0261z."}, {"text": "He grouped what the modern zoologist would call vertebrates as the hotter \"animals with blood\", and below them the colder invertebrates as \"animals without blood\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pt w\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an zu\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast w\u028ad k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a \"\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 bl\u02c8\u028cd\", \u00e6nd b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ald\u025a\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00e6z \"\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at bl\u02c8\u028cd\"."}, {"text": "Those with blood were divided into the live-bearing (mammals), and the egg-laying (birds, reptiles, fish).", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az w\u026a\u00f0 bl\u02c8\u028cd w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026avb\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261l\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz, f\u02c8\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "Those without blood were insects, crustacea (non-shelled \u2013 cephalopods, and shelled) and the hard-shelled molluscs (bivalves and gastropods).", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at bl\u02c8\u028cd w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts, k\u0279\u028cst\u02c8e\u026asi\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u02c8\u025bld s\u02c8\u025bf\u0250l\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz, \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u025bld \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0283\u02c8\u025bld m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028csks ba\u026av\u02c8\u00e6lvz \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "He recognised that animals did not exactly fit into a linear scale, and noted various exceptions, such as that sharks had a placenta like the tetrapods.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6ktli f\u02c8\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 sk\u02c8e\u026al, \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks h\u00e6d \u0250 pl\u0259s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Philosophers of science have generally concluded that Aristotle was not interested in taxonomy, but zoologists who studied this question in the early 21st century think otherwise.", "phonemes": "f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns h\u00e6v d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an t\u00e6ks\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, b\u02cc\u028ct zu\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts h\u02ccu\u02d0 st\u02c8\u028cdid \u00f0\u026as kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az."}, {"text": "He believed that purposive final causes guided all natural processes; this teleological view justified his observed data as an expression of formal design.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t p\u025c\u02d0p\u02c8o\u028as\u026av f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz; \u00f0\u026as t\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7b\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l vj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad h\u026az \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u00e6z \u0250n \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Aristotle's psychology, given in his treatise On the Soul (peri psych\u0113s), posits three kinds of soul (\"psyches\"): the vegetative soul, the sensitive soul, and the rational soul.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u026an h\u026az t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al p\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8a\u026ak\u1d7bz, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028al\"s\u02c8a\u026aki\u02d0\u1d7bz\": \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av s\u02c8o\u028al, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av s\u02c8o\u028al, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "The human soul incorporates the powers of the other kinds: Like the vegetative soul it can grow and nourish itself; like the sensitive soul it can experience sensations and move locally.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028al \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8a\u026andz: l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av s\u02c8o\u028al \u026at k\u00e6n \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283 \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf; l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av s\u02c8o\u028al \u026at k\u00e6n \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns s\u025bns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0v l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259li."}, {"text": "The unique part of the human, rational soul is its ability to receive forms of other things and to compare them using the nous (intellect) and logos (reason).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8o\u028al \u026az \u026ats \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd t\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u026ant\u0259l\u02cc\u025bkt \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028az \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n."}, {"text": "Because all beings are composites of form and matter, the form of living beings is that which endows them with what is specific to living beings, e.g. the ability to initiate movement (or in the case of plants, growth and chemical transformations, which Aristotle considers types of movement).", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02cc\u026ats \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025bnd\u02c8a\u028az \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u026a\u00f0 w\u028ct \u026az sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u028a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025az t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In contrast to earlier philosophers, but in accordance with the Egyptians, he placed the rational soul in the heart, rather than the brain.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz, hi\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8o\u028al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Notable is Aristotle's division of sensation and thought, which generally differed from the concepts of previous philosophers, with the exception of Alcmaeon.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u026az \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv s\u025bns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li d\u02c8\u026af\u025ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpts \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lkmi\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "In On the Soul, Aristotle famously criticizes Plato's theory of the soul and develops his own in response to Plato's.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259sli k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259ps h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an \u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az."}, {"text": "The first criticism is against Plato's view of the soul in the Timaeus that the soul takes up space and is able to come into physical contact with bodies.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026ami\u02d0\u0259s \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al t\u02c8e\u026aks \u02cc\u028cp sp\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd \u026az \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cm \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz."}, {"text": "20th-century scholarship overwhelmingly opposed Aristotle's interpretation of Plato and maintained that he had misunderstood Plato.", "phonemes": "tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u02cco\u028av\u025aw\u02c8\u025blm\u026a\u014bli \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u00e6nd me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d m\u026as\u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a."}, {"text": "Aristotle's other criticism is that Plato's view of reincarnation entails that it is possible for a soul and its body to be mis-matched; in principle, Aristotle alleges, any soul can go with any body, according to Plato's theory.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014bk\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u025bnt\u02c8e\u026alz \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6nd \u026ats b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di t\u0259bi m\u02c8\u026asm\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t; \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u1d7bz, \u02cc\u025bni s\u02c8o\u028al k\u00e6n \u0261\u02cco\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u025bni b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i."}, {"text": "Aristotle's claim that the soul is the form of a living being is meant to eliminate that possibility and thus rule out reincarnation.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026az m\u02c8\u025bnt t\u028a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u02c8a\u028at \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014bk\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "According to Aristotle in On the Soul, memory is the ability to hold a perceived experience in the mind and to distinguish between the internal \"appearance\" and an occurrence in the past.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u026an \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al, m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028ald \u0250 p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6nd t\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \"\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns\" \u00e6nd \u0250n \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st."}, {"text": "Aristotle believed an impression is left on a semi-fluid bodily organ that undergoes several changes in order to make a memory.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0250n \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u026az l\u02c8\u025bft \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026afl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ad b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dili \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028az s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "A memory occurs when stimuli such as sights or sounds are so complex that the nervous system cannot receive all the impressions at once.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z w\u025bn st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cca\u026a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8a\u026ats \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u028andz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cco\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz \u0250tw\u02c8\u028cns."}, {"text": "These changes are the same as those involved in the operations of sensation, Aristotelian , and thinking.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6z \u00f0o\u028az \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv s\u025bns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n , \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Aristotle uses the term 'memory' for the actual retaining of an experience in the impression that can develop from sensation, and for the intellectual anxiety that comes with the impression because it is formed at a particular time and processing specific contents.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0259v\u0259n \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p f\u0279\u028cm s\u025bns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6\u014bz\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u028cmz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u026az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00e6\u027e\u0259 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnts."}, {"text": "A transitional channel is needed and located in past experiences, both for previous experience and present experience.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l \u026az n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00e6nd lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6st \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Because Aristotle believes people receive all kinds of sense perceptions and perceive them as impressions, people are continually weaving together new impressions of experiences.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vz p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bns p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6z \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz, p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259li w\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Within the memory, if one experience is offered instead of a specific memory, that person will reject this experience until they find what they are looking for.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i, \u026af w\u02c8\u028cn \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u0259v\u0259 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n w\u026al \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u026as \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8a\u026and w\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "When people recall experiences, they stimulate certain previous experiences until they reach the one that is needed.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0254\u02d0l \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u00f0e\u026a st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026at s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Recollection is thus the self-directed activity of retrieving the information stored in a memory impression.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blfd\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bt\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Aristotle believed the chain of thought, which ends in recollection of certain impressions, was connected systematically in relationships such as similarity, contrast, and contiguity, described in his laws of association.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u025bndz \u026an \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz, w\u028cz k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli \u026an \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, \u00e6nd k\u0251\u02d0nt\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei, d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u026an h\u026az l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "According to Aristotle, association is the power innate in a mental state, which operates upon the unexpressed remains of former experiences, allowing them to rise and be recalled.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u026ann\u02c8e\u026at \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cn\u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "While a person is asleep, the critical activities, which include thinking, sensing, recalling and remembering, do not function as they do during wakefulness.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u026az \u0250sl\u02c8i\u02d0p, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b, s\u02c8\u025bns\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b, du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a d\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8e\u026akf\u0259ln\u0259s."}, {"text": "Aristotle explains that when a person stares at a moving stimulus such as the waves in a body of water, and then looks away, the next thing they look at appears to have a wavelike motion.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025bn \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n st\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u00e6\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u0259s s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026avz \u026an \u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn l\u02c8\u028aks \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00f0e\u026a l\u02c8\u028ak \u00e6\u027e \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026avla\u026ak m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "When a person perceives a stimulus and the stimulus is no longer the focus of their attention, it leaves an impression.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u0250 st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u0259s \u026az n\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, \u026at l\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u0250n \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "When the body is awake and the senses are functioning properly, a person constantly encounters new stimuli to sense and so the impressions of previously perceived stimuli are ignored.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u026az \u0250w\u02c8e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ali, \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259ntli \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az n\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cca\u026a t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cca\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "However, during sleep the impressions made throughout the day are noticed as there are no new distracting sensory experiences.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b sl\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz m\u02cce\u026ad \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026ast \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Since impressions are all that are left and not the exact stimuli, dreams do not resemble the actual waking experience.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bft \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cca\u026a, d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Aristotle compares a sleeping person to a person who is overtaken by strong feelings toward a stimulus.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u0250 sl\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u028a \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n ba\u026a st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014bz t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0250 st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u0259s."}, {"text": "For example, a person who has a strong infatuation with someone may begin to think they see that person everywhere because they are so overtaken by their feelings.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u0250z \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u026anf\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn m\u02c8e\u026a b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u00f0e\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026aw\u02cc\u025b\u0279 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cco\u028a \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Since a person sleeping is in a suggestible state and unable to make judgements, they become easily deceived by what appears in their dreams, like the infatuated person.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n sl\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u026az \u026an \u0250 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bb\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nts, \u00f0e\u026a b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0zili d\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd ba\u026a w\u028ct \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u026anf\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n."}, {"text": "In De Anima iii 3, Aristotle ascribes the ability to create, to store, and to recall images in the absence of perception to the faculty of imagination, phantasia.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u025a \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0250sk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at, t\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259ns \u028cv p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259lti \u028cv \u026am\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, f\u00e6nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "Aristotle reasoned naturalistically that instances in which dreams do resemble future events are simply coincidences.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nd n\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026akli \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026ampli ko\u028a\u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Aristotle claimed that a dream is first established by the fact that the person is asleep when they experience it.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l kl\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u026az \u0250sl\u02c8i\u02d0p w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u026at."}, {"text": "If a person had an image appear for a moment after waking up or if they see something in the dark it is not considered a dream because they were awake when it occurred.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n h\u00e6d \u0250n \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u025a\u0279\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026af \u00f0e\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8e\u026ak w\u025bn \u026a\u027e \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Secondly, any sensory experience that is perceived while a person is asleep does not qualify as part of a dream.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndli, \u02cc\u025bni s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd w\u02cca\u026al \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u026az \u0250sl\u02c8i\u02d0p d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m."}, {"text": "For example, if, while a person is sleeping, a door shuts and in their dream they hear a door is shut, this sensory experience is not part of the dream.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026af, w\u02cca\u026al \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u026az sl\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b, \u0250 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u028cts \u00e6nd \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u00f0e\u026a h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0250 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026az \u0283\u02c8\u028ct, \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Aristotle considered ethics to be a practical rather than theoretical study, i.e., one aimed at becoming good and doing good rather than knowing for its own sake.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks t\u0259bi \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdi, \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8e\u026amd \u00e6t b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u00e6nd d\u02ccu\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n n\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Aristotle reasoned that humans must have a function specific to humans, and that this function must be an activity of the psuch\u0113 (soul) in accordance with reason (logos).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nd \u00f0\u00e6t hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz m\u02c8\u028cst\u0250v \u0250 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak t\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u0250n \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 s\u02c8o\u028al \u026an \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028az."}, {"text": "Aristotle identified such an optimum activity (the virtuous mean, between the accompanying vices of excess or deficiency) of the soul as the aim of all human deliberate action, eudaimonia, generally translated as \"happiness\" or sometimes \"well-being\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026am\u0259m \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259s m\u02c8i\u02d0n, b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni\u026a\u014b v\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv \u025bks\u02c8\u025bs \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026am \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, j\u02ccu\u02d0de\u026am\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \"h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \"w\u02c8\u025blb\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b\"."}, {"text": "To have the potential of ever being happy in this way necessarily requires a good character (\u0113thik\u0113 aret\u0113), often translated as moral or ethical virtue or excellence.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6pi \u026an \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8e\u026a n\u02cc\u025bs\u026as\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u02d0t, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bks\u0259l\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Aristotle taught that to achieve a virtuous and potentially happy character requires a first stage of having the fortune to be habituated not deliberately, but by teachers, and experience, leading to a later stage in which one consciously chooses to do the best things.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u028a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259s \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li h\u02c8\u00e6pi k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u028an t\u0259bi h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259tli, b\u02cc\u028ct ba\u026a t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az, \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sli t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "When the best people come to live life this way their practical wisdom (phronesis) and their intellect (nous) can develop with each other towards the highest possible human virtue, the wisdom of an accomplished theoretical or speculative thinker, or in other words, a philosopher.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l k\u02c8\u028cm t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av l\u02c8a\u026af \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u026azd\u0259m f\u0279\u02c8o\u028ansiz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u0259l\u02cc\u025bkt n\u02c8u\u02d0z k\u00e6n d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026azd\u0259m \u0259v\u0259n \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283t \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u0250 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a."}, {"text": "In addition to his works on ethics, which address the individual, Aristotle addressed the city in his work titled Politics.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u026an h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks."}, {"text": "Moreover, he considered the city to be prior in importance to the family, which in turn is prior to the individual, \"for the whole must of necessity be prior to the part\".", "phonemes": "mo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u028av\u025a, hi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei t\u0259bi p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u026az p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l, \"f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al m\u02c8\u028cst \u028cv n\u0259s\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u027ei bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\"."}, {"text": "He famously stated that \"man is by nature a political animal\" and argued that humanity's defining factor among others in the animal kingdom is its rationality.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259sli st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"m\u02c8\u00e6n \u026az ba\u026a n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l\" \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027eiz d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m \u026az \u026ats \u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Aristotle conceived of politics as being like an organism rather than like a machine, and as a collection of parts none of which can exist without the others.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250 m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Aristotle's conception of the city is organic, and he is considered one of the first to conceive of the city in this manner.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0v \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u026an \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a."}, {"text": "The common modern understanding of a political community as a modern state is quite different from Aristotle's understanding.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0259v\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az kw\u02c8a\u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Although he was aware of the existence and potential of larger empires, the natural community according to Aristotle was the city (polis) which functions as a political \"community\" or \"partnership\" (koin\u014dnia).", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei p\u02c8o\u028aliz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \"k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap\" k\u0254\u026an\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259."}, {"text": "The aim of the city is not just to avoid injustice or for economic stability, but rather to allow at least some citizens the possibility to live a good life, and to perform beautiful acts: \"The political partnership must be regarded, therefore, as being for the sake of noble actions, not for the sake of living together.\"", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad l\u02c8a\u026af, \u00e6nd t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6kts: \"\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak \u028cv l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b t\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a.\""}, {"text": "This is distinguished from modern approaches, beginning with social contract theory, according to which individuals leave the state of nature because of \"fear of violent death\" or its \"inconveniences\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz, b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kt \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \"f\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats \"\u026a\u014bk\u0259nv\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz\"."}, {"text": "As Plato's disciple Aristotle was rather critical concerning democracy and, following the outline of certain ideas from Plato's Statesman, he developed a coherent theory of integrating various forms of power into a so-called mixed state:", "phonemes": "\u00e6z pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az d\u026as\u02c8a\u026ap\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si \u00e6nd, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atla\u026an \u028cv s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z f\u0279\u028cm pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az st\u02c8e\u026atsm\u0259n, hi\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250 ko\u028ah\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nt \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld m\u02c8\u026akst st\u02c8e\u026at:"}, {"text": "To illustrate this approach, Aristotle proposed a first-of-its-kind mathematical model of voting, albeit textually described, where the democratic principle of \"one voter\u2013one vote\" is combined with the oligarchic \"merit-weighted voting\"; for relevant quotes and their translation into mathematical formulas see.", "phonemes": "t\u028a \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026as \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st\u028cv\u026atsk\u02c8a\u026and m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u028cv v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u0254\u02d0lb\u02c8i\u02d0\u026at t\u02c8\u025bkst\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv \"w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02c8o\u028at\" \u026az k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ak \"m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026atw\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b\"; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259nt kw\u02c8o\u028ats \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259z s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Aristotle's views on women influenced later Western philosophers, who quoted him as an authority until the end of the Middle Ages, but these views have been controversial in modern times.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz vj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az, h\u02ccu\u02d0 kw\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6z \u0250n \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0i\u02d0z vj\u02c8u\u02d0z h\u0250vb\u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u02c8a\u026amz."}, {"text": "Aristotle's analysis of procreation describes an active, ensouling masculine element bringing life to an inert, passive female element.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av, \u025bns\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6skj\u028al\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026af t\u028a \u0250n \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t, p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The biological differences are a result of the fact that the female body is well-suited for reproduction, which changes her body temperature, which in turn makes her, in Aristotle's view, incapable of participating in political life.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u026az w\u02c8\u025bls\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz h\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n m\u02c8e\u026aks h\u025c\u02d0, \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz vj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u026a\u014bk\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "However, Aristotle gave equal weight to women's happiness as he did to men's, and commented in his Rhetoric that the things that lead to happiness need to be in women as well as men.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026am\u026anz h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s \u00e6z hi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bnz, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an h\u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259bi \u026an w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "Aristotle made substantial contributions to economic thought, especially to thought in the Middle Ages.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l m\u02cce\u026ad s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz t\u028a \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "His response to criticisms of private property, in Lionel Robbins's view, anticipated later proponents of private property among philosophers and economists, as it related to the overall utility of social arrangements.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei, \u026an l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026anz\u1d7bz vj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az \u00e6nd \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u02cc\u026asts, \u00e6z \u026at \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l ju\u02d0t\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292m\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Aristotle believed that although communal arrangements may seem beneficial to society, and that although private property is often blamed for social strife, such evils in fact come from human nature.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292m\u0259nts m\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0m b\u02cc\u025bn\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l t\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n bl\u02c8e\u026amd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8a\u026af, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259lz \u026an f\u02c8\u00e6kt k\u02c8\u028cm f\u0279\u028cm hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Money came into use because people became dependent on one another, importing what they needed and exporting the surplus.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028cni k\u02c8e\u026am \u02cc\u026ant\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0s b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0pl\u028cs."}, {"text": "For the sake of convenience, people then agreed to deal in something that is intrinsically useful and easily applicable, such as iron or silver.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak \u028cv k\u0259nv\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259ns, p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026an s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u026ant\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026akli j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0zili \u0250pl\u02c8\u026ak\u0259b\u0259l, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a."}, {"text": "Aristotle's discussions on retail and interest was a major influence on economic thought in the Middle Ages.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0te\u026al \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst w\u028cz\u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "He had a low opinion of retail, believing that contrary to using money to procure things one needs in managing the household, retail trade seeks to make a profit.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0te\u026al, b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u025b\u0279i t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u028cni t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028ald, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0te\u026al t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad s\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026at."}, {"text": "Similarly, Aristotle considered making a profit through interest unnatural, as it makes a gain out of the money itself, and not from its use.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026at \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u028cnn\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u00e6z \u026at m\u02cce\u026aks \u0250 \u0261\u02c8e\u026an \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cni \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf, \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "Aristotle gave a summary of the function of money that was perhaps remarkably precocious for his time.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u028cni \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259bli p\u0279\u026ak\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "He wrote that because it is impossible to determine the value of every good through a count of the number of other goods it is worth, the necessity arises of a single universal standard of measurement.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u026az \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u028adz \u026a\u027e \u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u00f0\u0259 n\u0259s\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u027ei \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Aristotle's Rhetoric proposes that a speaker can use three basic kinds of appeals to persuade his audience: ethos (an appeal to the speaker's character), pathos (an appeal to the audience's emotion), and logos (an appeal to logical reasoning).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a k\u00e6n j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz t\u0259 p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026ad h\u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns: \u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8o\u028az \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a, p\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8\u0251\u02d0s \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028az \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "He also categorizes rhetoric into three genres: epideictic (ceremonial speeches dealing with praise or blame), forensic (judicial speeches over guilt or innocence), and deliberative (speeches calling on an audience to make a decision on an issue).", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u0259z: \u02cc\u025bp\u026ad\u02c8e\u026akt\u026ak s\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz d\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 bl\u02c8e\u026am, f\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bns\u026ak d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u026alt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026an\u0259s\u0259ns, \u00e6nd d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Aristotle also outlines two kinds of rhetorical proofs: enthymeme (proof by syllogism) and paradeigma (proof by example).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8a\u028atla\u026anz t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv \u0279\u025bt\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0fs: \u025bn\u03b8\u02c8a\u026ami\u02d0m p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f ba\u026a s\u02c8\u026al\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ade\u026a\u0261m\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f ba\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l."}, {"text": "Aristotle writes in his Poetics that epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, dithyrambic poetry, painting, sculpture, music, and dance are all fundamentally acts of mimesis (\"imitation\"), each varying in imitation by medium, object, and manner.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u026an h\u026az po\u028a\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i, t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259di, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259di, d\u02cc\u026a\u03b8\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6mb\u026ak p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i, p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014b, sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u0283\u025a, mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u00e6ns \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6kts \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026amsiz\"\u02cc\u026am\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02cc\u026am\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a."}, {"text": "He applies the term mimesis both as a property of a work of art and also as the product of the artist's intention and contends that the audience's realisation of the mimesis is vital to understanding the work itself.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m m\u02c8a\u026amsiz b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bndz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0259l\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026amsiz \u026az v\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "Aristotle states that mimesis is a natural instinct of humanity that separates humans from animals and that all human artistry \"follows the pattern of nature\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8a\u026amsiz \u026az \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026anst\u026a\u014bkt \u028cv hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ast\u0279i \"f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025an \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\"."}, {"text": "Because of this, Aristotle believed that each of the mimetic arts possesses what Stephen Halliwell calls \"highly structured procedures for the achievement of their purposes.\"", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 ma\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz w\u028ct st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6l\u026aw\u02cc\u025bl k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \"h\u02c8a\u026ali st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025ad p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025az f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz.\""}, {"text": "For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, and poetry with language.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u00f0\u0259m \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ni, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z d\u02c8\u00e6ns \u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u00f0\u0259m \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an, \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Comedy, for instance, is a dramatic imitation of men worse than average; whereas tragedy imitates men slightly better than average.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259di, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, \u026az \u0250 d\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u026am\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bn w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292; w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259di \u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026ats m\u02c8\u025bn sl\u02c8a\u026atli b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation \u2013 through narrative or character, through change or no change, and through drama or no drama.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6stli, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz d\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u026am\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a, \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259."}, {"text": "While it is believed that Aristotle's Poetics originally comprised two books \u2013 one on comedy and one on tragedy \u2013 only the portion that focuses on tragedy has survived.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u026a\u027e \u026az b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz po\u028a\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026azd t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u028aks w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259di \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0254n t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259di \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259di h\u0250z s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd."}, {"text": "Aristotle taught that tragedy is composed of six elements: plot-structure, character, style, thought, spectacle, and lyric poetry.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259di \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts: pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a, st\u02c8a\u026al, \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t, sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259k\u0259l, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i."}, {"text": "The characters in a tragedy are merely a means of driving the story; and the plot, not the characters, is the chief focus of tragedy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u026an \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259di \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i; \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259di."}, {"text": "Tragedy is the imitation of action arousing pity and fear, and is meant to effect the catharsis of those same emotions.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259di \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026am\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028az\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00e6nd \u026az m\u02c8\u025bnt t\u028a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 k\u00e6\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026as \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az s\u02c8e\u026am \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Aristotle concludes Poetics with a discussion on which, if either, is superior: epic or tragic mimesis.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz po\u028a\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \u026af \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, \u026az su\u02d0p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a: \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak m\u02c8a\u026amsiz."}, {"text": "He suggests that because tragedy possesses all the attributes of an epic, possibly possesses additional attributes such as spectacle and music, is more unified, and achieves the aim of its mimesis in shorter scope, it can be considered superior to epic.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259di p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0ts \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0ts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259k\u0259l \u00e6nd mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cca\u026ad, \u00e6nd \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026am \u028cv \u026ats m\u02c8a\u026amsiz \u026an \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a sk\u02c8o\u028ap, \u026at k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad su\u02d0p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak."}, {"text": "Aristotle was a keen systematic collector of riddles, folklore, and proverbs; he and his school had a special interest in the riddles of the Delphic Oracle and studied the fables of Aesop.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz\u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0n s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0259lz, f\u02c8o\u028aklo\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025c\u02d0bz; hi\u02d0 \u00e6nd h\u026az sk\u02c8u\u02d0l h\u00e6d \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0259lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025blf\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u028cdid \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259p."}, {"text": "More than 2300 years after his death, Aristotle remains one of the most influential people who ever lived.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bv\u025a l\u02c8\u026avd."}, {"text": "He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge then in existence, and he was the founder of many new fields.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u026an \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni n\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz."}, {"text": "According to the philosopher Bryan Magee, \"it is doubtful whether any human being has ever known as much as he did\".", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a b\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292i\u02d0, \"\u026a\u027e \u026az d\u02c8a\u028atf\u0259l w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u0250z \u02c8\u025bv\u025a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6z hi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad\"."}, {"text": "Among countless other achievements, Aristotle was the founder of formal logic, pioneered the study of zoology, and left every future scientist and philosopher in his debt through his contributions to the scientific method.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b k\u02c8a\u028antl\u0259s \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nts, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak, pa\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv zu\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bft \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026ast \u00e6nd f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u026az d\u02c8\u025bt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 h\u026az k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d."}, {"text": "Taneli Kukkonen, observes that his achievement in founding two sciences is unmatched, and his reach in influencing \"every branch of intellectual enterprise\" including Western ethical and political theory, theology, rhetoric, and literary analysis is equally long.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8e\u026anli k\u02c8\u028cko\u028an\u0259n, \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u026an f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026az \u028cnm\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t, \u00e6nd h\u026az \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns\u026a\u014b \"\u02c8\u025bv\u0279i b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ap\u0279\u02cca\u026az\" \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i, \u03b8\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li l\u02c8\u0254\u014b."}, {"text": "As a result, Kukkonen argues, any analysis of reality today \"will almost certainly carry Aristotelian overtones ... evidence of an exceptionally forceful mind.\"", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt, k\u02c8\u028cko\u028an\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z, \u02cc\u025bni \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \"w\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329li k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n \u02c8o\u028av\u025at\u02cco\u028anz ... \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259n \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n\u0259li f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sf\u0259l m\u02c8a\u026and.\""}, {"text": "Jonathan Barnes wrote that \"an account of Aristotle's intellectual afterlife would be little less than a history of European thought\".", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259\u03b8\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279nz \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u0250n \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025al\u02cca\u026af w\u028ad bi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t\"."}, {"text": "Aristotle has been called the father of logic, biology, political science, zoology, embryology, natural law, scientific method, rhetoric, psychology, realism, criticism, individualism, teleology, and meteorology.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak, ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, zu\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u02cc\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d, \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak, sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l\u026az\u0259m, k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, t\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd m\u02cci\u02d0\u027e\u026ao\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "What follows is an overview of the transmission and influence of his texts and ideas into the modern era.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u028ct f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az \u026az \u0250n \u02c8o\u028av\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u028cv h\u026az t\u02c8\u025bksts \u00e6nd a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Aristotle's pupil and successor, Theophrastus, wrote the History of Plants, a pioneering work in botany.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz pj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u025a, \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u0259s, \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, \u0250 pa\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026an b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0259ni."}, {"text": "Some of his technical terms remain in use, such as carpel from carpos, fruit, and pericarp, from pericarpion, seed chamber.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv h\u026az t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279po\u028az, f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279p, f\u0279\u028cm p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279pi\u0259n, s\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025a."}, {"text": "Theophrastus was much less concerned with formal causes than Aristotle was, instead pragmatically describing how plants functioned.", "phonemes": "\u03b8i\u02d0\u0259f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u0259s w\u028cz m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bs k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz, \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd p\u0279\u00e6\u0261m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b h\u02cca\u028a pl\u02c8\u00e6nts f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Aristotle's students included Aristoxenus, Dicaearchus, Demetrius of Phalerum, Eudemos of Rhodes, Harpalus, Hephaestion, Mnason of Phocis, Nicomachus, and Theophrastus.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u025bn\u0259s, d\u026ak\u02c8i\u0259\u0259t\u0283\u0259s, d\u025bm\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026a\u0259s \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6l\u025a\u0279\u0259m, ju\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0mo\u028az \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p\u00e6l\u0259s, h\u02c8\u025bfi\u02d0st\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u025bmn\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u026as, n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259m\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283\u0259s, \u00e6nd \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u0259s."}, {"text": "Aristotle's influence over Alexander the Great is seen in the latter's bringing with him on his expedition a host of zoologists, botanists, and researchers.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u026az s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025az b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02cc\u026am \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250 h\u02c8o\u028ast \u028cv zu\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts, b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0250n\u02cc\u026asts, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Although his respect for Aristotle was diminished as his travels made it clear that much of Aristotle's geography was clearly wrong, when the old philosopher released his works to the public, Alexander complained \"Thou hast not done well to publish thy acroamatic doctrines; for in what shall I surpass other men if those doctrines wherein I have been trained are to be all men's common property?\"", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t \u00e6z h\u026az t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259lz m\u02cce\u026ad \u026at kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi w\u028cz kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak, \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026and \"\u00f0\u02c8a\u028a h\u02c8e\u026ast n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8\u025bl t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u02cca\u026a \u02cc\u00e6k\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u026anz; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an w\u028ct \u0283\u02cc\u00e6l a\u026a s\u025ap\u02c8\u00e6s \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u025bn \u026af \u00f0o\u028az d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u026anz w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026an a\u026a h\u0250vb\u026an t\u0279\u02c8e\u026and \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259bi \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u025bnz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei?\""}, {"text": "It is not until the age of Alexandria under the Ptolemies that advances in biology can be again found.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028almiz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u026an ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "The first medical teacher at Alexandria, Herophilus of Chalcedon, corrected Aristotle, placing intelligence in the brain, and connected the nervous system to motion and sensation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6\u027e \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259, h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02cc\u026al\u0259s \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ls\u025bd\u0259n, k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u026ant\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an, \u00e6nd k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u025bns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Herophilus also distinguished between veins and arteries, noting that the latter pulse while the former do not.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02cc\u026al\u0259s \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n v\u02c8e\u026anz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279iz, n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a p\u02c8\u028cls w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a du\u02d0n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Though a few ancient atomists such as Lucretius challenged the teleological viewpoint of Aristotelian ideas about life, teleology (and after the rise of Christianity, natural theology) would remain central to biological thought essentially until the 18th and 19th centuries.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0250\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u026asts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z lu\u02d0k\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u0259s t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7b\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l vj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0254\u026ant \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u0250b\u02cca\u028at l\u02c8a\u026af, t\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei, n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u03b8\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u0259 b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Ernst Mayr states that there was \"nothing of any real consequence in biology after Lucretius and Galen until the Renaissance.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nst m\u02c8e\u026a\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02c8\u028cz \"n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns \u026an ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a lu\u02d0k\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8e\u026al\u0259n \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns."}, {"text": "Greek Christian scribes played a crucial role in the preservation of Aristotle by copying all the extant Greek language manuscripts of the corpus.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n sk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u00e6nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s."}, {"text": "The first Greek Christians to comment extensively on Aristotle were Philoponus, Elias, and David in the sixth century, and Stephen of Alexandria in the early seventh century.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnt \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026avli \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026al\u0259p\u02cco\u028an\u0259s, \u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s, \u00e6nd d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "John Philoponus stands out for having attempted a fundamental critique of Aristotle's views on the eternity of the world, movement, and other elements of Aristotelian thought.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n f\u02c8\u026al\u0259p\u02cco\u028an\u0259s st\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u02c8a\u028at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd \u0250 f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz vj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Philoponus questioned Aristotle's teaching of physics, noting its flaws and introducing the theory of impetus to explain his observations.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026al\u0259p\u02cco\u028an\u0259s kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u028cv f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026ats fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u027e\u0259s t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an h\u026az \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "After a hiatus of several centuries, formal commentary by Eustratius and Michael of Ephesus reappeared in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, apparently sponsored by Anna Comnena.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 ha\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259s \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nt\u02cc\u025b\u0279i ba\u026a ju\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0259s \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u025bf\u025bs\u0259s \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025blf\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ntli sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025ad ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 k\u0259mn\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259."}, {"text": "Most of the still extant works of Aristotle, as well as a number of the original Greek commentaries, were translated into Arabic and studied by Muslim philosophers, scientists and scholars.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u026al \u025bkst\u02c8\u00e6nt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nt\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz, w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u028cdid ba\u026a m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az, s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts \u00e6nd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az."}, {"text": "Averroes, Avicenna and Alpharabius, who wrote on Aristotle in great depth, also influenced Thomas Aquinas and other Western Christian scholastic philosophers.", "phonemes": "\u0250v\u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028az, \u02c8\u00e6va\u026as\u0259n\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6lf\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ab\u026a\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8\u025bp\u03b8, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6kw\u026an\u0259z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n sk\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az."}, {"text": "Alkindus greatly admired Aristotle's philosophy, and Averroes spoke of Aristotle as the \"exemplar\" for all future philosophers.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lka\u026and\u0259s \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli \u0250dm\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, \u00e6nd \u0250v\u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028az sp\u02c8o\u028ak \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \"\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bmpl\u025a\" f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az."}, {"text": "The title was later used by Western philosophers (as in the famous poem of Dante) who were influenced by the tradition of Islamic philosophy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nte\u026a h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi."}, {"text": ", Aristotle was practically unknown there from  to  except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.", "phonemes": ", \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026akli \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm t\u028a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u00e6n\u0259n m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025blf\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026avd \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz h\u00e6d t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8e\u026ad, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0o\u028az ba\u026a d\u0292\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv k\u0279\u025bm\u02c8o\u028an\u0259, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0o\u028az ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv v\u02c8\u025bn\u026as \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u025ab\u02cc\u025bk."}, {"text": "After the Scholastic Thomas Aquinas wrote his Summa Theologica, working from Moerbeke's translations and calling Aristotle \"The Philosopher\", the demand for Aristotle's writings grew, and the Greek manuscripts returned to the West, stimulating a revival of Aristotelianism in Europe that continued into the Renaissance.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6kw\u026an\u0259z \u0279\u02c8o\u028at h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cm\u0259 \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8o\u028a\u025ab\u02cc\u025bks t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \"\u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a\", \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apts \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst, st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns."}, {"text": "These thinkers blended Aristotelian philosophy with Christianity, bringing the thought of Ancient Greece into the Middle Ages.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u025az bl\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei, b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "According to scholar Roger Theodore Lafferty, Dante built up the philosophy of the Comedy with the works of Aristotle as a foundation, just as the scholastics used Aristotle as the basis for their thinking.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259d\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6f\u025a\u027ei, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nte\u026a b\u02c8\u026alt \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259di w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u00e6z \u0250 fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6st\u026aks j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Dante knew Aristotle directly from Latin translations of his works and indirectly through quotations in the works of Albert Magnus.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nte\u026a n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 kwo\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lb\u025at m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0259s."}, {"text": "Dante even acknowledges Aristotle's influence explicitly in the poem, specifically when Virgil justifies the Inferno's structure by citing the Nicomachean Ethics.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nte\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026atli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm, sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli w\u025bn v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026al d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u026anf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0no\u028az st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a ba\u026a s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259m\u02cc\u00e6\u0283i\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Moses Maimonides (considered to be the foremost intellectual figure of medieval Judaism) adopted Aristotelianism from the Islamic scholars and based his Guide for the Perplexed on it and that became the basis of Jewish scholastic philosophy.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028as\u1d7bz m\u02c8e\u026am\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mo\u028ast \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0de\u026a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026ast h\u026az \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u025apl\u02c8\u025bkst \u02cc\u0254n \u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u0283 sk\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi."}, {"text": "Maimonides also considered Aristotle to be the greatest philosopher that ever lived, and styled him as the \"chief of the philosophers\".", "phonemes": "m\u02c8e\u026am\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bv\u025a l\u02c8\u026avd, \u00e6nd st\u02c8a\u026ald h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \"t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az\"."}, {"text": "Also, in his letter to Samuel ibn Tibbon, Maimonides observes that there is no need for Samuel to study the writings of philosophers who preceded Aristotle because the works of the latter are \"sufficient by themselves and", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, \u026an h\u026az l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6mju\u02d0l \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n t\u02c8\u026ab\u0259n, m\u02c8e\u026am\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u00e6mju\u02d0l t\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u028cv f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \"s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt ba\u026a \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u00e6nd"}, {"text": "His intellect, Aristotle's is the extreme limit of human intellect, apart from him upon whom the divine emanation has flowed forth to such an extent that they reach the level of prophecy, there being no level higher\".", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u02c8\u026ant\u0259l\u02cc\u025bkt, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m l\u02c8\u026am\u026at \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u026ant\u0259l\u02cc\u025bkt, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm h\u02cc\u026am \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n h\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an \u02cc\u025bm\u0250n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z fl\u02c8o\u028ad f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250n \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259si, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b n\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\"."}, {"text": "In the Early Modern period, scientists such as William Harvey in England and Galileo Galilei in Italy reacted against the theories of Aristotle and other classical era thinkers like Galen, establishing new theories based to some degree on observation and experiment.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u0261\u02cc\u00e6l\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ao\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u026al\u02cce\u026a \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u025az l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0261\u02c8e\u026al\u0259n, \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz b\u02c8e\u026ast t\u0259 s\u02cc\u028cm d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Harvey demonstrated the circulation of the blood, establishing that the heart functioned as a pump rather than being the seat of the soul and the controller of the body's heat, as Aristotle thought.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cd, \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nd \u00e6z \u0250 p\u02c8\u028cmp \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz h\u02c8i\u02d0t, \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Galileo used more doubtful arguments to displace Aristotle's physics, proposing that bodies all fall at the same speed whatever their weight.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02cc\u00e6l\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ao\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8a\u028atf\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts t\u0259 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am sp\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u028ct\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The English mathematician George Boole fully accepted Aristotle's logic, but decided \"to go under, over, and beyond\" it with his system of algebraic logic in his 1854 book The Laws of Thought.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 b\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u02c8\u028ali \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \"t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u028cnd\u025a, \u02c8o\u028av\u025a, \u00e6nd b\u1d7bj\u02c8\u0254nd\" \u026at w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6ld\u0292\u026ab\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak \u026an h\u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t."}, {"text": "This gives logic a mathematical foundation with equations, enables it to solve equations as well as check validity, and allows it to handle a wider class of problems by expanding propositions of any number of terms, not just two.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0261\u02c8\u026avz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak \u0250 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u1d7bkw\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nz, \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz \u026at t\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u1d7bkw\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk v\u00e6l\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u026at t\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259l \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz ba\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "In an 1882 letter he wrote that \"Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very different ways, but they were mere schoolboys to old Aristotle\".", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00e6n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"l\u02c8\u026ani\u02d0\u0259s \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028cvi\u025a h\u0250vb\u026an ma\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u026an v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt w\u02c8e\u026az, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 sk\u02c8u\u02d0lb\u0254\u026az t\u028a \u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "Also, in later editions of the book \"On the Origin of Species', Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, \u026an l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \"\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279w\u026an t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6k \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l; \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkst hi\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u026ats \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279i ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u025bmp\u02c8\u025bd\u0251\u02d0k\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The works of Aristotle that have survived from antiquity through medieval manuscript transmission are collected in the Corpus Aristotelicum.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apt t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cco\u028atl\u026ak\u0259m."}, {"text": "These texts, as opposed to Aristotle's lost works, are technical philosophical treatises from within Aristotle's school.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8\u025bksts, \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz l\u02c8\u0254st w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz sk\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Reference to them is made according to the organization of Immanuel Bekker's Royal Prussian Academy edition (Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica, Berlin, 1831\u20131870), which in turn is based on ancient classifications of these works.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026az m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026am\u02c8\u00e6nu\u02d0l b\u02c8\u025bk\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cco\u028atliz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u02c8\u025bd\u026ad\u02cc\u026at \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8i\u02d0mi\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0259 bo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u028cs\u026ak\u0259, b\u025c\u02d0l\u02c8\u026an, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "His writings are divisible into two groups: the \"exoteric\", intended for the public, and the \"esoteric\", for use within the Lyceum school.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps: \u00f0\u0259 \"\u025b\u0261zo\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\", \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \"\u02cc\u025bso\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\", f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 la\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259m sk\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Aristotle's \"lost\" works stray considerably in characterization from the surviving Aristotelian corpus.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \"l\u02c8\u0254st\" w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks st\u0279\u02c8e\u026a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259bli \u026an k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279a\u026az\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s."}, {"text": "Whereas the lost works appear to have been originally written with a view to subsequent publication, the surviving works mostly resemble lecture notes not intended for publication.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254st w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks m\u02c8o\u028astli \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a n\u02c8o\u028ats n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Cicero's description of Aristotle's literary style as \"a river of gold\" must have applied to the published works, not the surviving notes.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8a\u026as\u0279o\u028az d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i st\u02c8a\u026al \u00e6z \"\u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\" m\u02c8\u028cst\u0250v \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b n\u02c8o\u028ats."}, {"text": "A major question in the history of Aristotle's works is how the exoteric writings were all lost, and how the ones now possessed came to be found.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u026az h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261zo\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8\u0254st, \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnz n\u02c8a\u028a p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bst k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259bi f\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "The consensus is that Andronicus of Rhodes collected the esoteric works of Aristotle's school which existed in the form of smaller, separate works, distinguished them from those of Theophrastus and other Peripatetics, edited them, and finally compiled them into the more cohesive, larger works as they are known today.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak\u0259s \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bso\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz sk\u02c8u\u02d0l w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a, s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u0259s \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ap\u0250t\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks, \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li k\u0259mp\u02c8a\u026ald \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 ko\u028ah\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026av, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "According to Strabo and Plutarch, after Aristotle's death, his library and writings went to Theophrastus (Aristotle's successor as head of the Lycaeum and the Peripatetic school).", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bo\u028a \u00e6nd pl\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz w\u025bnt t\u0259 \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026aki\u02d0\u0259m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ap\u0250t\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak sk\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Some time later, the Kingdom of Pergamon began conscripting books for a royal library, and the heirs of Neleus hid their collection in a cellar to prevent it from being seized for that purpose.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8a\u026am l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m \u028cv p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u0259m\u0259n b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n k\u0251\u02d0nsk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u028aks f\u025a\u0279\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv n\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259s h\u02c8\u026ad \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bl\u025a t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u026at f\u0279\u028cm b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s."}, {"text": "The library was stored there for about a century and a half, in conditions that were not ideal for document preservation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i w\u028cz st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6f, \u026an k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "On the death of Attalus III, which also ended the royal library ambitions, the existence of Aristotelian library was disclosed, and it was purchased by Apellicon and returned to Athens in about .", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i w\u028cz d\u026askl\u02c8o\u028azd, \u00e6nd \u026at w\u028cz p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026ast ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026ap\u026al\u02cc\u026ak\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz \u026an \u0250b\u02c8a\u028at ."}, {"text": "Apellicon sought to recover the texts, many of which were seriously degraded at this point due to the conditions in which they were stored.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026ap\u026al\u02cc\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bksts, m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "He had them copied out into new manuscripts, and used his best guesswork to fill in the gaps where the originals were unreadable.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 h\u02cc\u00e6d\u00f0\u025bm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ad \u02c8a\u028at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apts, \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd h\u026az b\u02c8\u025bst \u0261\u02c8\u025bsw\u025c\u02d0k t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6ps w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u028cn\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "There, Andronicus of Rhodes organized the texts into the first complete edition of Aristotle's works (and works attributed to him).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak\u0259s \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bksts \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "Aristotle has been depicted by major artists including Lucas Cranach the Elder, Justus van Gent, Raphael, Paolo Veronese, Jusepe de Ribera, Rembrandt, and Francesco Hayez over the centuries.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b l\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259z k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n\u00e6k \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bld\u025a, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u0259s v\u02c8\u00e6n d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnt, \u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fa\u026a\u02c8\u025bl, p\u02c8a\u028alo\u028a v\u02cc\u025b\u0279o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0z, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025bp d\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u0259, \u0279\u1d7bmb\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u00e6nt\u0283\u02c8\u025bsko\u028a h\u02c8e\u026a\u025bz \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Among the best-known depictions is Raphael's fresco The School of Athens, in the Vatican's Apostolic Palace, where the figures of Plato and Aristotle are central to the image, at the architectural vanishing point, reflecting their importance.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bstn\u02c8o\u028an d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u026az \u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fa\u026a\u02c8\u025blz f\u0279\u02c8\u025bsko\u028a \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259nz \u0250p\u0254st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak p\u02c8\u00e6l\u026as, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az \u028cv pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Rembrandt's Aristotle with a Bust of Homer, too, is a celebrated work, showing the knowing philosopher and the blind Homer from an earlier age: as the art critic Jonathan Jones writes, \"this painting will remain one of the greatest and most mysterious in the world, ensnaring us in its musty, glowing, pitch-black, terrible knowledge of time.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bmb\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 b\u02c8\u028cst \u028cv h\u02c8o\u028am\u025a, t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k, \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8a\u026and h\u02c8o\u028am\u025a f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292: \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259\u03b8\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats, \"\u00f0\u026as p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014b w\u026al \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast m\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u025bnsn\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cs \u026an \u026ats m\u02c8\u028csti, \u0261l\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b, p\u02c8\u026at\u0283bl\u02c8\u00e6k, t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bb\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "He was the first person known to conjecture, in his book Meteorology, the existence of a landmass in the southern high-latitude region, which he called Antarctica.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 k\u0259nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a, \u026an h\u026az b\u02c8\u028ak m\u02cci\u02d0\u027e\u026ao\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u00e6s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an h\u02c8a\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00e6nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments, Trafford Publishing, .", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u00e6ndb\u028ak \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi: f\u0279\u028cm \u03b8\u02c8e\u026alz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u028a\u026aks \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nts, t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u025ad p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b, ."}, {"text": "An American in Paris is a jazz-influenced symphonic poem (or tone poem) for orchestra by American composer George Gershwin first performed in 1928.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u026az \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6z\u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst s\u026amf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8o\u028an p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259 ba\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "It was inspired by the time that Gershwin had spent in Paris and evokes the sights and energy of the French capital during the .", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an h\u00e6d sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u00e6nd \u026av\u02c8o\u028aks \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ats \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 ."}, {"text": "Gershwin scored the piece for the standard instruments of the symphony orchestra plus celesta, saxophones, and automobile horns.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0s f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amf\u0259ni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028cs s\u0259l\u02c8\u025bst\u0259, s\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259f\u02cco\u028anz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259b\u02cci\u0259l h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz."}, {"text": "He brought back four Parisian taxi horns for the New York premiere of the composition, which took place on December 13, 1928, in Carnegie Hall, with Walter Damrosch conducting the New York Philharmonic.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t b\u02c8\u00e6k f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u00e6\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u02c8\u00e6ksi h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at, \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u0259\u0261i h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254lt\u025a d\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0283 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k f\u02cc\u026alh\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak."}, {"text": "It was Damrosch who had commissioned Gershwin to write his Concerto in F following the earlier success of Rhapsody in Blue (1924).", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz d\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0283 h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at h\u026az k\u0259nt\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u027eo\u028a \u026an \u02c8\u025bf f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ps\u0259di \u026an bl\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Although the story is likely apocryphal, Gershwin is said to have been attracted by Maurice Ravel's unusual chords, and Gershwin went on his first trip to Paris in 1926 ready to study with Ravel.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akli \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u026af\u0259l, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an \u026az s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259lz \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an w\u025bnt \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u0279\u02c8\u026ap t\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi t\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l."}, {"text": "After his initial student audition with Ravel turned into a sharing of musical theories, Ravel said he could not teach him, saying, \"Why be a second-rate Ravel when you can be a first-rate Gershwin?", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bd hi\u02d0 k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 h\u02cc\u026am, s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b, \"w\u02cca\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l w\u025bn ju\u02d0 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an?"}, {"text": "To this end, upon his return to New York, Gershwin joined the efforts of Ravel's friend Robert Schmitz, a pianist Ravel had met during the war, to urge Ravel to tour the U.S. Schmitz was the head of Pro Musica, promoting Franco-American musical relations, and was able to offer Ravel a $10,000 fee for the tour, an enticement Gershwin knew would be important to Ravel.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u025bnd, \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259lz f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u0283m\u02c8\u026ats, \u0250 p\u02c8i\u0259n\u026ast \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l h\u00e6d m\u02c8\u025bt d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l t\u0259 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u0283m\u02c8\u026ats w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259, p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bko\u028a\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u028a \u02c8\u0254f\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a t\u02c8\u025bn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279, \u0250n \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026asm\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l."}, {"text": "Gershwin greeted Ravel in New York in March 1928 during a party held for Ravel's birthday by \u00c9va Gauthier.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei h\u02c8\u025bld f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259lz b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8de\u026a ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026av\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8i\u025a."}, {"text": "Ravel's tour reignited Gershwin's desire to return to Paris, which he and his brother Ira did after meeting Ravel.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259lz t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u0261n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026anz d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u00e6nd h\u026az b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l."}, {"text": "Ravel's high praise of Gershwin in an introductory letter to Nadia Boulanger caused Gershwin to seriously consider taking much more time to study abroad in Paris.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259lz h\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an \u026an \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u025a\u0279i l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dj\u0259 b\u02c8u\u02d0l\u00e6nd\u0292\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u0250b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as."}, {"text": "Boulanger gave Gershwin basically the same advice she gave all her accomplished master students: \"What could I give you that you haven't already got?\"", "phonemes": "b\u02c8u\u02d0l\u00e6nd\u0292\u025a \u0261\u02c8e\u026av d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an b\u02c8e\u026as\u026akli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026as \u0283i\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283t m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts: \"w\u02cc\u028ct k\u028ad a\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u026av ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t ju\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t?\""}, {"text": "This did not set Gershwin back, as his real intent abroad was to complete a new work based on Paris and perhaps a second rhapsody for piano and orchestra to follow his Rhapsody in Blue.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u025bt d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an b\u02c8\u00e6k, \u00e6z h\u026az \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d w\u028cz t\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u00e6nd p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ps\u0259di f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 pi\u02c8\u00e6no\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259 t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u026az \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ps\u0259di \u026an bl\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Paris at this time hosted many expatriate writers, among them Ezra Pound, W. B. Yeats, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and artist Pablo Picasso.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u00e6t \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am h\u02c8o\u028ast\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025bni \u025bksp\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02c8\u025bz\u0279\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028and, d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0. b\u02c8i\u02d0. j\u02c8i\u02d0ts, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026ast h\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014bw\u02cce\u026a, \u02c8\u025bf. sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t f\u026atsd\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259ld \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0blo\u028a p\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6so\u028a."}, {"text": "Gershwin based An American in Paris on a melodic fragment called \"Very Parisienne\", written in 1926 on his first visit to Paris as a gift to his hosts, Robert and Mabel Schirmer.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 m\u025bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u02cci\u0259n\", \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st v\u02c8\u026az\u026at t\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u00e6z \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026aft t\u0259 h\u026az h\u02c8o\u028asts, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l sk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u025a."}, {"text": "Gershwin called it \"a rhapsodic ballet\"; it is written freely and in a much more modern idiom than his prior works.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u026at \"\u0250 \u0279\u00e6ps\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak b\u00e6l\u02c8e\u026a\"; \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0li \u00e6nd \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u026ad\u026a\u0259m \u00f0\u0250n h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "Gershwin explained in Musical America, \"My purpose here is to portray the impressions of an American visitor in Paris as he strolls about the city, listens to the various street noises, and absorbs the French atmosphere.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026and \u026an mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \"ma\u026a p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026az t\u0259 po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz \u0259v\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u00e6z hi\u02d0 st\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei, l\u02c8\u026as\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t n\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bz \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Gershwin's first A episode introduces the two main \"walking\" themes in the \"Allegretto grazioso\" and develops a third theme in the \"Subito con brio\".", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026anz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250 \u02c8\u025bp\u026as\u02cco\u028ad \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026an \"w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b\" \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \"\u0250l\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027eo\u028a \u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026az\u026a\u02c8o\u028aso\u028a\" \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259ps \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \"s\u028cb\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028a\"."}, {"text": "The style of this A section is written in the typical French style of composers Claude Debussy and Les Six.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8a\u026al \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 st\u02c8a\u026al \u028cv k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u025az kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d d\u02c8\u025bb\u028csi \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "This A section featured duple meter, singsong rhythms, and diatonic melodies with the sounds of oboe, English horn, and taxi horns.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025ad d\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a, s\u02c8\u026a\u014bs\u0254\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u00f0\u0259mz, \u00e6nd d\u02cca\u026a\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak m\u02c8\u025bl\u0259diz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028andz \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bo\u028a, \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6ksi h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz."}, {"text": "The B section's \"Andante ma con ritmo deciso\" introduces the American Blues and spasms of homesickness.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \"\u00e6nd\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nte\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u026atmo\u028a d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026azo\u028a\" \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n bl\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u00e6z\u0259mz \u028cv h\u02c8o\u028ams\u026akn\u0259s."}, {"text": "In the B section, Gershwin uses common time, syncopated rhythms, and bluesy melodies with the sounds of trumpet, saxophone, and snare drum.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026am, s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259p\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u00f0\u0259mz, \u00e6nd bl\u02c8u\u02d0si m\u02c8\u025bl\u0259diz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028andz \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u028cmp\u026at, s\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259f\u02cco\u028an, \u00e6nd sn\u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8\u028cm."}, {"text": "\"Moderato con grazia\" is the last A section that returns to the themes set in A. After recapitulating the \"walking\" themes, Gershwin overlays the slow blues theme from section B in the final \"Grandioso\".", "phonemes": "\"m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026azi\u0259\" \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz s\u02c8\u025bt \u026an \u02c8e\u026a. \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u1d7bk\u0250p\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \"w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b\" \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8e\u026az \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8o\u028a bl\u02c8u\u02d0z \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \"\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u026a\u02c8o\u028aso\u028a\"."}, {"text": "Gershwin did not particularly like Walter Damrosch's interpretation at the world premiere of An American in Paris.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali l\u02c8a\u026ak w\u02c8\u0254lt\u025a d\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026az \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as."}, {"text": "He stated that Damrosch's sluggish, dragging tempo caused him to walk out of the hall during a matinee performance of this work.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026az sl\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u026a\u0283, d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bmpo\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0259n\u02cce\u026a p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u028cv \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "The audience, according to Edward Cushing, responded with \"a demonstration of enthusiasm impressively genuine in contrast to the conventional applause which new music, good and bad, ordinarily arouses.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad k\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \"\u0250 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u025bn\u03b8\u02c8u\u02d0zi\u02cc\u00e6z\u0259m \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026avli d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnju\u02d0\u026an \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250pl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 n\u02c8u\u02d0 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6d, \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Critics believed that An American in Paris was better crafted than Gershwin's Concerto in F. Some did not think it belonged in a program with classical composers C\u00e9sar Franck, Richard Wagner, or Guillaume Lekeu on its premiere.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as w\u028cz b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0250n d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026anz k\u0259nt\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u027eo\u028a \u026an \u02c8\u025bf. s\u02cc\u028cm d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u026at b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bd \u026an \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m w\u026a\u00f0 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u025az s\u02c8e\u026as\u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk, \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad w\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261i\u02d0j\u02c8o\u028am l\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "An American in Paris was originally scored for 3 flutes (3rd doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B-flat, bass clarinet in B-flat, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in B-flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, triangle, wood block, ratchet, cymbals, low and high tom-toms, xylophone, glockenspiel, celesta, 4 taxi horns labeled as A, B, C, and D with circles around them, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone (all doubling soprano and alto saxophones), and strings.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 fl\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d d\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cco\u028a, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028abo\u028az, \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 kl\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u025bts \u026an b\u02c8i\u02d0fl\u02c8\u00e6t, b\u02c8e\u026as kl\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u025bt \u026an b\u02c8i\u02d0fl\u02c8\u00e6t, t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u00e6s\u02c8u\u02d0nz, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz \u026an \u02c8\u025bf, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8\u028cmp\u026ats \u026an b\u02c8i\u02d0fl\u02c8\u00e6t, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u0251\u02d0mb\u02c8o\u028anz, t\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259, t\u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni, sn\u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8\u028cm, b\u02c8e\u026as d\u0279\u02c8\u028cm, t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l, w\u02c8\u028ad bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u026at, s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz, l\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mz, z\u02c8a\u026al\u0259f\u02cco\u028an, \u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259nsp\u02cci\u02d0l, s\u0259l\u02c8\u025bst\u0259, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6ksi h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a, b\u02c8i\u02d0, s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd d\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259lz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u02c8\u00e6lto\u028a s\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259f\u02cco\u028an, t\u02c8\u025bn\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259f\u02cco\u028an, b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u028an s\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259f\u02cco\u028an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u014b s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6lto\u028a s\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259f\u02cco\u028anz, \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Although most modern audiences have heard the taxi horns using the notes A, B, C, and D, it had been Gershwin's intention to use the notes A4, B4, D5, and A3.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8o\u028ast m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns\u1d7bz h\u00e6v h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6ksi h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028ats \u02c8e\u026a, b\u02c8i\u02d0, s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd d\u02c8i\u02d0, \u026at h\u0250db\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026anz \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028ats \u02cce\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, b\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, d\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00e6nd \u02cce\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "It is likely that in labeling the taxi horns as A, B, C, and D with circles, he was referring to the four horns, and not the notes that they played.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akli \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6ksi h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a, b\u02c8i\u02d0, s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd d\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259lz, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz, \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a pl\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "A major revision of the work by composer and arranger F. Campbell-Watson simplified the instrumentation by reducing the saxophones to only three instruments: alto, tenor and baritone; the soprano and alto saxophone doublings were eliminated to avoid changing instruments.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k ba\u026a k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u025a \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bf. k\u02c8\u00e6mb\u0259lw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ampl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259f\u02cco\u028anz t\u028a \u02c8o\u028anli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nts: \u02c8\u00e6lto\u028a, t\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u028an; \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6lto\u028a s\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259f\u02cco\u028an d\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u014bz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nts."}, {"text": "This became the standard performing edition until 2000, when Gershwin specialist Jack Gibbons made his own restoration of the original orchestration of An American in Paris, working directly from Gershwin's original manuscript, including the restoration of Gershwin's soprano saxophone parts removed in Campbell-Watson's revision.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, w\u02cc\u025bn d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6k \u0261\u02c8\u026ab\u0259nz m\u02cce\u026ad h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an \u0279\u02cc\u025bst\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli f\u0279\u028cm d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026anz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apt, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bst\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026anz s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028a s\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259f\u02cco\u028an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6mb\u0259lw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Gibbons' restored orchestration of An American in Paris was performed at London's Queen Elizabeth Hall on July 9, 2000, by the City of Oxford Orchestra conducted by Levon Parikian.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u026ab\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as w\u028cz p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00e6t l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nz kw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026az\u0259b\u0259\u03b8 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd ba\u026a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0251\u02d0n p\u00e6\u0279\u02c8\u026aki\u0259n."}, {"text": "On September 22, 2013, it was announced that a musicological critical edition of the full orchestral score would be eventually released.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u026at w\u028cz \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 mj\u02ccu\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259l sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "The Gershwin family, working in conjunction with the Library of Congress and the University of Michigan, were working to make scores available to the public that represent Gershwin's true intent.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u026an k\u0259nd\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u0261\u0259n, w\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026anz t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "It was unknown whether the critical score would include the four minutes of material Gershwin later deleted from the work (such as the restatement of the blues theme after the faster 12 bar blues section), or if the score would document changes in the orchestration during Gershwin's composition process.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u028ad \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u028cv m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bst\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8u\u02d0z \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a tw\u02c8\u025blv b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 bl\u02c8u\u02d0z s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026af \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u028ad d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026anz k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs."}, {"text": "The score to An American in Paris was scheduled to be issued first in a series of scores to be released.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as w\u028cz sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0ld t\u0259bi \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z t\u0259bi \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "The entire project was expected to take 30 to 40 years to complete, but An American in Paris was planned to be an early volume in the series.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt w\u028cz \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as w\u028cz pl\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0259bi \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "On September 9, 2017, The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra gave the world premiere of the long-awaited critical edition of the piece prepared by Mark Clague, director of the Gershwin initiative at the University of Michigan.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026ans\u026an\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei s\u02c8\u026amf\u0259ni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0250w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0s p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k kl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283i\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u0261\u0259n."}, {"text": "The first recording was made for the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1929 with Nathaniel Shilkret conducting the Victor Symphony Orchestra, drawn from members of the Philadelphia Orchestra.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b w\u028cz m\u02cce\u026ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 n\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u026alk\u0279\u026at k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u026amf\u0259ni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259, d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u0250d\u02c8\u025blfi\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Gershwin was on hand to \"supervise\" the recording; however, Shilkret was reported to be in charge and eventually asked the composer to leave the recording studio.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an w\u028cz \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8\u00e6nd tu\u02d0 \"s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025av\u02cca\u026az\" \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0283\u02c8\u026alk\u0279\u026at w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6skt \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u025a t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a."}, {"text": "Then, a little later, Shilkret discovered there was no one to play the brief celesta solo during the slow section, so he hastily asked Gershwin if he might play the solo; Gershwin said he could and so he briefly participated in the actual recording.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025bn, \u0250 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u0283\u02c8\u026alk\u0279\u026at d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028aw\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f s\u0259l\u02c8\u025bst\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028alo\u028a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, s\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 h\u02c8e\u026astili \u02c8\u00e6skt d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an \u026af hi\u02d0 m\u02cca\u026at pl\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028alo\u028a; d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an s\u02c8\u025bd hi\u02d0 k\u028ad \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fli p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "This recording is believed to use the taxi horns in the way that Gershwin had intended using the notes A-flat, B-flat, a higher D, and a lower A.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u026az b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6ksi h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an h\u00e6d \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028ats \u02c8e\u026afl\u02c8\u00e6t, b\u02c8i\u02d0fl\u02c8\u00e6t, \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a d\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The radio broadcast of the September 8, 1937, Hollywood Bowl George Gershwin Memorial Concert, in which An American in Paris, also conducted by Shilkret, was second on the program, was recorded and was released in 1998 in a two-CD set.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad b\u02c8o\u028al d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025at, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0283\u02c8\u026alk\u0279\u026at, w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m, w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at \u026an \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bt."}, {"text": "Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra recorded the work for RCA Victor, including one of the first stereo recordings of the music.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0dl\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254st\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u025a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak."}, {"text": "In 1945, Arturo Toscanini conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra recorded the piece for RCA Victor, one of the few commercial recordings Toscanini made of music by an American composer.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cco\u028a t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0sk\u0250n\u02c8i\u02d0ni k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026amf\u0259ni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u025a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bz t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0sk\u0250n\u02c8i\u02d0ni m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak ba\u026a \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u025a."}, {"text": "The Seattle Symphony also recorded a version in 1990 of Gershwin's original score, before numerous edits were made resulting in the score as we hear it today.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 si\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u026amf\u0259ni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u0250 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026anz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u025bd\u026ats w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z wi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026at t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The blues section of An American in Paris has been recorded separately by a number of artists; Ralph Flanagan & His Orchestra released it as a single in 1951 which reached No. 15 on the Billboard chart.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8u\u02d0z s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259tli ba\u026a \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts; \u0279\u02c8\u00e6lf fl\u02c8\u00e6n\u00e6\u0261\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026a\u027e \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t n\u02c8o\u028a. f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026albo\u02d0\u0279d t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Harry James released a version of the blues section on his 1953 album One Night Stand, recorded live at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago (Columbia GL 522 and CL 522).", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u0250 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8u\u02d0z s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6lb\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8a\u026at st\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd l\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6\u0261\u0259n b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0279u\u02d0m \u026an \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "In 1951, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the musical film An American in Paris, featuring Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron and directed by Vincente Minnelli.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn, m\u02c8\u025bt\u0279o\u028a\u0261\u02c8o\u028aldw\u026anm\u02c8e\u026a\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u026alm \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n k\u02c8\u025bli \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bsli k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a v\u02c8\u026ans\u025bnt m\u026an\u02c8\u025bli."}, {"text": "Winning the 1951 Best Picture Oscar and numerous other awards, the film featured many tunes of Gershwin and concluded with an extensive, elaborate dance sequence built around the symphonic poem An American in Paris (arranged for the film by Johnny Green), which cost $500,000.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025ad m\u02c8\u025bni t\u02c8u\u02d0nz \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283w\u026an \u00e6nd k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at d\u02c8\u00e6ns s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns b\u02c8\u026alt \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 s\u026amf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0254st d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "Scores, marked by Leonard Bernstein, Andre Kostelanetz, Erich Leinsdorf; New York Philharmonic archives", "phonemes": "sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt ba\u026a l\u02c8\u025bn\u025ad b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nsta\u026an, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u026al\u02cc\u00e6n\u025bts, \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8e\u026ansdo\u02d0\u0279f; n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k f\u02cc\u026alh\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ka\u026avz"}, {"text": "The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026am w\u028cz b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d t\u028a \u026ats k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt n\u02c8e\u026am \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "This change resulted from the Art Directors' branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) being renamed the Designers' branch.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an\u025az b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283."}, {"text": "The films below are listed with their production year (for example, the 2000 Academy Award for Best Art Direction is given to a film from 1999).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u028a \u0250 f\u02c8\u026alm f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees in alphabetical order.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026asts b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026az \u0283\u02c8o\u028an f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z \u026an \u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "The Academy Awards, mainly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit for the film industry.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, m\u02c8e\u026anli n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i."}, {"text": "They are presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences located in Beverly Hills, California, United States, in recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy's voting membership.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an b\u02c8\u025bv\u025ali h\u02c8\u026alz, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u026an \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u025bks\u0259l\u0259ns \u026an s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u00e6z \u0250s\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259miz v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "The Academy Awards are regarded by many as the most prestigious, significant awards in the entertainment industry in the United States and worldwide.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025bni \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u025bst\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s, s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnt\u025at\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad."}, {"text": "The major award categories are presented during a live televised Hollywood ceremony that is typically held in February or March.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cca\u026azd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli h\u02c8\u025bld \u026an f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283."}, {"text": "The 1st Academy Awards were held in 1929, the second ceremony in 1930 was the first one broadcast by radio, and the 1953 ceremony was the first one televised.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz w\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bld \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cca\u026azd."}, {"text": "It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards; its equivalents \u2013 the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music \u2013 are modeled after the Academy Awards.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u025bnt\u025at\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz; \u026ats \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nts \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028ani \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259ld \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "The first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz h\u02c8\u025bld \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6\u027e\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t d\u02c8\u026an\u025a f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259v\u02cc\u025blt ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927\u201328 period.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bts w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almm\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "For the second ceremony in 1930, and the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00\u00a0pm on the night of the awards.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u02c8\u025bke\u026ad, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6\u027e \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "In 1940, the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began; as a result, the following year the Academy started using a sealed envelope to reveal the names of the winners.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as t\u02c8a\u026amz \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an\u025az b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n; \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u0259l\u02cco\u028ap t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an\u025az."}, {"text": "The term \"Oscar\" is a registered trademark of the AMPAS; however, in the Italian language, it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony, regardless of which field.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a\" \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u025ad t\u0279\u02c8e\u026adm\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259z; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u026a\u027e \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd d\u0292\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026akli t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u028a \u02cc\u025bni \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dl\u0259s \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd w\u028cz \u02c8\u025bm\u026al d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014bz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l fl\u02c8\u025b\u0283."}, {"text": "He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier; this made him the first Academy Award winner in history.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 h\u00e6dt\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av h\u02cc\u026am \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a; \u00f0\u026as m\u02cce\u026ad h\u02cc\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d w\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "At that time, winners were recognized for the entirety of their work done in a certain category during the qualifying period; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period, and Janet Gaynor later won a single Oscar for performances in three films.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am, w\u02c8\u026an\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k d\u02c8\u028cn \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014bz \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at \u0261\u02c8e\u026an\u025a l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026almz."}, {"text": "With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025ad f\u025a\u0279\u0259 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "At the 29th ceremony, held in 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category, now known as Best International Feature Film, was introduced.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, h\u02c8\u025bld \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u026alm k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i, n\u02c8a\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z b\u02c8\u025bst \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm, w\u028cz \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st."}, {"text": "Perhaps the most widely seen streaker in history was 34-year-old Robert Opel, who streaked across the stage of The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles flashing a peace sign on national US television at the 46th Academy Awards in 1974.", "phonemes": "p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adli s\u02c8i\u02d0n st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i w\u028cz \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279j\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259l, h\u02ccu\u02d0 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kt \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259\u03b8i t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u025a p\u0250v\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8i\u02d0s s\u02c8a\u026an \u02cc\u0254n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Bemused host David Niven quipped, \"Isn't it fascinating to think that probably the only laugh that man will ever get in his life is by stripping off and showing his shortcomings?\"", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bmj\u02c8u\u02d0zd h\u02c8o\u028ast d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026av\u0259n kw\u02c8\u026apt, \"\u02cc\u026az\u0259nt \u026at f\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli l\u02c8\u00e6f \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u00e6n w\u026al \u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0261\u025bt \u026an h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af \u026az ba\u026a st\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254f \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tk\u028cm\u026a\u014bz?\""}, {"text": "Later, evidence arose suggesting that Opel's appearance was facilitated as a publicity stunt by the show's producer Jack Haley Jr.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u028az s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259lz \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns w\u028cz f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 p\u028cbl\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei st\u02c8\u028cnt ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6k h\u02c8e\u026ali d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Robert Metzler, the show's business manager, believed that the incident had been planned in some way; during the dress rehearsal Niven had asked Metzler's wife to borrow a pen so he could write down the famous line, which was thus not the ad-lib it appeared to be.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at m\u02c8\u025btsl\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028az b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u025a, b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259nt h\u0250db\u026an pl\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8e\u026a; d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u1d7bh\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026av\u0259n h\u00e6d \u02c8\u00e6skt m\u02c8\u025btsl\u025az w\u02c8a\u026af t\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028a \u0250 p\u02c8\u025bn s\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 k\u028ad \u0279\u02c8a\u026at d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s l\u02c8a\u026an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6dl\u02c8\u026ab \u026a\u027e \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d t\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "From 1973 to 2020 and since 2022, all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259niz h\u00e6v \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Traditionally, the previous year's winner for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, while the previous year's winner for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress presents the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u02c8\u026an\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bst s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bst s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u02c8\u026an\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bst s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nts \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bst s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a."}, {"text": "On February 9, 2020, Parasite became the first foreign-language film to win Best Picture at the award ceremony of 92nd Academy Awards.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02cca\u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nl\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u026alm t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "Tom Hanks announced, at the 2020 Oscar Ceremony, the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures on December 14, 2020.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst, \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti."}, {"text": "The industry-curated exhibits are geared toward the history of motion pictures and the art & science of film making, exhibiting trailblazing directors, actors, film-makers, sound editors and more, and the museum houses famous artifacts from acclaimed movies such as Dorothy's Ruby Red Slippers from The Wizard of Oz.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279ikj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u026a\u0279d t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u028cv f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b, \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8e\u026alble\u026az\u026a\u014b d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az, \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az, f\u02c8\u026almm\u02c8e\u026ak\u025az, s\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m h\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02cc\u00e6kts f\u0279\u028cm \u0250kl\u02c8e\u026amd m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259\u03b8iz \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0bi \u0279\u02c8\u025bd sl\u02c8\u026ap\u025az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026az\u025ad \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The 93rd Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2020 and early 2021, was held on April 25, 2021, after it was postponed from its original February 28, 2021, schedule due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst f\u02c8\u026almz \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u028cz h\u02c8\u025bld \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026at w\u028cz po\u028astp\u02c8o\u028and f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0l d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n p\u00e6nd\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259."}, {"text": "It took place at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California for the 19th consecutive year, along with satellite location taking place at the Union Station also in Los Angeles.", "phonemes": "\u026at t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u028albi \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026at lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as."}, {"text": "Because of the virus impact on films and TV industries, Academy president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson announced that for the 2021 Oscar Ceremony, streaming movies with a previously planned theatrical release were eligible.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u026almz \u00e6nd t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz, \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0b\u026an \u00e6nd s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n h\u02c8\u028cds\u0259n \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u00e6t f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026a\u014b m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli pl\u02c8\u00e6nd \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "Made of gold-plated bronze on a black metal base, it is 13.5\u00a0in (34.3\u00a0cm) tall, weighs 8.5\u00a0lb (3.856\u00a0kg), and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes.", "phonemes": "m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv \u0261\u02c8o\u028aldpl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 bl\u02c8\u00e6k m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026as, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n.f\u02c8a\u026av \u026an \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, w\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8e\u026at.f\u02c8a\u026av \u02cc\u025blb\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akts \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025ad \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t d\u02c8\u025bko\u028a st\u02c8a\u026al h\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0l \u028cv f\u02c8\u026alm w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8a\u026av sp\u02c8o\u028aks."}, {"text": "The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av sp\u02c8o\u028aks \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi: \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az, \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Sculptor George Stanley (who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl) sculpted Cedric Gibbons' design.", "phonemes": "sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 st\u02c8\u00e6nli h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u02c8\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z f\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad b\u02c8o\u028al sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025bd\u0279\u026ak \u0261\u02c8\u026ab\u0259nz d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Within a few years, the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal, a pewter-like alloy which is then plated in copper, nickel silver, and finally, 24-karat gold.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz w\u028cz \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd \u026an f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, \u0250 pj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025al\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6l\u0254\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn pl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a, n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li, tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald."}, {"text": "Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold-plated metal ones.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u026anv\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026api\u0259nts t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8i\u02d0m \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8o\u028aldpl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l w\u02cc\u028cnz."}, {"text": "The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award statuettes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a m\u02c8o\u028ald w\u028cz k\u02c8\u00e6st \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0.d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0. \u0283\u02c8\u028cmwe\u026a \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cnz f\u02c8a\u028and\u0279i \u026an b\u00e6t\u02c8e\u026avi\u0259, \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028aldz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026ans l\u0259mb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279di t\u0279\u02c8o\u028afi \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bmi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "From 1983 to 2015, approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az \u026an \u0250 t\u02c8\u026an \u02c8\u00e6l\u0254\u026a w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald pl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a ba\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u026a m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8o\u028a\u026anz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni."}, {"text": "In 2016, the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to Walden, New York\u2013based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry, now owned and operated by UAP Urban Art Projects.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bts, h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eiz t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254ld\u0259n, n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k b\u02c8e\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ax t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026aks f\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8a\u028and\u0279i, n\u02c8a\u028a \u02c8o\u028and \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cce\u026ap\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkts."}, {"text": "While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l sk\u02c8\u00e6n \u0259v\u0259n \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bts \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u00e6k p\u02c8\u025bd\u026ast\u0259l."}, {"text": "Cast in liquid bronze from 3D-printed ceramic molds and polished, they are then electroplated in 24-karat gold by Brooklyn, New York\u2013based Epner Technology.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6st \u026an l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz f\u0279\u028cm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd s\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak m\u02c8o\u028aldz \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0283t, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028apl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald ba\u026a b\u0279\u02c8\u028akl\u026an, n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02c8\u025bpn\u025a t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy and service existing Oscars that need replating.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8o\u028a\u026anz \u026az \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The origin of the nickname of the trophy has been disputed as multiple people have taken credit for naming the trophy \"Oscar\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u026akne\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028afi h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u00e6v t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028afi \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a\"."}, {"text": "Bette Davis, in her 1962 autobiography, claimed she named it in 1936 after her first husband, Harmon Oscar Nelson, of whom the statue's rear end reminded her.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025bt d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as, \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028aba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, kl\u02c8e\u026amd \u0283i\u02d0 n\u02c8e\u026amd \u026a\u027e \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a n\u02c8\u025bls\u0259n, \u028cv h\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bnd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8a\u026and\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "But the term had been in use at least two years before, and in a 1974 biography written by Whitney Stine with commentary from Davis, Davis wrote \"I relinquish once and for all any claim that I was the one \u2014 so, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the honor is all yours.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m h\u0250db\u026an \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd \u026an \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a w\u02c8\u026atni st\u02c8a\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nt\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u0279\u028cm d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as, d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \"a\u026a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026a\u014bkw\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cns \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u025bni kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t a\u026a w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 w\u02cc\u028cn \u2014 s\u02c8o\u028a, \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l j\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z."}, {"text": "Margaret Herrick, librarian and president of the Academy, may have said she named it after her supposed uncle Oscar in 1921.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0279\u0259t h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak, la\u026ab\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi, m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v s\u02c8\u025bd \u0283i\u02d0 n\u02c8e\u026amd \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u025c\u02d0 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The only corroboration was a 1938 clipping from the Los Angeles Examiner, in which Herrick told a story of her and her husband joking with each other using the phrase, \"How's your uncle Oscar\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli k\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz\u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at kl\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u025a, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak t\u02c8o\u028ald \u0250 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 \u00e6nd h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd d\u0292\u02c8o\u028ak\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az, \"h\u02cca\u028az j\u028a\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a\"."}, {"text": "Columnist Sidney Skolsky wrote in his 1970 memoir that he came up with the term in 1934 under pressure for a deadline, mocking Vaudeville comedians who asked \"Will you have a cigar, Oscar?\"", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259mn\u02cc\u026ast s\u02c8\u026adni sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lski \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u026an h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti m\u02c8\u025bmw\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026am \u02cc\u028cp w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a f\u025a\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bdla\u026an, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dv\u026al k\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259nz h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6skt \"w\u026al ju\u02d0 h\u00e6v \u0250 s\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a?\""}, {"text": "The Academy credits Skolsky with \"the first confirmed newspaper reference\" to Oscar in his column on March 16, 1934, which was written about that year's 6th Academy Awards.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026ats sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lski w\u026a\u00f0 \"\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\" t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cm \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "But in the newspaper clipping that Skolsky referred to, he wrote that \"these statues are called 'Oscars'\", meaning that the name was already in use.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025a kl\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lski \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d tu\u02d0, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u00f0i\u02d0z st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az\", m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am w\u028cz \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "Bruce Davis, a former executive director of the Academy, credits Eleanore Lilleberg, a secretary at the Academy when the award was first introduced, for the nickname, as she had been in charge of pre-ceremony handling of the awards.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as, \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi, k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026ats \u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0no\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026al\u026ab\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261, \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi w\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u026akne\u026am, \u00e6z \u0283i\u02d0 h\u0250db\u026an \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni h\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "Davis credits Lilleberg because he found in an autobiography of Einar Lilleberg, Eleanore's brother, that Einar had referenced a Norwegian army veteran named Oscar that the two knew in Chicago, whom Einar described as having always \"stood straight and tall.\"", "phonemes": "d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026ats l\u02c8\u026al\u026ab\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz hi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u0250n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028aba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u028cv \u02c8a\u026an\u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026al\u026ab\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261, \u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0no\u02d0\u0279z b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8a\u026an\u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u00e6d \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259nst \u0250 no\u02d0\u0279w\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi v\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a, h\u02c8u\u02d0m \u02c8a\u026an\u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \"st\u02c8\u028ad st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l.\""}, {"text": "To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a w\u02c8\u026an\u025az f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0250h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bts p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni h\u00e6v bl\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk b\u02c8e\u026asple\u026ats."}, {"text": "Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars.", "phonemes": "\u028cnt\u02c8\u026al t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, w\u02c8\u026an\u025az \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bts t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u00e6nd h\u00e6dt\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az."}, {"text": "Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor's Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, w\u02c8\u026an\u025az h\u00e6v h\u00e6d \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u025b\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026avd n\u02c8e\u026ample\u026ats \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bts \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259np\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei h\u02c8\u025bld \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni."}, {"text": "The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the name of every potential winner.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8o\u028a\u026anz k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni h\u0250z \u025b\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026avd n\u02c8e\u026ample\u026ats m\u02cce\u026ad b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l w\u02c8\u026an\u025a."}, {"text": "Since then the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that the statuette be first offered for sale back to the Academy for US$1.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bts h\u0250vb\u026an l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259li \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmb\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bt bi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8e\u026al b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Academy Awards predating this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt h\u0250vb\u026an s\u02c8o\u028ald \u026an p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t d\u02c8i\u02d0lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026aksf\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a s\u02c8\u028cmz."}, {"text": "In 1989, Michael Todd's grandson tried to sell Todd's Best Picture Oscar for his 1956 production of Around the World in 80 Days to a movie prop collector.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nds\u028cn t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei d\u02c8e\u026az t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a."}, {"text": "The Academy earned enforcement of its statuette contract by gaining a permanent injunction against the sale.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u025bnf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sm\u0259nt \u028cv \u026ats st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kt ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026al."}, {"text": "In 1992, Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to auction to raise money for his wife's medical expenses.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0, h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ld \u0279\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8a\u026and h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a l\u02c8a\u026avz t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az m\u02c8\u028cni f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026afz m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Though his decision caused controversy, the first Oscar ever to be sold passed to a private collector on August 6, 1992 for $60,500 ($ today).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02cco\u028a h\u026az d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02cc\u025c\u02d0si, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u025a t\u0259bi s\u02c8o\u028ald p\u02c8\u00e6st t\u028a \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st s\u02c8\u026aks, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u026aksti,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "In December 2011, Orson Welles' 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane (Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay) was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u0259n w\u02c8\u025blz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259n k\u02c8e\u026an \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a w\u028cz p\u02cc\u028at \u02cc\u028cp f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az \u02c8\u025b\u0279z w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u025blz d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8a\u026an \u02cc\u025bni \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its treasury.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm b\u02c8a\u026a\u025az h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bts t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8i\u02d0ps \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026an \u026ats t\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "In addition to the Academy Award of Merit (Oscar award), there are nine honorary (non-competitive) awards presented by the Academy from time to time (except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student Academy Awards, which are presented annually):", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li:"}, {"text": "The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of over 7,000 .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259z, \u0250 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv \u02cco\u028av\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a ."}, {"text": "Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u026az d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an \u026an f\u02c8\u026alm p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy's composition.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k, n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259miz k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (and its predecessor Price Waterhouse) since the 7th Academy Awards in 1935.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8o\u028ats h\u0250vb\u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m p\u0279\u02c8a\u026asw\u0259\u027e\u025ah\u02cca\u028as k\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025az \u00e6nd \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bs\u02cc\u025bs\u025a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ah\u02cca\u028as s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "The firm mails the ballots of eligible nominees to members of the Academy in December to reflect the previous eligible year with a due date sometime in January of the next year, then tabulates the votes in a process that takes thousands of hours.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m m\u02c8e\u026alz \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ts \u028cv \u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s \u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026am \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8\u00e6bj\u028al\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8o\u028ats \u026an \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8e\u026aks \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv \u02c8a\u028a\u025az."}, {"text": "All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259z m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u026anv\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az, \u02cc\u0254n b\u1d7bh\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u02cc\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u0250 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a m\u02c8e\u026a s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026at \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026am b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026akli d\u026askl\u02c8o\u028az \u026ats m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli \u00e6z t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz h\u00e6v \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u0250vb\u026an \u026anv\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an."}, {"text": "In 2012, the results of a study conducted by the Los Angeles Times were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88% of AMPAS' voting membership.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u0259v\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as t\u02c8a\u026amz w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8e\u026akda\u028an \u028cv \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259z v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94% were Caucasian, 77% were male, and 54% were found to be over the age of 60.", "phonemes": "\u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md, n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0254\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026al, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259bi \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aksti."}, {"text": "In May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting would be implemented in 2013.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi s\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u026ats s\u02c8\u026aks,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cco\u028a v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nla\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify (except for the Best International Feature Film, Best Documentary Feature, and awards in short film categories).", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u0250 f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8\u028cst \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s k\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u025a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u026adna\u026at \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 m\u02c8\u026adna\u026at \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as k\u02c8a\u028anti, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av d\u02c8e\u026az, t\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm, b\u02c8\u025bst d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026an \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u026alm k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Additionally, the film must be shown at least three times on each day of its qualifying run, with at least one of the daily showings starting between 6\u00a0pm and 10\u00a0pm local time.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 d\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u026ats kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u028cn, w\u026a\u00f0 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026ali \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014bz st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02c8\u026aks p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "For example, the 2009 Best Picture winner, The Hurt Locker, was originally first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2008 awards, as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2009 awards.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a w\u02c8\u026an\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u025a, w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, \u00e6z \u026at d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t pl\u02c8e\u026a \u026ats \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025akw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al m\u02c8\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "Foreign films must include English subtitles, and each country can submit only one film for consideration in the International Feature Film category per year.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n f\u02c8\u026almz m\u02c8\u028cst \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u028cbta\u026a\u027e\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i k\u00e6n s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026at \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8\u026alm f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02cc\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i p\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Rule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40\u00a0minutes, except for short-subject awards, and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24\u00a0frame/s or 48\u00a0frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l t\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025al\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8, d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, \u00e6nd \u026at m\u02c8\u028cst \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bm \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bm f\u02c8\u026alm p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bs \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bs p\u0279\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av sk\u02c8\u00e6n d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei p\u02c8\u026aks\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Since the 90th Academy Awards, presented in 2018, multi-part and limited series have been ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u0259\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, m\u02c8\u028clta\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz h\u0250vb\u026an \u026an\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "This followed the win of O.J.: Made in America, an eight-hour presentation that was screened in a limited release before being broadcast in five parts on ABC and ESPN, in that category in 2017.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u028cv \u02c8o\u028a.d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a.: m\u02cce\u026ad \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u0250n \u02c8e\u026at\u02c8a\u028a\u025a p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nd \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u026an f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u02cc\u0254n \u02cce\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn, \u026an \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The Best Documentary Feature award requires either week-long releases in both Los Angeles County and any of the five boroughs of New York City during the previous calendar year, or a qualifying award at a competitive film festival from the Documentary Feature Qualifying Festival list (regardless of any public exhibition or distribution), or submission in the International Feature Film category as its country's official selection.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8i\u02d0kl\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as k\u02c8a\u028anti \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bni \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028az \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s k\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u025a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00e6\u027e\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l l\u02c8\u026ast \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dl\u0259s \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u025bks\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u00e6z \u026ats k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The qualifying theatrical runs must meet the same requirements as those for non-documentary films regarding numbers and times of screenings.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u028cnz m\u02c8\u028cst m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nts \u00e6z \u00f0o\u028az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u026almz \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u026amz \u028cv sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Additionally, a film must have been reviewed by a critic from The New York Times, Time Out New York, the Los Angeles Times, or LA Weekly.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u0250 f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8\u028cst\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0d ba\u026a \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k t\u02c8a\u026amz, t\u02c8a\u026am \u02c8a\u028at n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8e\u026a w\u02c8i\u02d0kli."}, {"text": "Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline; in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az m\u02c8\u028cst s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026at \u0250n \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026ats \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nla\u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bdla\u026an; \u026an k\u02c8e\u026as \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and d\u02c8\u025bdla\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm w\u026al bi\u02d0 \u026an\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026an \u02cc\u025bni j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Awards in short film categories (Best Documentary Short Subject, Best Animated Short Film, and Best Live Action Short Film) have noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards.", "phonemes": "\u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026an \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u026alm k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz b\u02c8\u025bst d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt, b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u026alm, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bst l\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u026alm h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as\u0259bli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02cc\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead covering one year starting on October 1, and ending on September 30 of the calendar year before the ceremony.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02cco\u028a\u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u025a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u025a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni."}, {"text": "The main method is a week-long theatrical release in either New York City or Los Angeles County during the eligibility period.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u026az \u0250 w\u02c8i\u02d0kl\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as k\u02c8a\u028anti d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "Films also can qualify by winning specified awards at one of several competitive film festivals designated by the Academy, also without regard to prior public distribution.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026almz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u00e6n kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a ba\u026a w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00e6t w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259lz d\u02c8\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Finally, a film that is selected as a gold, silver, or bronze medal winner in an appropriate category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible (Documentary category for that award, and Animation, Narrative, Alternative, or International for the other awards).", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li, \u0250 f\u02c8\u026alm \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald, s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259l w\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250n \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u0259t k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "For the Documentary award, the screening must start between noon and 10\u00a0pm local time; for other awards, no specific start time is required, but the film must appear in regular theater listings with dates and screening times.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d, \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u028cst st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, n\u02c8o\u028a sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u02c8a\u026am \u026az \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8\u028cst \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014bz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b t\u02c8a\u026amz."}, {"text": "In late December, ballots, and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6,000 active members.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8e\u026at d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a, b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ts, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8a\u026and\u025a l\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv \u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026ald t\u028a \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and s\u02c8\u026aks,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az."}, {"text": "For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories (i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, etc.).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz, m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz v\u02c8o\u028at t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z \u02c8o\u028anli \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8o\u028anli d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az v\u02c8o\u028at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259.."}, {"text": "In all major categories, a variant of the single transferable vote is used, with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees (ten for Best Picture) ranked preferentially.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz, \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259b\u0259l v\u02c8o\u028at \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259t w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z t\u02c8\u025bn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt p\u0279\u02cc\u025bf\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li."}, {"text": "In certain categories, including International Feature Film, Documentary and Animated Feature, nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm, d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u028cp \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In most categories, the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting of all members.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u026az s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z ba\u026a pl\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az."}, {"text": "Since 2013, re-weighted range voting has been used to select the nominees for the Best Visual Effects.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u0279\u02cci\u02d0w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts."}, {"text": "Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on marketing to awards voters for a movie in the running for Best Picture, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other movie awards conferred in Oscar season.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026alm k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz w\u026al sp\u02c8\u025bnd \u00e6z m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6z s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az f\u025a\u0279\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a, \u026an \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts t\u028a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8u\u02d0vi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u025bnf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026am\u026at o\u028av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b ba\u026a \u026ats m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a t\u028a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u025bks\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs f\u0279\u028cm b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u028cnd\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad."}, {"text": "It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u0250z \u0250n \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n st\u02c8\u00e6f h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u02cc\u0254n \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bviz p\u02c8\u025bn\u0259l\u027eiz \u02cc\u0254n \u0259f\u02c8\u025bnd\u025az."}, {"text": "For example, a producer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee The Hurt Locker was disqualified as a producer in the category when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front-runner (The Hurt Locker eventually won).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0250 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u025a w\u028cz d\u026askw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i w\u025bn hi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026ats \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 v\u02c8o\u028at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az f\u02c8\u026alm \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u025a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The Academy Screening Room or Academy Digital Screening Room is a secure streaming platform which allows voting members of the Academy to view all eligible films (except, initially, those in the International category) in one place.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m \u026az \u0250 s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi t\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l f\u02c8\u026almz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt, \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li, \u00f0o\u028az \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn pl\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "It was introduced in 2019, for the 2020 Oscars, though DVD screeners and Academy in-person screenings were still provided.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a d\u02cci\u02d0v\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u025az \u00e6nd \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u026anp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz w\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8\u026al p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "For films to be included on the platform, the North American distributor must pay $12,500, including a watermarking fee, and a digital copy of the film to be prepared for streaming by the Academy.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026almz t\u0259bi \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u028cst p\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a tw\u02c8\u025blv,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025am\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b f\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u0250 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm t\u0259bi p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026a\u014b ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi."}, {"text": "The watermarking process involved several video security firms, creating a forensic watermark and restricting the ability to take screenshots or screen recordings.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025am\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bns\u026ak w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025am\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026akt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0283\u0251\u02d0ts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "In 2021, for the 2022 Oscars, the Academy banned all physical screeners and in-person screenings, restricting official membership viewing to the Academy Screening Room.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az, \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi b\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u025az \u00e6nd \u026anp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz, \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026akt\u026a\u014b \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Films eligible in the Documentary and International categories were made available in different sections of the platform.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026almz \u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Distributors can also pay an extra fee to add video featurettes to promote their films on the platform.", "phonemes": "d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u025az k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u02c8e\u026a \u0250n \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6d v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a f\u02cci\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bts t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u026almz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Eligible films do not have to be added to the platform, but the Academy advertises them to voting members when they are.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l f\u02c8\u026almz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u00e6v t\u0259bi \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025at\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az w\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cca\u026azd s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u026an l\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u025a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aks w\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8a\u028ansm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z."}, {"text": "It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u028clm\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026anz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u025bkst\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0261\u02c8\u025bsts w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt f\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this (the artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast).", "phonemes": "bl\u02c8\u00e6k t\u02c8a\u026a d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8a\u028atf\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bn, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8\u026akte\u026at n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 b\u02c8o\u028at\u02c8a\u026a, \u00e6nd mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u025az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l s\u02c8\u0254\u014b kw\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0o\u028az s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz l\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st."}, {"text": "The Academy Awards is the world's longest-running awards show televised live from the U.S. to all time zones in North America and worldwide, and gathers billions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026az \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cca\u026azd l\u02c8a\u026av f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8a\u026am z\u02c8o\u028anz \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025az b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u028cv vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az \u02c8\u025blsw\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC, which continued to broadcast the event until 1960, when ABC took over, televising the festivities (including the first color broadcast of the event in 1966) through 1970.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cca\u026azd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026a \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti, w\u02cc\u025bn \u02cce\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8o\u028av\u025a, t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u025bst\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti."}, {"text": "NBC regained the rights for five years  then ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 and its current contract with the Academy runs through 2028.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026av j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02cce\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8u\u02d0md b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eiz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u026ats k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0279\u02c8\u028cnz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The Academy has also produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets (especially those outside of the Americas) in more desirable local timeslots.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bnst v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u026an \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u00f0o\u028az a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259z \u026an m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026amsl\u0251\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni w\u028cz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st l\u02c8a\u026av \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259li f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026at s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, t\u0283\u02c8\u026ali \u00e6nd b\u0279\u0250z\u02c8\u026al, p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats t\u028a \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st."}, {"text": "A decade later, the rights were already being sold to 60 countries, and by 1984, the TV rights to the Awards were licensed in 76 countries.", "phonemes": "\u0250 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026ad l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b s\u02c8o\u028ald t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, \u00e6nd ba\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026as\u0259nst \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "The ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February, since 2004, to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259niz w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u02cc\u028cp f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0294n\u0329 \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6d k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i."}, {"text": "Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success coinciding with the NCAA basketball tournament, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n w\u028cz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs k\u02cco\u028a\u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 b\u02c8\u00e6sk\u026atb\u02cc\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028ad k\u02c8\u028ct \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns."}, {"text": "(In 1976 and 1977, ABC's regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite NBC's NCAA title game.)", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02cce\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026and \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0zde\u026a t\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cnde\u026a \u00e6nd w\u025bnt d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0261\u02c8e\u026am."}, {"text": "The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a d\u02c8e\u026at \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u02cce\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6z \u026at n\u02c8a\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ali p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i sw\u02c8i\u02d0ps p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "Some years, the ceremony is moved into the first Sunday of March to avoid a clash with the Winter Olympic Games.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u026az m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u028cnde\u026a \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u0250 kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a\u0279 \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026ak \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz."}, {"text": "Another reason for the move to late February and early March is also to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02cco\u028a kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u02cce\u026az \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6so\u028av\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz h\u0250db\u026an \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak."}, {"text": "Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6dv\u025at\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00e6z t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li n\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8u\u02d0vi st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u027e\u025az \u028cv \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025az m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025at\u02cca\u026az d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u02cc\u00e6st."}, {"text": "The production of the Academy Awards telecast currently holds the distinction of winning the most Emmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations overall since that award's own launch in 1949.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u02cc\u00e6st k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u025bm\u026az \u026an h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u02c8\u026anz \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u02c8o\u028an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "After many years of being held on Mondays at 9:00\u00a0pm Eastern/6:00 p.m Pacific, since the 1999 ceremonies, it was moved to Sundays at 8:30\u00a0pm ET/5:30\u00a0pm PT.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8\u025bni j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025bld \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u028cnde\u026az \u00e6t n\u02c8a\u026an:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 s\u02c8\u026aks:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bm p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259niz, \u026at w\u028cz m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cnde\u026az \u00e6\u027e \u02c8e\u026at:\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u02c8\u025bt sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 f\u02c8a\u026av:\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm p\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az w\u028ad t\u02c8u\u02d0n \u026an \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u028cnde\u026az, \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u02c8a\u028a\u025a t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6mz k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u02c8a\u026am w\u028ad \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st k\u02c8o\u028ast t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cnde\u026a b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at w\u028ad k\u02c8\u028ct \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025bnd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "In 2010, the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even further back into January, citing TV viewers' fatigue with the film industry's long awards season.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0259mpl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u026ant\u028a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az f\u0250t\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n."}, {"text": "However, such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members, to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers (as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail).", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250n \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bl\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0l w\u028ad d\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az, t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az w\u028ad \u02c8o\u028anli h\u00e6v t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u026almz st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0md \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al."}, {"text": "In 2018, the Academy announced that the ceremony would be moved from late February to mid February beginning with the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni w\u028ad bi\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti."}, {"text": "Originally scheduled for April 8, 1968, the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. On March 30, 1981, the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day, after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0ld f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026at, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei\u0259\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni w\u028cz po\u028astp\u02c8o\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02cc\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a. m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u026an l\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u026a\u014b, d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz w\u028cz po\u028astp\u02c8o\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8e\u026a, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, d\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "In 1993, an In Memoriam segment was introduced, honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250n \u026an m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259m s\u02c8\u025b\u0261m\u0259nt w\u028cz \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259 h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d d\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b tw\u02c8\u025blv m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s, \u0250 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n k\u0259mp\u02c8a\u026ald ba\u026a \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az."}, {"text": "Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect, with the segment having a \"popularity contest\" feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject's cultural impact; the applause has since been muted during the telecast, and the audience is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection instead.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a l\u02c8\u025bvid f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkt, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0261m\u0259nt h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026a \"p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bst\" f\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns v\u02c8\u025b\u0279id \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250pl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d d\u02c8a\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkts k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt; \u00f0\u026a \u0250pl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z h\u0250z s\u02c8\u026ans b\u02cc\u026an mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u02cc\u00e6st, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns \u026az d\u026ask\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292d f\u0279\u028cm kl\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0261m\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd."}, {"text": "In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners' acceptance speeches must not run past 45\u00a0seconds.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026az\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst w\u02c8\u026an\u025az \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259ns sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz m\u02c8\u028cst n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8\u00e6st f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz."}, {"text": "This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed \"the single most hated thing on the show\" \u2013 overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u026as, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026az\u025a b\u02c8\u026al m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak, w\u028cz t\u028a \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02cc\u026am\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u028ct hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \"\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l m\u02c8o\u028ast h\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\" \u02c8o\u028av\u025ali l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd \u025bmb\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u026a\u014b d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 2016, in a further effort to streamline speeches, winners' dedications were displayed on an on-screen ticker.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bf\u025at t\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mla\u026an sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz, w\u02c8\u026an\u025az d\u02cc\u025bd\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02cc\u0254nsk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u02c8\u026ak\u025a."}, {"text": "During the 2018 ceremony, host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how long the ceremony had become, by announcing that he would give a brand-new jet ski to whoever gave the shortest speech of the night (a reward won by Mark Bridges when accepting his Best Costume Design award for Phantom Thread.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, h\u02c8o\u028ast d\u0292\u02c8\u026ami k\u02c8\u026am\u0259l \u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292d h\u02cca\u028a l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni h\u00e6d b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cm, ba\u026a \u0250n\u02c8a\u028ans\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028ad \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndn\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bt sk\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 hu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u025bn \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u026a\u014b h\u026az b\u02c8\u025bst k\u02c8\u0254stu\u02d0m d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259m \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025bd."}, {"text": "The Wall Street Journal analyzed the average minutes spent across the 2014\u20132018 telecasts as follows: 14 on song performances; 25 on the hosts' speeches; 38 on prerecorded clips; and 78 on the awards themselves, broken into 24 on the introduction and announcement, 24 on winners walking to the stage, and 30 on their acceptance speeches.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u02cc\u00e6sts \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az: f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u0254\u014b p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns\u1d7bz; tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028asts sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz; \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd kl\u02c8\u026aps; \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz, b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8a\u028ansm\u0259nt, tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u026an\u025az w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259ns sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Although still dominant in ratings, the viewership of the Academy Awards has steadily dropped; the 88th Academy Awards were the lowest-rated in the past eight years (although with increases in male and 18\u201349 viewership), while the show itself also faced mixed reception.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a st\u02c8\u026al d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u026an \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz, \u00f0\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz h\u0250z st\u02c8\u025bdili d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt; \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st \u02c8e\u026at j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026an m\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8e\u026asd m\u02c8\u026akst \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Following the show, Variety reported that ABC was, in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars, seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a, v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cce\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u028cz, \u026an n\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kt t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az, s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u00e6v m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "Currently and nominally, AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast, including the choice of production staff and hosting, although ABC is allowed to have some input on their decisions.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259li, \u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259z \u026az \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u02cc\u00e6st, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u028cv p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8\u00e6f \u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028ast\u026a\u014b, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u02cce\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad t\u0259 h\u00e6v s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u026anp\u028at \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In August 2016, AMPAS extended its contract with ABC through 2028: the contract neither contains any notable changes nor gives ABC any further creative control over the telecast.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259z \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cce\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at: \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kt n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u02cc\u025bni n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u02cce\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bni f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u02cc\u00e6st."}, {"text": "Historically, the telecast's viewership is higher when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture award.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u02cc\u00e6sts vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u026az h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a w\u025bn b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as h\u02c8\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "More than 57.25\u00a0million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated a box office haul during its initial 1997\u201398 run of US$600.8\u00a0million in the US, a box office record that would remain unsurpassed for years.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az t\u02c8u\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u02cc\u00e6st f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u0259\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv ta\u026at\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026ats \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad.\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, \u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u028cns\u025ap\u02c8\u00e6st f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (pre-telecast box office earnings of US$368\u00a0million) received 11 Awards including Best Picture, drew 43.56\u00a0million viewers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz: \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u02cc\u00e6st b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a, d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az."}, {"text": "The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, however, was the 42nd Academy Awards (Best Picture Midnight Cowboy) which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283t s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n n\u02c8i\u02d0ls\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz t\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026at, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a m\u02c8\u026adna\u026at k\u02c8a\u028ab\u0254\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028ald \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti."}, {"text": "Hoping to reinvigorate the pre-show and ratings, the 2023 Oscars organizers hired members of the Met Gala creative team", "phonemes": "h\u02c8o\u028ap\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anv\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026az\u025az h\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bt \u0261\u02c8e\u026al\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av t\u02c8i\u02d0m"}, {"text": "By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings, despite how much critical acclaim those films have received.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259niz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u026almz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at h\u02cca\u028a m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0250kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0o\u028az f\u02c8\u026almz h\u00e6v \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd."}, {"text": "The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budget independent film Crash (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4\u00a0million) generated an audience of 38.64\u00a0million with a household rating of 22.91%.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd l\u02c8o\u028ab\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt f\u02c8\u026alm k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at.s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028ald \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0.n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76\u00a0million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, the lowest-rated and least-watched ceremony at the time, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei\u0259\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u02cc\u00e6st w\u028cz w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283t ba\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n.s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028ald \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0stw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283t s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u026an sp\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independent film (No Country for Old Men).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a w\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni w\u028cz \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt f\u02c8\u026alm n\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "Whereas the 92nd Academy Awards drew an average of 23.6\u00a0million viewers, the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership of 10.4\u00a0million, the lowest viewership recorded by Nielsen since it started recording audience totals in 1974.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bn.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd ba\u026a n\u02c8i\u02d0ls\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ans \u026at st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259lz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The 94th and 95th editions drew 16.6 and 18.7 million viewers, still below the audience of the 92nd edition.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n.s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az, st\u02c8\u026al b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Academy Film Archive holds copies of every Academy Awards ceremony since the 1949 Oscars and material on many prior ceremonies, along with ancillary material related to more recent shows.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ka\u026av h\u02c8o\u028aldz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026az \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az \u00e6nd m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u025bni p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259niz, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6ns\u026al\u025a\u0279i m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt \u0283\u02c8o\u028az."}, {"text": "In 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6\u027e\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkw\u026at d\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259v\u02cc\u025blt ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u025an\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025bnju\u02d0z: \u00f0\u026a \u0250mb\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259d\u025a ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u026al\u0283\u025a b\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026av\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026altmo\u02d0\u0279 ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl \u026an d\u02c8a\u028anta\u028an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as."}, {"text": "Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0m\u0259nz t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn h\u02c8o\u028ast\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u0279\u02c8a\u026an \u02cc\u0254\u02d0d\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259m \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what had been the Academy's headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an w\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bld \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t w\u028ct h\u0250db\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259miz h\u025bdkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u025bl\u0279o\u028az \u02c8\u00e6v\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad."}, {"text": "With the advent of television, the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre, after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025bnt \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as s\u02cca\u026am\u0259lt\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259sli \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8o\u028alli \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as."}, {"text": "By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Downtown Los Angeles, this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259niz b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 d\u02c8a\u028anta\u028an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as, \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259\u03b8i t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u025a p\u0250v\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as k\u02c8a\u028anti mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a."}, {"text": "In 2002, Hollywood's Dolby Theatre (previously known as the Kodak Theatre) became the presentation's current venue.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028adz d\u02c8o\u028albi \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ad\u00e6k \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt v\u02c8\u025bnju\u02d0."}, {"text": "In the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories (Drama and Comedy).", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d w\u028cz spl\u02c8\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259di."}, {"text": "At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories (Drama and Comedy/Musical).", "phonemes": "\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an spl\u02c8\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259di sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l."}, {"text": "From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction (now Production Design), Cinematography, and Costume Design awards were likewise split into two categories (black-and-white films and color films).", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8a\u028a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an, s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254stu\u02d0m d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026akwa\u026az spl\u02c8\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz bl\u02c8\u00e6k\u00e6ndw\u02c8a\u026at f\u02c8\u026almz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a f\u02c8\u026almz."}, {"text": "Prior to 2012, the Production Design award was called Art Direction, while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ak\u028cp \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025b\u0279sta\u026al\u026a\u014b \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld m\u02c8e\u026ak\u028cp."}, {"text": "In August 2018, the Academy announced that several categories would not be televised live, but rather be recorded during commercial breaks and aired later in the ceremony.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cca\u026azd l\u02c8a\u026av, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8e\u026aks \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279d l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni."}, {"text": "Following dissent from Academy members, they announced that they would indeed air all 24 categories live.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u026as\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0279\u028cm \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az, \u00f0e\u026a \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad \u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz l\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "This followed several proposals (among them, the introduction of a Popular Film category) that the Academy had announced but did not implement.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259lz \u0250m\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi h\u00e6d \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst b\u02cc\u028ct d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Best Popular Film: proposed in 2018 for presentation at the 2019 ceremony; postponed until the 2020 ceremony at the earliest (yet to be implemented)", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm: p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni; po\u028astp\u02c8o\u028and \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast j\u02c8\u025bt t\u0259bi \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd"}, {"text": "The Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n ba\u026a sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "Due to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, many studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the \"Oscar season.\"", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a \u00e6nd p\u0279\u025bst\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, m\u02c8\u025bni st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az sp\u02c8\u025bnd m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026as\u02cc\u026asts sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u026almz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u028ct \u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n.\""}, {"text": "This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than by quality.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as h\u0250z d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6kju\u02d0z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0250n ba\u026a kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "William Friedkin, an Academy Award-winning film director and former producer of the ceremony, expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009, describing it as \"the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dk\u026an, \u0250n \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dw\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u026alm d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u026am\u0259nt \u00e6\u027e\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n sk\u02c8i\u02d0m \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u02c8\u025bv\u025a d\u026av\u02c8a\u026azd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "These campaigns are intended to spread negative perceptions of other movies nominated and are believed to be perpetrated by those that were involved in creating the movie.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259bi p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u026at\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0o\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi."}, {"text": "Examples of whisper campaigns include the allegations against Zero Dark Thirty suggesting that it justifies torture and the claim that Lincoln distorts history.", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv w\u02c8\u026asp\u025a k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026anz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n d\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Typical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics, biographical dramas, romantic dramedies and family melodramas, most of which are released in the U.S. in the last three months of the calendar year.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an\u025az \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250n \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bp\u026aks, b\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259z, \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak d\u0279\u02c8e\u026amdiz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali m\u02cc\u025bl\u0259d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259z, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u025a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "This has led, at times, to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience, e.g., by favoring \"Oscar bait\" over audience favorites or favoring historical melodramas over critically acclaimed movies that depict current life issues.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as h\u0250z l\u02c8\u025bd, \u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026amz, t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u026az d\u026ask\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., ba\u026a f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a b\u02c8e\u026at\" \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u1d7bts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l m\u02cc\u025bl\u0259d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259z \u02cco\u028av\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026akli \u0250kl\u02c8e\u026amd m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8a\u026af \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929, which show that only 6.4% of academy award nominees have been non-white and since 1991, 11.2% of nominees have been non-white, with the rate of winners being even more polarizing.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8o\u028anli s\u02c8\u026aks.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z h\u0250vb\u026an n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z h\u0250vb\u026an n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u02c8a\u026at, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv w\u02c8\u026an\u025az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Due to a variety of reasons, including marketability and historical bans on interracial couples, a number of high-profile Oscars have been given to yellowface portrayals, as well as performances of Asian characters rewritten for white characters.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u027e\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u00e6nz \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u028cp\u0259lz, \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279\u02c8o\u028afa\u026al \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az h\u0250vb\u026an \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 j\u02c8\u025blo\u028af\u02cce\u026as po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0259lz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u0279\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az."}, {"text": "It took until 2023 for an Asian woman to win an Academy Award for Best Actress, when Michelle Yeoh received the award for her performance in Everything Everywhere All at Once.", "phonemes": "\u026at t\u02c8\u028ak \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u0250n \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s, w\u02cc\u025bn m\u026a\u0283\u02c8\u025bl j\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0 p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u026an \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026aw\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250tw\u02c8\u028cns."}, {"text": "The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott, popularized on social media with the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, based on activists' perception that its all-white acting nominee list reflected bias.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at \u0259v\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u026ak\u0251\u02d0t, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6\u0283t\u00e6\u0261 h\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az s\u02cco\u028a w\u02c8a\u026at, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026asts p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lw\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026ast \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "Some media critics claim the Academy's efforts to address its purported racial, gender and national biases are merely distractions.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259miz \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u028a \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u026ats p\u025ap\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "By contrast, the Golden Globe Awards already have multiple winners of Asian descent in leading actress categories.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi h\u00e6v m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l w\u02c8\u026an\u025az \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "The Academy doesn't have any rules for how to categorize whether a performance is leading or supporting, and it is up to the discretion of the studios whether a given performance is submitted for either Best Actor/Actress or Best Supporting Actor/Actress.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi d\u02c8\u028cz\u0259nt h\u00e6v \u02cc\u025bni \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cca\u028a t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250 p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u026az l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u026az s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s."}, {"text": "This has led situations where a film has two or more co-leads, and one of these is submitted in a supporting category to avoid the two leads competing against each other, and to increase the film's chances of winning.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as h\u0250z l\u02c8\u025bd s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 f\u02c8\u026alm h\u0250z t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028al\u02c8i\u02d0dz, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u026az s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8i\u02d0dz k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, \u00e6nd t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u028cv w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "For example, Rooney Mara was nominated for Best Supporting Actress for Carol (2015), despite her having a comparable amount of screentime to Cate Blanchett, who was nominated for Best Actress.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ni m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259 w\u028cz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nta\u026am t\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026at bl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u026at, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s."}, {"text": "Another example is Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019), where Brad Pitt was nominated for and won Best Supporting Actor, even though he played an equally important role to Best Actor nominee Leonardo DiCaprio.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u026az w\u02c8\u028cns \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d p\u02c8\u026at w\u028cz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8\u025bst s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028al t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0 li\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279do\u028a d\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6p\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028a."}, {"text": "In both these cases, critics argued that The Weinstein Company, the studio behind the former film, had placed someone who was actually a leading actor or actress into the supporting categories to avoid them competing against their co-lead.", "phonemes": "\u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ansta\u026an k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm, h\u00e6d pl\u02c8e\u026ast s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028al\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Acting prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity, to make up for a \"snub\" for a work that proved in time to be more popular or renowned than the one awarded, or presented as a \"career honor\" to recognize a distinguished nominee's entire body of work.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z h\u0250vb\u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b su\u02d0p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns\u1d7bz s\u02c8o\u028a m\u02cc\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u02c8\u028cp f\u025a\u0279\u0259 \"sn\u02c8\u028cb\" f\u025a\u0279\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u026an t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0259bi m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a \"k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\" t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Following the 91st Academy Awards in February 2019 in which the Netflix-broadcast film Roma had been nominated for ten awards including the Best Picture category, Steven Spielberg and other members of the Academy discussed changing the requirements through the Board of Governors for films as to exclude those from Netflix and other media streaming services.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026an f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025btfl\u026aksb\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st f\u02c8\u026alm \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259 h\u0250db\u026an n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bn \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i, st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0lb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nts \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026almz \u00e6z t\u028a \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0o\u028az f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u025btfl\u026aks \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Spielberg had been concerned that Netflix as a movie production and distribution studio could spend much more than typical Oscar-winning films and have much wider and earlier distribution than other Best Picture-nominated films, while still being able to meet the minimal theatrical-run status to qualify for an Oscar.", "phonemes": "sp\u02c8i\u02d0lb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 h\u0250db\u026an k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8\u025btfl\u026aks \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a k\u028ad sp\u02c8\u025bnd m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025aw\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u026almz \u00e6nd h\u00e6v m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 w\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz, w\u02cca\u026al st\u02c8\u026al b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259l \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak\u0259l\u0279\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s t\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a."}, {"text": "The United States Department of Justice, having heard of this potential rule change, wrote a letter to the Academy in March 2019, cautioning them that placing additional restrictions on films that originate from streaming media services without proper justification could raise anti-trust concerns against the Academy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u028cv \u00f0\u026as p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00f0\u00e6t pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u026almz \u00f0\u00e6t \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at f\u0279\u028cm st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026a\u014b m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a d\u0292\u02cc\u028cst\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u028ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026at\u0279\u02c8\u028cst k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Following its April 2019 board meeting, the Academy Board of Governors agreed to retain the current rules that allow for streaming media films to be eligible for Oscars as long as they enjoy limited theatrical runs.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u026ats \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026a\u014b m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz t\u0259bi \u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az \u00e6z l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u025bnd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026a l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u028cnz."}, {"text": "During the 94th Academy Awards on March 27, 2022, Chris Rock joked about Jada Pinkett Smith's shaved head with a G.I. Jane reference.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, k\u0279\u02c8\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k d\u0292\u02c8o\u028akt \u0250b\u02cca\u028at d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026at sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8z \u0283\u02c8e\u026avd h\u02c8\u025bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8a\u026a. d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Will Smith walked onstage and slapped Rock across the face, then returned to his seat and told Rock, twice, to \"Keep my wife's name out [of] your fucking mouth!\"", "phonemes": "w\u026al sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nste\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6pt \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026as, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 h\u026az s\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00e6nd t\u02c8o\u028ald \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k, tw\u02c8a\u026as, tu\u02d0 \"k\u02c8i\u02d0p ma\u026a w\u02c8a\u026afz n\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8a\u028at \u028cv j\u028a\u0279 f\u02c8\u028ck\u026a\u014b m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8!\""}, {"text": "While later accepting the Best Actor award for King Richard, Smith apologized to the Academy and the other nominees, but not to Rock.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad, sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cca\u026azd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k."}, {"text": "On April 8, 2022, the Academy made an announcement via a letter sent by president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson informing the public that Will Smith had received a ten-year ban from attending the Oscars as a result of the incident.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026at, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250n \u0250n\u02c8a\u028ansm\u0259nt v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u025bnt ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0b\u026an \u00e6nd s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n h\u02c8\u028cds\u0259n \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u00f0\u00e6t w\u026al sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 h\u00e6d \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bnj\u02c8\u026a\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6n f\u0279\u028cm \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8\u026an\u025az k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz h\u00e6v b\u02c8\u0254\u026ak\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259niz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az."}, {"text": "Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers' Guild.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259lz b\u02c8\u0254\u026ak\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akts b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az \u0261\u02c8\u026ald."}, {"text": "George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for Patton) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 s\u02c8i\u02d0. sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z h\u026az \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni."}, {"text": "The third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando, who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972's The Godfather), citing the film industry's discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d w\u028cz m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0251\u02d0n b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndo\u028a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd h\u026az \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0df\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz d\u026ask\u0279\u02cc\u026am\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u026ast\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz."}, {"text": "At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando asked actress and civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page speech in his place, detailing his criticisms, for which there was booing and cheering by the audience.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni, b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndo\u028a \u02c8\u00e6skt \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast s\u02c8\u00e6\u0283i\u02d0n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259lf\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0np\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an h\u026az pl\u02c8e\u026as, di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u014b h\u026az k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz b\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Littlefeather was much later discovered to have falsely misrepresented her ancestry as Native American, that is, she was found to be a pretendian.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259lf\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u028cz m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad t\u0259 h\u00e6v f\u02c8\u0254lsli m\u026as\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u0279i \u00e6z n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n, \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259bi \u0250 p\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u025bndi\u0259n."}, {"text": "The film was voluntarily removed by the Academy from competitive categories, to award Charlie Chaplin a special award.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm w\u028cz v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi f\u0279\u028cm k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz, t\u028a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279li t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pl\u026an \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "Hondo (1953) \u2013 Removed from the Best Story ballot after letters from the producer and nominee questioned its inclusion in the category.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndo\u028a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259t \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nd \u026ats \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "High Society (1955) \u2013 Withdrawn from screenwriting ballot after being mistaken for the 1956 movie of the same title.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026a s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259t \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b m\u026ast\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8u\u02d0vi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "The Godfather (1972) \u2013 Initially nominated for eleven awards, its nomination for Best Original Score was revoked after it was discovered that its main theme was very similar to music that the score's composer had written for an earlier film.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0df\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, \u026ats n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028akt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026at w\u028cz d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u026ats m\u02c8e\u026an \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m w\u028cz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u025a h\u00e6d \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "A Place in the World (1992) \u2013 Removed from the Best Foreign Language Film ballot after it was discovered that the country which submitted the film exercised insufficient artistic control.", "phonemes": "\u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u026alm b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259t \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026at w\u028cz d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cca\u026azd \u026ans\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "Alone Yet Not Alone (2014) \u2013 The film's title song, \"Alone Yet Not Alone\", was removed from the Best Original Song ballot after Bruce Broughton was found to have improperly contacted other members of the academy's musical branch; this was the first time that a film was removed from a ballot for ethical reasons.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8o\u028an j\u02c8\u025bt n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u0254\u014b, \"\u0250l\u02c8o\u028an j\u02c8\u025bt n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an\", w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l s\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259t \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t\u0259n w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ali k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259miz mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283; \u00f0\u026as w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz."}, {"text": "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi (2017) \u2013 Sound mixer Greg P. Russell's nomination was rescinded one day before the Awards when it was discovered he had improperly contacted voters by telephone.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u02c8a\u028a\u025az: \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az \u028cv b\u025b\u014bh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zi t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02c8a\u028and m\u02c8\u026aks\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261 p\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0279\u02c8\u028cs\u0259lz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026and\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8e\u026a b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz w\u025bn \u026at w\u028cz d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ali k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt\u1d7bd v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az ba\u026a t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u02cco\u028an."}, {"text": "In this case, the nominations for the other three nominated sound mixers, Gary Summers, Jeffrey J. Haboush and Mac Ruth, were allowed to stand.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8e\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8a\u028and m\u02c8\u026aks\u025az, \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i s\u02c8\u028cm\u025az, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u0279i d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. h\u02c8\u00e6ba\u028a\u0283 \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6k \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8, w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad t\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Young Americans (1969) \u2013 Initially won the award for Best Documentary Feature, but was later revoked after it was revealed that it had opened theatrically prior to the eligibility period.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028akt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026at w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at h\u00e6d \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026akli p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "Tuba Atlantic (2011) \u2013 Its nomination for Best Live Action Short Film was revoked when it was discovered that the film had aired on television in 2010, before its theatrical release.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259 \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026ats n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst l\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u026alm w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028akt w\u025bn \u026at w\u028cz d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm h\u00e6d \u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s."}, {"text": "The 25th Independent Spirit Awards (2010), usually held in Santa Monica, California the Saturday before the Oscars, marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to L.A. Live", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li h\u02c8\u025bld \u026an s\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak\u0259, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025ad\u02cce\u026a b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am \u026at w\u028cz m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u028a \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8a\u026ade\u026a \u00e6nd \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv v\u02c8\u025bnju\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8\u025bl.\u02c8e\u026a. l\u02c8a\u026av"}, {"text": "The annual \"Night Before\", traditionally held at the Beverly Hills Hotel, begun in 2002 and generally known as the party of the season, benefits the Motion Picture & Television Fund, which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l \"n\u02c8a\u026at b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\", t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li h\u02c8\u025bld \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bv\u025ali h\u02c8\u026alz ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl, b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u028cn \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n f\u02c8\u028cnd, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt h\u02c8o\u028am f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bs\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u00e6n f\u025c\u02d0n\u02c8\u00e6ndo\u028a v\u02c8\u00e6li"}, {"text": "Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025blt\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026adz fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz l\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a"}, {"text": "The Governors Ball is the Academy's official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259miz \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026an\u025a \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026az \u0250d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dzp\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n v\u02c8\u025bnju\u02d0"}, {"text": "The Vanity Fair after-party, historically at the former Morton's restaurant, has been at the Sunset Tower since 2009", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nz \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0251\u02d0nt, h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cns\u025bt t\u02c8a\u028a\u025a s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an"}, {"text": "The value has risen to the point where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 h\u0250z \u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026afts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259b\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s."}, {"text": "Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan, a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant, videophones, a four-night stay at a hotel, watches, bracelets, spa treatments, bottles of vodka, maple salad dressing, weight-loss gummie candy and up to $25,000 worth of cosmetic treatments and rejuvenation procedures such as lip fillers and chemical peels from New York City facial plastic surgeon Konstantin Vasyukevich.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u026aft b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261z h\u00e6v \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd ve\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz t\u0259 h\u0259w\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0 \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t d\u02c8\u026an\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026api\u0259nt \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u00e6\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0251\u02d0nt, v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028af\u02cco\u028anz, \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8a\u026at st\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6\u027e\u0259 ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl, w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz, b\u0279\u02c8e\u026asl\u026ats, sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts, b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u028cv v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dk\u0259, m\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b, w\u02c8e\u026atl\u02c8\u0254s \u0261\u02c8\u028cmi k\u02c8\u00e6ndi \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u028cv k\u0251\u02d0zm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02ccu\u02d0v\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z l\u02c8\u026ap f\u02c8\u026al\u025az \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0lz f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0250nt\u02cc\u026an v\u02c8\u00e6sju\u02d0k\u02cc\u025bv\u026at\u0283."}, {"text": "Some of the gifts have even had a \"risque\" element to them; in 2014, the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a \"Secret Room Gifting Suite.\"", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026afts h\u00e6v \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n h\u00e6d \u02c8e\u026a \"\u0279\u026ask\u02c8e\u026a\" \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm; \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0te\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v h\u00e6d \u02c8e\u026a \"s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m \u0261\u02c8\u026aft\u026a\u014b sw\u02c8i\u02d0t.\""}, {"text": "Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included Judith Hoag, Carolyn Hennesy, Kate Linder, Chris Mulkey, Jim O'Heir and John Salley.", "phonemes": "s\u0259l\u02c8\u025bb\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026aft\u026a\u014b sw\u02c8i\u02d0t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u03b8 h\u02c8o\u028a\u0261, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026an h\u02c8\u025bn\u0259si, k\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u026and\u025a, k\u0279\u02c8\u026as m\u02c8\u028clki, d\u0292\u02c8\u026am o\u028a\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n s\u02c8\u00e6li."}, {"text": "Actresses (Catalan: Actrius) is a 1997 Catalan language Spanish drama film produced and directed by Ventura Pons and based on the award-winning stage play E.R. by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n: \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u026a\u0259s \u026az \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00e6nd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a v\u025bnt\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dw\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259p m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026at \u02c8a\u026a d\u0292\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026at."}, {"text": "In order to prepare herself to play a role commemorating the life of legendary actress Empar Ribera, young actress (Merc\u00e8 Pons) interviews three established actresses who had been the Ribera's pupils: the international diva Gl\u00f2ria Marc (N\u00faria Espert), the television star Assumpta Roca (Rosa Maria Sard\u00e0), and dubbing director Maria Caminal (Anna Lizaran).", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8\u025blf t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s \u025bmp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u0259, j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s\u1d7bz h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u0250db\u026an \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u0259z pj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0259lz: \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259 \u025bsp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmpt\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u0259 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u00e6, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028cb\u026a\u014b d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 l\u02c8\u026az\u00e6\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "Actrius screened in 2001 at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in an American Cinematheque retrospective of the works of its director.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u026a\u0259s sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0m\u0259nz \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u025bk \u0279\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv \u026ats d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a."}, {"text": "In Movie - Film - Review, Christopher Tookey wrote that though the actresses were \"competent in roles that may have some reference to their own careers\", the film \"is visually unimaginative, never escapes its stage origins, and is almost totally lacking in revelation or surprising incident\".", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8u\u02d0vi f\u02c8\u026alm \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0, k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a t\u02c8\u028aki \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0 \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u026at\u0259nt \u026an \u0279\u02c8o\u028alz \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v s\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279z\", \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \"\u026az v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u02cc\u028cn\u026am\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026an\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026aps \u026ats st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz, \u00e6nd \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259li l\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u025ap\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259nt\"."}, {"text": "Noting that there were \"occasional, refreshing moments of intergenerational bitchiness\", they did not \"justify comparisons to All About Eve\", and were \"insufficiently different to deserve critical parallels with Rashomon\".", "phonemes": "n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 \"\u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l, \u0279\u1d7bf\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nts \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u025ad\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8\u026at\u0283in\u0259s\", \u00f0e\u026a d\u026adn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \"d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259nz t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u02c8i\u02d0v\", \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0 \"\u026ans\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259ntli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025blz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "He also wrote that The Guardian called the film a \"slow, stuffy chamber-piece\", and that The Evening Standard stated the film's \"best moments exhibit the bitchy tantrums seething beneath the threesome's composed veneers\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279di\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8e\u026a \"sl\u02c8o\u028a, st\u02c8\u028cfi t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025ap\u02c8i\u02d0s\", \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0vn\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz \"b\u02c8\u025bst m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nts \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026at \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026at\u0283i t\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0279\u0259mz s\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u026a\u014b b\u1d7bn\u02cci\u02d0\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u028cmz k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd v\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0279z\"."}, {"text": "MRQE wrote \"This cinematic adaptation of a theatrical work is true to the original, but does not stray far from a theatrical rendering of the story.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279kj\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \"\u00f0\u026as s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026az t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t st\u0279\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i."}, {"text": "1997, won 'Best Catalan Film Actress' at Butaca Awards, shared by N\u00faria Espert, Rosa Maria Sard\u00e0, Anna Lizaran, and Merc\u00e8 Pons", "phonemes": "n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8\u025bst k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s \u00e6t bju\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d ba\u026a nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259 \u025bsp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t, \u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u0259 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u00e6, \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 l\u02c8\u026az\u00e6\u0279\u0259n, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz"}, {"text": "1998, nominated for 'Best Screenplay' at Goya Awards, shared by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet and Ventura Pons", "phonemes": "n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a \u00e6t \u0261\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259p m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026at \u02c8a\u026a d\u0292\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026at \u00e6nd v\u025bnt\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz"}, {"text": "It was originally published in 1986, followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6nd \u0250 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "A special numbered and signed anniversary edition was also published in 1996, with an embossed gold jacket.", "phonemes": "\u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025ad \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026and \u02cc\u00e6n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u025bmb\u02c8\u0254st \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6k\u026at."}, {"text": "Animalia is an alliterative alphabet book and contains twenty-six illustrations, one for each letter of the alphabet.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259 \u026az \u0250n \u0250l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt b\u02c8\u028ak \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz tw\u02c8\u025bntis\u02c8\u026aks \u02cc\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02c8\u028cn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt."}, {"text": "Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom (A is for alligator and armadillo, B is for butterfly, etc.)", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m \u0250 \u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0250d\u02c8\u026alo\u028a, b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u025afl\u02cca\u026a, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The illustrations contain many other objects beginning with that letter that the reader can try to identify (however, there are not necessarily \"a thousand things, or maybe more\", as the author states).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a k\u00e6n t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02cc\u025bs\u026as\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \"\u0250 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026abi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\", \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "H. N. Abrams published The Animalia Wall Frieze, a fold-out over 26 feet in length, in which the author created new riddles for each letter.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026at\u0283. \u02c8\u025bn. \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u00e6mz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u0250 f\u02c8o\u028ald\u02c8a\u028at \u02cco\u028av\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks f\u02c8i\u02d0t \u026an l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "The Australian Children's Television Foundation released a teaching resource DVD-ROM in 2011 to accompany the TV series with teaching aids for classroom use.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259nz t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u0250 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s d\u02cci\u02d0v\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bm \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u00f0\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026adz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u0279u\u02d0m j\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "In 2010, The Base Factory and AppBooks released Animalia as an application for iPad and iPhone/iPod Touch.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6p b\u02c8\u028aks \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259 \u00e6z \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a p\u02c8\u00e6d \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026a f\u02c8o\u028an sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8a\u026a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283."}, {"text": "The Children's Book Council of Australia designated Animalia a 1987 Picture Book of the Year: Honour Book.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259nz b\u02c8\u028ak k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u028cv \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259 \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279: \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a b\u02c8\u028ak."}, {"text": "International Atomic Time (abbreviated TAI, from its French name ) is a high-precision atomic coordinate time standard based on the notional passage of proper time on Earth's geoid.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026am \u0250b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a, f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 n\u02c8e\u026am \u026az \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279\u026as\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u0259t t\u02c8a\u026am st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028a\u02c8\u026ad."}, {"text": "TAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 450 atomic clocks in over 80 national laboratories worldwide.", "phonemes": "t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a \u026az \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am k\u02c8\u025bpt ba\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279iz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad."}, {"text": "It is a continuous scale of time, without leap seconds, and it is the principal realisation of Terrestrial Time (with a fixed offset of epoch).", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s sk\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at l\u02c8i\u02d0p s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz, \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0259l\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 f\u02c8\u026akst \u02c8\u0254fs\u025bt \u028cv \u02c8\u025bp\u0251\u02d0k."}, {"text": "It is the basis for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface and which has leap seconds.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026amki\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z l\u02c8i\u02d0p s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz."}, {"text": "The 37 seconds result from the initial difference of 10 seconds at the start of 1972, plus 27 leap seconds in UTC since 1972.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0, pl\u02c8\u028cs tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n l\u02c8i\u02d0p s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u026an j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "TAI may be reported using traditional means of specifying days, carried over from non-uniform time standards based on the rotation of the Earth.", "phonemes": "t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b d\u02c8e\u026az, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02cco\u028av\u025a f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279m t\u02c8a\u026am st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "TAI in this form was synchronised with Universal Time at the beginning of 1958, and the two have drifted apart ever since, due primarily to the slowing rotation of the Earth.", "phonemes": "t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a \u026an \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m w\u028cz s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd w\u026a\u00f0 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u00e6v d\u0279\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u025bv\u025a s\u02c8\u026ans, d\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "TAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 450 atomic clocks in over 80 national laboratories worldwide.", "phonemes": "t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a \u026az \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am k\u02c8\u025bpt ba\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279iz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad."}, {"text": "The majority of the clocks involved are caesium clocks; the International System of Units (SI) definition of the second is based on caesium.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks; \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats s\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m."}, {"text": "Due to the signal averaging TAI is an order of magnitude more stable than its best constituent clock.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n \u026ats b\u02c8\u025bst k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nt kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k."}, {"text": "The participating institutions each broadcast, in real time, a frequency signal with timecodes, which is their estimate of TAI.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st, \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am, \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8a\u026amko\u028adz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259t \u028cv t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "Time codes are usually published in the form of UTC, which differs from TAI by a well-known integer number of seconds.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8a\u026am k\u02c8o\u028adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u02c8\u026af\u025az f\u0279\u028cm t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a ba\u026a \u0250 w\u02c8\u025bln\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u026ant\u026ad\u0292\u025a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz."}, {"text": "These time scales are denoted in the form UTC(NPL) in the UTC form, where NPL here identifies the National Physical Laboratory, UK.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026alz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bnp\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u025bnp\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i, j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The latter is not to be confused with TA(NPL), which denotes an independent atomic time scale, not synchronised to TAI or to anything else.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259bi k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u025bnp\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028ats \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026al, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd t\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bls."}, {"text": "The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, France), combines these measurements to retrospectively calculate the weighted average that forms the most stable time scale possible.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l bj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a \u028cv w\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az b\u02c8\u026ap\u0259m, f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026anz \u00f0i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025am\u0259nts t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026al p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l."}, {"text": "This time scale is expressed in the form of tables of differences UTC \u2212 UTC(k) (equal to TAI \u2212 TAI(k)) for each participating institution k.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026al \u026az \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz \u028cv d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8e\u026a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The same circular also gives tables of TAI \u2212 TA(k), for the various unsynchronised atomic time scales.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u026avz t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz \u028cv t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8e\u026a, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u028cns\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026alz."}, {"text": "Errors in publication may be corrected by issuing a revision of the faulty Circular T or by errata in a subsequent Circular T.  Aside from this, once published in Circular T, the TAI scale is not revised.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u026an p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254lti s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u025a t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a \u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u025a t\u02c8i\u02d0.  \u0250s\u02c8a\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, w\u02c8\u028cns p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u025a t\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8e\u026al \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026azd."}, {"text": "In hindsight, it is possible to discover errors in TAI and to make better estimates of the true proper time scale.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u02c8a\u026andsa\u026at, \u026a\u027e \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u026an t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026al."}, {"text": "Since the published circulars are definitive, better estimates do not create another version of TAI; it is instead considered to be creating a better realisation of Terrestrial Time (TT).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u026an\u026at\u02cc\u026av, b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ts du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a; \u026a\u027e \u026az \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0259l\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am t\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Early atomic time scales consisted of quartz clocks with frequencies calibrated by a single atomic clock; the atomic clocks were not operated continuously.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026alz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u028cv kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks w\u026a\u00f0 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsiz k\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k; \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259sli."}, {"text": "Atomic timekeeping services started experimentally in 1955, using the first caesium atomic clock at the National Physical Laboratory, UK (NPL).", "phonemes": "\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026amki\u02d0p\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i, j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u025bnp\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "It was used as a basis for calibrating the quartz clocks at the Royal Greenwich Observatory and to establish a time scale, called Greenwich Atomic (GA).", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u026at\u0283 \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u00e6nd t\u028a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283 \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026al, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u026at\u0283 \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The United States Naval Observatory began the A.1 scale on 13 September 1956, using an Atomichron commercial atomic clock, followed by the NBS-A scale at the National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado on 9 October 1957.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats n\u02c8e\u026av\u0259l \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026a.w\u02c8\u028cn sk\u02c8e\u026al \u02cc\u0254n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0279\u0259n k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs\u0250 sk\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l bj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a \u028cv st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz, b\u02c8o\u028ald\u025a, k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a \u02cc\u0254n n\u02c8a\u026an \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "The International Time Bureau (BIH) began a time scale, Tm or AM, in July 1955, using both local caesium clocks and comparisons to distant clocks using the phase of VLF radio signals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am bj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0\u02cca\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026al, t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m, \u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u00e6nd k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259nz t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv v\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bf \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The BIH scale, A.1, and NBS-A were defined by an epoch at the beginning of 1958 The procedures used by the BIH evolved, and the name for the time scale changed: A3 in 1964 and TA(BIH) in 1969.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02cci\u02d0\u02cca\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 sk\u02c8e\u026al, \u02c8e\u026a.w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs\u0250 w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a \u0250n \u02c8\u025bp\u0251\u02d0k \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02cci\u02d0\u02cca\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026al t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d: \u02cce\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a b\u02cci\u02d0\u02cca\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "From 1971 to 1975 the General Conference on Weights and Measures and the International Committee for Weights and Measures made a series of decisions that designated the BIPM time scale International Atomic Time (TAI).", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ap\u0259m t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026al \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026am t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "In the 1970s, it became clear that the clocks participating in TAI were ticking at different rates due to gravitational time dilation, and the combined TAI scale, therefore, corresponded to an average of the altitudes of the various clocks.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z, \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00e6t d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am da\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8e\u026al, \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lt\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0dz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "Starting from the Julian Date 2443144.5 (1 January 1977 00:00:00), corrections were applied to the output of all participating clocks, so that TAI would correspond to proper time at the geoid (mean sea level).", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0li\u0259n d\u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.f\u02c8a\u026av w\u02c8\u028cn d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a w\u028ad k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028a\u02c8\u026ad m\u02c8i\u02d0n s\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l."}, {"text": "Because the clocks were, on average, well above sea level, this meant that TAI slowed by about one part in a trillion.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks w\u025c\u02d0, \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292, w\u02c8\u025bl \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l, \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a sl\u02c8o\u028ad ba\u026a \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026an \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "The former uncorrected time scale continues to be published under the name EAL (\u00c9chelle Atomique Libre, meaning Free Atomic Scale).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u028c\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026al k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z t\u0259bi p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bl \u026at\u0283\u02c8\u025bl \u0250\u027e\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0k li\u02d0b\u0279\u0259, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak sk\u02c8e\u026al."}, {"text": "The instant that the gravitational correction started to be applied serves as the epoch for Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB), Geocentric Coordinate Time (TCG), and Terrestrial Time (TT), which represent three fundamental time scales in the solar system.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anst\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bp\u0251\u02d0k f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u0259nt\u0279\u02cc\u026ak ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u0259t t\u02c8a\u026am t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028as\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u026ak ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u0259t t\u02c8a\u026am t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am t\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026alz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "All three of these time scales were defined to read JD 2443144.5003725 (1 January 1977 00:00:32.184) exactly at that instant.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026alz w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d d\u0292\u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av w\u02c8\u028cn d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a:\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0.w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6ktli \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026anst\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The continued existence of TAI was questioned in a 2007 letter from the BIPM to the ITU-R which stated, \"In the case of a redefinition of UTC without leap seconds, the CCTF would consider discussing the possibility of suppressing TAI, as it would remain parallel to the continuous UTC.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a w\u028cz kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nd \u026an \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ap\u0259m t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026at\u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \"\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at l\u02c8i\u02d0p s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf w\u028ad k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cs\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a, \u00e6z \u026at w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Between these adjustments, it is composed of segments that are mapped to atomic time by a constant offset.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u028cstm\u0259nts, \u026a\u027e \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv s\u02c8\u025b\u0261m\u0259nts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6pt t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026am ba\u026a \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt \u02c8\u0254fs\u025bt."}, {"text": "From its beginning in 1961 through December 1971, the adjustments were made regularly in fractional leap seconds so that UTC approximated UT2.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u028cstm\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8i\u02d0p s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The less frequent whole-second adjustments meant that the time scale would be more stable and easier to synchronize internationally.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bs f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nt h\u02c8o\u028als\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u028cstm\u0259nts m\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026al w\u028ad bi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0zi\u025a t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u0259n\u02cca\u026az \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259li."}, {"text": "The fact that it continues to approximate UT1 means that tasks such as navigation which require a source of Universal Time continue to be well served by the public broadcast of UTC.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z t\u028a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u02cce\u026at j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8\u00e6sks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0250 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u025bl s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Altruism is the principle and practice of concern for the well-being and/or happiness of other humans or animals.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u028cv k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025blb\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz."}, {"text": "While objects of altruistic concern vary, it is an important moral value in many cultures and religions.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The word altruism was popularized (and possibly coined) by the French philosopher Auguste Comte in French, as , for an antonym of egoism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u028cz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli k\u02c8\u0254\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u028cst k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, \u00e6z , f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259n\u02cc\u026am \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "He derived it from the Italian , which in turn was derived from Latin , meaning \"other people\" or \"somebody else\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u026at f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n , w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n w\u028cz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an , m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"s\u02c8\u028cmb\u0251\u02d0di \u02c8\u025bls\"."}, {"text": "Altruism, as observed in populations of organisms, is when an individual performs an action at a cost to themselves (in terms of e.g. pleasure and quality of life, time, probability of survival or reproduction) that benefits, directly or indirectly, another individual, without the expectation of reciprocity or compensation for that action.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6z \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026an p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz, \u026az w\u025bn \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u00e6\u027e\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st t\u0259 \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. pl\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af, t\u02c8a\u026am, p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli, \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u026akt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bs\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259ns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The latter are predicated upon social relationships, whilst altruism does not consider relationships.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps, w\u02cca\u026alst \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps."}, {"text": "The theory of psychological egoism suggests that no act of sharing, helping, or sacrificing can be truly altruistic, as the actor may receive an intrinsic reward in the form of personal gratification.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b, h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as\u026a\u014b k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0li \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak, \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250n \u026ant\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The term altruism may also refer to an ethical doctrine that claims that individuals are morally obliged to benefit others.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259li \u0259bl\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292d t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Used in this sense, it is usually contrasted with egoism, which claims individuals are morally obligated to serve themselves first.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u025bns, \u026a\u027e \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259li \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st."}, {"text": "Effective altruism is the use of evidence and reason to determine the most effective ways to benefit others.", "phonemes": "\u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av w\u02c8e\u026az t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "The term was coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists (especially evolutionary psychology researchers), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u028cst k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt, \u00e6nd h\u0250z b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az, \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts, \u00e6nd i\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "Whilst ideas about altruism from one field can affect the other fields, the different methods and focuses of these fields always lead to different perspectives on altruism.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026alst a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8i\u02d0ld k\u00e6n \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u1d7bz \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "This note describes the evolution of the notion of alms (and by extension of altruism) from the notion of sacrifice.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as n\u02c8o\u028at d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0mz \u00e6nd ba\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as."}, {"text": "In the Science of ethology (the study of animal behaviour), and more generally in the study of social evolution, altruism refers to behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u028cv i\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a ba\u026a \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s \u028cv \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l w\u02cca\u026al d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a."}, {"text": "In evolutionary psychology this term may be applied to a wide range of human behaviors such as charity, emergency aid, help to coalition partners, tipping, courtship gifts, production of public goods, and environmentalism.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u028a \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi \u02c8e\u026ad, h\u02c8\u025blp t\u0259 k\u02cco\u028a\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025az, t\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b, k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u026ap \u0261\u02c8\u026afts, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0261\u02c8\u028adz, \u00e6nd \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Theories of apparently altruistic behavior were  by the need to produce ideas compatible with evolutionary origins.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ntli \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a w\u025c\u02d0 ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bb\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz."}, {"text": "Two related strands of research on altruism have emerged from traditional evolutionary analyses and evolutionary game theory: a mathematical model and analysis of behavioral strategies.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m h\u00e6v \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d f\u0279\u028cm t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u02c8e\u026am \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i: \u0250 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292iz."}, {"text": "That animals and humans are more altruistic towards close kin than to distant kin and non-kin has been confirmed in numerous studies across many different cultures.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00e6nd hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz kl\u02c8o\u028as k\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u0250n t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt k\u02c8\u026an \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u02c8\u026an h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "One study found that slightly altering photographs to resemble the faces of study participants more closely increased the trust the participants expressed regarding depicted persons.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8\u028cdi f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t sl\u02c8a\u026atli \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv st\u02c8\u028cdi p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nts m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nts \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Another cue is having the same family name, especially if rare, which has been found to increase helpful behavior.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a kj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026az h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali n\u02c8e\u026am, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026af \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n f\u02c8a\u028and t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s h\u02c8\u025blpf\u0259l b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a."}, {"text": "Using kinship terms in political speeches increased audience agreement with the speaker in one study.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u026an\u0283\u026ap t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u026an p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a\u0279 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8\u028cdi."}, {"text": "People are likely to suffer if their friends, allies and those from similar social ingroups suffer or disappear.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a \u026af \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz, \u02c8\u00e6la\u026az \u00e6nd \u00f0o\u028az f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279u\u02d0ps s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Extreme self-sacrifice towards the ingroup may be adaptive if a hostile outgroup threatens the entire ingroup.", "phonemes": "\u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m s\u02c8\u025blfs\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279u\u02d0p m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026av \u026af \u0250 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0259l a\u028at\u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329z \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "Research shows that it can be beneficial to help others if there is a chance that they will reciprocate the help.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 b\u02cc\u025bn\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u026af \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u026al \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ap\u0279\u0259k\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp."}, {"text": "Many people seem to be following a similar strategy by cooperating if and only if others cooperate in return.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259bi f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i ba\u026a ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026af \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli \u026af \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u026an \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n."}, {"text": "One consequence is that people are more cooperative with one another if they are more likely to interact again in the future.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u026af \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u026an\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "People tend to be less cooperative if they perceive that the frequency of helpers in the population is lower.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259bi l\u02c8\u025bs ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u026af \u00f0e\u026a p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi \u028cv h\u02c8\u025blp\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a."}, {"text": "They tend to help less if they see non-cooperativeness by others, and this effect tends to be stronger than the opposite effect of seeing cooperative behaviors.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp l\u02c8\u025bs \u026af \u00f0e\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026avn\u0259s ba\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259bi st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025az."}, {"text": "Simply changing the cooperative framing of a proposal may increase cooperativeness, such as calling it a \"Community Game\" instead of a \"Wall Street Game\".", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ampli t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026avn\u0259s, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u02c8e\u026a \"k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u0261\u02c8e\u026am\" \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u0259v\u0259 \"w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0261\u02c8e\u026am\"."}, {"text": "This has been used by charities that give small gifts to potential donors hoping to induce reciprocity.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u02c8\u026av sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0261\u02c8\u026afts t\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l d\u02c8o\u028an\u025az h\u02c8o\u028ap\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u026and\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0279\u1d7bs\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The tendency to reciprocate can even generalize, so people become more helpful toward others after being helped.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ap\u0279\u0259k\u02cce\u026at k\u00e6n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026az, s\u02cco\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025blpf\u0259l t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025blpt."}, {"text": "On the other hand, people will avoid or even retaliate against those perceived not to be cooperating.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026al \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u00e6l\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0o\u028az p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259bi ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "People sometimes mistakenly fail to help when they intended to, or their helping may not be noticed, which may cause unintended conflicts.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz m\u026ast\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259nli f\u02c8e\u026al t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd tu\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026ast, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u02cc\u028cn\u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akts."}, {"text": "As such, it may be an optimal strategy to be slightly forgiving of and have a slightly generous interpretation of non-cooperation.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283, \u026at m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026am\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i t\u0259bi sl\u02c8a\u026atli f\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u00e6nd h\u00e6v \u0250 sl\u02c8a\u026atli d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "They are more cooperative if they can gradually build trust instead of being asked to give extensive help immediately.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u026af \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li b\u02c8\u026ald t\u0279\u02c8\u028cst \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6skt t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av h\u02c8\u025blp \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli."}, {"text": "Direct reciprocity and cooperation in a group can be increased by changing the focus and incentives from intra-group competition to larger-scale competitions, such as between groups or against the general population.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u1d7bs\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u00e6nd \u026ans\u02c8\u025bnt\u026avz f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025ask\u02c8e\u026al k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Thus, giving grades and promotions based only on an individual's performance relative to a small local group, as is common, may reduce cooperative behaviors in the group.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026adz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02c8o\u028anli \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u028a \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u02cc\u00e6z\u02cc\u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n, m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "A person esteemed for their reciprocity is more likely to receive assistance, even from individuals they haven't directly interacted with before.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u025bst\u02c8i\u02d0md f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u00f0e\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259nt d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "This form of reciprocity is expressed by people who invest more resources in cooperation and punishment than what is deemed optimal based on established theories of altruism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bs\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u026an ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u00f0\u0250n w\u028ct \u026az d\u02c8i\u02d0md \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026am\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "An organism behaves altruistically and the recipient does not reciprocate but has an increased chance of acting in a way that is selfish but also as a byproduct benefits the altruist.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avz \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026akli \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026api\u0259nt d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ap\u0279\u0259k\u02cce\u026at b\u02cc\u028ct h\u0250z \u0250n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az s\u02c8\u025blf\u026a\u0283 b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00e6z \u0250 b\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279\u0259d\u02cc\u028ckt b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "Altruism, by diverting resources from the altruist, can act as an \"honest signal\" of available resources and the skills to acquire them.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, ba\u026a da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026ast, k\u00e6n \u02c8\u00e6kt \u00e6z \u00e6n \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ast s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l\" \u028cv \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026alz t\u028a \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "It may also signal interactive and cooperative intentions, since someone who does not expect to interact further in the future gains nothing from such costly signaling.", "phonemes": "\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u00e6nd ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u026ans s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt t\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a \u0261\u02c8e\u026anz n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u02c8\u0254stli s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "While it's uncertain if costly signaling can predict long-term cooperative traits, people tend to trust helpers more.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u026ats \u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u026af k\u02c8\u0254stli s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l\u026a\u014b k\u00e6n p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats, p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u028cst h\u02c8\u025blp\u025az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Costly signaling loses its value when everyone shares identical traits, resources, and cooperative intentions, but it gains significance as population variability in these aspects increases.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0254stli s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l\u026a\u014b l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u026ats v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 w\u025bn \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026at \u0261\u02c8e\u026anz s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns \u00e6z p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The research found that good hunters have higher reproductive success and more adulterous relations even if they receive no more of the hunted meat than anyone else.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u02c8\u028ad h\u02c8\u028cnt\u025az h\u00e6v h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026af \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v n\u02c8o\u028am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cnt\u1d7bd m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u025bn\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn \u02c8\u025bls."}, {"text": "Similarly, holding large feasts and giving large donations are ways of demonstrating one's resources.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali, h\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 f\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cnz \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Both indirect reciprocity and costly signaling depend on reputation value and tend to make similar predictions.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u1d7bs\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254stli s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "One is that people will be more helpful when they know that their helping behavior will be communicated to people they will interact with later, publicly announced, discussed, or observed by someone else.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026al bi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025blpf\u0259l w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a n\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a w\u026al bi\u02d0 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00f0e\u026a w\u026al \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026akli \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst, d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn \u02c8\u025bls."}, {"text": "The effect is sensitive to subtle cues, such as people being more helpful when there were stylized eyespots instead of a logo on a computer screen.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u026az s\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l kj\u02c8u\u02d0z, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025blpf\u0259l w\u025bn \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8a\u026ala\u026azd \u02c8a\u026asp\u0251\u02d0ts \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Weak reputational cues such as eyespots may become unimportant if there are stronger cues present and may lose their effect with continued exposure unless reinforced with real reputational effects.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l kj\u02c8u\u02d0z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8a\u026asp\u0251\u02d0ts m\u02c8e\u026a b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u02cc\u028cn\u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u026af \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a kj\u02c8u\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts."}, {"text": "Public displays such as public weeping for dead celebrities and participation in demonstrations may be influenced by a desire to be seen as generous.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak w\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bd s\u0259l\u02c8\u025bb\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u0250 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259bi s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259s."}, {"text": "People who know that they are publicly monitored sometimes even wastefully donate the money they know is not needed by the recipient because of reputational concerns.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026akli m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025ad s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u02c8e\u026astf\u0259li do\u028an\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cni \u00f0e\u026a n\u02c8o\u028a \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026api\u0259nt b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "When women look for a long-term partner, altruism may be a trait they prefer as it may indicate that the prospective partner is also willing to share resources with her and her children.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn w\u02c8\u026am\u026an l\u02c8\u028ak f\u025a\u0279\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z \u026at m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0 \u00e6nd h\u025c\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "Men perform charitable acts in the early stages of a romantic relationship or simply when in the presence of an attractive woman.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bn p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6kts \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0259v\u025a \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026ampli w\u025bn \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259n \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n."}, {"text": "While both sexes state that kindness is the most preferable trait in a partner, there is some evidence that men place less value on this than women and that women may not be more altruistic in the presence of an attractive man.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bks\u1d7bz st\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8a\u026andn\u0259s \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u026an \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u025bn pl\u02c8e\u026as l\u02c8\u025bs v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u026as \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u026am\u026an m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259n \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av m\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "Men may even avoid altruistic women in short-term relationships, which may be because they expect less success.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u026an \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt l\u02c8\u025bs s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "People may compete for the social benefit of a burnished reputation, which may cause competitive altruism.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026a k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0t f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at \u0259v\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u0283t \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "On the other hand, in some experiments, a proportion of people do not seem to care about reputation and do not help more, even if this is conspicuous.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts, \u0250 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u02c8\u025blp m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026af \u00f0\u026as \u026az k\u0259nsp\u02c8\u026akju\u02d0\u0259s."}, {"text": "This may be due to reasons such as psychopathy or that they are so attractive that they need not be seen as altruistic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z sa\u026ak\u02c8o\u028ap\u0259\u03b8i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cco\u028a \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a n\u02c8i\u02d0d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak."}, {"text": "The reputational benefits of altruism occur in the future compared to the immediate costs of altruism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259t k\u02c8\u0254sts \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "While humans and other organisms generally place less value on future costs/benefits as compared to those in the present, some have shorter time horizons than others, and these people tend to be less cooperative.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li pl\u02c8e\u026as l\u02c8\u025bs v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a k\u02c8\u0254sts sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats \u00e6z k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt, s\u02cc\u028cm h\u00e6v \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am h\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u0259nz \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, \u00e6nd \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259bi l\u02c8\u025bs ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av."}, {"text": "Explicit extrinsic rewards and punishments have sometimes been found to have a counterintuitively inverse effect on behaviors when compared to intrinsic rewards.", "phonemes": "\u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026at \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283m\u0259nts h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz b\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250 k\u02cca\u028ant\u025a\u0279\u026ant\u02c8u\u02d0\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026avli \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u02cc\u0254n b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025az w\u025bn k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u028a \u026ant\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "This may be because such extrinsic incentives may replace (partially or in whole) intrinsic and reputational incentives, motivating the person to focus on obtaining the extrinsic rewards, which may make the thus-incentivized behaviors less desirable.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ak \u026ans\u02c8\u025bnt\u026avz m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an h\u02c8o\u028al \u026ant\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026ans\u02c8\u025bnt\u026avz, m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs\u026ans\u02c8\u025bnt\u026av\u02cca\u026azd b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025az l\u02c8\u025bs d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "People prefer altruism in others when it appears to be due to a personality characteristic rather than overt reputational concerns; simply pointing out that there are reputational benefits of action may reduce them.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az w\u025bn \u026a\u027e \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259bi d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250 p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n o\u028av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz; s\u02c8\u026ampli p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "This may be used as a derogatory tactic against altruists (\"you're just virtue signalling\"), especially by those who are non-cooperators.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i t\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026asts\"j\u028a\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l\u026a\u014b\", \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li ba\u026a \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "It has controversially been argued by some evolutionary scientists such as David Sloan Wilson that natural selection can act at the level of non-kin groups to produce adaptations that benefit a non-kin group, even if these adaptations are detrimental at the individual level.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u0250z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li b\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad sl\u02c8o\u028an w\u02c8\u026als\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n \u02c8\u00e6kt \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u02c8\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u02c8\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026af \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l."}, {"text": "Thus, while altruistic persons may under some circumstances be outcompeted by less altruistic persons at the individual level, according to group selection theory, the opposite may occur at the group level where groups consisting of the more altruistic persons may outcompete groups consisting of the less altruistic persons.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, w\u02cca\u026al \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz m\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259mst\u02cc\u00e6ns\u1d7bz bi\u02d0 a\u028atk\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ad ba\u026a l\u02c8\u025bs \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz m\u02c8e\u026a a\u028atk\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bs \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Such altruism may only extend to ingroup members while directing prejudice and antagonism against outgroup members (see also in-group favoritism).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd t\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279u\u02d0p m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az w\u02cca\u026al d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0d\u026as \u00e6nd \u00e6nt\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst a\u028at\u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Such explanations do not imply that humans consciously calculate how to increase their inclusive fitness when doing altruistic acts.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u025bkspl\u0250n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sli k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026at h\u02cca\u028a t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026av f\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s w\u025bn d\u02ccu\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6kts."}, {"text": "Instead, evolution has shaped psychological mechanisms, such as emotions, that promote certain altruistic behaviors.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd, \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z \u0283\u02c8e\u026apt sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bk\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025az."}, {"text": "The benefits for the altruist may be increased, and the costs reduced by being more altruistic towards certain groups.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254sts \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "Research has found that people are more altruistic to kin than to no-kin, to friends than strangers, to those attractive than to those unattractive, to non-competitors than competitors, and to members in-groups than to members of out-groups.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 h\u0250z f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak t\u0259 k\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u0250n t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028ak\u02c8\u026an, t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u00f0\u0250n st\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025az, t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u00f0\u0250n t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cn\u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av, t\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u027e\u025az \u00f0\u0250n k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u00e6nd t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u00f0\u0250n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv \u02c8a\u028at\u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "The study of altruism was the initial impetus behind George R. Price's development of the Price equation, a mathematical equation used to study genetic evolution.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u027e\u0259s b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as \u1d7bkw\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u0250 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u1d7bkw\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "An interesting example of altruism is found in the cellular slime moulds, such as Dictyostelium mucoroides.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv 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f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u025blz s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u025blz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "Selective investment theory proposes that close social bonds, and associated emotional, cognitive, and neurohormonal mechanisms, evolved to facilitate long-term, high-cost altruism between those closely depending on one another for survival and reproductive success.", "phonemes": "s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u026anv\u02c8\u025bstm\u0259nt \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t kl\u02c8o\u028as s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz, \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd 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"phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025az h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz b\u02cc\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bftw\u02c8\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n zu\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026ast p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259tk\u02cc\u026an \u026an h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u028ak mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad: \u0250 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u026az b\u02c8\u028ak \u0250 d\u0251\u02d0\u0279w\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bft."}, {"text": "Jorge Moll and Jordan Grafman, neuroscientists at the National Institutes of Health and LABS-D'Or Hospital Network, provided the first evidence for the neural bases of altruistic giving in normal healthy volunteers, using functional magnetic resonance imaging.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279he\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fm\u0259n, n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259s\u02cca\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6bzd\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026a\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k, p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259n\u0259ns \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In their research, they showed that both pure monetary rewards and charitable donations activated the mesolimbic reward pathway, a primitive part of the brain that usually responds to food and sex.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, \u00f0e\u026a \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025bs\u0259l\u02c8\u026amb\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8we\u026a, \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz t\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bks."}, {"text": "However, when volunteers generously placed the interests of others before their own by making charitable donations, another brain circuit was selectively activated: the subgenual cortex/septal region.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, w\u02cc\u025bn v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279z d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259sli pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bsts \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an ba\u026a m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at w\u028cz s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd: \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u0259nj\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025bks sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "The experiment indicated that altruism isn't a higher moral faculty overpowering innate selfish desires, but a fundamental, ingrained, and enjoyable trait in the brain.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02cc\u026az\u0259nt \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259lti \u02cco\u028av\u025ap\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026ann\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025blf\u026a\u0283 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025az, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250 f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l, \u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026and, \u00e6nd \u025bnd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259b\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "One brain region, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex/basal forebrain, contributes to learning altruistic behavior, especially in people with  empathy.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u0259nj\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nt\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u02cce\u026at k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025bks sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u0279e\u026an, k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0ts t\u0259 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025bmp\u0259\u03b8i."}, {"text": "Bill Harbaugh, a University of Oregon economist, in an fMRI scanner test conducted with his psychologist colleague Dr. Ulrich Mayr, reached the same conclusions as Jorge Moll and Jordan Grafman about giving to charity, although they were able to divide the study group into two groups: \"egoists\" and \"altruists\".", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u026al h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0254\u02d0, \u0250 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0261\u0259n \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u02cc\u026ast, \u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u025bf \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a t\u02c8\u025bst k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li\u02d0\u0261 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a. \u02c8\u028cl\u0279\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a\u025a, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u00e6z h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279he\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fm\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps: \"\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026asts\" \u00e6nd \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026asts\"."}, {"text": "One of their discoveries was that, though rarely, even some of the considered \"egoists\" sometimes gave more than expected because that would help others, leading to the conclusion that there are other factors in charity, such as a person's environment and values.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279iz w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279li, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \"\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026asts\" s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0261\u02c8e\u026av m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad h\u02c8\u025blp \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences defines psychological altruism as \"a motivational state to increase another's welfare\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u025bns\u02cca\u026aklo\u028ap\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026anz sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6z \"\u0250 m\u02cco\u028a\u027e\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az w\u02c8\u025blf\u025b\u0279\"."}, {"text": "Psychological altruism is contrasted with psychological egoism, which refers to the motivation to increase one's welfare.", "phonemes": "sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cco\u028a\u027e\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s w\u02c8\u028cnz w\u02c8\u025blf\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "Some definitions specify a self-sacrificial nature to altruism and a lack of external rewards for altruistic behaviors.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u025blfs\u02cc\u00e6k\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025az."}, {"text": "However, because altruism ultimately benefits the self in many cases, the selflessness of altruistic acts is difficult to prove.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blf \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blfl\u0259sn\u0259s \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6kts \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v."}, {"text": "The social exchange theory postulates that altruism only exists when the benefits outweigh the costs to the self.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i p\u02c8\u0254st\u0283\u028al\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02c8o\u028anli \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats a\u028atw\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254sts t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "He identified four significant motives: to ultimately benefit the self (egoism), to ultimately benefit the other person (altruism), to benefit a group (collectivism), or to uphold a moral principle (principlism).", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026avz: t\u028a \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blf \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, t\u028a \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u028cph\u02c8o\u028ald \u0250 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Altruism that ultimately serves selfish gains is thus differentiated from selfless altruism, but the general conclusion has been that empathy-induced altruism can be genuinely selfless.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz s\u02c8\u025blf\u026a\u0283 \u0261\u02c8e\u026anz \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025blfl\u0259s \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bmp\u0259\u03b8i\u026and\u02c8u\u02d0st \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnju\u02d0\u026anli s\u02c8\u025blfl\u0259s."}, {"text": "The empathy-altruism hypothesis states that psychological altruism exists and is evoked by the empathic desire to help someone suffering.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmp\u0259\u03b8i\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts \u00e6nd \u026az \u026av\u02c8o\u028akt ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u025bmp\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u026ak d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Feelings of empathic concern are contrasted with personal distress, which compels people to reduce their unpleasant emotions and increase their positive ones by helping someone in need.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014bz \u028cv \u025bmp\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u026ak k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025blz p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u028cnpl\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av w\u02c8\u028cnz ba\u026a h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn \u026an n\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Empathy is thus not selfless since altruism works either as a way to avoid those negative, unpleasant feelings and have positive, pleasant feelings when triggered by others' need for help or as a way to gain social reward or avoid social punishment by helping.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259\u03b8i \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u025blfl\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u00f0o\u028az n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, \u028cnpl\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd h\u00e6v p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av, pl\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014bz w\u025bn t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025ad ba\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az n\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025blp \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt ba\u026a h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "People with empathic concern help others in distress even when exposure to the situation could be easily avoided, whereas those lacking in empathic concern avoid allowing it unless it is difficult or impossible to avoid exposure to another's suffering.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u025bmp\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u026ak k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n h\u02c8\u025blp \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u026an d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u025bn \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0zili \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u1d7bd, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u00f0o\u028az l\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u026an \u025bmp\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u026ak k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u026a\u027e \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a t\u028a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Helping behavior is seen in humans from about two years old when a toddler can understand subtle emotional cues.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279 \u026az s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8o\u028ald w\u025bn \u0250 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dl\u025a k\u00e6n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l kj\u02c8u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "In psychological research on altruism, studies often observe altruism as demonstrated through prosocial behaviors such as helping, comforting, sharing, cooperation, philanthropy, and community service.", "phonemes": "\u026an sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6z d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0so\u028a\u0283\u0259l b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b, k\u02c8\u028cmf\u025a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b, ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, f\u026al\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259pi, \u00e6nd k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as."}, {"text": "People are most likely to help if they recognize that a person is in need and feel personal responsibility for reducing the person's distress.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp \u026af \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u026az \u026an n\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0l p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "The number of bystanders witnessing pain or suffering affects the likelihood of helping (the Bystander effect).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u02c8a\u026ast\u00e6nd\u025az w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s\u026a\u014b p\u02c8e\u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026aklih\u02cc\u028ad \u028cv h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026ast\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "However, a witness with a high level of empathic concern is likely to assume personal responsibility entirely regardless of the number of bystanders.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0250 w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv \u025bmp\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u026ak k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0m p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dl\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u02c8a\u026ast\u00e6nd\u025az."}, {"text": "Many studies have observed the effects of volunteerism (as a form of altruism) on happiness and health and have consistently found that those who exhibit volunteerism also have better current and future health and well-being.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni st\u02c8\u028cdiz h\u00e6v \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026az\u0259m \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd h\u00e6v k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ntli f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026at v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026az\u0259m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6v b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u00e6nd fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025blb\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In a study of older adults, those who volunteered had higher life satisfaction and will to live, and less depression, anxiety, and somatization.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts, \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279d h\u00e6d h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a l\u02c8a\u026af s\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026alt\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026av, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bs d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6\u014bz\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u0250\u027e\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Volunteerism and helping behavior have not only been shown to improve mental health but physical health and longevity as well, attributable to the activity and social integration it encourages.", "phonemes": "v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli b\u02cc\u026an \u0283\u02c8o\u028an t\u028a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 b\u02cc\u028ct f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd l\u0254nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bv\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl, \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026a\u027e \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "One study examined the physical health of mothers who volunteered over 30 years and found that 52% of those who did not belong to a volunteer organization experienced a major illness while only 36% of those who did volunteer experienced one.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8\u028cdi \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026and \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u028cv m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u028a \u0250 v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259nst \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026aln\u0259s w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8o\u028anli \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259nst w\u02cc\u028cn."}, {"text": "A study on adults aged 55 and older found that during the four-year study period, people who volunteered for two or more organizations had a 63% lower likelihood of dying.", "phonemes": "\u0250 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u02cc\u0254n \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 st\u02c8\u028cdi p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u00e6d \u0250 s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a l\u02c8a\u026aklih\u02cc\u028ad \u028cv d\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "After controlling for prior health status, it was determined that volunteerism accounted for a 44% reduction in mortality.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s, \u026at w\u028cz d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and \u00f0\u00e6t v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026az\u0259m \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd f\u025a\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026an m\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "A study that asked participants to count each act of kindness they performed for one week significantly enhanced their subjective happiness.", "phonemes": "\u0250 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6skt p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nts t\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ant \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv k\u02c8a\u026andn\u0259s \u00f0e\u026a p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8i\u02d0k s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6nst \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u028cbd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s."}, {"text": "While research supports the idea that altruistic acts bring about happiness, it has also been found to work in the opposite direction\u2014that happier people are also kinder.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6kts b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s, \u026at h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u2014\u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u025a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8a\u026and\u025a."}, {"text": "For example, one study on volunteerism found that feeling overwhelmed by others' demands had an even stronger negative effect on mental health than helping had a positive one (although positive effects were still significant).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, w\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8\u028cdi \u02cc\u0254n v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026az\u0259m f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025aw\u02c8\u025blmd ba\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz h\u00e6d \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00f0\u0250n h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b h\u00e6d \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts w\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8\u026al s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Pathological altruism is altruism taken to an unhealthy extreme, such that it either harms the altruistic person or the person's well-intentioned actions cause more harm than good.", "phonemes": "p\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n t\u028a \u0250n \u028cnh\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz w\u02c8\u025bl\u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0250n \u0261\u02c8\u028ad."}, {"text": "Examples include depression and burnout seen in healthcare professionals, an unhealthy focus on others to the detriment of one's own needs, hoarding of animals, and ineffective philanthropic and social programs that ultimately worsen the situations they are meant to aid.", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0na\u028at s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8k\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259lz, \u0250n \u028cnh\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026am\u0259nt \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnz \u02c8o\u028an n\u02c8i\u02d0dz, h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u026an\u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av f\u026al\u0250n\u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bnt t\u028a \u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "The structure of our societies and how individuals come to exhibit charitable, philanthropic, and other pro-social, altruistic actions for the common good is a commonly researched topic within the field.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u028a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz k\u02c8\u028cm t\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026at t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l, f\u026al\u0250n\u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l, \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283t t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "The American Sociology Association (ASA) acknowledges public sociology saying, \"The intrinsic scientific, policy, and public relevance of this field of investigation in helping to construct 'good societies' is unquestionable\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a \u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b, \"\u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ak sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259ns \u028cv \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv \u026anv\u02cc\u025bst\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b t\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt \u0261\u02c8\u028ad s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u026az \u028c\u014bkw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n\u0259b\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "This type of sociology seeks contributions that aid popular and theoretical understandings of what motivates altruism and how it is organized, and promotes an altruistic focus in order to benefit the world and people it studies.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i s\u02c8i\u02d0ks k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8e\u026ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a \u00e6nd \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014bz \u028cv w\u028ct m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u028a \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028ats \u0250n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6nd p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026at st\u02c8\u028cdiz."}, {"text": "How altruism is framed, organized, carried out, and what motivates it at the group level is an area of focus that sociologists investigate in order to contribute back to the groups it studies and \"build the good society\".", "phonemes": "h\u02cca\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amd, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02c8a\u028at, \u00e6nd w\u028ct m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026ats \u026a\u027e \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026at \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026at st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u00e6nd \"b\u02c8\u026ald \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei\"."}, {"text": "The motivation of altruism is also the focus of study; for example, one study links the occurrence of moral outrage to altruistic compensation of victims.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cco\u028a\u027e\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u028cv st\u02c8\u028cdi; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, w\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8\u028cdi l\u02c8\u026a\u014bks \u00f0\u026a \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u02c8a\u028at\u0279e\u026ad\u0292 t\u028a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259ns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv v\u02c8\u026akt\u026amz."}, {"text": "Studies show that generosity in laboratory and in online experiments is contagious \u2013 people imitate the generosity they observe in others.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i \u00e6nd \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nla\u026an \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u026az k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0e\u026a \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, and Sikhism, etc., place particular emphasis on altruistic morality.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026az\u0259m, k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei, h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an\u026az\u0259m, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0de\u026a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026az\u0259m, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259., pl\u02c8e\u026as p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak m\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Love and compassion are components of all forms of Buddhism, and are focused on all beings equally: love is the wish that all beings be happy, and compassion is the wish that all beings be free from suffering.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u028cv \u00e6nd k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li: l\u02c8\u028cv \u026az \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz bi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6pi, \u00e6nd k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz bi\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "These qualities are the ultimate source of human happiness, and the need for them lies at the very core of our being\" (Dalai Lama).", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259t s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm l\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b\" d\u02c8\u00e6la\u026a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259."}, {"text": "The notion of altruism is modified in such a world-view, since the belief is that such a practice promotes the practitioner's own happiness: \"The more we care for the happiness of others, the greater our own sense of well-being becomes\" (Dalai Lama).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u026an s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldvj\u02c8u\u02d0, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025az \u02c8o\u028an h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s: \"\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 wi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cca\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv w\u02c8\u025blb\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cmz\" d\u02c8\u00e6la\u026a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259."}, {"text": "In the context of larger ethical discussions on moral action and judgment, Buddhism is characterized by the belief that negative (unhappy) consequences of our actions derive not from punishment or correction based on moral judgment, but from the law of karma, which functions like a natural law of cause and effect.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt, b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026az\u0259m \u026az k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cnh\u02c8\u00e6pi k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt, b\u02cc\u028ct f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "A simple illustration of such cause and effect is the case of experiencing the effects of what one causes: if one causes suffering, then as a natural consequence one would experience suffering; if one causes happiness, then as a natural consequence one would experience happiness.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l \u02cc\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv w\u028ct w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz: \u026af w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns w\u02c8\u028cn w\u028ad \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b; \u026af w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns w\u02c8\u028cn w\u028ad \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s."}, {"text": "The fundamental principles of Jainism revolve around altruism, not only for humans but for all sentient beings.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an\u026az\u0259m \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz b\u02cc\u028ct f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nt b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Jainism preaches  \u2013 to live and let live, not harming sentient beings, i.e. uncompromising reverence for all life.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an\u026az\u0259m p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bt l\u02c8a\u026av, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nt b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz, \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "The first , Rishabhdev, introduced the concept of altruism for all living beings, from extending knowledge and experience to others to donation, giving oneself up for others, non-violence, and compassion for all living things.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st , \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0250bhd\u02cc\u025bv, \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz, f\u0279\u028cm \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az t\u0259 do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b w\u028cns\u02c8\u025blf \u02cc\u028cp f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns, \u00e6nd k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Jainism views every soul as worthy of respect because it has the potential to become  (God in Jainism).", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an\u026az\u0259m vj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i s\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0i \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u026an d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Jainism emphasizes the equality of all life, advocating harmlessness towards all, whether the creatures are great or small.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an\u026az\u0259m \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8a\u026af, \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ml\u0259sn\u0259s t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Jainism acknowledges that every person has different capabilities and capacities to practice and therefore accepts different levels of compliance for ascetics and householders.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an\u026az\u0259m \u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n h\u0250z d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt k\u02cce\u026ap\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027eiz t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpts d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv k\u0259mpl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028ald\u025az."}, {"text": "Thomas Aquinas interprets \"You should love your neighbour as yourself\" as meaning that love for ourselves is the exemplar of love for others.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6kw\u026an\u0259z \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026ats \"ju\u02d0 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad l\u02c8\u028cv j\u028a\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z jo\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u025blf\" \u00e6z m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u028cv f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 a\u028a\u025as\u02c8\u025blvz \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bmpl\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8\u028cv f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Considering that \"the love with which a man loves himself is the form and root of friendship\" he quotes Aristotle that \"the origin of friendly relations with others lies in our relations to ourselves\",.", "phonemes": "k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cv w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n l\u02c8\u028cvz h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u0283\u026ap\" hi\u02d0 kw\u02c8o\u028ats \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az l\u02c8a\u026az \u026an \u02cca\u028a\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u028a a\u028a\u025as\u02c8\u025blvz\",."}, {"text": "Aquinas concluded that though we are not bound to love others more than ourselves, we naturally seek the common good, the good of the whole, more than any private good, the good of a part.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6kw\u026an\u0259z k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u02cco\u028a wi\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n a\u028a\u025as\u02c8\u025blvz, wi\u02d0 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li s\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028ad, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025bni p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t \u0261\u02c8\u028ad, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "However, he thought we should love God more than ourselves and our neighbours, and more than our bodily life\u2014since the ultimate purpose of loving our neighbour is to share in eternal beatitude: a more desirable thing than bodily well-being.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, hi\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t wi\u02d0 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad l\u02c8\u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n a\u028a\u025as\u02c8\u025blvz \u00e6nd \u02cca\u028a\u025a n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025az, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02cca\u028a\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dili l\u02c8a\u026af\u2014s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259t p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u028cv l\u02c8\u028cv\u026a\u014b \u02cca\u028a\u025a n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279 \u026az t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026an \u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l bi\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d: \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0250n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dili w\u02c8\u025blb\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In coining the word \"altruism\", as stated above, Comte was probably opposing this Thomistic doctrine, which is present in some theological schools within Catholicism.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m\", \u00e6z st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0259b\u02c8\u028cv, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as t\u0259m\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u026an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an k\u00e6\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "The aim and focus of Christian life is a life that glorifies God, with obeying christ's command to treat others equally, caring for them and understanding eternity in heaven is what Jesus Resurrection at calvary was all about.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026am \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026af \u026az \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026af \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d, w\u026a\u00f0 o\u028ab\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8a\u026asts k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li, k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026az w\u028ct d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t k\u02c8\u00e6lv\u025a\u0279i w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250b\u02c8a\u028at."}, {"text": "states that for one to love God one must love his fellowman, and that hatred of one's fellowman is the same as hatred of God.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u028cst l\u02c8\u028cv h\u026az f\u02c8\u025blo\u028am\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026ad \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnz f\u02c8\u025blo\u028am\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6z h\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026ad \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Oord defines altruism as acting for the other's good, and he agrees with feminists who note that sometimes love requires acting for one's own good when the other's demands undermine overall well-being.", "phonemes": "\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259d d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026anz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u0261\u02c8\u028ad, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026asts h\u02ccu\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz l\u02c8\u028cv \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cnz \u02c8o\u028an \u0261\u02c8\u028ad w\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025am\u02c8a\u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u02c8\u025blb\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "One way is a sincere expression of Christian love, \"motivated by a powerful feeling of security, strength, and inner salvation, of the invincible fullness of one's own life and existence\".", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8e\u026a \u026az \u0250 s\u026ans\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u028cv, \"m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026an\u025a s\u00e6lv\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u02c8\u028aln\u0259s \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnz \u02c8o\u028an l\u02c8a\u026af \u00e6nd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns\"."}, {"text": "Another way is merely \"one of the many modern substitutes for love,... nothing but the urge to turn away from oneself and to lose oneself in other people's business\".", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8e\u026a \u026az m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li \"w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an s\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u028cv,... n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm w\u028cns\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6nd t\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0z w\u028cns\u02c8\u025blf \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s\"."}, {"text": "At its worst, Scheler says, \"love for the small, the poor, the weak, and the oppressed is really disguised hatred, repressed envy, an impulse to detract, etc., directed against the opposite phenomena: wealth, strength, power, largesse.", "phonemes": "\u00e6\u027e \u026ats w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, \u0283\u02c8\u025bl\u025a s\u02c8\u025bz, \"l\u02c8\u028cv f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0k, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u026az \u0279\u02c8i\u0259li d\u026as\u0261\u02c8a\u026azd h\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026ad, \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u025bnvi, \u0250n \u02c8\u026amp\u028cls t\u0259 d\u026at\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259., d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259: w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8, st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8, p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025bs."}, {"text": "For Sufis, this means devotion to others through complete forgetfulness of one's own concerns, where concern for others is deemed as a demand made by Allah (i.e. God) on the human body, considered to be property of Allah alone.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8u\u02d0fiz, \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8i\u02d0nz d\u026av\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t f\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u025btf\u0259ln\u0259s \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnz \u02c8o\u028an k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u026az d\u02c8i\u02d0md \u00e6z \u0250 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259 \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259 \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "The importance of  lies in sacrifice for the sake of the greater good; Islam considers those practicing  as abiding by the highest degree of nobility.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026az \u026an s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u028ad; \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025az \u00f0o\u028az p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u0250b\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv no\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "A constant concern for Allah results in a careful attitude towards people, animals, and other things in this world.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6l\u025a \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u026an \u0250 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279f\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u026an \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto focused on the \"purpose of creation\" and how the will of God was to bring creation into perfection and adhesion with this force of giving.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ba\u026a m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026am l\u028cz\u02c8\u00e6\u027eo\u028a f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \"p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u028cv k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\" \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u0259 w\u026al \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d w\u028cz t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a p\u025af\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250dh\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Modern Kabbalah developed by Rabbi Yehuda Ashlag, in his writings about the future generation, focuses on how society could achieve an altruistic social framework.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an k\u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6l\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ba\u026a j\u025bhj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6\u0283l\u00e6\u0261, \u026an h\u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n h\u02cca\u028a s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei k\u028ad \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amw\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Ashlag proposed that such a framework is the purpose of creation, and everything that happens is to raise humanity to the level of altruism, love for one another.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0283l\u00e6\u0261 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amw\u025c\u02d0k \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u028cv k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259nz \u026az t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, l\u02c8\u028cv f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "The central faith in Sikhism is that the greatest deed anyone can do is to imbibe and live the godly qualities like love, affection, sacrifice, patience, harmony, and truthfulness. , or selfless service to the community for its own sake, is an important concept in Sikhism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8 \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast d\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02c8\u025bn\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn k\u00e6n d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026az t\u028a \u026amb\u02c8a\u026ab \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026av \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dli kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz l\u02c8a\u026ak l\u02c8\u028cv, \u0250f\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as, p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259ns, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ni, \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8f\u0259ln\u0259s. , \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025blfl\u0259s s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8e\u026ak, \u026az \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "The fifth Guru, Arjun Dev, sacrificed his life to uphold \"22 carats of pure truth, the greatest gift to humanity\", the Guru Granth.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u0261j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279u\u02d0, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u028cn d\u02c8\u025bv, s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ast h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af t\u028a \u028cph\u02c8o\u028ald \"tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6ts \u028cv pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u0261\u02c8\u026aft t\u0259 hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei\", \u00f0\u0259 \u0261j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8."}, {"text": "The ninth Guru, Tegh Bahadur, sacrificed his head to protect weak and defenseless people against atrocity.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 \u0261j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279u\u02d0, t\u02c8\u025b\u0261 b\u02c8\u00e6h\u0250dj\u02cc\u028a\u0279, s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ast h\u026az h\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6nd d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnsl\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "In the late seventeenth century, Guru Gobind Singh (the tenth Guru in Sikhism), was at war with the Mughal rulers to protect the people of different faiths when a fellow Sikh, Bhai Kanhaiya, attended the troops of the enemy.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u0261j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ba\u026and s\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8 \u0261j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279u\u02d0 \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026az\u0259m, w\u028cz \u00e6t w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u025az t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u028cv d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8s w\u025bn \u0250 f\u02c8\u025blo\u028a s\u02c8i\u02d0k, b\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6nhe\u026aj\u0259, \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Some of the enemy began to fight again and some Sikh warriors were annoyed by Bhai Kanhaiya as he was helping their enemy.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u0259mi b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u025az w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u0254\u026ad ba\u026a b\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6nhe\u026aj\u0259 \u00e6z hi\u02d0 w\u028cz h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Sikh soldiers brought Bhai Kanhaiya before Guru Gobind Singh, and complained of his action that they considered counterproductive to their struggle on the battlefield.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0k s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t b\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6nhe\u026aj\u0259 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0261j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ba\u026and s\u02c8\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026and \u028cv h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad k\u02cca\u028ant\u025ap\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259l \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259lf\u02cci\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Under the tutelage of the Guru, Bhai Kanhaiya subsequently founded a volunteer corps for altruism, which is still engaged today in doing good to others and in training new recruits for this service.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025bl\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279u\u02d0, b\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6nhe\u026aj\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u0250 v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u026an d\u02ccu\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u028ad t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u00e6nd \u026an t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as."}, {"text": "In Hinduism Selflessness (), Love (), Kindness (), and Forgiveness () are considered as the highest acts of humanity or \"\".", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m s\u02c8\u025blfl\u0259sn\u0259s, l\u02c8\u028cv, k\u02c8a\u026andn\u0259s, \u00e6nd f\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u026avn\u0259s \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6kts \u028cv hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\"."}, {"text": "Giving alms to the beggars or poor people is considered as a divine act or \"\" and Hindus believe it will free their souls from guilt or \"\" and will led them to heaven or \"\" in afterlife.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0mz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00e6z \u0250 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u00e6kt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\" \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0z b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u026at w\u026al f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028alz f\u0279\u028cm \u0261\u02c8\u026alt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\" \u00e6nd w\u026al l\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\" \u026an \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025al\u02cca\u026af."}, {"text": "Mass donation of clothes to poor people (), or blood donation camp or mass food donation () for poor people is common in various Hindu religious ceremonies.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u00e6s do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv kl\u02c8o\u028a\u00f0z t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 bl\u02c8\u028cd do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6mp \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6s f\u02c8u\u02d0d do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259niz."}, {"text": "The Bhagavad Gita supports the doctrine of karma yoga (achieving oneness with God through action) & \"Nishkam Karma\" or action without expectation / desire for personal gain which can be said to encompass altruism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0250v\u02cc\u00e6d \u0261\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u026an \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259 j\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0259 \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cnn\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6nd \"n\u02c8\u026a\u0283k\u00e6m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u025bksp\u026akt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u02c8e\u026an w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Altruistic acts are generally celebrated and very well received in Hindu literature and are central to Hindu morality.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6kts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u025bl \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u026an h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u0259 h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0 m\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "There is a wide range of philosophical views on humans' obligations or motivations to act altruistically.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l vj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02cc\u0254n hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u02cc\u0251\u02d0bl\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cco\u028a\u027e\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026akli."}, {"text": "Proponents of ethical altruism maintain that individuals are morally obligated to act altruistically.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259li \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026akli."}, {"text": "The opposing view is ethical egoism, which maintains that moral agents should always act in their own self-interest.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026az \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u02c8\u00e6kt \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8\u025blf\u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst."}, {"text": "Both ethical altruism and ethical egoism contrast with utilitarianism, which maintains that each agent should act in order to maximise the efficacy of their function and the benefit to both themselves and their co-inhabitants.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st w\u026a\u00f0 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u02c8\u00e6kt \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bf\u026ak\u0259si \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at t\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028a\u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u0259nts."}, {"text": "A related concept in descriptive ethics is psychological egoism, the thesis that humans always act in their own self-interest and that true altruism is impossible.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u026an d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u026av \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks \u026az sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u02c8\u00e6kt \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8\u025blf\u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l."}, {"text": "Rational egoism is the view that rationality consists in acting in one's self-interest (without specifying how this affects one's moral obligations).", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u026an \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u026an w\u02c8\u028cnz s\u02c8\u025blf\u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u026as \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkts w\u02c8\u028cnz m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0bl\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Effective altruism is a philosophy and social movement that uses evidence and reasoning to determine the most effective ways to benefit others.", "phonemes": "\u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u0250 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u026a\u014b t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av w\u02c8e\u026az t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Effective altruism encourages individuals to consider all causes and actions and to act in the way that brings about the greatest positive impact, based upon their values.", "phonemes": "\u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z."}, {"text": "It is the broad, evidence-based, and cause-neutral approach that distinguishes effective altruism from traditional altruism or charity.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d, \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259nsb\u02c8e\u026ast, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zn\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "While a substantial proportion of effective altruists have focused on the nonprofit sector, the philosophy of effective altruism applies more broadly to prioritizing the scientific projects, companies, and policy initiatives which can be estimated to save lives, help people, or otherwise have the biggest benefit.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u0250 s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0np\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026at s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u028cv \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dli t\u0259 p\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkts, k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283i\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026av l\u02c8a\u026avz, h\u02c8\u025blp p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u026ast b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at."}, {"text": "People associated with the movement include philosopher Peter Singer, Facebook co founder Dustin Moskovitz, Cari Tuna, Oxford-based researchers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, and professional poker player Liv Boeree.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025a, f\u02c8e\u026asb\u028ak k\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a d\u02c8\u028cst\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u0259v\u02cc\u026ats, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025adb\u02c8e\u026ast \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m m\u02c8\u00e6k \u02c8\u00e6sk\u026al \u00e6nd t\u02c8o\u028abi \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8o\u028ak\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a l\u02c8\u026av b\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0."}, {"text": "OXTR, CD38, COMT, DRD4, DRD5, IGF2, and GABRB2 are candidate genes for influencing altruistic behavior.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kst\u025a, s\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mt, d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026av, \u02c8\u026a\u0261f t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259b t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a."}, {"text": "Digital altruism is the notion that some are willing to freely share information based on the principle of reciprocity and in the belief that in the end, everyone benefits from sharing information via the Internet.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02cc\u028cm \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0li \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bs\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd, \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u025an\u02cc\u025bt."}, {"text": "There are three types of digital altruism: (1) \"everyday digital altruism\", involving expedience, ease, moral engagement, and conformity; (2) \"creative digital altruism\", involving creativity, heightened moral engagement, and cooperation; and (3) \"co-creative digital altruism\" involving creativity, moral engagement, and meta cooperative efforts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m: w\u02c8\u028cn \"\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026ad\u02cce\u026a d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m\", \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u025bksp\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259ns, \u02c8i\u02d0z, m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt, \u00e6nd k\u0259nf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u1d7b\u027ei; t\u02c8u\u02d0 \"k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m\", \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b k\u0279i\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, h\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329d m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt, \u00e6nd ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n; \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \"k\u02c8o\u028ak\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m\" \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b k\u0279i\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259 ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats."}, {"text": "Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum; , 1905\u00a0\u2013 March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name Ayn Rand (), was a Russian-born American writer and public philosopher.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u026as o\u028ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u02c8\u00e6l\u026as\u0259 z\u02c8\u026an\u0259v\u026a\u02cc\u025bvn\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259nb\u02cca\u028am; , n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 s\u02c8\u026aks, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a n\u02c8o\u028an ba\u026a h\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd, w\u028cz\u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259nb\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a."}, {"text": "After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful and two Broadway plays, she achieved fame with her 1943 novel, The Fountainhead.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u028cns\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dwe\u026a pl\u02c8e\u026az, \u0283i\u02d0 \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vd f\u02c8e\u026am w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anh\u02cc\u025bd."}, {"text": "Afterward, until her death in 1982, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025ad, \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al h\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0283i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at h\u025c\u02d0 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u025bse\u026az."}, {"text": "In politics, she condemned the initiation of force as immoral and supported laissez-faire capitalism, which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights, including private property rights.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks, \u0283i\u02d0 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bmd \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02cc\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u00e6z \u026am\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8e\u026as\u025bzf\u02c8\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0283i\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "Although Rand opposed libertarianism, which she viewed as anarchism, she is often associated with the modern libertarian movement in the United States.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0283i\u02d0 vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0283i\u02d0 \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "She was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her, with a few exceptions.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279pli k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az \u00e6nd f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Her fiction received mixed reviews from literary critics, with reviews becoming more negative for her later work.", "phonemes": "h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd m\u02c8\u026akst \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Although academic interest in her ideas has grown since her death, academic philosophers have generally ignored or rejected her philosophy, arguing that she has a polemical approach and that her work lacks methodological rigor.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z h\u0250z \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8\u026ans h\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az h\u00e6v d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 h\u0250z \u0250 p\u0251\u02d0l\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t h\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k l\u02c8\u00e6ks m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a."}, {"text": "Rand was born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum on February\u00a02, 1905, into a Russian-Jewish bourgeois family living in Saint Petersburg.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u02c8\u00e6l\u026as\u0259 z\u02c8\u026an\u0259v\u026a\u02cc\u025bvn\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259nb\u02cca\u028am \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8a\u026av, \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259nd\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u0283 b\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0292w\u0251\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an s\u02c8e\u026ant p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025azb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261."}, {"text": "She was the eldest of three daughters of Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum, a pharmacist, and Anna Borisovna ().", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bld\u026ast \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u028cv z\u02c8\u026an\u0251\u02d0vi z\u02cc\u00e6k\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8o\u028av\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259nb\u02cca\u028am, \u0250 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0250s\u02cc\u026ast, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u0251\u02d0vn\u0259."}, {"text": "She was 12 when the October Revolution and the rule of the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin disrupted her family's lives.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz tw\u02c8\u025blv w\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0283\u026av\u02cc\u026aks \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a vl\u02c8\u00e6d\u026am\u02cc\u026a\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bn\u026an d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz l\u02c8a\u026avz."}, {"text": "Her father's pharmacy was nationalized, and the family fled to the city of Yevpatoria in Crimea, which was initially under the control of the White Army during the Russian Civil War.", "phonemes": "h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259si w\u028cz n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali fl\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv j\u02cc\u025bvp\u0250t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 \u026an k\u0279\u02c8a\u026ami\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "After graduating high school there in June 1921, she returned with her family to Petrograd (as Saint Petersburg was then named), where they faced desperate conditions, occasionally nearly starving.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6dju\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026an d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali t\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6d \u00e6z s\u02c8e\u026ant p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025azb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261 w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8e\u026amd, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8e\u026asd d\u02c8\u025bsp\u025a\u0279\u0259t k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259li n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "When Russian universities were opened to women after the revolution, Rand was among the first to enroll at Petrograd State University.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u028a \u025bn\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6t p\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6d st\u02c8e\u026at j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "After complaints from a group of visiting foreign scientists, many purged students, including Rand, were reinstated.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026ants f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts, m\u02c8\u025bni p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd, w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anst\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "For an assignment, Rand wrote an essay about the Polish actress Pola Negri; it became her first published work.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250n \u02c8\u025bse\u026a \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s p\u02c8o\u028al\u0259 n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0279i; \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "By this time, she had decided her professional surname for writing would be Rand, and she adopted the first name Ayn (pronounced ).", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am, \u0283i\u02d0 h\u00e6d d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ne\u026am f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00e6nd \u0283i\u02d0 \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8a\u026an p\u0279\u0259n\u02c8a\u028anst."}, {"text": "Intent on staying in the United States to become a screenwriter, she lived for a few months with her relatives learning English before leaving for Hollywood, California.", "phonemes": "\u026ant\u02c8\u025bnt \u02cc\u0254n st\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u0283i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026avd f\u025a\u0279\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259."}, {"text": "In Hollywood, a chance meeting with director Cecil B. DeMille led to work as an extra in his film The King of Kings and a subsequent job as a junior screenwriter.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad, \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bs\u0259l b\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u0259 m\u02c8\u026al l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259 \u026an h\u026az f\u02c8\u026alm \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv k\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b \u00e6z \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0nj\u025a sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "While working on The King of Kings, she met the aspiring actor Frank O'Connor; they married on April\u00a015, 1929.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv k\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, \u0283i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bt \u00f0\u026a \u0250sp\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk o\u028ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a; \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "She tried to bring her parents and sisters to the United States, but they could not obtain permission to emigrate.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259nts \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026ast\u025az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an p\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "Rand's first literary success was the sale of her screenplay Red Pawn to Universal Studios in 1932, although it was never produced.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u025bd p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n t\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026at w\u028cz n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st."}, {"text": "Her courtroom drama Night of January\u00a016th, first staged in Hollywood in 1934, reopened successfully on Broadway in 1935.", "phonemes": "h\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279u\u02d0m d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0279\u026a\u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259li \u02cc\u0254n b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dwe\u026a \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Each night, a jury was selected from members of the audience; based on its vote, one of two different endings would be performed.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026at, \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i w\u028cz s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns; b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats v\u02c8o\u028at, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014bz w\u028ad bi\u02d0 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md."}, {"text": "Rand and O'Connor moved to New York City in December 1934 so she could handle revisions for the Broadway production.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd o\u028ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cco\u028a \u0283i\u02d0 k\u028ad h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dwe\u026a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Initial sales were slow, and the American publisher let it go out of print, although European editions continued to sell.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8e\u026alz w\u025c\u02d0 sl\u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u025a l\u02c8\u025bt \u026at \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "After the success of her later novels, Rand was able to release a revised version in 1959 that has since sold over three million copies.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026azd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250z s\u02c8\u026ans s\u02c8o\u028ald \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026az."}, {"text": "Rand started her next major novel, The Fountainhead, in December 1935, but took a break from it in 1937 to write her novella Anthem.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8\u025bkst m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anh\u02cc\u025bd, \u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, b\u02cc\u028ct t\u02c8\u028ak \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak f\u0279\u028cm \u026a\u027e \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at h\u025c\u02d0 n\u0251\u02d0v\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259m."}, {"text": "The novella presents a dystopian future world in which totalitarian collectivism has triumphed to such an extent that the word I has been forgotten and replaced with we.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u0251\u02d0v\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nts \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8o\u028api\u0259n fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 to\u028at\u02cc\u00e6l\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m h\u0250z t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u028cmft t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250n \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d a\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n f\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0 wi\u02d0."}, {"text": "As with We the Living, Rand's later success allowed her to get a revised version published in 1946, and this sold over 3.5\u00a0million copies.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0 wi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad h\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026azd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8o\u028ald \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026az."}, {"text": "She and her husband were full-time volunteers for Republican Wendell Willkie's 1940 presidential campaign.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 \u00e6nd h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u028alt\u02c8a\u026am v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n w\u02c8\u025bnd\u025bl w\u02c8\u026alkiz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "She became friends with journalist Henry Hazlitt, who introduced her to the Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i h\u02c8\u00e6zl\u026at, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st h\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u0279i\u0259n sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u02cc\u026ast l\u02c8\u028cdw\u026a\u0261 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n m\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Despite philosophical differences with them, Rand strongly endorsed the writings of both men throughout her career, and they expressed admiration for her.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025bn \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at h\u025c\u02d0 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u02cc\u00e6dm\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "Mises once called her \"the most courageous man in America\", a compliment that particularly pleased her because he said \"man\" instead of \"woman\".", "phonemes": "m\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u02c8\u028cns k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u025c\u02d0 \"\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259s m\u02c8\u00e6n \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259\", \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026am\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali pl\u02c8i\u02d0zd h\u025c\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd \"m\u02c8\u00e6n\" \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \"w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "Rand questioned her about American history and politics during their many meetings, and gave Paterson ideas for her only non-fiction book, The God of the Machine.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nd h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014bz, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8e\u026av p\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025as\u0259n a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u028ak, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Rand's first major success as a writer came in 1943 with The Fountainhead, a novel about an uncompromising architect named Howard Roark and his struggle against what Rand described as \"second-handers\" who attempt to live through others, placing others above themselves.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8e\u026am \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anh\u02cc\u025bd, \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250n \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at\u02cc\u025bkt n\u02c8e\u026amd h\u02c8a\u028a\u025ad \u0279\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279k \u00e6nd h\u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259l \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst w\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \"s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndh\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az\" h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz."}, {"text": "Twelve publishers rejected it before Bobbs-Merrill Company accepted it at the insistence of editor Archibald Ogden, who threatened to quit if his employer did not publish it.", "phonemes": "tw\u02c8\u025blv p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u025az \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026at b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bzm\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd \u026a\u027e \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u026ans\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u026ab\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261d\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329d t\u0259 kw\u02c8\u026at \u026af h\u026az \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025a d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283 \u026at."}, {"text": "The drug helped her to work long hours to meet her deadline for delivering the novel, but afterwards she was so exhausted that her doctor ordered two weeks' rest.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261 h\u02c8\u025blpt h\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8a\u028a\u025az t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0t h\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bdla\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025adz \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u02cco\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t h\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u0279\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "Her use of the drug for approximately three decades may have contributed to mood swings and outbursts described by some of her later associates.", "phonemes": "h\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0d sw\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u028atb\u025c\u02d0sts d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026ats."}, {"text": "Producer Hal B. Wallis then hired her as a screenwriter and script-doctor for screenplays including Love Letters and You Came Along.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6l b\u02c8i\u02d0. w\u02c8\u0254liz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn h\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd sk\u0279\u02c8\u026aptd\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u028cv l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd ju\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026am \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b."}, {"text": "Rand became involved with the anti-Communist Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals and American Writers Association.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1947, during the Second Red Scare, she testified as a \"friendly witness\" before the United States House Un-American Activities Committee that the 1944 film Song of Russia grossly misrepresented conditions in the Soviet Union, portraying life there as much better and happier than it was.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bd sk\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u0283i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a \"f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndli w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s\" b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats h\u02c8a\u028as \u02c8\u028cn\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026alm s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028asli m\u026as\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026af \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u00e6z m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026at w\u02c8\u028cz."}, {"text": "She also wanted to criticize the lauded 1946 film The Best Years of Our Lives for what she interpreted as its negative presentation of the business world but was not allowed to do so.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u1d7bd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks f\u02c8\u026alm \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a l\u02c8a\u026avz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u028ct \u0283i\u02d0 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u026ats n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 so\u028a."}, {"text": "When asked after the hearings about her feelings on the investigations' effectiveness, Rand described the process as \"futile\".", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6skt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014bz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014bz \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02cc\u025bst\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avn\u0259s, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u00e6z \"fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "Although it used Rand's screenplay with minimal alterations, she \"disliked the movie from beginning to end\" and complained about its editing, the acting and other elements.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026at j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259l \u02cc\u0254lt\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u0283i\u02d0 \"d\u026asl\u02c8a\u026akt \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi f\u0279\u028cm b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnd\" \u00e6nd k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026and \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u026ats \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Following the publication of The Fountainhead, Rand received many letters from readers, some of whom the book had influenced profoundly.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anh\u02cc\u025bd, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd m\u02c8\u025bni l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv h\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak h\u00e6d \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8a\u028andli."}, {"text": "In 1951, Rand moved from Los Angeles to New York City, where she gathered a group of these admirers who met at Rand's apartment on weekends to discuss philosophy.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0283i\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025ad \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0250dm\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bt \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025bndz t\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cs f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi."}, {"text": "The group included future chair of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan, a young psychology student named Nathan Blumenthal (later Nathaniel Branden) and his wife Barbara, and Barbara's cousin Leonard Peikoff.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nsp\u00e6n, \u0250 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt n\u02c8e\u026amd n\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8\u0259n blj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn\u03b8\u0259l l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a n\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026af b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279\u0259, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279\u0259z k\u02c8\u028cz\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bn\u025ad p\u02c8e\u026ak\u0254f."}, {"text": "In 1954, her close relationship with Nathaniel Branden turned into a romantic affair, with the knowledge of their spouses.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, h\u025c\u02d0 kl\u02c8o\u028as \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 n\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u0250f\u02c8\u025b\u0279, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sp\u02c8a\u028as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "She described the novel's theme as \"the role of the mind in man's existence\u2014and, as a corollary, the demonstration of a new moral philosophy: the morality of rational self-interest\".", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026and \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6nz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns\u2014\u00e6nd, \u00e6z \u0250 k\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi: \u00f0\u0259 m\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025blf\u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst\"."}, {"text": "It advocates the core tenets of Rand's philosophy of Objectivism and expresses her concept of human achievement.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bn\u026ats \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u028cv \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz h\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The plot involves a dystopian United States in which the most creative industrialists, scientists, and artists respond to a welfare state government by going on strike and retreating to a hidden valley where they build an independent free economy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8o\u028api\u0259n ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts, s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd t\u028a \u0250 w\u02c8\u025blf\u025b\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt ba\u026a \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bt\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 h\u02c8\u026ad\u0259n v\u02c8\u00e6li w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a b\u02c8\u026ald \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "The novel's hero and leader of the strike, John Galt, describes it as stopping \"the motor of the world\" by withdrawing the minds of individuals contributing most to the nation's wealth and achievements.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8\u0254lt, d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u026a\u027e \u00e6z st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \"\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld\" ba\u026a w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028ast t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Despite many negative reviews, Atlas Shrugged became an international bestseller, but the reaction of intellectuals to the novel discouraged and depressed Rand.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at m\u02c8\u025bni n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z, \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261d b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u025bsts\u02c8\u025bl\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259lz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l d\u026ask\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292d \u00e6nd d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Atlas Shrugged was her last completed work of fiction, marking the end of her career as a novelist and the beginning of her role as a popular philosopher.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261d w\u028cz h\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6st k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a."}, {"text": "In 1958, Nathaniel Branden established the Nathaniel Branden Lectures, later incorporated as the Nathaniel Branden Institute (NBI), to promote Rand's philosophy through public lectures.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at, n\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 n\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025az, l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a, t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "He and Rand co-founded The Objectivist Newsletter (later renamed The Objectivist) in 1962 to circulate articles about her ideas; she later republished some of these articles in book form.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u028af\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast n\u02c8u\u02d0zl\u025b\u027e\u025a l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z; \u0283i\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u026an b\u02c8\u028ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Rand was unimpressed by many of the NBI students and held them to strict standards, sometimes reacting coldly or angrily to those who disagreed with her.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u028cz \u02cc\u028cn\u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bld \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u026akt st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b k\u02c8o\u028aldli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0279ili t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "Critics, including some former NBI students and Branden himself, later described the culture of the NBI as one of intellectual conformity and excessive reverence for Rand.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf, l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l k\u0259nf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u025bks\u02c8\u025bs\u026av \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Rand expressed opinions on a wide range of topics, from literature and music to sexuality and facial hair.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026aks, f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l h\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "Some of her followers mimicked her preferences, wearing clothes to match characters from her novels and buying furniture like hers.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025az m\u02c8\u026am\u026akt h\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8o\u028a\u00f0z t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az f\u0279\u028cm h\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz \u00e6nd b\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026at\u0283\u025a l\u02c8a\u026ak h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Some former NBI students believed the extent of these behaviors was exaggerated, and the problem was concentrated among Rand's closest followers in New York.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025az w\u028cz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz kl\u02c8o\u028as\u026ast f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025az \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k."}, {"text": "Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Rand developed and promoted her Objectivist philosophy through nonfiction works and speeches at colleges and universities.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nf\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u00e6nd sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "She began delivering annual lectures at the Ford Hall Forum and responded to audience questions, often taking controversial stances on the political and social issues of the day.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025az \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "These included: supporting abortion rights, opposing the Vietnam War and the military draft (but condemning many draft dodgers as \"bums\"), supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 against a coalition of Arab nations as \"civilized men fighting savages\", claiming European colonists had the right to invade and take land inhabited by American Indians, and calling homosexuality \"immoral\" and \"disgusting\", despite advocating the repeal of all laws concerning it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd: s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats, \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft b\u02cc\u028ct k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025az \u00e6z \"b\u02c8\u028cmz\", s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026az\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m k\u02c8\u026ap\u028a\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u0250 k\u02cco\u028a\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6z \"s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd m\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u00e6v\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz\", kl\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u028a \u026anv\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026andi\u0259nz, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b h\u02cco\u028amo\u028as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \"\u026am\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l\" \u00e6nd \"d\u026as\u0261\u02c8\u028cst\u026a\u014b\", d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0l \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u026at."}, {"text": "She endorsed several Republican candidates for president of the United States, most strongly Barry Goldwater in 1964.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026ats f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, m\u02c8o\u028ast st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u0261\u02c8o\u028aldw\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "In 1964, Nathaniel Branden began an affair with the young actress Patrecia Scott, whom he later married.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, n\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u0250n \u0250f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s p\u00e6t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, h\u02c8u\u02d0m hi\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id."}, {"text": "When she learned of it in 1968, though her romantic involvement with Branden was already over, Rand ended her relationship with both Brandens, and the NBI was closed.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0283i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u028cv \u026a\u027e \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvm\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n w\u028cz \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi \u02c8o\u028av\u025a, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a w\u028cz kl\u02c8o\u028azd."}, {"text": "She published an article in The Objectivist repudiating Nathaniel Branden for dishonesty and \"irrational behavior in his private life\".", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast \u0279\u1d7bpj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b n\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026asti \u00e6nd \"\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t l\u02c8a\u026af\"."}, {"text": "In 1976, she retired from her newsletter and, after her initial objections, allowed a social worker employed by her attorney to enroll her in Social Security and Medicare.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad f\u0279\u028cm h\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0zl\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u0250 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025a\u0279 \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad ba\u026a h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ni t\u028a \u025bn\u0279\u02c8o\u028al h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u02cc\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "Her activities in the Objectivist movement declined, especially after her husband's death on November\u00a09, 1979.", "phonemes": "h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026and, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259ndz d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u02cc\u0254n no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026an, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Her fiction typically has protagonists who are heroic individualists, depicted as fit and attractive.", "phonemes": "h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli h\u0250z p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0250\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u00e6z f\u02c8\u026at \u00e6nd \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av."}, {"text": "Rand often describes them as unattractive, and some have names that suggest negative traits, such as Wesley Mouch in Atlas Shrugged.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6z \u028cn\u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av, \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm h\u00e6v n\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8\u025bsli m\u02c8a\u028at\u0283 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261d."}, {"text": "Rand considered plot a critical element of literature, and her stories typically have what biographer Anne Heller described as \"tight, elaborate, fast-paced plotting\".", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a, \u00e6nd h\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279iz t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli h\u00e6v w\u028ct ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n h\u02c8\u025bl\u025a d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \"t\u02c8a\u026at, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at, f\u02c8\u00e6stp\u02c8e\u026ast pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b\"."}, {"text": "Romantic triangles are a common plot element in Rand's fiction; in most of her novels and plays, the main female character is romantically involved with at least two men.", "phonemes": "\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n; \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v h\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026az, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026akli \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd w\u026a\u00f0 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "In school Rand read works by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Victor Hugo, Edmond Rostand, and Friedrich Schiller, who became her favorites.", "phonemes": "\u026an sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks ba\u026a f\u02c8a\u026ao\u028ad\u025a d\u0259st\u02c8o\u028avski, v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a hj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261o\u028a, \u02c8\u025bdm\u0259nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u00e6nd, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u026at\u0283 \u0283\u02c8\u026al\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u1d7bts."}, {"text": "She considered them to be among the \"top rank\" of Romantic writers because of their focus on moral themes and their skill at constructing plots.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259bi \u0250m\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \"t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\" \u028cv \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sk\u02c8\u026al \u00e6t k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "In the introduction she wrote for an English-language edition of his novel Ninety-Three, Rand called him \"the greatest novelist in world literature\".", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u026az n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u02cc\u026am \"\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02cc\u026ast \u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\"."}, {"text": "Although Rand disliked most Russian literature, her depictions of her heroes show the influence of the Russian Symbolists and other nineteenth-century Russian writing, most notably the 1863 novel What Is to Be Done?", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u026asl\u02c8a\u026akt m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a, h\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l w\u028ct \u026az t\u0259bi d\u02c8\u028cn?"}, {"text": "Scholars of Russian literature see in Chernyshevsky's character Rakhmetov, an \"ascetic revolutionist\", the template for Rand's literary heroes and heroines.", "phonemes": "sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an t\u0283\u02cc\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u0283\u02c8\u025bvskiz k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6khm\u026at\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v, \u00e6n \"\u0250s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast\", \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmpl\u0259t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028a\u02cc\u026anz."}, {"text": "Rand's experience of the Russian Revolution and early Communist Russia influenced the portrayal of her villains.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst \u00f0\u0259 po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0259l \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 v\u02c8\u026al\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Beyond We the Living, which is set in Russia, this influence can be seen in the ideas and rhetoric of Ellsworth Toohey in The Fountainhead, and in the destruction of the economy in Atlas Shrugged.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd wi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az s\u02c8\u025bt \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259, \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak \u028cv \u02c8\u025blsw\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u02c8u\u02d0hi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anh\u02cc\u025bd, \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026an \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261d."}, {"text": "Rand's descriptive style echoes her early career writing scenarios and scripts for movies; her novels have many narrative descriptions that resemble early Hollywood movie scenarios.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u026av st\u02c8a\u026al \u02c8\u025bko\u028az h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u02cco\u028az \u00e6nd sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az; h\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz h\u00e6v m\u02c8\u025bni n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad m\u02c8u\u02d0vi s\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u02cco\u028az."}, {"text": "They often follow common film editing conventions, such as having a broad establishing shot description of a scene followed by close-up details, and her descriptions of women characters often take a \"male gaze\" perspective.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a kl\u02c8o\u028as\u02cc\u028cp di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026alz, \u00e6nd h\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv w\u02c8\u026am\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n t\u02c8e\u026ak \u02c8e\u026a \"m\u02c8e\u026al \u0261\u02c8e\u026az\" p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av."}, {"text": "Reviews of the Broadway production were largely positive, but Rand considered even positive reviews to be embarrassing because of significant changes made to her script by the producer.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dwe\u026a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z t\u0259bi \u025bmb\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u026a\u014b b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz m\u02cce\u026ad t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a."}, {"text": "Although Rand believed that We the Living was not widely reviewed, over 200 publications published approximately 125 different reviews.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t wi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8a\u026adli \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0d, \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Anthem received little review attention, both for its first publication in England and for subsequent re-issues.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259m \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Rand's first bestseller, The Fountainhead, received far fewer reviews than We the Living, and reviewers' opinions were mixed.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u025bsts\u02c8\u025bl\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anh\u02cc\u025bd, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0250n wi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026akst."}, {"text": "Lorine Pruette's positive review in The New York Times, which called the author \"a writer of great power\" who wrote \"brilliantly, beautifully and bitterly\", was one that Rand greatly appreciated.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0n p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k t\u02c8a\u026amz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a \"\u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\" h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \"b\u0279\u02c8\u026ali\u0259ntli, bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026af\u0259li \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025ali\", w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli \u0250p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "There were other positive reviews, but Rand dismissed most of them for either misunderstanding her message or for being in unimportant publications.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u026asm\u02c8\u026ast m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a m\u026as\u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02cc\u028cn\u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Some negative reviews said the novel was too long; others called the characters unsympathetic and Rand's style \"offensively pedestrian\".", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l w\u028cz t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b; \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u028cns\u02cc\u026amp\u0259\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz st\u02c8a\u026al \"\u0259f\u02c8\u025bns\u026avli p\u0259d\u02c8\u025bst\u0279i\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "Atlas Shrugged received positive reviews from a few publications, but Rand scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein later wrote that \"reviewers seemed to vie with each other in a contest to devise the cleverest put-downs\", with reviews including comments that it was \"written out of hate\" and showed \"remorseless hectoring and prolixity\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261d \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0mi \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u0259l \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6dsta\u026an l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az s\u02c8i\u02d0md t\u0259 v\u02c8a\u026a w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bst t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279\u026ast p\u02cc\u028atd\u02c8a\u028anz\", w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnts \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz \"\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v h\u02c8e\u026at\" \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \"\u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279sl\u0259s h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u026aks\u1d7b\u027ei\"."}, {"text": "Whittaker Chambers wrote what was later called the novel's most \"notorious\" review for the conservative magazine National Review.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u026a\u027ee\u026ak\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025az \u0279\u02c8o\u028at w\u028ct w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz m\u02c8o\u028ast \"no\u028at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259s\" \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "He accused Rand of supporting a godless system (which he related to that of the Soviets), claiming, \"From almost any page of Atlas Shrugged, a voice can be heard ... commanding: 'To a gas chamber\u2014go!.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dl\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259ts, kl\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b, \"f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02cc\u025bni p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261d, \u0250 v\u02c8\u0254\u026as k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d ... k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b: t\u028a \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025a\u2014\u0261\u02c8o\u028a!."}, {"text": "The tenor of the criticism for her first nonfiction book, For the New Intellectual, was similar to that for Atlas Shrugged.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nf\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u028ak, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l, w\u028cz s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261d."}, {"text": "Philosopher Sidney Hook likened her certainty to \"the way philosophy is written in the Soviet Union\", and author Gore Vidal called her viewpoint \"nearly perfect in its immorality\".", "phonemes": "f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a s\u02c8\u026adni h\u02c8\u028ak l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259nd h\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259nti tu\u02d0 \"\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n\", \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a \u0261\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u025c\u02d0 vj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0254\u026ant \"n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u025bkt \u026an \u026ats \u026am\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei\"."}, {"text": "Mimi Reisel Gladstein could not find any scholarly articles about Rand's novels when she began researching her in 1973, and only three such articles appeared during the rest of the 1970s.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8i\u02d0mi \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u0259l \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6dsta\u026an k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8a\u026and \u02cc\u025bni sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025ali \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz w\u025bn \u0283i\u02d0 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z."}, {"text": "Since her death, scholars of English and American literature have continued largely to ignore her work, although attention to her literary work has increased since the 1990s.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans h\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a h\u00e6v k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li t\u028a \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k h\u0250z \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z."}, {"text": "Several academic book series about important authors cover Rand and her works, as do popular study guides like CliffsNotes and SparkNotes.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak b\u02c8\u028ak s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd h\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, \u00e6z d\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a st\u02c8\u028cdi \u0261\u02c8a\u026adz l\u02c8a\u026ak kl\u02c8\u026afs n\u02c8o\u028ats \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k n\u02c8o\u028ats."}, {"text": "In The Literary Encyclopedia entry for Rand written in 2001, John David Lewis declared that \"Rand wrote the most intellectually challenging fiction of her generation.\"", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u025bns\u02cca\u026aklo\u028ap\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259 \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n.\""}, {"text": "In 2019, Lisa Duggan described Rand's fiction as popular and influential on many readers, despite being easy to criticize for \"her cartoonish characters and melodramatic plots, her rigid moralizing, her middle- to lowbrow aesthetic preferences\u00a0... and philosophical strivings\".", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, l\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259 d\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259n d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0zi t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"h\u025c\u02d0 k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026a\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u025bl\u0259d\u0279\u0250m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts, h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ad m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b, h\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l t\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0279a\u028a \u025bs\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz\u00a0... \u00e6nd f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014bz\"."}, {"text": "Rand called her philosophy \"Objectivism\", describing its essence as \"the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute\".", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u025c\u02d0 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \"\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m\", d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u026ats \u02c8\u025bs\u0259ns \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6z \u0250 h\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b, w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u028cv h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af, w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u00e6z h\u026az n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l\u026ast \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u00e6z h\u026az \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259l\u02ccu\u02d0t\"."}, {"text": "She considered Objectivism a systematic philosophy and laid out positions on metaphysics, aesthetics, epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0250 s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8a\u028at p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, \u025bs\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks, \u1d7bp\u02cc\u026ast\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks, \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi."}, {"text": "In metaphysics, Rand supported philosophical realism and opposed anything she regarded as mysticism or supernaturalism, including all forms of religion.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z m\u02c8\u026ast\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025an\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "In aesthetics, Rand defined art as a \"selective re-creation of reality according to an artist's metaphysical value-judgments\".", "phonemes": "\u026an \u025bs\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a \"s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nts\"."}, {"text": "According to her, art allows philosophical concepts to be presented in a concrete form that can be grasped easily, thereby fulfilling a need of human consciousness.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpts t\u0259bi p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6spt \u02c8i\u02d0zili, \u00f0\u025b\u0279b\u02c8a\u026a f\u028alf\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8i\u02d0d \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sn\u0259s."}, {"text": "She considered romanticism the approach that most accurately reflects the existence of human free will.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259tli \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u026al."}, {"text": "In epistemology, Rand considered all knowledge to be based on sense perception, the validity of which she considered axiomatic, and reason, which she described as \"the faculty that identifies and integrates the material provided by man's senses\".", "phonemes": "\u026an \u1d7bp\u02cc\u026ast\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259bi b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025bns p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 v\u00e6l\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0283i\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u02cc\u00e6ks\u026a\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0283i\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259lti \u00f0\u00e6t a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6nz s\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bz\"."}, {"text": "Rand rejected all claims of non-perceptual knowledge, including instinct,' 'intuition,' 'revelation,' or any form of 'just knowing.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0np\u025as\u02c8\u025bpt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026anst\u026a\u014bkt,\u026antu\u02d0\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n,\u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n,\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst n\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In her Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, Rand presented a theory of concept formation and rejected the analytic\u2013synthetic dichotomy.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast \u1d7bp\u02cc\u026ast\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak da\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259mi."}, {"text": "She believed epistemology was a foundational branch of philosophy and considered the advocacy of reason to be the single most significant aspect of her philosophy.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u1d7bp\u02cc\u026ast\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u028cz\u0250 fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u0259si \u028cv \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkt \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi."}, {"text": "Commentators, including Hazel Barnes, Nathaniel Branden, and Albert Ellis, have criticized Rand's focus on the importance of reason.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u02c8e\u026az\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279nz, n\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6lb\u025at \u02c8\u025bl\u026as, h\u00e6v k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns \u028cv \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n."}, {"text": "Barnes and Ellis said Rand was too dismissive of emotion and failed to recognize its importance in human life.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bl\u026as s\u02c8\u025bd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u028cz t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u026asm\u02c8\u026as\u026av \u028cv \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026ald t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az \u026ats \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "Branden said Rand's emphasis on reason led her to denigrate emotions and create unrealistic expectations of how consistently rational human beings should be.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bd h\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u028cn\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u025bksp\u026akt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv h\u02cca\u028a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ntli \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u0283\u02cc\u028ad b\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "In ethics, Rand argued for rational and ethical egoism (rational self-interest), as the guiding moral principle.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025blf\u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l."}, {"text": "She said the individual should \"exist for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others nor sacrificing others to himself\".", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u028ad \"\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8e\u026ak, n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as\u026a\u014b h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az t\u0259 h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf\"."}, {"text": "In it, she presented her solution to the is\u2013ought problem by describing a meta-ethical theory that based morality in the needs of \"man's survival qua man\".", "phonemes": "\u026an \u026at, \u0283i\u02d0 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m ba\u026a d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8e\u026ast m\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u028cv \"m\u02c8\u00e6nz s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l kw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6n\"."}, {"text": "She condemned ethical altruism as incompatible with the requirements of human life and happiness, and held the initiation of force was evil and irrational, writing in Atlas Shrugged that \"Force and mind are opposites\".", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bmd \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6z \u026a\u014bk\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bb\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nts \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026af \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bld \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02cc\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s w\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261d \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u026and \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026ats\"."}, {"text": "Several authors, including Robert Nozick and William F. O'Neill in two of the earliest academic critiques of her ideas, said she failed in her attempt to solve the is\u2013ought problem.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ak \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8\u025bf. o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z, s\u02c8\u025bd \u0283i\u02d0 f\u02c8e\u026ald \u026an h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u00f0\u026a \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m."}, {"text": "Critics have called her definitions of egoism and altruism biased and inconsistent with normal usage.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks h\u00e6v k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u025c\u02d0 d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259st \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "She considered laissez-faire capitalism the only moral social system because in her view it was the only system based on protecting those rights.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad l\u02c8e\u026as\u025bzf\u02c8\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "Rand opposed collectivism and statism, which she considered to include many specific forms of government, such as communism, fascism, socialism, theocracy, and the welfare state.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0283i\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d m\u02c8\u025bni sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, f\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u026az\u0259m, s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u03b8\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025blf\u025b\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Her preferred form of government was a constitutional republic that is limited to the protection of individual rights.", "phonemes": "h\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt w\u028cz\u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "Although her political views are often classified as conservative or libertarian, Rand preferred the term \"radical for capitalism\".", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a h\u025c\u02d0 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l vj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m\"."}, {"text": "She worked with conservatives on political projects but disagreed with them over issues such as religion and ethics.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u02cc\u0254n p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkts b\u02cc\u028ct d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks."}, {"text": "She rejected anarchism as a naive theory based in subjectivism that would lead to collectivism in practice.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6z \u0250 na\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0v \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i b\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026av\u026az\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as."}, {"text": "Several critics, including Nozick, have said her attempt to justify individual rights based on egoism fails.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ak, h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u025bd h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m f\u02c8e\u026alz."}, {"text": "Others, like libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer, have gone further, saying that her support of egoism and her support of individual rights are inconsistent positions.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, l\u02c8a\u026ak l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a, h\u00e6v \u0261\u0254n f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t h\u025c\u02d0 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd h\u025c\u02d0 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Some critics, like Roy Childs, have said that her opposition to the initiation of force should lead to support of anarchism, rather than limited government.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldz, h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02cc\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u0283\u02cc\u028ad l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Except for Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and classical liberals, Rand was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her.", "phonemes": "\u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6kw\u026an\u0259z \u00e6nd kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259lz, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279pli k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az \u00e6nd f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "Acknowledging Aristotle as her greatest influence, Rand remarked that in the history of philosophy she could only recommend \"three A's\"\u2014Aristotle, Aquinas, and Ayn Rand.", "phonemes": "\u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u00e6z h\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u0283i\u02d0 k\u028ad \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnd \"\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026az\"\u2014\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6kw\u026an\u0259z, \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "In a 1959 interview with Mike Wallace, when asked where her philosophy came from, she responded: \"Out of my own mind, with the sole acknowledgement of a debt to Aristotle, the only philosopher who ever influenced me.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8a\u026ak w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026as, w\u02cc\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6skt w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi k\u02c8e\u026am f\u0279\u028cm, \u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd: \"\u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v ma\u026a \u02c8o\u028an m\u02c8a\u026and, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al \u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u0259v\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bt t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst m\u02cci\u02d0."}, {"text": "In an article for the Claremont Review of Books, political scientist Charles Murray criticized Rand's claim that her only \"philosophical debt\" was to Aristotle.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u0254nt \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv b\u02c8\u028aks, p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026ast t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279e\u026a k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli \"f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u025bt\" w\u028cz t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "He asserted her ideas were derivative of previous thinkers such as John Locke and Friedrich Nietzsche.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u026at\u0283 n\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u0259."}, {"text": "Rand took early inspiration from Nietzsche, and scholars have found indications of this in Rand's private journals.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02cc\u026ansp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u0259, \u00e6nd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az h\u00e6v f\u02c8a\u028and \u02cc\u026and\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In 1928, she alluded to his idea of the \"superman\" in notes for an unwritten novel whose protagonist was inspired by the murderer William Edward Hickman.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at, \u0283i\u02d0 \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u026az a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \"s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025am\u02cc\u00e6n\" \u026an n\u02c8o\u028ats f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u028cn\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0250\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast w\u028cz \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025a\u0279\u025a w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad h\u02c8\u026akm\u0259n."}, {"text": "There are other indications of Nietzsche's influence in passages from the first edition of We the Living (which Rand later revised), and in her overall writing style.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv n\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u0259\u1d7bz \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv wi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026azd, \u00e6nd \u026an h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b st\u02c8a\u026al."}, {"text": "By the time she wrote The Fountainhead, Rand had turned against Nietzsche's ideas, and the extent of his influence on her even during her early years is disputed.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anh\u02cc\u025bd, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd h\u00e6d t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst n\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u0259\u1d7bz a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv h\u026az \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026az d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Rand's views also may have been influenced by the promotion of egoism among the Russian nihilists, including Chernyshevsky and Dmitry Pisarev, although there is no direct evidence that she read them.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz vj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02cc\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u0283\u02c8\u025bvski \u00e6nd d\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0279i p\u02c8\u026as\u025b\u0279v, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "Rand considered Immanuel Kant her philosophical opposite and \"the most evil man in mankind's history\"; she believed his epistemology undermined reason and his ethics opposed self-interest.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u026am\u02c8\u00e6nu\u02d0l k\u02c8\u00e6nt h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at \u00e6nd \"\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6n \u026an m\u00e6\u014bk\u02c8a\u026andz h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i\"; \u0283i\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd h\u026az \u1d7bp\u02cc\u026ast\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02cc\u028cnd\u025am\u02c8a\u026and \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u026az \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd s\u02c8\u025blf\u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst."}, {"text": "Philosophers George Walsh and Fred Seddon have argued she misinterpreted Kant and exaggerated their differences.", "phonemes": "f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 w\u02c8\u0254l\u0283 \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd s\u02c8\u025bd\u0259n h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u0283i\u02d0 m\u02cc\u026as\u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6nt \u00e6nd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "She was also critical of Plato and viewed his differences with Aristotle on questions of metaphysics and epistemology as the primary conflict in the history of philosophy.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u00e6nd vj\u02c8u\u02d0d h\u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks \u00e6nd \u1d7bp\u02cc\u026ast\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi."}, {"text": "She was dismissive of critics and wrote about ideas she disagreed with in a polemical manner without in-depth analysis.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz d\u026asm\u02c8\u026as\u026av \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250b\u02cca\u028at a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u0283i\u02d0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0 \u026an \u0250 p\u0251\u02d0l\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u026and\u02c8\u025bp\u03b8 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "She was in turn viewed very negatively by many academic philosophers, who dismissed her as an unimportant figure who should not be considered a philosopher or given any serious response.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n vj\u02c8u\u02d0d v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u026asm\u02c8\u026ast h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250n \u02cc\u028cn\u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u02cc\u025bni s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns."}, {"text": "In 1967, John Hospers discussed Rand's ethical ideas in the second edition of his textbook, An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u025az d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u026az t\u02c8\u025bkstb\u028ak, \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "That same year, Hazel Barnes included a chapter critiquing Objectivism in her book An Existentialist Ethics.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8e\u026am j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, h\u02c8e\u026az\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pt\u025a k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u028ak \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u026ast\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks."}, {"text": "When the first full-length academic book about Rand's philosophy appeared in 1971, its author declared writing about Rand \"a treacherous undertaking\" that could lead to \"guilt by association\" for taking her seriously.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u028all\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak b\u02c8\u028ak \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \"\u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u02cc\u028cnd\u025at\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b\" \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad l\u02c8i\u02d0d tu\u02d0 \"\u0261\u02c8\u026alt ba\u026a \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\" f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli."}, {"text": "A few articles about Rand's ideas appeared in academic journals before her death in 1982, many of them in The Personalist.", "phonemes": "\u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259lz b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "One of these was \"On the Randian Argument\" by libertarian philosopher Robert Nozick, who criticized her meta-ethical arguments.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u028cz \"\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndi\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt\" ba\u026a l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ak, h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd h\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts."}, {"text": "In an article responding to Nozick, Douglas Den Uyl and Douglas B. Rasmussen defended her positions, but described her style as \"literary, hyperbolic and emotional\".", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ak, d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z d\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8a\u026al \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z b\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0279\u02c8\u00e6zm\u028cs\u0259n d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd h\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8a\u026al \u00e6z \"l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, h\u02cca\u026ap\u025ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak \u00e6nd \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand, a 1984 collection of essays about Objectivism edited by Den Uyl and Rasmussen, was the first academic book about Rand's ideas published after her death.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u028cv \u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u025bse\u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a d\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8a\u026al \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6zm\u028cs\u0259n, w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak b\u02c8\u028ak \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "In one essay, political writer Jack Wheeler wrote that despite \"the incessant bombast and continuous venting of Randian rage\", Rand's ethics are \"a most immense achievement, the study of which is vastly more fruitful than any other in contemporary thought\".", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u025bse\u026a, p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6k w\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \"\u00f0\u026a \u026ans\u02c8\u025bs\u0259nt b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u00e6st \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s v\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndi\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\", \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \"\u0250 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026am\u02c8\u025bns \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nt, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026az v\u02c8\u00e6stli m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0tf\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t\"."}, {"text": "In a 1995 entry about Rand in Contemporary Women Philosophers, Jenny A. Heyl described a divergence in how different academic specialties viewed Rand.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u026am\u026an f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8e\u026a. h\u02c8e\u026al d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u0250 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns \u026an h\u02cca\u028a d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u027eiz vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Writing in the 1998 edition of the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, political theorist Chandran Kukathas summarized the mainstream philosophical reception of her work in two parts.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u0259ld\u0292 \u025bns\u02cca\u026aklo\u028ap\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259 \u028cv f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026ast t\u0283\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u0259n kju\u02d0k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0259z s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026anst\u0279i\u02d0m f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "He said most commentators view her ethical argument as an unconvincing variant of Aristotle's ethics, and her political theory \"is of little interest\" because it is marred by an \"ill-thought out and unsystematic\" effort to reconcile her hostility to the state with her rejection of anarchism.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az vj\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u00e6z \u0250n \u028c\u014bk\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ans\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks, \u00e6nd h\u025c\u02d0 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \"\u026az \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst\" b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u026az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d ba\u026a \u00e6n \"\u02c8\u026al\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u02c8a\u028at \u00e6nd \u028cns\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\" \u02c8\u025bf\u025at t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ns\u02cca\u026al h\u025c\u02d0 h\u0251\u02d0st\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u025ak\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, a multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to the study of Rand and her ideas, was established in 1999.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd st\u02c8\u028cdiz, \u0250 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ad\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i, p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z, w\u028cz \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "In 2009, historian Jennifer Burns identified \"an explosion of scholarship\" since 2000, although as of that year, few universities included Rand or Objectivism as a philosophical specialty or research area.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u025a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \"\u0250n \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap\" s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6z \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, fj\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "From 2002 to 2012, over 60 colleges and universities accepted grants from the charitable foundation of BB&T Corporation that required teaching Rand's ideas or works; in some cases, the grants were controversial or even rejected because of the requirement to teach about Rand.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u02cco\u028av\u025a s\u02c8\u026aksti k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks; \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt t\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "In a 2010 essay for the Cato Institute, Huemer argued very few people find Rand's ideas convincing, especially her ethics.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u025bse\u026a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t, hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i fj\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026and \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ans\u026a\u014b, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks."}, {"text": "He attributed the attention she receives to her being a \"compelling writer\", especially as a novelist.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vz t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026a \"k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a\", \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "In 2012, the Pennsylvania State University Press agreed to take over publication of The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, and the University of Pittsburgh Press launched an \"Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies\" series based on the Society's proceedings.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u025bns\u026alv\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak \u02cco\u028av\u025a p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd st\u02c8\u028cdiz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv p\u02c8\u026atsb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u00e6n \"\u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdiz\" s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "The Fall 2012 update to the entry about Rand in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy said that \"only a few professional philosophers have taken her work seriously\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv \u02c8\u028cpde\u026at t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nf\u025ad \u025bns\u02cca\u026aklo\u028ap\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259 \u028cv f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az h\u00e6v t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n h\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli\"."}, {"text": "That same year, political scientist Alan Wolfe dismissed Rand as a \"nonperson\" among academics, an attitude that writer Ben Murnane later described as \"the traditional academic view\" of Rand.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8e\u026am j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n w\u02c8\u028alf d\u026asm\u02c8\u026ast \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a \"n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0np\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\" \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026aks, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ne\u026an l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak vj\u02c8u\u02d0\" \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "However, Cleary said that because many people take Rand's ideas seriously, philosophers \"need to treat the Ayn Rand phenomenon seriously\" and provide refutations rather than ignoring her.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279i s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz m\u02c8\u025bni p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u02c8e\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli, f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az \"n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli\" \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u1d7bfju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "In 2020, media critic Eric Burns said, \"Rand is surely the most engaging philosopher of my lifetime\", but \"nobody in the academe pays any attention to her, neither as an author nor a philosopher\".", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u025bd, \"\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026az \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279li \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u028cv ma\u026a l\u02c8a\u026afta\u026am\", b\u02cc\u028ct \"n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0251\u02d0di \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi p\u02c8e\u026az \u02cc\u025bni \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0, n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a\"."}, {"text": "That same year, the editor of a collection of critical essays about Rand said academics who disapproved of her ideas had long held \"a stubborn resolve to ignore or ridicule\" her work, but he believed more were engaging with her work in recent years.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8e\u026am j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bse\u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bd \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026aks h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u026as\u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u0254\u014b h\u02c8\u025bld \"\u0250 st\u02c8\u028cb\u025an \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv t\u028a \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l\" h\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "A survey conducted for the Library of Congress and the Book-of-the-Month Club in 1991 asked club members to name the most influential book in their lives.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak\u028cv\u00f0\u0259m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 kl\u02c8\u028cb \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u00e6skt kl\u02c8\u028cb m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az t\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l b\u02c8\u028ak \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026avz."}, {"text": "Although Rand's influence has been greatest in the United States, there has been international interest in her work.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Rand's contemporary admirers included fellow novelists, like Ira Levin, Kay Nolte Smith and L. Neil Smith; she has influenced later writers like Erika Holzer, Terry Goodkind, and comic book artist Steve Ditko.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0250dm\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u025blo\u028a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02cc\u026asts, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bv\u026an, k\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8o\u028alt sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bl. n\u02c8i\u02d0l sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8; \u0283i\u02d0 h\u0250z \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lz\u025a, t\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u028adka\u026and, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak b\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ast st\u02c8i\u02d0v d\u02c8\u026atko\u028a."}, {"text": "Rand provided a positive view of business and subsequently many business executives and entrepreneurs have admired and promoted her work.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli m\u02c8\u025bni b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026avz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026ap\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u028a\u0279z h\u00e6v \u0250dm\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Businessmen such as John Allison of BB&T and Ed Snider of Comcast Spectacor have funded the promotion of Rand's ideas.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259sm\u02cc\u025bn s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u026as\u0259n \u028cv b\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bd sn\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mk\u00e6st sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u00e6k\u025a h\u00e6v f\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z."}, {"text": "Throughout her life she was the subject of many articles in popular magazines, as well as book-length critiques by authors such as the psychologist Albert Ellis and Trinity Foundation president John W. Robbins.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at h\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026af \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0nz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z b\u02c8\u028akl\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0ks ba\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6lb\u025at \u02c8\u025bl\u026as \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0. \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026anz."}, {"text": "Rand or characters based on her figure prominently in novels by American authors, including Kay Nolte Smith, Mary Gaitskill, Matt Ruff, and Tobias Wolff.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u026an n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz ba\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b k\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8o\u028alt sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8, m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u02c8e\u026atsk\u026al, m\u02c8\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u028cf, \u00e6nd t\u0259b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s w\u02c8\u028alff."}, {"text": "Nick Gillespie, former editor-in-chief of Reason, remarked: \"Rand's is a tortured immortality, one in which she's as likely to be a punch line as a protagonist.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u026ak \u0261\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bspi, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026ant\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f \u028cv \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt: \"\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u026az \u0250 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u025ad \u026am\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei, w\u02c8\u028cn \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0283i\u02d0z \u00e6z l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259bi \u0250 p\u02c8\u028cnt\u0283 l\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0250\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "A 1997 documentary film, Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.", "phonemes": "\u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u026alm, \u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd: \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af, w\u028cz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The Passion of Ayn Rand, a 1999 television adaptation of the book of the same name, won several awards.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am n\u02c8e\u026am, w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "Rand's works, most commonly Anthem or The Fountainhead, are sometimes assigned as secondary school reading.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anh\u02cc\u025bd, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Since 2002, the Ayn Rand Institute has provided free copies of Rand's novels to teachers who promise to include the books in their curriculum.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t h\u0250z p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026az \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz t\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as t\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028aks \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u0259m."}, {"text": "In 2017, Rand was added to the required reading list for the A Level Politics exam in the United Kingdom.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026ast f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m."}, {"text": "Although she rejected the labels \"conservative\" and \"libertarian\", Rand has had a continuing influence on right-wing politics and libertarianism.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz \"k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av\" \u00e6nd \"l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\", \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd h\u0250z h\u00e6d \u0250 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8a\u026atw\u02c8\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks \u00e6nd l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Rand is often considered one of the three most important women (along with Rose Wilder Lane and Isabel Paterson) in the early development of modern American libertarianism.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028az w\u02c8a\u026ald\u025a l\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026az\u0259b\u02cc\u025bl p\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025as\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "David Nolan, one founder of the Libertarian Party, said that \"without Ayn Rand, the libertarian movement would not exist\".", "phonemes": "d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u00e6n, w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\"."}, {"text": "In his history of that movement, journalist Brian Doherty described her as \"the most influential libertarian of the twentieth century to the public at large\".", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast b\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n d\u02c8o\u028ah\u025a\u027ei d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u00e6t l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\"."}, {"text": "The political figures who cite Rand as an influence are usually conservatives (often members of the Republican Party), despite Rand taking some atypical positions for a conservative, like being pro-choice and an atheist.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm e\u026at\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u025a\u0279\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, l\u02c8a\u026ak b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8e\u026a\u03b8\u026a\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "She faced intense opposition from William F. Buckley Jr. and other contributors to the conservative National Review magazine, which published numerous criticisms of her writings and ideas.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 f\u02c8e\u026asd \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8\u025bf. b\u02c8\u028ckli d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u025az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z."}, {"text": "Nevertheless, a 1987 article in The New York Times called her the Reagan administration's \"novelist laureate\".", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k t\u02c8a\u026amz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259n \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \"n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02cc\u026ast l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\"."}, {"text": "Republican congressmen and conservative pundits have acknowledged her influence on their lives and have recommended her novels.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259sm\u02cc\u025bn \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av p\u02c8\u028cnd\u026ats h\u00e6v \u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292d h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026avz \u00e6nd h\u00e6v \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz."}, {"text": "She has influenced some conservative politicians outside the U.S., such as Sajid Javid in the United Kingdom, Siv Jensen in Norway, and Ayelet Shaked in Israel.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 h\u0250z \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst s\u02cc\u028cm k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs., s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ad d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6v\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m, s\u02c8\u026av d\u0292\u02c8\u025bns\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279we\u026a, \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026a\u025bl\u026at \u0283\u02c8e\u026akt \u026an \u02c8\u026az\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l."}, {"text": "The financial crisis of 2007\u20132008 renewed interest in her works, especially Atlas Shrugged, which some saw as foreshadowing the crisis.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u026as \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261d, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00e6z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u02c8\u00e6do\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u026as."}, {"text": "Critics blamed the economic crisis on her support of selfishness and free markets, particularly through her influence on Alan Greenspan.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks bl\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u026as \u02cc\u0254n h\u025c\u02d0 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv s\u02c8\u025blf\u026a\u0283n\u0259s \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nsp\u00e6n."}, {"text": "In 2015, Adam Weiner said that through Greenspan, \"Rand had effectively chucked a ticking time bomb into the boiler room of the US economy\".", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m w\u02c8a\u026an\u025a s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nsp\u00e6n, \"\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd h\u00e6d \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli t\u0283\u02c8\u028ckt \u0250 t\u02c8\u026ak\u026a\u014b t\u02c8a\u026am b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u025a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi\"."}, {"text": "Lisa Duggan said that Rand's novels had \"incalculable impact\" in encouraging the spread of neoliberal political ideas.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259 d\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz h\u02cc\u00e6d \"\u026a\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6lkju\u02d0l\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt\" \u026an \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028al\u02cc\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z."}, {"text": "In 2021, Cass Sunstein said Rand's ideas could be seen in the tax and regulatory policies of the Trump administration, which he attributed to the \"enduring influence\" of Rand's fiction.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, k\u02c8\u00e6s s\u02c8\u028cnsta\u026an s\u02c8\u025bd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z k\u028ad bi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u028cmp \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \"\u025bnd\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns\" \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "After the closure of the Nathaniel Branden Institute, the Objectivist movement continued in other forms.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t, \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "She also endorsed The Objectivist Forum, a bimonthly magazine founded by Objectivist philosopher Harry Binswanger, which ran from 1980 to 1987.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259m, \u0250 b\u02c8\u026am\u028cn\u03b8li m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i ba\u026answ\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6n f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1985, Peikoff worked with businessman Ed Snider to establish the Ayn Rand Institute, a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting Rand's ideas and works.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, p\u02c8e\u026ak\u0254f w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259sm\u0259n \u02c8\u025bd sn\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a t\u028a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t, \u0250 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0np\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026at \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "In 1990, after an ideological disagreement with Peikoff, David Kelley founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies, now known as The Atlas Society.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250n \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8e\u026ak\u0254f, d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad k\u02c8\u025bli f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast st\u02c8\u028cdiz, n\u02c8a\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "In 2001, historian John McCaskey organized the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist Scholarship, which provides grants for scholarly work on Objectivism in academia.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn, h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n m\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6ski \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259m fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025ali w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u02cc\u0254n \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8i\u02d0mi\u0259."}, {"text": "Alain Connes (; born 1 April 1947 in Draguignan) is a French mathematician, known for his contributions to the study of operator algebras and noncommutative geometry.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz; b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026an d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261w\u026a\u0261n\u0259n \u026az \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ld\u0292\u1d7bb\u0279\u0259z \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0\u027e\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u0292i\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i."}, {"text": "Alain Connes attended high school at  in Marseille, and was then a student of the classes pr\u00e9paratoires in .", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd h\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u00e6\u027e \u026an m\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0250 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz p\u0279\u02c8e\u026ap\u0250\u0279\u02cc\u00e6tw\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u02c8\u026an ."}, {"text": "Between 1966 and 1970 he studed at \u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure in Paris, and in 1973 he obtained a PhD from Pierre and Marie Curie University, under the supervision of Jacques Dixmier.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti hi\u02d0 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00e6\u027e \u026ak\u02c8o\u028al n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279me\u026al s\u02c8u\u02d0pe\u026a\u0279\u02cc\u026aj\u028a\u0279 \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, \u00e6nd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 hi\u02d0 \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and \u0250 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 d\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm p\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u025av\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u0292\u02c8\u00e6k d\u02c8\u026aksmi\u025a."}, {"text": "From 1970 to 1974 he was research fellow at the French National Centre for Scientific Research and during 1975 he held a visiting position at Queen's University at Kingston in Canada.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 f\u02c8\u025blo\u028a \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av hi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bld \u0250 v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t kw\u02c8i\u02d0nz j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6t k\u02c8\u026a\u014bst\u0259n \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259."}, {"text": "In 1976 he returned to France and worked as professor at Pierre and Marie Curie University until 1980 and at CNRS between 1981 and 1984.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u00e6z p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t p\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd \u00e6t s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u025bs b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "From 1984 until his retirement in 2017 he held the chair of Analysis and Geometry at Coll\u00e8ge de France.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n hi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bld \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00e6nd d\u0292i\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i \u00e6t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025bd\u0292 d\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns."}, {"text": "In parallel, he was awarded a distinguished professorship at Vanderbilt University between 2003 and 2012, and at Ohio State University between 2012 and 2021.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u00e6t v\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ab\u02cc\u026alt j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u00e6nd \u00e6\u027e o\u028ah\u02c8a\u026ao\u028a st\u02c8e\u026at j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Besides noncommutative geometry, he has applied his works in various areas of mathematics and theoretical physics, including number theory, differential geometry and particle physics.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bs\u02cca\u026adz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0\u027e\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u0292i\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i, hi\u02d0 h\u0250z \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u026an v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i, d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l d\u0292i\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks."}, {"text": "In his early work on von Neumann algebras in the 1970s, he succeeded in obtaining the almost complete classification of injective factors.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u02cc\u0254n v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ld\u0292\u1d7bb\u0279\u0259z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z, hi\u02d0 s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az."}, {"text": "Following this, he made contributions in operator K-theory and index theory, which culminated in the Baum\u2013Connes conjecture.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, hi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026and\u025bks \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u028clm\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8a\u028am k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz k\u0259nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "He also introduced cyclic cohomology in the early 1980s as a first step in the study of noncommutative differential geometry.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st s\u02c8a\u026akl\u026ak k\u02cco\u028ah\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8\u025bp \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0\u027e\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l d\u0292i\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i."}, {"text": "Connes was awarded the Peccot-Vimont Prize in 1976, the Amp\u00e8re Prize in 1980, the Fields Medal in 1982, the Clay Research Award in 2000 and the Crafoord Prize in 2001.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u02d0tv\u02c8\u026am\u0254nt p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6mp\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259l \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fo\u02d0\u0279d p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The French National Centre for Scientific Research granted him the silver medal in 1977 and the gold medal in 2004.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd h\u02cc\u026am \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259l \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259l \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1974 at Vancouver and in 1986 at Berkeley, and a plenary speaker at the ICM in 1978 at Helsinki.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250n \u026anv\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u028cv m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t v\u00e6\u014bk\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a \u00e6nd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6t b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kli, \u00e6nd \u0250 pl\u02c8i\u02d0n\u025a\u0279i sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026as\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6t h\u025bls\u02c8\u026a\u014bki."}, {"text": "He was awarded honorary degrees from Queen's University at Kingston in 1979, University of Rome Tor Vergata in 1997, University of Oslo in 1999, University of Southern Denmark in 2009, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles in 2010 and Shanghai Fudan University in 2017.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd 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li\u02d0b\u0279\u0259 d\u0259 b\u0279\u028cks\u02c8\u025blz \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd \u0283\u00e6\u014bh\u02c8a\u026a fj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259n j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "He was elected member of several foreign academies and societies, including the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in 1980, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in 1983, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1989, the London Mathematical Society in 1994, the Canadian Academy of Sciences in 1995 (incorporated since 2002 in the Royal Society of Canada), the US National Academy of Sciences in 1997, the Russian Academy of Science in 2003 and the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium in 2016.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259miz \u00e6nd s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u0283 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei, \u00f0\u0259 no\u02d0\u0279w\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv b\u02c8\u025bld\u0292\u0259m \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "In 2001 he received (together with his co-authors Andr\u00e9 Lichnerowicz and Marco Schutzenberger) the Peano Prize for his work Triangle of Thoughts.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az k\u02c8o\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az \u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u026at\u0283n\u025a\u0279\u02cco\u028av\u026at\u0283 \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ko\u028a \u0283\u02c8\u028cts\u0259nb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "Alain Connes and Matilde Marcolli, Noncommutative Geometry, Quantum Fields and Motives, Colloquium Publications, American Mathematical Society, 2007,", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ald\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0251\u02d0li, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0\u027e\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u0292i\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i, kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259m f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026avz, k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028akwi\u0259m p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,"}, {"text": "Alain Connes, Andr\u00e9 Lichnerowicz, and Marcel-Paul Schutzenberger, Triangle of Thought, translated by Jennifer Gage, American Mathematical Society, 2001,", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz, \u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u026at\u0283n\u025a\u0279\u02cco\u028av\u026at\u0283, \u00e6nd m\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u025blp\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0283\u02c8\u028cts\u0259nb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u025a, t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t, t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u025a \u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn,"}, {"text": "Jean-Pierre Changeux and Alain Connes, Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics, translated by M. B. DeBevoise, Princeton University Press, 1998,", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0np\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u028c \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz, k\u0251\u02d0nv\u025as\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8a\u026and, m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks, t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u025bm. b\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bv\u0254\u026as, p\u0279\u02c8\u026anst\u0259n j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at,"}, {"text": "Alain Connes Official Web Site containing downloadable papers, and his book Non-commutative geometry, .", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l w\u02c8\u025bb s\u02c8a\u026at k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b d\u02c8a\u028anlo\u028ad\u0259b\u0259l p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025az, \u00e6nd h\u026az b\u02c8\u028ak n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0\u027e\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u0292i\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i, ."}, {"text": "Allan Dwan (born Joseph Aloysius Dwan; April 3, 1885 \u2013 December 28, 1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n dw\u02c8\u00e6n b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u026as\u026a\u0259s dw\u02c8\u00e6n; \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn w\u028cz\u0250 pa\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259nb\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a, \u00e6nd sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Born Joseph Aloysius Dwan in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Dwan was the younger son of commercial traveler of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857\u20131917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan (n\u00e9e Hunt).", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u026as\u026a\u0259s dw\u02c8\u00e6n \u026an t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nto\u028a, \u0251\u02d0nt\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028a, k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259, dw\u02c8\u00e6n w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u025a\u0279 \u028cv w\u02c8\u028al\u0259n kl\u02c8o\u028a\u00f0\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l dw\u02c8\u00e6n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026af m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an dw\u02c8\u00e6n n\u02c8e\u026a h\u02c8\u028cnt."}, {"text": "The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on December 4, 1892, by ferry from Windsor to Detroit, according to his naturalization petition of August 1939.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u025bn hi\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8o\u028ald \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0, ba\u026a f\u02c8\u025b\u0279i f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026ands\u025a t\u0259 d\u026at\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026at, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u026az n\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Allan Dwan studied engineering at the University of Notre Dame and then worked for a lighting company in Chicago.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n dw\u02c8\u00e6n st\u02c8\u028cdid \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a d\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt f\u025a\u0279\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u026an \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a."}, {"text": "He had a strong interest in the fledgling motion picture industry, and when Essanay Studios offered him the opportunity to become a scriptwriter, he took the job.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u025bd\u0292l\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i, \u00e6nd w\u025bn \u02c8\u025bs\u0250n\u02cce\u026a st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad h\u02cc\u026am \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a, hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b."}, {"text": "At that time, some of the East Coast movie makers began to spend winters in California where the climate allowed them to continue productions requiring warm weather.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st k\u02c8o\u028ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vi m\u02c8e\u026ak\u025az b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bnd w\u02c8\u026ant\u025az \u026an k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "Soon, a number of movie companies worked there year-round, and in 1911, Dwan began working part-time in Hollywood.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8u\u02d0vi k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and, \u00e6nd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, dw\u02c8\u00e6n b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tt\u02c8a\u026am \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad."}, {"text": "While still in New York, in 1917 he was the founding president of the East Coast chapter of the Motion Picture Directors Association.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al st\u02c8\u026al \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k, \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st k\u02c8o\u028ast t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Dwan started his directing career by accident in 1911, when he was sent by his employers to California, in order to locate a company that had vanished.", "phonemes": "dw\u02c8\u00e6n st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026ad\u0259nt \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025bn hi\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bnt ba\u026a h\u026az \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025az t\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d v\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283t."}, {"text": "Dwan managed to track the company down, and learned that they were waiting for the film's director (who was an alcoholic) to return from a binge (and allowing them to return to work).", "phonemes": "dw\u02c8\u00e6n m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni d\u02c8a\u028an, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 b\u02c8\u026and\u0292 \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Dwan wired back to his employers in Chicago, informing them of the situation, and suggested that they disband the company.", "phonemes": "dw\u02c8\u00e6n w\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 h\u026az \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025az \u026an \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a, \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a d\u026asb\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni."}, {"text": "When Dwan informed the company of the situation, and that their jobs were on the line, they responded: \"You're the best damn director we ever saw\".", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn dw\u02c8\u00e6n \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd: \"j\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst d\u02c8\u00e6m d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a wi\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bv\u025a s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\"."}, {"text": "On August 12, 2011, a plaque was unveiled on the Wolff building at Third Avenue and La Mesa Boulevard commemorating Dwan and the Flying A Studios origins in La Mesa, California.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st tw\u02c8\u025blv, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u0250 pl\u02c8\u00e6k w\u028cz \u028cnv\u02c8e\u026ald \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028alff b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6v\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0 \u00e6nd l\u02cc\u00e6 m\u02c8e\u026as\u0259 b\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026av\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b dw\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u026an l\u02cc\u00e6 m\u02c8e\u026as\u0259, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259."}, {"text": "After making a series of westerns and comedies, Dwan directed fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford in several very successful movies as well as her husband, Douglas Fairbanks, notably in the acclaimed 1922 Robin Hood.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bst\u025anz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259diz, dw\u02c8\u00e6n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u025blo\u028a k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8\u026akf\u025ad \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd, d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks, n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250kl\u02c8e\u026amd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026an h\u02c8\u028ad."}, {"text": "Dwan directed Gloria Swanson in eight feature films, and one short film made in the short-lived sound-on-film process Phonofilm.", "phonemes": "dw\u02c8\u00e6n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u0261l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n \u026an \u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026almz, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02cce\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tl\u02c8\u026avd s\u02c8a\u028and\u02cc\u0254nf\u02c8\u026alm p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259f\u02cc\u026alm."}, {"text": "This short, also featuring Thomas Meighan and Henri de la Falaise, was produced as a joke, for the April 26, 1925 \"Lambs' Gambol\" for The Lambs, with the film showing Swanson crashing the all-male club.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s m\u02c8e\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 f\u00e6l\u02c8e\u026az, w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00e6z \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8o\u028ak, f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av \"l\u02c8\u00e6mz \u0261\u02c8\u00e6mb\u0251\u02d0l\" f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6mz, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lm\u02c8e\u026al kl\u02c8\u028cb."}, {"text": "Following the introduction of the talkies, Dwan directed child-star Shirley Temple in Heidi (1937) and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938).", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kiz, dw\u02c8\u00e6n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldst\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u026an h\u02c8a\u026adi n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bk\u0259 \u028cv s\u02c8\u028cn\u026ab\u0279\u02cc\u028ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Dwan helped launch the career of two other successful Hollywood directors, Victor Fleming, who went on to direct The Wizard of Oz and Gone With the Wind, and Marshall Neilan, who became an actor, director, writer and producer.", "phonemes": "dw\u02c8\u00e6n h\u02c8\u025blpt l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az, v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a fl\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014b, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025bnt \u02cc\u0254n t\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026az\u025ad \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u0261\u0254n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026and, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l n\u02c8i\u02d0l\u00e6n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a."}, {"text": "Over a long career spanning almost 50 years, Dwan directed 125 motion pictures, some of which were highly acclaimed, such as the 1949 box office hit, Sands of Iwo Jima.", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast f\u02c8\u026afti j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, dw\u02c8\u00e6n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026ali \u0250kl\u02c8e\u026amd, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as h\u02c8\u026at, s\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0wo\u028a d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259."}, {"text": "Being one of the last surviving pioneers of the cinema, he was interviewed at length for the 1980 documentary series Hollywood.", "phonemes": "b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b pa\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0d \u00e6t l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad."}, {"text": "He died in Los Angeles at the age of 96, and is interred in the San Fernando Mission Cemetery, Mission Hills, California.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6nd \u026az \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u00e6n f\u025c\u02d0n\u02c8\u00e6ndo\u028a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bm\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u026alz, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259."}, {"text": "Daniel Eagan of Film Journal International described Dwan as one of the early pioneers of cinema, stating that his style \"is so basic as to seem invisible, but he treats his characters with uncommon sympathy and compassion.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8\u026alm d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd dw\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li pa\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259, st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az st\u02c8a\u026al \"\u026az s\u02cco\u028a b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak \u00e6z t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0m \u026anv\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ts h\u026az k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u03b8i \u00e6nd k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026az b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st ba\u026a tu\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259; t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st ba\u026a l\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u0259; t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st ba\u026a n\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u025a; t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li, m\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259; t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ko\u028a; \u00e6nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "It has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u0250z \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "Algeria covers an area of , making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa, more than 200 times as large as the continent's smallest country, The Gambia.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025az \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv , m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00e6z l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nts sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026ast k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6mbi\u0259."}, {"text": "With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the tenth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u0259s k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndm\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u0259s k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Algeria produced and is linked to many civilizations, empires and dynasties, including Numidians, Mauretanians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Mauro-Romans, Byzantines, Umayyads, Ifranids, Abbasids, Rustamids, Idrisids, Sulaymanids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids, Hafsids and the Zayyanids.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00e6nd \u026az l\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025az \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250stiz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u026adi\u0259nz, m\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259nz, fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259nz, \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nz, v\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259lz, m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nz, b\u02c8\u026az\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0nz, j\u02c8u\u02d0me\u026aj\u02cc\u00e6dz, \u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0250n\u02cc\u026adz, \u02c8\u00e6be\u026as\u02cc\u026adz, \u0279\u02c8\u028cst\u0250m\u02cc\u026adz, \u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026adz, s\u02c8u\u02d0le\u026am\u02cc\u00e6n\u026adz, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261l\u0250b\u02cc\u026adz, f\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026adz, z\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026adz, h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250d\u02cc\u026adz, \u02c8\u0254lmo\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u026adz, \u02c8\u0254lmo\u028ah\u02cc\u00e6dz, m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026an\u026adz, h\u02c8\u00e6fs\u026adz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8e\u026aj\u0250n\u02cc\u026adz."}, {"text": "Centuries of Arab migration to the Maghreb since the 7th century shifted the demographic scope in Algeria.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b ma\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak sk\u02c8o\u028ap \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "The Spanish expansionism led to the establishment of the Regency of Algiers in 1516, a state that attracted people from all over the Mediterranean, making its capital Algiers one of the largest, wealthiest, and most cosmopolitan cities in the world.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026ats k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast, w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i\u026ast, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "The conquest and pacification of the country that ensued lasted until 1903 and led to Algeria becoming an integral part of France in 1848 and home to over a million European settlers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bkw\u025bst \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bns\u02c8u\u02d0d l\u02c8\u00e6st\u1d7bd \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028am t\u028a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n s\u02c8\u025btl\u025az."}, {"text": "The S\u00e9tif and Guelma massacre in 1945 marked a turning point in Franco-Algerian relations and sparked the Algerian War which concluded with Algeria gaining its independence on 5 July 1962 and the proclamation of the People's Democratic Republic on 25 September of that year.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026af \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u025blm\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259k\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u0250 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bko\u028a\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026ats \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8a\u026av d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kl\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "French also serves as an administrative and educational language in some contexts, but it has no official status.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z \u0250n \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026at h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s."}, {"text": "Algeria is a semi-presidential republic, with local constituencies consisting of 58 provinces and 1,541 communes.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026ap\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak, w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nsiz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans\u1d7bz \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "It has the highest Human Development Index of all continental African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent, based largely on energy exports.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u02c8\u026and\u025bks \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259miz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt, b\u02c8e\u026ast l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u02c8\u025bkspo\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Algeria has the world's sixteenth-largest oil reserves and the ninth-largest reserves of natural gas.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa, supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0250t\u0279\u02cc\u00e6k, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u026al k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s t\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "Algeria's military is one of the largest in Africa, and has the largest defence budget on the continent.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259z m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt."}, {"text": "It is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, the OIC, OPEC, the United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, of which it is a founding member.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261, \u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028a\u02cca\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259k, \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a."}, {"text": "Algeria's name derives from the city of Algiers which in turn derives from the Arabic  (, \"the islands\") in reference to four small islands off its coast, a truncated form of the older  (, \"islands of Bani Mazghanna\").", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259z n\u02c8e\u026am d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, \"\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz\"\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u02c8\u0254f \u026ats k\u02c8o\u028ast, \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u014bke\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a, \"\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u028cv b\u02c8\u00e6ni m\u00e6z\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259\"."}, {"text": "The name was given by Buluggin ibn Ziri after he established the city on the ruins of the Phoenician city of Icosium in 950.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am w\u028cz \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a bj\u02c8\u028al\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a hi\u02d0 \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u026anz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv a\u026ak\u02c8o\u028asi\u0259m \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti."}, {"text": "The Ottoman Empire extended the name of al-Jaz\u0101'ir over the entire country, deriving it from the name of the capital city.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u00e6z\u0250\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026at f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "Thus, it shares its etymology with numerous other places, such as Alzira in Valencia, Algeciras in Andalusia, Lez\u00edria in Portugal, Cizre in Turkey, G\u017cira in Malta, the Nile island of Gezira in Egypt, and the state of Gezira in Sudan.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u026at \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u026ats \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250lz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u026an v\u0250l\u02c8\u025bn\u0283i\u0259, \u02cc\u00e6ld\u0292\u026as\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259z \u026an \u02cc\u00e6nd\u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259, l\u025bz\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026an p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u0259\u0261\u0259l, s\u02c8\u026az\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ki, d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u026an m\u02c8\u0254lt\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026al \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv d\u0292\u025bz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv d\u0292\u025bz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u026an su\u02d0d\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "Around ~1.8-million-year-old stone artifacts from Ain Hanech (Algeria) were considered to represent the oldest archaeological materials in North Africa.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn.\u02c8e\u026atm\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nj\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald st\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02cc\u00e6kts f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026an h\u02c8e\u026an\u0259t\u0283 \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Stone artifacts and cut-marked bones that were excavated from two nearby deposits at Ain Boucherit are estimated to be ~1.9 million years old, and even older stone artifacts to be as old as ~2.4 million years.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02cc\u00e6kts \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028ctm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt b\u02c8o\u028anz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bksk\u0259v\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u00e6\u027e \u02c8e\u026an b\u02c8a\u028at\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026at \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259bi t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn.n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8o\u028ald, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a st\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02cc\u00e6kts t\u0259bi \u00e6z \u02c8o\u028ald \u00e6z t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Hence, the Ain Boucherit evidence shows that ancestral hominins inhabited the Mediterranean fringe in northern Africa much earlier than previously thought.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bns, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026an b\u02c8a\u028at\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026at \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t \u00e6ns\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n\u02cc\u026anz \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8\u026and\u0292 \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t."}, {"text": "The evidence strongly argues for early dispersal of stone tool manufacture and use from East Africa, or a possible multiple-origin scenario of stone technology in both East and North Africa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l \u028cv st\u02c8o\u028an t\u02c8u\u02d0l m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an s\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u02cco\u028a \u028cv st\u02c8o\u028an t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the Levalloisian and Mousterian styles (43,000 BC) similar to those in the Levant.", "phonemes": "ni\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u03b8\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l t\u02c8u\u02d0l m\u02c8e\u026ak\u025az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st h\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u025bv\u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd ma\u028ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n st\u02c8a\u026alz f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u0259v\u02c8\u00e6nt."}, {"text": "Algeria was the site of the highest state of development of Middle Paleolithic Flake tool techniques.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak fl\u02c8e\u026ak t\u02c8u\u02d0l t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "Tools of this era, starting about 30,000 BC, are called Aterian (after the archaeological site of Bir el Ater, south of Tebessa).", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00e6t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bl \u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bb\u025bs\u0259."}, {"text": "The earliest blade industries in North Africa are called Iberomaurusian (located mainly in the Oran region).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast bl\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02cca\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u0259\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8e\u026anli \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "This industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the Maghreb between 15,000 and 10,000 BC.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 h\u00e6v sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Neolithic civilization (animal domestication and agriculture) developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early as 11,000 BC or as late as between 6000 and 2000 BC.", "phonemes": "n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l d\u0259m\u02cc\u025bst\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6h\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6z \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z l\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02c8\u026aks \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "This life, richly depicted in the Tassili n'Ajjer paintings, predominated in Algeria until the classical period.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as l\u02c8a\u026af, \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283li d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ali \u02c8\u025bn\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u025a p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014bz, p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "The mixture of peoples of North Africa coalesced eventually into a distinct native population that came to be called Berbers, who are the indigenous peoples of northern Africa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 ko\u028a\u0259l\u02c8\u025bst \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259bi k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025az, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "From their principal center of power at Carthage, the Carthaginians expanded and established small settlements along the North African coast; by 600 BC, a Phoenician presence existed at Tipasa, east of Cherchell, Hippo Regius (modern Annaba) and Rusicade (modern Skikda).", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u026ad\u0292, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259nz \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lm\u0259nts \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8o\u028ast; ba\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250 fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u00e6t t\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259, \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025bl, h\u02c8\u026apo\u028a \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0259s m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259b\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ak\u02cce\u026ad m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an sk\u02c8\u026akd\u0259."}, {"text": "Berber civilisation was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and political organisation supported several states.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi \u00e6\u027e\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b, t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad, \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Trade links between Carthage and the Berbers in the interior grew, but territorial expansion also resulted in the enslavement or military recruitment of some Berbers and in the extraction of tribute from others.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad l\u02c8\u026a\u014bks b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0, b\u02cc\u028ct t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u025bnsl\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025az \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "In the Revolt of the Mercenaries, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028alt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bld f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u028cnp\u02c8e\u026ad f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u026ad\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st pj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "They succeeded in obtaining control of much of Carthage's North African territory, and they minted coins bearing the name Libyan, used in Greek to describe natives of North Africa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u026ad\u0292z n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u0254\u026anz b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am l\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u0259n, j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026avz \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "West of Numidia lay Mauretania, which extended across the Moulouya River in modern-day Morocco to the Atlantic Ocean.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u026adi\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a m\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0la\u028aj\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ko\u028a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The high point of Berber civilisation, unequalled until the coming of the Almohads and Almoravids more than a millennium later, was reached during the reign of Masinissa in the 2nd century BC.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u028cv b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ld \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254lmo\u028ah\u02cc\u00e6dz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254lmo\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u026adz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 m\u026al\u02c8\u025bni\u0259m l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv m\u02cc\u00e6s\u026an\u02c8\u026as\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Masinissa's line survived until 24 AD, when the remaining Berber territory was annexed to the Roman Empire.", "phonemes": "m\u02cc\u00e6s\u026an\u02c8\u026as\u0259z l\u02c8a\u026an s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6n\u025bkst t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "For several centuries Algeria was ruled by the Romans, who founded many colonies in the region, Algeria is the second country in the world after Italy, home to the largest number of Roman sites and remains among the most alive and well preserved.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ld ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259niz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li, h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026ats \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250l\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bl p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd."}, {"text": "Rome, after getting rid of its powerful rival Carthage in the year 146 BC, decided a century later to include Numidia to become the new master of North Africa.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8o\u028am, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0261\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u026ad \u028cv \u026ats p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u026ad\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u026adi\u0259 t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Like the rest of North Africa, Algeria was one of the breadbaskets of the empire, exporting cereals and other agricultural products.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u025bdb\u00e6sk\u026ats \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a, \u025bksp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts."}, {"text": "Saint Augustine was the bishop of Hippo Regius (modern-day Annaba, Algeria), located in the Roman province of Africa.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8e\u026ant \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st\u02cci\u02d0n w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p \u028cv h\u02c8\u026apo\u028a \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0259s m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259b\u0259, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "The Germanic Vandals of Geiseric moved into North Africa in 429, and by 435 controlled coastal Numidia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak v\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259lz \u028cv d\u0292a\u026az\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6nd ba\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u026adi\u0259."}, {"text": "In fact, by the time the Byzantines arrived Leptis Magna was abandoned and the Msellata region was occupied by the indigenous Laguatan who had been busy facilitating an Amazigh political, military and cultural revival.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u02c8\u00e6kt, ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026az\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0nz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd l\u02c8\u025bptiz m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0259 w\u028cz \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bms\u025bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n w\u028cz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s l\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ju\u02d0\u02cc\u00e6t\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u0250db\u026an b\u02c8\u026azi f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u0261 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l, m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l."}, {"text": "Furthermore, during the rule of the Romans, Byzantines, Vandals, Carthaginians, and Ottomans the Berber people were the only or one of the few in North Africa who remained independent.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nz, b\u02c8\u026az\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0nz, v\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259lz, k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259nz \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The Berber people were so resistant that even during the Muslim conquest of North Africa they still had control and possession over their mountains.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02cco\u028a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bkw\u025bst \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00f0e\u026a st\u02c8\u026al h\u00e6d k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6nd p\u0259z\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz."}, {"text": "The collapse of the Western Roman Empire led to the establishment of a native Kingdom based in Altava (modern day Algeria) known as the Mauro-Roman Kingdom.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6ps \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m b\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an d\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m."}, {"text": "During the reign of Kusaila its territory extended from the region of modern-day Fez in the west to the western Aur\u00e8s and later Kairaouan and the interior of Ifriqiya in the east.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv kju\u02d0s\u02c8e\u026al\u0259 \u026ats t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8\u025bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259z \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02cca\u026a\u0279e\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ju\u02d0\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u026af\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u026aj\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "After negligible resistance from the locals, Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate conquered Algeria in the early 8th century.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a n\u02c8\u025b\u0261l\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259lz, m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0me\u026aj\u02cc\u00e6d k\u02c8\u00e6l\u026af\u02cce\u026at k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u025ad \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Christians, Berber and Latin speakers remained in the great majority in Tunisia until the end of the 9th century and Muslims only became a vast majority some time in the 10th.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an tu\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028azl\u026amz \u02c8o\u028anli b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 v\u02c8\u00e6st m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8."}, {"text": "After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, numerous local dynasties emerged, including the Rustamids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads and the Zayyanids.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0me\u026aj\u02cc\u00e6d k\u02c8\u00e6l\u026af\u02cce\u026at, n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250stiz \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cst\u0250m\u02cc\u026adz, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261l\u0250b\u02cc\u026adz, f\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026adz, z\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026adz, h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250d\u02cc\u026adz, \u02c8\u0254lmo\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u026adz, \u02c8\u0254lmo\u028ah\u02cc\u00e6dz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8e\u026aj\u0250n\u02cc\u026adz."}, {"text": "During the Middle Ages, North Africa was home to many great scholars, saints and sovereigns including Judah Ibn Quraysh, the first grammarian to mention Semitic and Berber languages, the great Sufi masters Sidi Boumediene (Abu Madyan) and Sidi El Houari, and the Emirs Abd Al Mu'min and Y\u0101ghm\u016brasen.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 w\u028cz h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az, s\u02c8e\u026ants \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026anz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259 \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n kw\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8u\u02d0fi m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az s\u02c8\u026adi ba\u028am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6bu\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026adi \u02cc\u025bl hw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u00e6bd \u02c8\u00e6l m\u02c8\u028cm\u026an \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u00e6\u0261mj\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02cce\u026as\u0259n."}, {"text": "It was during this time that the Fatimids or children of Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, came to the Maghreb.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026adz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u0259, d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u0259h\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad, k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb."}, {"text": "These \"Fatimids\" went on to found a long lasting dynasty stretching across the Maghreb, Hejaz and the Levant, boasting a secular inner government, as well as a powerful army and navy, made up primarily of Arabs and Levantines extending from Algeria to their capital state of Cairo.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z \"f\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026adz\" w\u025bnt \u02cc\u0254n t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250sti st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb, h\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u00e6z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u0259v\u02c8\u00e6nt, b\u02c8o\u028ast\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026an\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0250 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u00e6nd n\u02c8e\u026avi, m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u028cp p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259bz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bv\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0nz \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "In Al-T\u0101ghr\u012bb\u0101t the Amazigh Zirid Hero Kh\u0101l\u012bf\u0101 Al-Z\u0101nat\u012b asks daily, for duels, to defeat the Hilalan hero \u0100bu Zayd al-Hilal\u012b and many other Arab knights in a string of victories.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lt\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ab\u02cc\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u0261 z\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ad h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026af\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6lz\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6sks d\u02c8e\u026ali, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lz, t\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026al\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0250b\u02c8u\u02d0 z\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6lh\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b n\u02c8a\u026ats \u026an \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "The indigenous Amazigh tribes, however, remained largely independent, and depending on tribe, location and time controlled varying parts of the Maghreb, at times unifying it (as under the Fatimids).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s \u0250m\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u0261 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt, \u00e6nd d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab, lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u026am k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb, \u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026amz j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u026at \u00e6z \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026adz."}, {"text": "The Fatimid Islamic state, also known as Fatimid Caliphate made an Islamic empire that included North Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, the Red Sea coast of Africa, Tihamah, Hejaz and Yemen.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026ad \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak st\u02c8e\u026at, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z f\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026ad k\u02c8\u00e6l\u026af\u02cce\u026at m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250n \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, s\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bli, p\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259st\u02cca\u026an, d\u0292\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n, l\u02c8\u025bb\u0259n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n, s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd s\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u028ast \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, t\u02c8\u026ah\u00e6m\u0259, h\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u00e6z \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u025bm\u0259n."}, {"text": "Caliphates from Northern Africa traded with the other empires of their time, as well as forming part of a confederated support and trade network with other Islamic states during the Islamic Era.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6l\u026af\u02cce\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025az \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak st\u02c8e\u026ats d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The two main branches were the Botr and Barn\u00e8s tribes, who were divided into tribes, and again into sub-tribes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279nz t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz, \u00e6nd \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02c8\u028cbt\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz."}, {"text": "Each region of the Maghreb contained several tribes (for example, Sanhadja, Houara, Zenata, Masmouda, Kutama, Awarba, and Berghwata).", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, s\u02c8\u00e6nh\u00e6d\u0292\u0259, hw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0259, z\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259, m\u02c8\u00e6zma\u028ad\u0259, kju\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259, \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u0259, \u00e6nd b\u025c\u02d0\u0261w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "Ibn Khaldun provides a table summarising the Amazigh dynasties of the Maghreb region, the Zirid, Ifranid, Maghrawa, Almoravid, Hammadid, Almohad, Merinid, Abdalwadid, Wattasid, Meknassa and Hafsid dynasties.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026ab\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ld\u028cn p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u0250 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u0261 d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250stiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ad, \u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0250n\u02cc\u026ad, m\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0w\u0259, \u02c8\u0254lmo\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u026ad, h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250d\u02cc\u026ad, \u02c8\u0254lmo\u028ah\u02cc\u00e6d, m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026an\u02cc\u026ad, \u02c8\u00e6bd\u0250lw\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u026ad, w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0250s\u02cc\u026ad, m\u025bkn\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259 \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6fs\u026ad d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250stiz."}, {"text": "Both of the Hammadid and Zirid empires as well as the Fatimids established their rule in all of the Maghreb countries.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250d\u02cc\u026ad \u00e6nd z\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ad \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025az \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026adz \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "The Hammadids captured and held important regions such as Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli and Fez establishing their rule in every country in the Maghreb region.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250d\u02cc\u026adz k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bld \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0259\u0261l\u0259, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0n, \u02c8\u025bsf\u02c8\u00e6ks, s\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0259, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, t\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0259li \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025bz \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u026an \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Fatimids which was created and established by the Kutama Berbers  conquered all of North Africa as well as Sicily and parts of the Middle East.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026adz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 kju\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u025ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z s\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bli \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "The Rustamid realm stretched from Tafilalt in Morocco to the Nafusa mountains in Libya including south, central and western Tunisia therefore including territory in all of the modern day Maghreb countries, in the south the Rustamid realm expanded to the modern borders of Mali and included territory in Mauritania.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cst\u0250m\u02cc\u026ad \u0279\u02c8\u025blm st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283t f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8\u00e6f\u026al\u02cc\u0254lt \u026an m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ko\u028a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6fju\u02d0s\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u026an l\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an tu\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an d\u02c8e\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cst\u0250m\u02cc\u026ad \u0279\u02c8\u025blm \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025az \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u026an m\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259."}, {"text": "Once extending their control over all of the Maghreb, part of Spain and briefly over Sicily, originating from modern Algeria, the Zirids only controlled modern Ifriqiya by the 11th century.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cns \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fli \u02cco\u028av\u025a s\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bli, \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026adz \u02c8o\u028anli k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u026af\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u026aj\u0259 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The Zirids also fought against other Zenata Kingdoms, for example the Maghrawa, a Berber dynasty originating from Algeria and which at one point was a dominant power in the Maghreb ruling over much of Morocco and western Algeria including Fez, Sijilmasa, Aghmat, Oujda, most of the Sous and Draa and reaching as far as M'sila and the Zab in Algeria.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026adz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a z\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259mz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 m\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0w\u0259, \u0250 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250sti \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00e6t w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant w\u028cz\u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ko\u028a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025bz, s\u02cc\u026ad\u0292\u026alm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261m\u00e6t, \u02c8a\u028ad\u0292d\u0259, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00e6nd d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z \u02c8\u025bms\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8\u00e6b \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "As the Fatimid state was at the time too weak to attempt a direct invasion, they found another means of revenge.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026ad st\u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt \u0250 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u026anv\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8a\u028and \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292."}, {"text": "Between the Nile and the Red Sea were living Bedouin nomad tribes expelled from Arabia for their disruption and turbulency.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026al \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025bdu\u02d0\u026an n\u02c8o\u028am\u00e6d t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bld f\u0279\u028cm \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bj\u028al\u0259nsi."}, {"text": "The Banu Hilal and the Banu Sulaym for example, who regularly disrupted farmers in the Nile Valley since the nomads would often loot their farms.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nu\u02d0 h\u02c8\u026al\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nu\u02d0 s\u02c8u\u02d0le\u026am f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026al v\u02c8\u00e6li s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028am\u00e6dz w\u028ad \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n l\u02c8u\u02d0t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "The then Fatimid vizier decided to destroy what he could not control, and broke a deal with the chiefs of these Beduouin tribes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026ad v\u02c8a\u026azi\u025a d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a w\u028ct hi\u02d0 k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al, \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak \u0250 d\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z b\u1d7bdj\u02c8u\u02d0u\u02d0\u02cc\u026an t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz."}, {"text": "Some stopped on the way, especially in Cyrenaica, where they are still one of the essential elements of the settlement but most arrived in Ifriqiya by the Gabes region, arriving 1051.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an s\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259n\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lm\u0259nt b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8o\u028ast \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u026an \u02c8\u026af\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u026aj\u0259 ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026abz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n, \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The Zirid ruler tried to stop this rising tide, but with each encounter, the last under the walls of Kairouan, his troops were defeated and the Arabs remained masters of the battlefield.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ad \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u025a t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b t\u02c8a\u026ad, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u028cv k\u02c8a\u026arw\u0251\u02d0n, h\u026az t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259bz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259lf\u02cci\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "The invasion kept going, and in 1057 the Arabs spread on the high plains of Constantine where they encircled the Qalaa of Banu Hammad (capital of the Hammadid Emirate), as they had done in Kairouan a few decades ago.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u025bpt \u0261\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259bz sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a pl\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u025bns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259ld \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6l\u0251\u02d0 \u028cv b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nu\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6m\u00e6d k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250d\u02cc\u026ad \u02c8\u025bm\u1d7b\u0279\u02cce\u026at, \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d d\u02c8\u028cn \u026an k\u02c8a\u026arw\u0251\u02d0n \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Some of these territories were forcibly taken back by the Almohads in the second half of the 12th century.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bbli t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n b\u02c8\u00e6k ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254lmo\u028ah\u02cc\u00e6dz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025blf\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The influx of Bedouin tribes was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural Arabization of the Maghreb and in the spread of nomadism in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anfl\u028cks \u028cv b\u02c8\u025bdu\u02d0\u026an t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz w\u028cz\u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak, k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u026az\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028ame\u026ad\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli b\u02cc\u026an d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The Almohads originating from modern day Morocco, although founded by a man originating from Algeria known as Abd al-Mu'min would soon take control over the Maghreb.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254lmo\u028ah\u02cc\u00e6dz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an d\u02c8e\u026a m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ko\u028a, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6bd \u02c8\u00e6lm\u02c8\u028cm\u026an w\u028ad s\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u02c8e\u026ak k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb."}, {"text": "During the time of the Almohad Dynasty Abd al-Mu'min's tribe, the Koum\u00efa, were the main supporters of the throne and the most important body of the empire.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254lmo\u028ah\u02cc\u00e6d d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250sti \u02c8\u00e6bd \u02c8\u00e6lm\u02c8\u028cm\u026anz t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8u\u02d0mi\u02d0\u0259, w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "Defeating the weakening Almoravid Empire and taking control over Morocco in 1147, they pushed into Algeria in 1152, taking control over Tlemcen, Oran, and Algiers, wrestling control from the Hilian Arabs, and by the same year they defeated Hammadids who controlled Eastern Algeria.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254lmo\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u026ad \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cco\u028av\u025a m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ko\u028a \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0e\u026a p\u02c8\u028a\u0283t \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0, t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02c8\u025bms\u0259n, \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u0259l\u026a\u014b k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259bz, \u00e6nd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250d\u02cc\u026adz h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Following their decisive defeat in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 the Almohads began collapsing, and in 1235 the governor of modern-day Western Algeria, Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan declared his independence and established the Kingdom of Tlemcen and the Zayyanid dynasty.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026as\u026av d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259z d\u0259 t\u0259l\u02c8o\u028as\u0259 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254lmo\u028ah\u02cc\u00e6dz b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6ps\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, j\u02c8\u00e6\u0261mj\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02cce\u026as\u0259n \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n z\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d h\u026az \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m \u028cv t\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02c8\u025bms\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8e\u026aj\u0250n\u02cc\u026ad d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250sti."}, {"text": "Warring with the Almohad forces attempting to restore control over Algeria for 13 years, they defeated the Almohads in 1248 after killing their Caliph in a successful ambush near Oujda.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254lmo\u028ah\u02cc\u00e6d f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00f0e\u026a d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254lmo\u028ah\u02cc\u00e6dz \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026al\u026af \u026an \u0250 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6mb\u028a\u0283 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02c8a\u028ad\u0292d\u0259."}, {"text": "Much of the eastern territories of Algeria were under the authority of the Hafsid dynasty, although the Emirate of Bejaia encompassing the Algerian territories of the Hafsids would occasionally be independent from central Tunisian control.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6fs\u026ad d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250sti, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bm\u1d7b\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u028cv b\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8e\u026a\u0259 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6fs\u026adz w\u028ad \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259li bi\u02d0 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l tu\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "At their peak the Zayyanid kingdom included all of Morocco as its vassal to the west and in the east reached as far as Tunis which they captured during the reign of Abu Tashfin.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8e\u026aj\u0250n\u02cc\u026ad k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ko\u028a \u00e6z \u026ats v\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z t\u02c8u\u02d0niz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6bu\u02d0 t\u02c8\u00e6\u0283f\u026an."}, {"text": "After several conflicts with local Barbary pirates sponsored by the Zayyanid sultans, Spain decided to invade Algeria and defeat the native Kingdom of Tlemcen.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akts w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279i p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ts sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8e\u026aj\u0250n\u02cc\u026ad s\u02c8\u028clt\u0259nz, sp\u02c8e\u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u028a \u026anv\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m \u028cv t\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02c8\u025bms\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1505, they invaded and captured Mers el K\u00e9bir, and in 1509 after a bloody siege, they conquered Oran.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00f0e\u026a \u026anv\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u02cc\u025bl k\u02c8e\u026ab\u026a\u0279, \u00e6nd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 bl\u02c8\u028cdi s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292, \u00f0e\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u025ad \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "Following their decisive victories over the Algerians in the western-coastal areas of Algeria, the Spanish decided to get bolder, and invaded more Algerian cities.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026as\u026av v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279iz \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025a\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt b\u02c8o\u028ald\u025a, \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "In 1510, they led a series of sieges and attacks, taking over Bejaia in a large siege, and leading a semi-successful siege against Algiers.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn, \u00f0e\u026a l\u02c8\u025bd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks, t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a b\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8e\u026a\u0259 \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292, \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026as\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "In 1511, they took control over Cherchell and Jijel, and attacked Mostaganem where although they were not able to conquer the city, they were able to force a tribute on them.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0e\u026a t\u02c8\u028ak k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025bl \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6kt m\u02c8o\u028ast\u0250\u0261\u02cce\u026an\u0259m w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei, \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "In 1516, the Turkish privateer brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Barbarossa, who operated successfully under the Hafsids, moved their base of operations to Algiers.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u0283 p\u0279\u02cca\u026av\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u028cd\u0292 \u00e6nd h\u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026ad\u02cc\u026an b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0250\u0279\u02cc\u0254s\u0259, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259li \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6fs\u026adz, m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u028a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "They succeeded in conquering Jijel and Algiers from the Spaniards with help from the locals who saw them as liberators from the Christians, but the brothers eventually assassinated the local noble Salim al-Tumi and took control over the city and the surrounding regions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u025adz w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u025blp f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259lz h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6z l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250s\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6l\u026am \u02c8\u00e6lt\u02c8u\u02d0mi \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028ak k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "When Aruj was killed in 1518 during his invasion of Tlemcen, Hayreddin succeeded him as military commander of Algiers.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u028cd\u0292 w\u028cz k\u02c8\u026ald \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u026anv\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv t\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02c8\u025bms\u0259n, h\u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026ad\u02cc\u026an s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6z m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "With the aid of this force and native Algerians, Hayreddin conquered the whole area between Constantine and Oran (although the city of Oran remained in Spanish hands until 1792).", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad \u028cv \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u00e6nd n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz, h\u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026ad\u02cc\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u026an sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 h\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Subsequently, with the institution of a regular administration, governors with the title of pasha ruled for three-year terms.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u025a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ld f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz."}, {"text": "The pasha was assisted by an autonomous janissary unit, known in Algeria as the Ojaq who were led by an agha.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259 w\u028cz \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250n \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6n\u026as\u025a\u0279i j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at, n\u02c8o\u028an \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u00e6k h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u0261h\u0259."}, {"text": "Discontent among the ojaq rose in the mid-1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeatedly revolted against the pasha.", "phonemes": "d\u026ask\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u00e6k \u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad z b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8e\u026ad \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bdli \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028alt\u1d7bd \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259."}, {"text": "Algiers lost between 30,000 and 50,000 inhabitants to the plague in 1620\u201321, and had high fatalities in 1654\u201357, 1665, 1691 and 1740\u201342.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z l\u02c8\u0254st b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026afti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u0259nts t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd h\u00e6d h\u02c8a\u026a fe\u026at\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The Barbary pirates preyed on Christian and other non-Islamic shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279i p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ts p\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0283\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as, f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ts k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn.tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259nz \u00e6z sl\u02c8e\u026avz."}, {"text": "They often made raids on European coastal towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at slave markets in North Africa and other parts of the Ottoman Empire.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n m\u02cce\u026ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026adz \u02cc\u0254n j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l t\u02c8a\u028anz t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n sl\u02c8e\u026avz t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6t sl\u02c8e\u026av m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "In 1544, for example, Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the island of Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of Lipari, almost the entire population.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, h\u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026ad\u02cc\u026an b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0250\u0279\u02cc\u0254s\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv \u02c8\u026aski\u0259, t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n\u025az, \u00e6nd \u025bnsl\u02c8e\u026avd s\u02cc\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026an,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u0259nts \u028cv l\u02c8\u026ap\u00e6\u0279i, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1551, the Ottoman governor of Algiers, Turgut Reis, enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island of Gozo.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u028ct \u0279\u02c8a\u026az, \u025bnsl\u02c8e\u026avd \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254lti\u02d0z \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv \u0261\u02c8o\u028azo\u028a."}, {"text": "The introduction of broad-sail ships from the beginning of the 17th century allowed them to branch out into the Atlantic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ds\u02c8e\u026al \u0283\u02c8\u026aps f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u02c8a\u028at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak."}, {"text": "In July 1627 two pirate ships from Algiers under the command of Dutch pirate Jan Janszoon sailed as far as Iceland, raiding and capturing slaves.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259t \u0283\u02c8\u026aps f\u0279\u028cm \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv d\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259t d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6n d\u0292\u00e6nsz\u02c8u\u02d0n s\u02c8e\u026ald \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z \u02c8a\u026asl\u0259nd, \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b sl\u02c8e\u026avz."}, {"text": "Some of the slaves brought to Algiers were later ransomed back to Iceland, but some chose to stay in Algeria.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026avz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u028a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259md b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u02c8a\u026asl\u0259nd, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026a \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "In 1659, the Janissaries stationned in Algiers, also known commonly as the Odjak of Algiers; and the Reis or the company of corsair captains rebelled, they removed the Ottoman viceroy from power, and placed one of its own in power.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6n\u026as\u025a\u0279iz st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nd \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u00e6k \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z; \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u028cv k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026anz \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bld, \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259n v\u02c8a\u026as\u0279\u0254\u026a f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026ast w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an \u026an p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a."}, {"text": "The new leader received the title of \"Agha\" then \"Dey\" in 1671, and the right to select passed to the divan, a council of some sixty military senior officers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \"\u02c8\u00e6\u0261h\u0259\" \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \"d\u02c8e\u026a\" \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt p\u02c8\u00e6st t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u00e6n, \u0250 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u026aksti m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8i\u02d0nj\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u025az."}, {"text": "Although Algiers remained nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, in reality they acted independently from the rest of the Empire, and often had wars with other Ottoman subjects and territories such as the Beylik of Tunis.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259li p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a, \u026an \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n h\u00e6d w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259n s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkts \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026al\u026ak \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0niz."}, {"text": "The dey was elected for a life term, but in the 159 years (1671\u20131830) that the system was in place, fourteen of the twenty-nine deys were assassinated.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a w\u028cz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u025a\u0279\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026af t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m w\u028cz \u026an pl\u02c8e\u026as, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bntin\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8e\u026az w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Despite usurpation, military coups and occasional mob rule, the day-to-day operation of the Deylikal government was remarkably orderly.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at ju\u02d0z\u025ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u00e6nd \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026al\u026ak\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259bli \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ali."}, {"text": "Although the regency patronised the tribal chieftains, it never had the unanimous allegiance of the countryside, where heavy taxation frequently provoked unrest.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ft\u0259nz, \u026at n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259s \u0250l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279\u026as\u02cca\u026ad, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bvi t\u00e6ks\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8o\u028akt \u028cn\u0279\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "Autonomous tribal states were tolerated, and the regency's authority was seldom applied in the Kabylia, although in 1730 the Regency was able to take control over the Kingdom of Kuku in western Kabylia.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsiz \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bld\u0259m \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u00e6b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m \u028cv k\u02c8u\u02d0ku\u02d0 \u026an w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an k\u00e6b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259."}, {"text": "Barbary raids in the Mediterranean continued to attack Spanish merchant shipping, and as a result, the Spanish Empire launched an invasion in 1775, then the Spanish Navy bombarded Algiers in 1783 and 1784.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02c8e\u026adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u0259nt \u0283\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u0250n \u026anv\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 n\u02c8e\u026avi b\u0259mb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "For the attack in 1784, the Spanish fleet was to be joined by ships from such traditional enemies of Algiers as Naples, Portugal and the Knights of Malta.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 fl\u02c8i\u02d0t w\u028cz t\u0259bi d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and ba\u026a \u0283\u02c8\u026aps f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025bn\u0259miz \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6z n\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259lz, p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u0259\u0261\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026ats \u028cv m\u02c8\u0254lt\u0259."}, {"text": "Over 20,000 cannonballs were fired, but all these military campaigns were doomed and Spain had to ask for peace in 1786 and paid 1 million pesos to the Dey.", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259nb\u02cc\u0254\u02d0lz w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026anz w\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8u\u02d0md \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026an h\u00e6dt\u028a \u02c8\u00e6sk f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd p\u02c8e\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8e\u026aso\u028az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "In the 19th century, Algerian pirates forged affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a \"license tax\" in exchange for safe harbor of their vessels.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ts f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d \u0250f\u02cc\u026al\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259b\u02c8i\u0259n p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az, p\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026a \"l\u02c8a\u026as\u0259ns t\u02c8\u00e6ks\" \u026an \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8e\u026af h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u025bs\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Attacks by Algerian pirates on American merchantmen resulted in the First and Second Barbary Wars, which ended the attacks on U.S. ships in 1815.", "phonemes": "\u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks ba\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ts \u02cc\u0254n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u0250ntm\u02cc\u025bn \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279i w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u02cc\u0254n j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u0283\u02c8\u026aps \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "A year later, a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet, under the command of Lord Exmouth bombarded Algiers to stop similar attacks on European fishermen.", "phonemes": "\u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u0250 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261lo\u028ad\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 fl\u02c8i\u02d0t, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u025bksm\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 b\u0259mb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u02cc\u0254n j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025am\u02cc\u025bn."}, {"text": "These efforts proved successful, although Algerian piracy would continue until the French conquest in 1830.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259si w\u028ad k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bkw\u025bst \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei."}, {"text": "Historian Ben Kiernan wrote on the French conquest of Algeria: \"By 1875, the French conquest was complete.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n b\u02c8\u025bn k\u02c8\u026a\u0279n\u0259n \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bkw\u025bst \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259: \"ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bkw\u025bst w\u028cz k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t."}, {"text": "The population of Algeria, which stood at about 2.9 million in 1872, reached nearly 11 million in 1960.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8\u028ad \u00e6\u027e \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8u\u02d0.n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti."}, {"text": "A combination of violence and disease epidemics caused the indigenous Algerian population to decline by nearly one-third from 1830 to 1872.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns \u00e6nd d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02cc\u025bp\u026ad\u02c8\u025bm\u026aks k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026an ba\u026a n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li w\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "On 17 September 1860, Napoleon III declared \"Our first duty is to take care of the happiness of the three million Arabs, whom the fate of arms has brought under our domination.\"", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti, n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \"\u02cca\u028a\u025a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei \u026az t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259bz, h\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz h\u0250z b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u02cca\u028a\u025a d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n.\""}, {"text": "During this time, only Kabylia resisted, the Kabylians were not colonized until after the Mokrani Revolt in 1871.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am, \u02c8o\u028anli k\u00e6b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u0259 k\u00e6b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028alt \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Alexis de Tocqueville wrote and never completed an unpublished essay outlining his ideas for how to transform Algeria from an occupied tributary state to a colonial regime, wherein he advocated for a mixed system of \"total domination and total colonization\" whereby French military would wage total war against civilian populations while a colonial administration would provide rule of law and property rights to settlers within French occupied cities.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u025bks\u026as d\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kv\u026al \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250n \u028cnp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u02c8\u025bse\u026a \u02c8a\u028atla\u026an\u026a\u014b h\u026az a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cca\u028a t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i st\u02c8e\u026at t\u028a \u0250 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l \u0279e\u026a\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0m, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026an hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u025a\u0279\u0259 m\u02c8\u026akst s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv \"t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\" w\u02c8\u025b\u0279ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u028ad w\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cca\u026al \u0250 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028ad p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025btl\u025az w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "From 1848 until independence, France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria as an integral part and d\u00e9partement of the nation.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns, f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd d\u02c8e\u026ap\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of European immigrants, who became known as colons and later, as Pied-Noirs.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026asth\u02c8\u025bld \u02cco\u028av\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0z t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 d\u02cc\u025bst\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts, h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z k\u02c8o\u028al\u0259nz \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00e6z p\u02c8a\u026adnw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z."}, {"text": "These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land from tribal peoples, and the application of modern agricultural techniques that increased the amount of arable land.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u025btl\u025az b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nts k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ask\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Many Europeans settled in Oran and Algiers, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the population in both cities.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259nz s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ld \u026an \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00e6nd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0250 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "During the late 19th and early 20th century, the European share was almost a fifth of the population.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u0250 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The French government aimed at making Algeria an assimilated part of France, and this included substantial educational investments especially after 1900.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u02c8e\u026amd \u00e6t m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u0250n \u0250s\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026anv\u02c8\u025bstm\u0259nts \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad."}, {"text": "The indigenous cultural and religious resistance heavily opposed this tendency, but in contrast to the other colonized countries' path in central Asia and Caucasus, Algeria kept its individual skills and a relatively human-capital intensive agriculture.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns h\u02c8\u025bvili \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 \u026an s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u00e6s\u0259s, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bpt \u026ats \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l sk\u02c8\u026alz \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u026av \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "During the Second World War, Algeria came under Vichy control before being liberated by the Allies in Operation Torch, which saw the first large-scale deployment of American troops in the North African campaign.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026am \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a v\u02c8\u026at\u0283i k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6la\u026az \u026an \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0283, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292sk\u02c8e\u026al d\u1d7bpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, which lacked political and economic status under the colonial system, gave rise to demands for greater political autonomy and eventually independence from France.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li, d\u026as\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u00e6kt p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u00e6nd \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns."}, {"text": "In May 1945, the uprising against the occupying French forces was suppressed through what is now known as the S\u00e9tif and Guelma massacre.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028cp\u0279a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz w\u028cz s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 w\u028ct \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026af \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u025blm\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259k\u025a."}, {"text": "Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the Algerian War began after the publication of the Declaration of 1 November 1954.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps k\u02c8e\u026am t\u028a \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u028cv w\u028ct w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bkl\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Historians have estimated that between 30,000 and 150,000 Harkis and their dependents were killed by the National Liberation Front (FLN) or by lynch mobs in Algeria.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kiz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u026ald ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02cc\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u02cc\u025bf\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a l\u02c8\u026ant\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "The FLN used hit and run attacks in Algeria and France as part of its war, and the French conducted severe reprisals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bf\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8u\u02d0zd h\u02c8\u026at \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u026ats w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In addition, the French destroyed over 8,000 villages and relocated over 2 million Algerians to concentration camps.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7blo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz t\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6mps."}, {"text": "The war led to the death of hundreds of thousands of Algerians and hundreds of thousands of injuries.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Historians, like Alistair Horne and Raymond Aron, state that the actual number of Algerian Muslim war dead was far greater than the original FLN and official French estimates but was less than the 1\u00a0million deaths claimed by the Algerian government after independence.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6l\u026ast\u02cc\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026am\u0259nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259n, st\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bd w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u02cc\u025bf\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ts b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8s kl\u02c8e\u026amd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence following the March 1962 Evian agreements and the July 1962 self-determination referendum.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026and k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bvi\u0259n \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025blfd\u026at\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bf\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259m."}, {"text": "The exodus to mainland France accelerated after the Oran massacre of 1962, in which hundreds of militants entered European sections of the city, and began attacking civilians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bks\u0259d\u0259s t\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bl\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259k\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv m\u02c8\u026al\u026at\u0259nts \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei, \u00e6nd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Under Ben Bella, the government had become increasingly socialist and authoritarian; Boum\u00e9dienne continued this trend.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a b\u02c8\u025bn b\u02c8\u025bl\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt h\u00e6d b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n; b\u02c8a\u028ame\u026ad\u02cci\u0259n k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u00f0\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd."}, {"text": "However, he relied much more on the army for his support, and reduced the sole legal party to a symbolic role.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u028a \u0250 s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak \u0279\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "Teachers of Arabic, brought in from other Muslim countries, spread conventional Islamic thought in schools and sowed the seeds of a return to Orthodox Islam.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026an f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026an sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m."}, {"text": "The Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil, leading to hardship when the price collapsed during the 1980s oil glut.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u026al, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0283\u026ap w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6pst d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0261l\u02c8\u028ct."}, {"text": "Economic recession caused by the crash in world oil prices resulted in Algerian social unrest during the 1980s; by the end of the decade, Bendjedid introduced a multi-party system.", "phonemes": "\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u028cn\u0279\u02c8\u025bst d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z; ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026ad, b\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026ad\u02cc\u026ad \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0250 m\u02c8\u028clta\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "Political parties developed, such as the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), a broad coalition of Muslim groups.", "phonemes": "p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak s\u00e6lv\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u02cc\u025bf\u02cca\u026a\u02c8\u025bs, \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d k\u02cco\u028a\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "In December 1991 the Islamic Salvation Front dominated the first of two rounds of legislative elections.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u026a \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak s\u00e6lv\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u028andz \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Fearing the election of an Islamist government, the authorities intervened on 11 January 1992, cancelling the elections.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ast \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, \u00f0\u026a \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz \u02cc\u026ant\u025av\u02c8i\u02d0nd \u02cc\u0254n \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0, k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "It banned the FIS, triggering a civil insurgency between the Front's armed wing, the Armed Islamic Group, and the national armed forces, in which more than 100,000 people are thought to have died.", "phonemes": "\u026at b\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bf\u02cca\u026a\u02c8\u025bs, t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnts \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md w\u02c8\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 h\u00e6v d\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "At several points in the conflict, the situation in Algeria became a point of international concern, most notably during the crisis surrounding Air France Flight 8969, a hijacking perpetrated by the Armed Islamic Group.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u026as s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns fl\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u00e6k\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u026at\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "Algeria held elections in 1999, considered biased by international observers and most opposition groups which were won by President Abdelaziz Bouteflika.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bld \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259st ba\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u025az \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6bd\u026al\u02cc\u00e6z\u026az b\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u026afl\u02cc\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "He worked to restore political stability to the country and announced a \"Civil Concord\" initiative, approved in a referendum, under which many political prisoners were pardoned, and several thousand members of armed groups were granted exemption from prosecution under a limited amnesty, in force until 13 January 2000.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u02c8e\u026a \"s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l k\u0259\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\" \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283i\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u026an \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bf\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259m, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8\u025bni p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259nd, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bmp\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6mn\u0259sti, \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd."}, {"text": "The Groupe Salafiste pour la Pr\u00e9dication et le Combat (GSPC), a splinter group of the Armed Islamic Group, continued a terrorist campaign against the Government.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p s\u02cc\u00e6l\u0250f\u02c8i\u02d0st p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02cc\u00e6 p\u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bt l\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u00e6t d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250 spl\u02c8\u026ant\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u0250 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ast k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Bouteflika was re-elected in the April 2004 presidential election after campaigning on a programme of national reconciliation.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u026afl\u02cc\u026ak\u0259 w\u028cz \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259ns\u02cc\u026al\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The programme comprised economic, institutional, political and social reform to modernise the country, raise living standards, and tackle the causes of alienation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026azd \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak, \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u0279\u02c8e\u026az l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cce\u026ali\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "It also included a second amnesty initiative, the Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, which was approved in a referendum in September 2005.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02c8\u00e6mn\u0259sti \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283i\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259ns\u02cc\u026al\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u026an \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bf\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259m \u026an s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "In November 2008, the Algerian Constitution was amended following a vote in Parliament, removing the two-term limit on Presidential incumbents.", "phonemes": "\u026an no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u0250m\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250 v\u02c8o\u028at \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259m\u0259nt, \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m l\u02c8\u026am\u026at \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u026a\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmb\u0259nts."}, {"text": "This change enabled Bouteflika to stand for re-election in the 2009 presidential elections, and he was re-elected in April 2009.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld b\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u026afl\u02cc\u026ak\u0259 t\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "During his election campaign and following his re-election, Bouteflika promised to extend the programme of national reconciliation and a $150-billion spending programme to create three million new jobs, the construction of one million new housing units, and to continue public sector and infrastructure modernisation programmes.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u026afl\u02cc\u026ak\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ast t\u028a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259ns\u02cc\u026al\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026aftib\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n sp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n n\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u028az\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats, \u00e6nd t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u025an\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz."}, {"text": "A continuing series of protests throughout the country started on 28 December 2010, inspired by similar protests across the Middle East and North Africa.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u025bn\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz, \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8o\u028ad, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u026an \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz."}, {"text": "However, elections are routinely criticised by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279u\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0nli k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u00e6z \u028cnf\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps s\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u00e6nd h\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sm\u0259nt \u028cv p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0."}, {"text": "On 2 April 2019, Bouteflika resigned from the presidency after mass protests against his candidacy for a fifth term in office.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, b\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u026afl\u02cc\u026ak\u025a \u0279\u026az\u02c8a\u026and f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nsi \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6s p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst h\u026az k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ad\u0259si f\u025a\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "In December 2019, Abdelmadjid Tebboune became Algeria's president, after winning the first round of the presidential election with a record abstention rate \u2013 the highest of all presidential elections since Algeria's democracy in 1989.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6bd\u026alm\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bba\u028an b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259z p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad \u0250bst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u026ans \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259z d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "He also reminds his detractors that he was expelled from the Government in August 2017 at the instigation of oligarchs languishing in prison.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8a\u026andz h\u026az d\u026at\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bld f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026anst\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0261\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279kz l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n."}, {"text": "Since the 2011 breakup of Sudan, and the creation of South Sudan, Algeria has been the largest country in Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u028cp \u028cv su\u02d0d\u02c8\u00e6n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 su\u02d0d\u02c8\u00e6n, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259n."}, {"text": "To the north, the Tell Atlas form with the Saharan Atlas, further south, two parallel sets of reliefs in approaching eastbound, and between which are inserted vast plains and highlands.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6h\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl s\u02c8\u025bts \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u026an \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0stba\u028and, \u00e6nd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u00e6st pl\u02c8e\u026anz \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz."}, {"text": "The vast mountain ranges of Aures and Nememcha occupy the entire northeastern Algeria and are delineated by the Tunisian border.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6st m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259z \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025bm\u025bmt\u0283\u0259 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st\u025an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ani\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 tu\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "Algeria lies mostly between latitudes 19\u00b0 and 37\u00b0N (a small area is north of 37\u00b0N and south of 19\u00b0N), and longitudes 9\u00b0W and 12\u00b0E. Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural harbours.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026az m\u02c8o\u028astli b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0dz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bn \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026az n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bn, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254nd\u0292\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0dz n\u02c8a\u026an d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025blv d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8i\u02d0. m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026az h\u02c8\u026ali, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an\u0259s, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025az."}, {"text": "South of the Tell Atlas is a steppe landscape ending with the Saharan Atlas; farther south, there is the Sahara desert.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s \u026az \u0250 st\u02c8\u025bp l\u02c8\u00e6ndske\u026ap \u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6h\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s; f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at."}, {"text": "The Hoggar Mountains (), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u025a m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u025a, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u026an s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259, s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8\u028cns\u025bt, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279, d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026ats \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ad l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv h\u02c8i\u02d0t, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8u\u02d0l t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ali."}, {"text": "Rainfall is fairly plentiful along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from  annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u0254\u02d0l \u026az f\u02c8\u025b\u0279li pl\u02c8\u025bntif\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s, \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li, \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u025bst t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "Precipitation is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as  in some years.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az h\u02c8\u025bvi\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6z m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6z \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "The varied vegetation of Algeria includes coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions which all support a wide range of wildlife.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279id v\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l, m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6si d\u02c8\u025bz\u025atl\u02c8a\u026ak \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv w\u02c8a\u026aldla\u026af."}, {"text": "The most commonly seen animals include the wild boars, jackals, and gazelles, although it is not uncommon to spot fennecs (foxes), and jerboas.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ald b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z, d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u0261\u0259z\u02c8\u025blz, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0259 sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u025bn\u025bks f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u025c\u02d0b\u02c8o\u028a\u0259z."}, {"text": "Snakes, monitor lizards, and numerous other reptiles can be found living among an array of rodents throughout the semi arid regions of Algeria.", "phonemes": "sn\u02c8e\u026aks, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u026az\u025adz, \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u0250n \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259nts \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "In the north, some of the native flora includes Macchia scrub, olive trees, oaks, cedars and other conifers.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av fl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz m\u02c8\u00e6ki\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u028cb, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026av t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u02c8o\u028aks, s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0259n\u02c8\u026af\u025az."}, {"text": "The mountain regions contain large forests of evergreens (Aleppo pine, juniper, and evergreen oak) and some deciduous trees.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02cci\u02d0nz \u0250l\u02c8\u025bpo\u028a p\u02c8a\u026an, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ap\u025a, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8o\u028ak \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026adju\u02d0\u0259s t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Algeria had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.22/10, ranking it 106th globally out of 172 countries.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u00e6d \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast l\u02c8\u00e6ndske\u026ap \u026ant\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u026and\u025bks m\u02c8i\u02d0n sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av.tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u02c8\u025bn, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u026at w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259li \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Camels are used extensively; the desert also abounds with venomous and nonvenomous snakes, scorpions, and numerous insects.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026avli; \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250b\u02c8a\u028andz w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025bn\u0259m\u0259s \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0259m\u0259s sn\u02c8e\u026aks, sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279pi\u0259nz, \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts."}, {"text": "Instead, a group of unelected civilian and military \"d\u00e9cideurs\" (\"deciders\"), known as \"le pouvoir\" (\"the power\"), actually rule the country, even deciding who should be president.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd, \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv \u028cn\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \"d\u02c8e\u026asa\u026ad\u02cc\u025c\u02d0z\"\"d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u025az\", n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \"l\u0259 p\u02c8u\u02d0vw\u0251\u02d0\u0279\"\"\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\", \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The most powerful man might have been Mohamed Medi\u00e8ne, the head of military intelligence, before he was brought down during the 2019 protests.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6n m\u02cca\u026ath\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an mo\u028ah\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad m\u025bd\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u026ant\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259ns, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 hi\u02d0 w\u028cz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t d\u02cca\u028an d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts."}, {"text": "After the death of General Larbi Belkheir, previous president Bouteflika put loyalists in key posts, notably at Sonatrach, and secured constitutional amendments that made him re-electable indefinitely, until he was brought down in 2019 during protests.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ba\u026a b\u02c8\u025blk\u025b\u0279, p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt b\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u026afl\u02cc\u026ak\u0259 p\u02cc\u028at l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts \u026an k\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8o\u028asts, n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli \u00e6t s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0250t\u0279\u02cc\u00e6k, \u00e6nd s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279d k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nts \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cce\u026ad h\u02cc\u026am \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259b\u0259l \u026and\u02c8\u025bf\u026an\u0259tli, \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al hi\u02d0 w\u028cz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t d\u02cca\u028an \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts."}, {"text": "The most recent presidential election was planned to be in April 2019, but widespread protests erupted on 22 February against the president's decision to participate in the election, which resulted in President Bouteflika announcing his resignation on 3 April.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz pl\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0259bi \u026an \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nts d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt b\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u026afl\u02cc\u026ak\u0259 \u0250n\u02c8a\u028ans\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l."}, {"text": "Abdelmadjid Tebboune, an independent candidate, was elected as president after the election eventually took place on 12 December 2019.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6bd\u026alm\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bba\u028an, \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at, w\u028cz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025blv d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Protestors refused to recognise Tebboune as president, citing demands for comprehensive reform of the political system.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bst\u025az \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az t\u02c8\u025bba\u028an \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt, s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279ih\u02c8\u025bns\u026av \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The Algerian parliament is bicameral; the lower house, the People's National Assembly, has 462 members who are directly elected for five-year terms, while the upper house, the Council of the Nation, has 144 members serving six-year terms, of which 96 members are chosen by local assemblies and 48 are appointed by the president.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259m\u0259nt \u026az ba\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259l; \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a h\u02c8a\u028as, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli, h\u0250z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026avj\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a h\u02c8a\u028as, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, h\u0250z w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026aksj\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az\u0259n ba\u026a l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbl\u026az \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt."}, {"text": "According to the constitution, no political association may be formed if it is \"based on differences in religion, language, race, gender, profession, or region\".", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, n\u02c8o\u028a p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026af \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u026az \"b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n, l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u0279\u02c8e\u026as, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a, p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "In the elections, the FLN lost 44 of its seats, but remained the largest party with 164 seats, the military-backed National Rally for Democracy won 100, and the Muslim Brotherhood-linked Movement of the Society for Peace won 33.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bf\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bn l\u02c8\u0254st f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u026ats s\u02c8i\u02d0ts, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0ts, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279ib\u02c8\u00e6kt n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u00e6li f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025ah\u02cc\u028adl\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0s w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Algeria is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259nz j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025ah\u02cc\u028ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bnp\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8e\u026amz \u00e6t b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u026ats n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025az kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a."}, {"text": "Giving incentives and rewarding best performers, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner, are the two main principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026ans\u02c8\u025bnt\u026avz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025bst p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u025az, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u028cndz \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 fl\u02c8\u025bks\u026ab\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025al\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025ah\u02cc\u028ad \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nt \u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8a\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8e\u026am \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Defence Minister Herve Morin stated that \"It's time for our country to be at peace with itself, at peace thanks to a system of compensation and reparations,\" when presenting the draft law on the payouts.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025a h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026an st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u026ats t\u02c8a\u026am f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cca\u028a\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i t\u0259bi \u00e6t p\u02c8i\u02d0s w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf, \u00e6t p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks t\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259ns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bp\u0250\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz,\" w\u02cc\u025bn p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026aa\u028ats."}, {"text": "Algerian officials and activists believe that this is a good first step and hope that this move would encourage broader reparation.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026asts b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8\u025bp \u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028ap \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8u\u02d0v w\u028ad \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u025a \u0279\u1d7bp\u0250\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Tensions between Algeria and Morocco in relation to the Western Sahara have been an obstacle to tightening the Arab Maghreb Union, nominally established in 1989, but which has carried little practical weight.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ko\u028a \u026an \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bst\u0259k\u0259l t\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259li \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The military of Algeria consists of the People's National Army (ANP), the Algerian National Navy (MRA), and the Algerian Air Force (QJJ), plus the Territorial Air Defence Forces.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bnp\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026avi \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s kj\u02ccu\u02d0d\u0292\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02c8e\u026a, pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "It is the direct successor of the National Liberation Army (Arm\u00e9e de Lib\u00e9ration Nationale or ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front which fought French colonial occupation during the Algerian War of Independence (1954\u201362).", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02cc\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a d\u0259 l\u02cc\u026abe\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259ne\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bn, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md w\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02cc\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Total military personnel include 147,000 active, 150,000 reserve, and 187,000 paramilitary staff (2008 estimate).", "phonemes": "t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av, w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259m\u02cc\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i st\u02c8\u00e6f t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259t."}, {"text": "Algeria has the second largest military in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa ($10 billion).", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a t\u02c8\u025bn b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 2007, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49 MiG-29SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated cost of $1.9\u00a0billion.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s s\u02c8a\u026and \u0250 d\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 t\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026as f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8a\u026a d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an \u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bmt\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8a\u026a d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an j\u02ccu\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u0254st \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn.n\u02c8a\u026an b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "Algeria has been categorised by the US government funded Freedom House as \"not free\" since it began publishing such ratings in 1972, with the exception of 1989, 1990, and 1991, when the country was labelled \"partly free.\"", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt f\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m h\u02c8a\u028as \u00e6z \"n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\" s\u02c8\u026ans \u026at b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti, \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \"p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.\""}, {"text": "In December 2016, the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor issued a report regarding violation of media freedom in Algeria.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028am\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b va\u026a\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "It clarified that the Algerian government imposed restrictions on freedom of the press; expression; and right to peaceful demonstration, protest and assembly as well as intensified censorship of the media and websites.", "phonemes": "\u026at kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u026amp\u02c8o\u028azd \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs; \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n; \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0sf\u0259l d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bst \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bbsa\u026ats."}, {"text": "Due to the fact that the journalists and activists criticise the ruling government, some media organisations' licenses are cancelled.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026asts k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz l\u02c8a\u026as\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259ld."}, {"text": "Independent and autonomous trade unions face routine harassment from the government, with many leaders imprisoned and protests suppressed.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259nz f\u02c8e\u026as \u0279u\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0n h\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sm\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bni l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259nd \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "In 2016, a number of unions, many of which were involved in the 2010\u20132012 Algerian Protests, have been deregistered by the government.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259nz, m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts, h\u0250vb\u026an di\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Despite this, about 26% of Algerians think that homosexuality should be accepted, according to the survey conducted by the BBC News Arabic-Arab Barometer in 2019.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02cco\u028amo\u028as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b b\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Algeria showed largest LGBT acceptance compared to other Arab countries where the survey was conducted.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u02cc\u025bld\u0292\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259ns k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a w\u028cz k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Human Rights Watch has accused the Algerian authorities of using the COVID-19 pandemic as an excuse to prevent pro-democracy movements and protests in the country, leading to the arrest of youths as part of social distancing.", "phonemes": "hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283 h\u0250z \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n p\u00e6nd\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak \u00e6z \u0250n \u025bkskj\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8s \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Algeria is divided into 58 provinces (wilayas), 553 districts (da\u00efras) and 1,541 municipalities (baladiyahs).", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026az d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans\u1d7bz w\u02c8\u026ale\u026a\u0259z, f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts d\u02c8\u00e6i\u02d0\u0279\u0259z \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250d\u02cc\u026aj\u0259z."}, {"text": "Each province, district, and municipality is named after its seat, which is usually the largest city.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans, d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt, \u00e6nd mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026ats s\u02c8i\u02d0t, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u028cv \u02c8o\u028ald p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025bpt, h\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259si \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast p\u02c8o\u028ast\u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l."}, {"text": "In recent years, the Algerian government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt h\u0250z h\u02c8\u0254lt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cca\u026av\u0259\u027e\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at\u02c8o\u028and \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz \u00e6nd \u026amp\u02c8o\u028azd \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvm\u0259nt \u026an \u026ats \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "These restrictions are just starting to be lifted off recently although questions about Algeria's slowly-diversifying economy remain.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259bi l\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254f \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259z sl\u02c8o\u028alida\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Algeria has struggled to develop industries outside hydrocarbons in part because of high costs and an inert state bureaucracy.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u0250z st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259ld t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8\u0254sts \u00e6nd \u0250n \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t st\u02c8e\u026at bj\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si."}, {"text": "The government's efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have done little to reduce high youth unemployment rates or to address housing shortages.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nts \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u0259 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi ba\u026a \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u026ak \u026anv\u02c8\u025bstm\u0259nt a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a h\u00e6v d\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s h\u02c8a\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 \u028cn\u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs h\u02c8a\u028az\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The country is facing a number of short-term and medium-term problems, including the need to diversify the economy, strengthen political, economic and financial reforms, improve the business climate and reduce inequalities amongst regions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u026az f\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259mt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8\u0259n p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l, \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz, \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026ani\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014bst \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "A wave of economic protests in February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian government to offer more than $23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases.", "phonemes": "\u0250 w\u02c8e\u026av \u028cv \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bsts \u026an f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt t\u028a \u02c8\u0254f\u025a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av s\u02c8\u00e6l\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The 2010\u201314 public-investment programme will cost US$286 billion, 40% of which will go to human development.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u026anv\u02c8\u025bstm\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m w\u026al k\u02c8\u0254st j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 w\u026al \u0261\u02cco\u028a t\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Thanks to strong hydrocarbon revenues, Algeria has a cushion of $173 billion in foreign currency reserves and a large hydrocarbon stabilisation fund.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks t\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0z, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u0250z \u0250 k\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nsi \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n st\u02cce\u026ab\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u028cnd."}, {"text": "The economy remains very dependent on hydrocarbon wealth, and, despite high foreign exchange reserves (US$178 billion, equivalent to three years of imports), current expenditure growth makes Algeria's budget more vulnerable to the risk of prolonged lower hydrocarbon revenues.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8, \u00e6nd, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8a\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026at\u0283\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 m\u02cce\u026aks \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259z b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026ask \u028cv p\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u0254\u014bd l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Algeria has not joined the WTO, despite several years of negotiations but is a member of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area and the African Continental Free Trade Area, and has an association agreement with the European Union", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u0259zn\u0251\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv n\u1d7b\u0261\u02cco\u028a\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u0250n \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n"}, {"text": "Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe.", "phonemes": "\u026ats k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6\u027e \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cn.w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259lz sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 d\u02c8e\u026a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt l\u02c8\u026a\u014bks t\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and 87.7% of export earnings.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6kbo\u028an \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli s\u02c8\u026aksti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0z, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u025bkspo\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the sixth-largest gas exporter.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u025bksp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "The U.S. Energy Information Administration reported that in 2005, Algeria had  of proven natural-gas reserves.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u00e6d \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz."}, {"text": "To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz, \u00f0\u026a \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026at\u0283\u025a, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bm\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6l\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "High hydrocarbon prices have improved the current account and the already large international reserves position.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026a h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz h\u00e6v \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Income from oil and gas rose in 2011 as a result of continuing high oil prices, though the trend in production volume is downwards.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u026an p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m \u026az d\u02c8a\u028anw\u025adz."}, {"text": "Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume, continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes between 2007 and 2011.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m, k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z t\u0259 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026an, d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8\u028cnz t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8\u028cnz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Nevertheless, the sector accounted for 98% of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48% in 1962, and 70% of budgetary receipts, or US$71.4 billion.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m \u028cv \u02c8\u025bkspo\u02d0\u0279ts \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0ts, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Algerian national oil company is Sonatrach, which plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in Algeria.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u026al k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u026az s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0250t\u0279\u02cc\u00e6k, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8e\u026az \u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "All foreign operators must work in partnership with Sonatrach, which usually has majority ownership in production-sharing agreements.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az m\u02c8\u028cst w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0250t\u0279\u02cc\u00e6k, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li h\u0250z m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8o\u028an\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u026an p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nts."}, {"text": "In 2016, Algeria had 0.53 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u00e6d z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025b\u0279z \u028cv b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ak\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u026ats t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i, m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn.s\u02c8\u026aks \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025b\u0279z p\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 2016, Algeria used 2.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person \u2013 their ecological footprint of consumption.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025b\u0279z \u028cv b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ak\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u028atp\u0279\u026ant \u028cv k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In April 2022, diplomats from Italy and Spain held talks after Rome's move to secure large volume of Algerian gas stoked concerns in Madrid.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, d\u02c8\u026apl\u0259m\u02cc\u00e6ts f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026an h\u02c8\u025bld t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ks \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028amz m\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u0259 s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s st\u02c8o\u028akt k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u026an m\u0259d\u0279\u02c8\u026ad."}, {"text": "Under the deal between Algeria's Sonatrach and Italy's Eni, Algeria will send an additional 9 billion cubic metres of gas to Italy by next year and in 2024.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0l b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259z s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0250t\u0279\u02cc\u00e6k \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259liz \u025bni, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 w\u026al s\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250n \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026an b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n kj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s t\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li ba\u026a n\u02c8\u025bkst j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6nd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u0250z \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n d\u02c8\u026an\u0251\u02d0\u0279z t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd p\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "This development program is meant to advance alternative energy production, especially solar and wind power.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u026az m\u02c8\u025bnt t\u028a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026and p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a."}, {"text": "Algeria is estimated to have the largest solar energy potential in the Mediterranean, so the government has funded the creation of a solar science park in Hassi R'Mel.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026az \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt h\u0250z f\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026an h\u02c8\u00e6si \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u0250z tw\u02c8\u025bnti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025az \u00e6t v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd \u02cco\u028av\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 l\u02c8\u00e6bz, w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8e\u026ats\u02c8\u025bt \u0261\u02c8o\u028alz t\u028a \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "Besides solar energy, areas of research in Algeria include space and satellite telecommunications, nuclear power and medical research.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bs\u02cca\u026adz s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i, \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d sp\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026at t\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bk\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "The overall rate of unemployment was 10% in 2011, but remained higher among young people, with a rate of 21.5% for those aged between 15 and 24.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u028cn\u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt w\u028cz t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b j\u02c8\u028c\u014b p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0o\u028az \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The government strengthened in 2011 the job programs introduced in 1988, in particular in the framework of the program to aid those seeking work (Dispositif d'Aide \u00e0 l'Insertion Professionnelle).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8\u0259nd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amw\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m t\u028a \u02c8e\u026ad \u00f0o\u028az s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k d\u02c8\u026asp\u0259z\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u026af d\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6 \u02c8\u025bl\u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "The development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli b\u02cc\u026an h\u02c8\u00e6mp\u025ad ba\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni ho\u028at\u02c8\u025blz \u0259v\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u026alt."}, {"text": "There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria including Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, the first capital of the Hammadid empire; Tipasa, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and Dj\u00e9mila and Timgad, both Roman ruins; M'Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis; and the Casbah of Algiers, an important citadel.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u028cn\u02c8\u025bsko\u028a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 s\u02c8a\u026ats \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6l k\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259 \u028cv b\u1d7bni h\u02c8\u00e6m\u00e6d, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250d\u02cc\u026ad \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a; t\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259, \u0250 fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8a\u028an; \u00e6nd d\u0292e\u026am\u02c8\u026al\u0259 \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u026am\u0261\u00e6d, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u026anz; \u02c8\u025bmz\u02c8\u00e6b v\u02c8\u00e6li, \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026amsto\u028an v\u02c8\u00e6li k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd o\u028a\u02c8e\u026as\u026as; \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6sb\u0259 \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259d\u02cc\u025bl."}, {"text": "The Algerian road network is the densest in Africa; its length is estimated at  of highways, with more than 3,756 structures and a paving rate of 85%.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bns\u026ast \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259; \u026ats l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u026az \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6\u027e \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026az, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd \u0250 p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "This network will be complemented by the East-West Highway, a major infrastructure project currently under construction.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k w\u026al bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0stw\u02c8\u025bst h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a, \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "This road is supported by the Algerian government to increase trade between the six countries crossed: Algeria, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, and Tunisia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad \u026az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz k\u0279\u02c8\u0254st: \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li, n\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u025a, na\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d, \u00e6nd tu\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "Algeria has a population of an estimated 44\u00a0million, of which the majority, 75% to 85% are ethnically Arab.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u0250z \u0250 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u028a \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u026akli \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b."}, {"text": "About 90% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the inhabitants of the Sahara desert are mainly concentrated in oases, although some 1.5\u00a0million remain nomadic or partly nomadic.", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u02cca\u028at n\u02c8a\u026anti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz l\u02c8\u026av \u026an \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an, k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259; \u00f0\u026a \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026anli k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an o\u028a\u02c8e\u026asi\u02d0z, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn.f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an no\u028am\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli no\u028am\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak."}, {"text": "Between 90,000 and 165,000 Sahrawis from Western Sahara live in the Sahrawi refugee camps, in the western Algerian Sahara desert.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a s\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0w\u026az f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u026an \u00f0\u0259 s\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0wi \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6mps, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at."}, {"text": "There are also more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees, who are well integrated and have not asked for assistance from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259st\u02c8\u026ani\u02d0\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0z, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6skt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u02c8a\u026a k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0z j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026at\u0283s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The largest concentration of Algerian migrants outside Algeria is in France, which has reportedly over 1.7 million Algerians of up to the second generation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n m\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026az \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bdli \u02cco\u028av\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz \u028cv \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Arabs and indigenous Berbers as well as Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantine Greeks, Turks, various Sub-Saharan Africans, and French have contributed to the history and culture of Algeria.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259bz \u00e6nd \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025az \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nz, v\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259lz, b\u02c8\u026az\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks, t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u02c8\u028cbs\u02c8\u00e6h\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 h\u00e6v k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Moreover, Spanish was spoken by these Aragonese and Castillian Morisco descendants deep into the 18th century, and even Catalan was spoken at the same time by Catalan Morisco descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued.", "phonemes": "mo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u028av\u025a, sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 w\u028cz sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250\u0261\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd k\u00e6st\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n m\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026asko\u028a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts d\u02c8i\u02d0p \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n w\u028cz sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am ba\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n m\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026asko\u028a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8a\u028an \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8a\u028ad."}, {"text": "Centuries of Arab migration to the Maghreb since the 7th century shifted the demographic scope in Algeria.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b ma\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak sk\u02c8o\u028ap \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Berbers who make up 15% to 20% of the population are divided into many groups with varying languages.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ak \u02cc\u028cp f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The largest of these are the Kabyles, who live in the Kabylie region east of Algiers, the Chaoui of Northeast Algeria, the Tuaregs in the southern desert and the Shenwa people of North Algeria.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6ba\u026alz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026av \u026an \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ali \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026au\u02d0i \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u025b\u0261z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025bnw\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Kabyle, the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of Kabylie.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6ba\u026al, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u026az t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00e6nd \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li k\u02c8o\u028a\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ali."}, {"text": "Kabyle has a significant Arabic, French, Latin, Greek, Phoenician and Punic substratum, and Arabic loanwords represent 35% of the total Kabyle vocabulary.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6ba\u026al h\u0250z \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd pj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak s\u028cbst\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak l\u02c8o\u028anw\u025c\u02d0dz \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6ba\u026al vo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6bj\u028al\u02cc\u025b\u0279i."}, {"text": "In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6st \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cce\u026ad b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a\u0279 \u0250n \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak."}, {"text": "Although French has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world, and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to Algeria's colonial history.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u026at h\u0250z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259f\u02cco\u028an p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u026az w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025az, \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a, l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u025adz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8i\u02d0mi\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259z k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60% of households could speak and understand French, or 18 million people out of a total of 30 million at the time.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259 \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t st\u02c8\u028cdi \u026an \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u026aksti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028aldz k\u028ad sp\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Following a period during which the Algerian government tried to phase out French, in recent decades the government has changed course and reinforced the study of French, and some television programs are broadcast in the language.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8a\u028at f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt h\u0250z t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Islam is the predominant religion in Algeria, with its adherents, mostly Sunnis, accounting for 99% of the population according to a 2021 CIA World Factbook estimate, and 97.9% according to Pew Research in 2020.", "phonemes": "\u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts, m\u02c8o\u028astli s\u02c8\u028cniz, \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cca\u026a\u02c8e\u026a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld f\u02c8\u00e6ktb\u028ak \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259t, \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 pj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti."}, {"text": "Prior to independence, Algeria was home to more than 1.3 million Christians (mostly of French ancestry).", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u028a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 w\u028cz h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8o\u028astli \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u0279i."}, {"text": "Algerian citizens who are Christians predominantly belong to Protestant groups, which have seen increased pressure from the government in recent years including many forced closures.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6v s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st kl\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025az."}, {"text": "According to the Arab Barometer in 2018\u20132019, the vast majority of Algerians (99.1%) continue to identify as Muslim.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b b\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6st m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an.w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00e6z m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am."}, {"text": "The June 2019 Arab Barometer-BBC News report found that the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious has grown from around 8% in 2013 to around 15% in 2018.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b b\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025ab\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00e6z n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s h\u0250z \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028an f\u0279\u028cm \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n t\u028a \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The Arab Barometer December 2019, found that the growth in the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious is largely driven by young Algerians, with roughly 25% describing themselves as non-religious.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b b\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00e6z n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u026az l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li d\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u00e6z n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s."}, {"text": "However, the 2021 Arab Barometer report found that those who said they were not religious among Algerians has decreased, with just 2.6% identifying as non-religious.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b b\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz h\u0250z d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0st, w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst t\u02c8u\u02d0.s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00e6z n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s."}, {"text": "In that same report, 69.5% of Algerians identified as religious and another 27.8% identifying as somewhat religious.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.\u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00e6z s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s."}, {"text": "Algeria has given the Muslim world a number of prominent thinkers, including Emir Abdelkader, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mouloud Kacem Na\u00eet Belkacem, Malek Bennabi and Mohamed Arkoun.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u0250z \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u025az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6bd\u026alk\u02cce\u026ad\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6bd\u026alh\u02cc\u00e6m\u026ad b\u02c8\u025bn b\u02c8\u00e6diz, m\u02c8u\u02d0la\u028ad k\u02c8e\u026as\u0259m n\u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u025blke\u026as\u0259m, m\u02c8e\u026al\u0259k b\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bi \u00e6nd mo\u028ah\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ku\u02d0n."}, {"text": "In 2018, Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians in the Maghreb region (1.72 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people).", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u028cv f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bz t\u02c8u\u02d0.tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bnt\u026asts z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "Access to \"improved water sources\" was around 97.4% of the population in urban areas and 98.7% of the population in the rural areas.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs tu\u02d0 \"\u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz\" w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z."}, {"text": "Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, and around 93.4% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\".", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z, \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z, h\u00e6d \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs tu\u02d0 \"\u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd s\u02cc\u00e6n\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\".", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026az m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u026ats \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv \"\u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b ba\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6f \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026an\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u028a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd d\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak s\u02cc\u00e6n\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n\"."}, {"text": "However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 s\u02cc\u00e6n\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8i\u02d0n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a st\u02c8\u026al k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z t\u02ccu\u02d0b\u025akj\u028al\u02c8o\u028as\u026as, h\u02cc\u025bp\u0250t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026as, m\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259lz, t\u02c8a\u026af\u0254\u026ad f\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025a, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026as\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Health records have been maintained in Algeria since 1882 and began adding Muslims living in the south to their vital record database in 1905 during French rule.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025adz h\u0250vb\u026an me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ans w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u028azl\u026amz l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u02cce\u026as \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8a\u026av d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Since the 1970s, in a centralised system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20 facilities built since independence, now the literacy rate is around 92.6%.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z, \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u026al\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259si, \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0250 d\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am k\u0259mp\u02c8\u028cls\u025a\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz b\u02c8\u026alt s\u02c8\u026ans \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns, n\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259si \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u026az \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0.s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "From the third year, French is taught and it is also the language of instruction for science classes.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u026az t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In 2008, new programs at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at, n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d, \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u028cls\u025a\u0279i sk\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aks \u02cc\u025bn\u026am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "After nine years of primary school, students can go to the high school or to an educational institution.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a n\u02c8a\u026an j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts k\u00e6n \u0261\u02cco\u028a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u0250n \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue graduate studies in universities and institutes.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts p\u02c8\u00e6s \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0250l\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0\u02cce\u026at, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az w\u02c8\u028cns \u026a\u027e \u026az s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l t\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259t st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u026an j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was Algiers Province at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was Djelfa Province at 35.5%.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u026al\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259si w\u028cz \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans \u00e6\u027e \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u0279\u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz d\u0292\u02c8\u025blf\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans \u00e6t \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and 80,000 foreign students in 2008.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u0250z tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8\u028cst \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259d\u02cce\u026at \u0250 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The University of Algiers, founded in 1879, is the oldest, it offers education in various disciplines (law, medicine, science and letters).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast, \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254f\u025az \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026anz l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n, s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "Twenty-five of these universities and almost all of the institutions of higher education were founded after the independence of the country.", "phonemes": "tw\u02c8\u025bntif\u02c8a\u026av \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "Even if some of them offer instruction in Arabic like areas of law and the economy, most of the other sectors as science and medicine continue to be provided in French and English.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026af s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279 \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az \u00e6z s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u0259bi p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "Among the most important universities, there are the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, the University of Mentouri Constantine, and University of Oran Es-Senia.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i hw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279i ba\u028am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bnt\u028a\u0279\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0n, \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0zs\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259."}, {"text": "The University of Abou Bekr Belka\u00efd in Tlemcen and University of Batna Hadj Lakhdar occupy the 26th and 45th row in Africa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250b\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025bk\u025a b\u02c8\u025blk\u0250\u02cci\u02d0d \u026an t\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02c8\u025bms\u0259n \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv b\u02c8\u00e6tn\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292 l\u02c8\u00e6khd\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, Tamazight and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a, spl\u02c8\u026at b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, t\u0250m\u02c8e\u026aza\u026at \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Famous novelists of the 20th century include Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, Kateb Yacine and Ahlam Mosteghanemi while Assia Djebar is widely translated.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02cc\u026asts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d mo\u028ah\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad d\u02c8\u026ab, \u02c8\u00e6lb\u025at k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259s, k\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259b j\u02c8\u00e6si\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u00e6m m\u02c8o\u028ast\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026anmi w\u02cca\u026al \u0250s\u02c8\u026a\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bb\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026az w\u02c8a\u026adli t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Among the important novelists of the 1980s were Rachid Mimouni, later vice-president of Amnesty International, and Tahar Djaout, murdered by an Islamist group in 1993 for his secularist views.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02cc\u026asts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ama\u028ani, l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a v\u02c8a\u026asp\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6mn\u0259sti \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6h\u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a\u0259\u02cc\u028ct, m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025ad ba\u026a \u0250n \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ast vj\u02c8u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste (modern-day Souk Ahras); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8e\u026al\u0259k b\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bi \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts f\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ts \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n; \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st\u02cci\u02d0n \u028cv h\u02c8\u026apo\u028a w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u026an t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6st m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8a\u028ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0259z; \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ld\u028cn, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0niz, \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0250d\u02cc\u026am\u0259 w\u02cca\u026al st\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "The works of the Sanusi family in pre-colonial times, and of Emir Abdelkader and Sheikh Ben Badis in colonial times, are widely noted.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nu\u02d0si f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u026an p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u00e6nd \u028cv \u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6bd\u026alk\u02cce\u026ad\u025a \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8e\u026ak b\u02c8\u025bn b\u02c8\u00e6diz \u026an k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026adli n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Contemporary Algerian cinema is various in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259 \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv \u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u0259, \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "There has been a transition from cinema which focused on the war of independence to films more concerned with the everyday lives of Algerians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0250 t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026ad\u02cce\u026a l\u02c8a\u026avz \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Algerian painters, like Mohammed Racim and Baya, attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonisation, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u02c8e\u026ant\u025az, l\u02c8a\u026ak mo\u028ah\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad \u0279\u02c8\u00e6s\u026am \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026a\u0259, \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u025bst\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6st p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "In this line, Mohamed Temam, Abdelkhader Houamel have also returned through this art, scenes from the history of the country, the habits and customs of the past and the country life.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as l\u02c8a\u026an, mo\u028ah\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bm\u00e6m, \u02c8\u00e6bd\u026alkh\u02cce\u026ad\u025a hw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259l h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, s\u02c8i\u02d0nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ats \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "Other new artistic currents including the one of M'hamed Issiakhem, Mohammed Khadda and Bachir Yelles, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, in order to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u02c8\u025bmh\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u026as\u026a\u02cc\u00e6kh\u0259m, mo\u028ah\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259 \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u0279 j\u02c8\u025blz, \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014b, \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014b t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u026akt\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026az, \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u026ats st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026ats \u02cc\u00e6sp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The historic roots of Algerian literature go back to the Numidian and Roman African era, when Apuleius wrote The Golden Ass, the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a \u0261\u02cco\u028a b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u026adi\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250pj\u02c8\u028ale\u026a\u0259s \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6s, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l t\u0259 s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av \u026an \u026ats \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "This period had also known Augustine of Hippo, Nonius Marcellus and Martianus Capella, among many others.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d h\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st\u02cci\u02d0n \u028cv h\u02c8\u026apo\u028a, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u026a\u0259s m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u025bl\u0259s \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283i\u0259n\u0259s ke\u026ap\u02c8\u025bl\u0259, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "The Middle Ages have known many Arabic writers who revolutionised the Arab world literature, with authors like Ahmad al-Buni, Ibn Manzur and Ibn Khaldoun, who wrote the Muqaddimah while staying in Algeria, and many others.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028an m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u00e6d \u02c8\u00e6lb\u02c8u\u02d0ni, \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6nz\u025c\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lda\u028an, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0250d\u02cc\u026am\u0259 w\u02cca\u026al st\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Today Algeria contains, in its literary landscape, big names having not only marked the Algerian literature, but also the universal literary heritage in Arabic and French.", "phonemes": "t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz, \u026an \u026ats l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u00e6ndske\u026ap, b\u02c8\u026a\u0261 n\u02c8e\u026amz h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283."}, {"text": "As a first step, Algerian literature was marked by works whose main concern was the assertion of the Algerian national entity, there is the publication of novels as the Algerian trilogy of Mohammed Dib, or even Nedjma of Kateb Yacine novel which is often regarded as a monumental and major work.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8\u025bp, \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a w\u028cz m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt ba\u026a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks h\u02ccu\u02d0z m\u02c8e\u026an k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv mo\u028ah\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad d\u02c8\u026ab, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n n\u02c8\u025bd\u0292m\u0259 \u028cv k\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259b j\u02c8\u00e6si\u02d0n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Other known writers will contribute to the emergence of Algerian literature whom include Mouloud Feraoun, Malek Bennabi, Malek Haddad, Moufdi Zakaria, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed La\u00efd Al-Khalifa, Mouloud Mammeri, Frantz Fanon, and Assia Djebar.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8o\u028an \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az w\u026al k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a h\u02c8u\u02d0m \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d m\u02c8u\u02d0la\u028ad f\u02c8\u025b\u0279e\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u028cn, m\u02c8e\u026al\u0259k b\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bi, m\u02c8e\u026al\u0259k h\u02c8\u00e6d\u00e6d, m\u02c8u\u02d0fdi z\u00e6k\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u02c8\u00e6bd\u026alh\u02cc\u00e6m\u026ad b\u02c8\u025bn b\u02c8\u00e6diz, mo\u028ah\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad l\u02c8\u00e6i\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6lk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026af\u0259, m\u02c8u\u02d0la\u028ad m\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a\u0279i, f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts f\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u026a\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bb\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "In the aftermath of the independence, several new authors emerged on the Algerian literary scene, they will attempt through their works to expose a number of social problems, among them there are Rachid Boudjedra, Rachid Mimouni, Leila Sebbar, Tahar Djaout and Tahir Wattar.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025am\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u00f0e\u026a w\u026al \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks t\u028a \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028az \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u026ad b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u025bd\u0279\u0259, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ama\u028ani, l\u02c8e\u026al\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bb\u0251\u02d0\u0279, t\u02c8\u00e6h\u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a\u0259\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6h\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Currently, a part of Algerian writers tends to be defined in a literature of shocking expression, due to the terrorism that occurred during the 1990s, the other party is defined in a different style of literature who staged an individualistic conception of the human adventure.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli, \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259bi d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u026an \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt st\u02c8a\u026al \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Among the most noted recent works, there is the writer, the swallows of Kabul and the attack of Yasmina Khadra, the oath of barbarians of Boualem Sansal, memory of the flesh of Ahlam Mosteghanemi and the last novel by Assia Djebar nowhere in my father's House.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8\u0254lo\u028az \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6b\u028cl \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv j\u02c8\u00e6zm\u026an\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0279\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv b\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nz \u028cv bw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259m s\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259l, m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u025b\u0283 \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u00e6m m\u02c8o\u028ast\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026anmi \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l ba\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u026a\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bb\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028aw\u025b\u0279 \u026an ma\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az h\u02c8a\u028as."}, {"text": "Cha\u00e2bi music is a typically Algerian musical genre characterized by specific rhythms and of Qacidate (popular poems) in Arabic dialect.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ba\u026a mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u026az \u0250 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l \u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u00f0\u0259mz \u00e6nd \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bmz \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u025bkt."}, {"text": "Folk music styles include Bedouin music, characterized by the poetic songs based on long kacida (poems); Kabyle music, based on a rich repertoire that is poetry and old tales passed through generations; Shawiya music, a folklore from diverse areas of the Aur\u00e8s Mountains.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8o\u028ak mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak st\u02c8a\u026alz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d b\u02c8\u025bdu\u02d0\u026an mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 po\u028a\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u0254\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bmz; k\u02c8\u00e6ba\u026al mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u025bp\u025atw\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028ald t\u02c8e\u026alz p\u02c8\u00e6st \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz; \u0283\u02c8\u00e6w\u026aj\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, \u0250 f\u02c8o\u028aklo\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259z m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz."}, {"text": "The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture in order to promote national production, renovate the cinema stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026atz \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an f\u02c8\u026alm\u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u028cv d\u02cci\u02d0z\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u028a\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az \u00e6nd \u0250n \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m pl\u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279i \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259v\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bm\u0259di \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0k l\u02c8\u026a\u014bks \u026an d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u025bkspl\u0254\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The financial support provided by the state, through the Fund for the Development of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028cnd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u02c8\u025bfd\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, pl\u02c8e\u026az \u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In mid-2013, AARC had already supported a total of 78 films, including 42 feature films, 6 short films and 30 documentaries.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k h\u00e6d \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u026almz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026almz, s\u02c8\u026aks \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u026almz \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "According to the European Audiovisual Observatory's LUMIERE database, 41 Algerian films were distributed in Europe between 1996 and 2013; 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co-productions.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028av\u026a\u0292\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz l\u02ccu\u02d0mi\u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u02cce\u026as, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n f\u02c8\u026almz w\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n; tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8\u026almz \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u025bp\u025atw\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nf\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Days of Glory (2006) and Outside the Law (2010) recorded the highest number of admissions in the European Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv \u0261l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0,s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "Algeria won the  for Chronicle of the Years of Fire (1975), two Oscars for Z (1969), and other awards for the Italian-Algerian movie The Battle of Algiers.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 z\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n m\u02c8u\u02d0vi \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "It offers a component of dishes and varied dishes, depending on the region and according to the seasons.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254f\u025az \u0250 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u028cv d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279id d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The cuisine uses cereals as the main products, since they are always produced with abundance in the country.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kw\u1d7bz\u02c8i\u02d0n j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz s\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259lz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "Among the dishes known, couscous, chorba, rechta, chakhchoukha, berkoukes, shakshouka, mthewem, chtitha, mderbel, dolma, brik or bourek, garantita, lham'hlou, etc.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz n\u02c8o\u028an, k\u02c8u\u02d0sku\u02d0s, t\u0283\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u0259, \u0279\u1d7bt\u0283t\u02c8\u00e6, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6kht\u0283a\u028ak\u0259, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ku\u02d0ks, \u0283\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283a\u028ak\u0259, \u02c8\u025bm\u03b8j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259m, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283t\u02c8a\u026a\u00f0\u0259, \u02c8\u025bmd\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lm\u0259, b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u025bk, \u0261\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250nt\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259, l\u02c8\u00e6m\u026cu\u02d0, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Merguez sausage is widely used in Algeria, but it differs, depending on the region and on the added spices.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u025bz s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 \u026az w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u025az, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd sp\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Among these cakes, there are Tamina, Baklawa, Chrik, Garn logzelles, Griouech, Kalb el-louz, Makroud, Mbardja, Mchewek, Samsa, Tcharak, Baghrir, Khfaf, Zlabia, Aarayech, Ghroubiya and Mghergchette.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8e\u026aks, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u0259, b\u00e6kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0w\u0259, k\u0279\u02c8\u026ak, \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n l\u0254\u0261z\u02c8\u025blz, \u0261\u0279\u026a\u02c8a\u028a\u025bt\u0283, k\u02c8\u00e6lb \u02cc\u025bll\u02c8u\u02d0z, m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279a\u028ad, \u02c8\u025bmb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259, m\u0259khj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025bk, s\u02c8\u00e6ms\u0259, t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6k, b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0279, k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283f\u02c8\u00e6f, z\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279e\u026a\u02cc\u025bt\u0283, d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0h\u0279\u02c8a\u028ab\u026aj\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bm\u0261\u025c\u02d0\u0261t\u0283\u02c8\u025bt."}, {"text": "Marketed and home-made bread products include varieties such as Kessra or Khmira or Harchaya, chopsticks and so-called washers Khoubz dar or Matloue.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028amm\u02cce\u026ad b\u0279\u02c8\u025bd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u025bs\u0279\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283m\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283e\u026a\u0259, t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pst\u026aks \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u025az k\u02c8a\u028abz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6tla\u028a."}, {"text": "Other traditional meals sold often as street food include mhadjeb or mahjouba, karantika, doubara, chakhchoukha, hassouna, and t'chicha.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0lz s\u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u00e6z st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u025bmh\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u025bb \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8a\u028ab\u0259, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250nt\u02cc\u026ak\u0259, d\u028cb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6kht\u0283a\u028ak\u0259, h\u02c8\u00e6sa\u028an\u0259, \u00e6nd t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u0259."}, {"text": "The first Algerian and African gold medalist is Boughera El Ouafi in 1928 Olympics of Amsterdam in the Marathon.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u026az b\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u02cc\u025bl w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0fi \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026aks \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6mst\u025ad\u02cc\u00e6m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259\u03b8\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Several men and women were champions in athletics in the 1990s including Noureddine Morceli, Hassiba Boulmerka, Nouria Merah-Benida, and Taoufik Makhloufi, all specialized in middle-distance running.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026am\u026an w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259nz \u026an \u00e6\u03b8l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u025bli, h\u00e6s\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0259 b\u02c8a\u028alm\u025ak\u0259, n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259b\u1d7bn\u02c8\u026ad\u0259, \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u028aju\u02d0f\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6k\u026cu\u02d0fi, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u026an m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259ld\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Several names are engraved in the history of the sport, including Lakhdar Belloumi, Rachid Mekhloufi, Hassen Lalmas, Rabah Madjer, Riyad Mahrez, Salah Assad and Djamel Zidane.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026avd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6khd\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bla\u028ami, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u026ad m\u02c8\u025bk\u026cu\u02d0fi, h\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6lm\u0259z, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u025a, \u0279\u02c8\u026aj\u00e6d m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u025bz, s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259 \u0250s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8e\u026am\u0259l z\u02c8\u026ade\u026an."}, {"text": "The Algeria national football team qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, 1986 FIFA World Cup, 2010 FIFA World Cup and 2014 FIFA World Cup.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8i\u02d0m kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8i\u02d0f\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld k\u02c8\u028cp, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks f\u02c8i\u02d0f\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld k\u02c8\u028cp, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8i\u02d0f\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld k\u02c8\u028cp \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n f\u02c8i\u02d0f\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld k\u02c8\u028cp."}, {"text": "In addition, several football clubs have won continental and international trophies as the club ES S\u00e9tif or JS Kabylia.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l kl\u02c8\u028cbz h\u00e6v w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8o\u028afiz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u028cb \u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026af \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bs k\u00e6b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259."}, {"text": "The Algerian Football Federation is an association of Algeria football clubs organizing national competitions and international matches of the selection of Algeria national football team.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l f\u02cc\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0250n \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l kl\u02c8\u028cbz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8i\u02d0m."}, {"text": "The Making of Contemporary Algeria\u00a0\u2013 Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830\u20131987.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u028cv k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l \u028cph\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259lz \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028ast\u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "She is vice-president in Charge of Operations for Taggart Transcontinental, under her brother, James Taggart.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 \u026az v\u02c8a\u026asp\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a h\u025c\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Francisco d'Anconia is one of the central characters in Atlas Shrugged, an owner by inheritance of the world's largest copper mining operation.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026asko\u028a d\u00e6\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u026an \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261d, \u0250n \u02c8o\u028an\u025a ba\u026a \u026anh\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a m\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "A child prodigy of exceptional talents, Francisco was dubbed the \"climax\" of the d'Anconia line, an already prestigious Argentine family of skilled industrialists.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ad\u0292i \u028cv \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nts, f\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026asko\u028a w\u028cz d\u02c8\u028cbd \u00f0\u0259 \"kl\u02c8a\u026am\u00e6ks\" \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u00e6\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an, \u0250n \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi p\u0279\u025bst\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259nt\u02cca\u026an f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u028cv sk\u02c8\u026ald \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "He was a classmate of John Galt and Ragnar Danneskj\u00f6ld and student of both Hugh Akston and Robert Stadler.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 kl\u02c8\u00e6sme\u026at \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8\u0254lt \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6n\u026askj\u02cc\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6nd st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 hj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6kst\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at st\u02c8\u00e6dl\u025a."}, {"text": "He began working while still in school to show that he could have been successful without the aid of his family's wealth.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b w\u02cca\u026al st\u02c8\u026al \u026an sk\u02c8u\u02d0l t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 k\u02cc\u028ad\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad \u028cv h\u026az f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8."}, {"text": "He initially appears as an unnamed menial worker for Taggart Transcontinental, who often dines with Eddie Willers in the employees' cafeteria, and leads Eddie to reveal important information about Dagny Taggart and Taggart Transcontinental.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6z \u0250n \u028cnn\u02c8e\u026amd m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u02c8a\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025bdi w\u02c8\u026al\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ai\u02d0z k\u02cc\u00e6f\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u02c8\u025bdi t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l."}, {"text": "Before working for Taggart Transcontinental, Galt worked as an engineer for the Twentieth Century Motor Company, where he secretly invented a generator of usable electric energy from ambient static electricity, but abandoned his prototype, and his employment, when dissatisfied by an easily corrupted novel system of payment.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l, \u0261\u02c8\u0254lt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u00e6z \u0250n \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7btli \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0259b\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6mbi\u0259nt st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028at\u02cca\u026ap, \u00e6nd h\u026az \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt, w\u02cc\u025bn d\u026as\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0zili k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u1d7bd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv p\u02c8e\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Galt himself remains concealed throughout much of the novel, working a job and living by himself, where he unites the most skillful inventors and business leaders under his leadership.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u0254lt h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b ba\u026a h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast sk\u02c8\u026alf\u0259l \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a h\u026az l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "He owns the most important steel company in the United States, and invents Rearden Metal, an alloy stronger, lighter, cheaper and tougher than steel.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028anz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt st\u02c8i\u02d0l k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnts \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0254\u026a st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a, l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a, t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028cf\u025a \u00f0\u0250n st\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Rearden represents a type of self-made man and eventually divorces Lillian, abandons his steel mills following a bloody assault by government-planted workers, and joins John Galt's strike.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv s\u02c8\u025blfm\u02cce\u026ad m\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz l\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nz h\u026az st\u02c8i\u02d0l m\u02c8\u026alz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250 bl\u02c8\u028cdi \u0250s\u02c8\u0254lt ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259ntpl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026anz d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak."}, {"text": "Edwin \"Eddie\" Willers is the Special Assistant to the Vice-President in Charge of Operations at Taggart Transcontinental.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bdw\u026an \"\u02c8\u025bdi\" w\u02c8\u026al\u025az \u026az \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8a\u026asp\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6t t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l."}, {"text": "Willers does not possess the creative ability of Galt's associates, but matches them in moral courage and is capable of appreciating and making use of their creations.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u026al\u025az d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026ats, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026an m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u026az k\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "After Dagny shifts her attention and loyalty to saving the captive Galt, Willers maintains the railroad until its collapse.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni \u0283\u02c8\u026afts h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l\u027ei t\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026av \u0261\u02c8\u0254lt, w\u02c8\u026al\u025az me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u026ats k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6ps."}, {"text": "One of Galt's first followers, and world-famous as a pirate, who seizes relief ships sent from the United States to the People's States of Europe.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025az, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldf\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s \u00e6z \u0250 p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259t, h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u0283\u02c8\u026aps s\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "He works to ensure that once those espousing Galt's philosophy are restored to their rightful place in society, they have enough capital to rebuild the world.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks t\u028a \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u028cns \u00f0o\u028az \u025bsp\u02c8a\u028as\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8a\u026atf\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v \u026an\u02c8\u028cf k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026ald \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Kept in the background for much of the book, Danneskj\u00f6ld makes a personal appearance to encourage Rearden to persevere in his increasingly difficult situation, and gives him a bar of gold as compensation for the income taxes he has paid over the last several years.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025bpt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak, d\u02c8\u00e6n\u026askj\u02cc\u025c\u02d0ld m\u02cce\u026aks \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns t\u028a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n t\u0259 p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u026av\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an h\u026az \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u026avz h\u02cc\u026am \u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald \u00e6z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259ns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz hi\u02d0 h\u0250z p\u02c8e\u026ad \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Danneskj\u00f6ld is married to the actress Kay Ludlow; their relationship is kept hidden from the outside world, which only knows of Ludlow as a retired film star.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u00e6n\u026askj\u02cc\u025c\u02d0ld \u026az m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s k\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u028cdlo\u028a; \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u026az k\u02c8\u025bpt h\u02c8\u026ad\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8o\u028anli n\u02c8o\u028az \u028cv l\u02c8\u028cdlo\u028a \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad f\u02c8\u026alm st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Considered a misfit by Galt's other adherents, he views his actions as a means to speed the world along in understanding Galt's perspective.", "phonemes": "k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 m\u02c8\u026asf\u026at ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts, hi\u02d0 vj\u02c8u\u02d0z h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz t\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u026an \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av."}, {"text": "According to Barbara Branden, who was closely associated with Rand at the time the book was written, there were sections written describing Danneskj\u00f6ld's adventures at sea, cut from the final published text.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u00e6n\u026askj\u02cc\u025c\u02d0ldz \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az \u00e6t s\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u02c8\u028ct f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t t\u02c8\u025bkst."}, {"text": "In a 1974 comment at a lecture, Rand said that Danneskj\u00f6ld's name was a tribute to Victor Hugo's novel, , wherein the hero becomes the first of the Counts of Danneskj\u00f6ld.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnt \u00e6\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u00e6n\u026askj\u02cc\u025c\u02d0ldz n\u02c8e\u026am w\u028cz\u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t t\u0259 v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a hj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261o\u028az n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l, , w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026an \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv d\u02c8\u00e6n\u026askj\u02cc\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "In the published book, Danneskj\u00f6ld is always seen through the eyes of others (Dagny Taggart or Hank Rearden), except for a brief paragraph in the very last chapter.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t b\u02c8\u028ak, d\u02c8\u00e6n\u026askj\u02cc\u025c\u02d0ld \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026az \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u025a\u0279\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u00e6st t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pt\u025a."}, {"text": "He relies on his sister, Dagny Taggart, to actually run the railroad, but nonetheless opposes her in almost every endeavor because of his various anti-capitalist moral and political beliefs.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026az \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a, d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u028cn\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u025bnd\u02c8\u025bv\u025a b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv h\u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs."}, {"text": "This contradiction leads to the recurring absurdity of his life: the desire to overcome those on whom his life depends, and the horror that he will succeed at this.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af: \u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u028a \u02cco\u028av\u025ak\u02c8\u028cm \u00f0o\u028az \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8u\u02d0m h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u0279\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u026al s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00e6t \u00f0\u02c8\u026as."}, {"text": "In the final chapters of the novel, he suffers a complete mental breakdown upon realizing that he can no longer deceive himself in this respect.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pt\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l, hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cf\u025az \u0250 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8e\u026akda\u028an \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 k\u00e6n n\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u025a d\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "The unsupportive wife of Hank Rearden, who dislikes his habits and (secretly at first) seeks to ruin Rearden to prove her own value.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u028cns\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026av w\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u026asl\u02c8a\u026aks h\u026az h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ats \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7btli \u00e6t f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0."}, {"text": "Lillian achieves this, when she passes information to James Taggart about her husband's affair with his sister.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, w\u02cc\u025bn \u0283i\u02d0 p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259ndz \u0250f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a."}, {"text": "This information is used to blackmail Rearden to sign a Gift Certificate which delivers all the property rights of Rearden Metal to others.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6kme\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n t\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026an \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026aft s\u025at\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259t w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "He uses his position there to deride reason and productive achievement, and publishes a book entitled Why Do You Think You Think?", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz h\u026az p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nt, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u0250 b\u02c8\u028ak \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld w\u02cca\u026a d\u02c8u\u02d0 ju\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk ju\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk?"}, {"text": "He clashes on several occasions with Hank Rearden, and twice attempts to blackmail Rearden into giving up Rearden Metal.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n, \u00e6nd tw\u02c8a\u026as \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts t\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6kme\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "He is also one of the group of looters who tries to get Rearden to agree to the Steel Unification Plan.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n t\u028a \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8i\u02d0l j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n pl\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "Ferris hosts the demonstration of the Project X weapon, and is the creator of the Ferris Persuader, a torture machine.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026as h\u02c8o\u028asts \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u02c8\u025bks w\u02c8\u025bp\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026as p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026ad\u025a, \u0250 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u025a m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n."}, {"text": "When John Galt is captured by the looters, Ferris uses the device on Galt, but it breaks down before extracting the information Ferris wants from Galt.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8\u0254lt \u026az k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az, f\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026as j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u0261\u02c8\u0254lt, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026at b\u0279\u02c8e\u026aks d\u02cca\u028an b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026as w\u02c8\u0254nts f\u0279\u028cm \u0261\u02c8\u0254lt."}, {"text": "A former professor at Patrick Henry University, and along with colleague Hugh Akston, mentor to Francisco d'Anconia, John Galt and Ragnar Danneskj\u00f6ld.", "phonemes": "\u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li\u02d0\u0261 hj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6kst\u0259n, m\u02c8\u025bnto\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 f\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026asko\u028a d\u00e6\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8\u0254lt \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6n\u026askj\u02cc\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "He has since become a sell-out, one who had great promise but squandered it for social approval, to the detriment of the free.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 h\u0250z s\u02c8\u026ans b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bl\u02c8a\u028at, w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as b\u02cc\u028ct skw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u025ad \u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l, t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026am\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "He works at the State Science Institute where all his inventions are perverted for use by the military, including a sound-based weapon known as Project X (Xylophone).", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u026az \u026anv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u025av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8a\u028andb\u02c8e\u026ast w\u02c8\u025bp\u0259n n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u02c8\u025bks z\u02c8a\u026al\u0259f\u02cco\u028an."}, {"text": "He is killed when Cuffy Meigs (see below) drunkenly overloads the circuits of Project X, causing it to destroy itself and every structure and living thing in a 100-mile radius.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az k\u02c8\u026ald w\u025bn k\u02c8\u028cfi m\u02c8e\u026a\u0261z s\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0259nli \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8o\u028adz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026ats \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u02c8\u025bks, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026at t\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adm\u02c8a\u026al \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "The character was, in part, modeled on J. Robert Oppenheimer, whom Rand had interviewed for an earlier project, and his part in the creation of nuclear weapons.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a w\u028cz, \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259ld \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259nh\u02cce\u026am\u025a, h\u02c8u\u02d0m \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd h\u00e6d \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0d f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt, \u00e6nd h\u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bp\u0259nz."}, {"text": "To his former student Galt, Stadler represents the epitome of human evil, as the \"man who knew better\" but chose not to act for the good.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 h\u026az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt \u0261\u02c8\u0254lt, st\u02c8\u00e6dl\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bp\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259mi \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \"m\u02c8\u00e6n h\u02ccu\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\" b\u02cc\u028ct t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad."}, {"text": "The incompetent and treacherous lobbyist whom Hank Rearden reluctantly employs in Washington, who rises to prominence and authority throughout the novel through trading favours and disloyalty.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u026at\u0259nt \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259s l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026a\u02cc\u026ast h\u02c8u\u02d0m h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u028ckt\u0259ntli \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026az \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b f\u02c8e\u026av\u025az \u00e6nd d\u026asl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l\u027ei."}, {"text": "In return for betraying Hank by helping broker the Equalization of Opportunity Bill (which, by restricting the number of businesses each person may own to one, forces Hank to divest most of his companies), he is given a senior position at the Bureau of Economic Planning and National Resources.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk ba\u026a h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0kw\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei b\u02c8\u026al w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026akt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s\u1d7bz \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 w\u02cc\u028cn, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk t\u0259 da\u026av\u02c8\u025bst m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v h\u026az k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz, hi\u02d0 \u026az \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0nj\u025a p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a \u028cv \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Later in the novel he becomes its Top Co-ordinator, a position that eventually becomes Economic Dictator of the country.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l hi\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz \u026ats t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p k\u02c8o\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u0250 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak d\u026akt\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "He was a renowned philosopher and the head of the Department of Philosophy at Patrick Henry University, where he taught Francisco d'Anconia, John Galt, and Ragnar Danneskj\u00f6ld.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u028and f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u028cv f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00e6t p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t f\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026asko\u028a d\u00e6\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8\u0254lt, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6n\u026askj\u02cc\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Akston's name is so hallowed that a young lady, on hearing that Francisco had studied under him, is shocked.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6kst\u0259nz n\u02c8e\u026am \u026az s\u02cco\u028a h\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028ad \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b l\u02c8e\u026adi, \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026asko\u028a h\u00e6d st\u02c8\u028cdid \u02c8\u028cnd\u025a h\u02cc\u026am, \u026az \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt."}, {"text": "When Dagny tracks him down, and before she discovers his true identity, he rejects her enthusiastic offer to manage the dining car services for Taggart Transcontinental.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ks h\u02cc\u026am d\u02c8a\u028an, \u00e6nd b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0283i\u02d0 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025az h\u026az t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7b\u027ei, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkts h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025bn\u03b8\u02ccu\u02d0zi\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u02c8\u0254f\u025a t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l."}, {"text": "It is from Allen that she learns the full story behind the collapse of the Twentieth Century Motor Company (Rand's extensive metaphor for the inherent flaws of communism), as well as a hint of John Galt's true background.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028al st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6ps \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u026anh\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259nt fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8\u026ant \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and."}, {"text": "Mayor Bascom is the mayor of Rome, Wisconsin, who reveals part of the history of the Twentieth Century Motor Company.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8e\u026a\u025a b\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0251\u02d0m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028am, w\u026ask\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026an, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0lz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni."}, {"text": "Orren Boyle is the head of Associated Steel, antithesis of Hank Rearden and a friend of James Taggart.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u0279\u0259n b\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u026az \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8i\u02d0l, \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "He disappears from the story after having a nervous breakdown following the failed 'unification' of the steel industry.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s b\u0279\u02c8e\u026akda\u028an f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026ald j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i."}, {"text": "Bill Brent is the chief dispatcher for the Colorado Division of Taggart Transcontinental, who tries to prevent the Taggart Tunnel disaster.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u026al b\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f d\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l, h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a."}, {"text": "Cherryl Brooks is a dime store shopgirl who marries James Taggart after a chance encounter in her store the night the John Galt Line was falsely deemed his greatest success.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al b\u0279\u02c8\u028aks \u026az \u0250 d\u02c8a\u026am st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0261\u025c\u02d0l h\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279iz d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8\u0254lt l\u02c8a\u026an w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254lsli d\u02c8i\u02d0md h\u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Cherryl is at first harsh towards Dagny, having believed Jim Taggart's descriptions of his sister, until she questions employees of the railroad.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al \u026az \u00e6t f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283 t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd d\u0292\u02c8\u026am t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a, \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u0283i\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ai\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad."}, {"text": "Upon learning that her scorn had been misdirected, Cherryl puts off apologizing to Dagny out of shame, but eventually admits to Dagny that when she married Jim, she thought he had the heroic qualities that she had looked up to - she thought she was marrying someone like Dagny.", "phonemes": "\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t h\u025c\u02d0 sk\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n h\u0250db\u026an m\u026asd\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd, t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al p\u02cc\u028ats \u02c8\u0254f \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b t\u0259 d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u0283\u02c8e\u026am, b\u02cc\u028ct \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250dm\u02c8\u026ats t\u0259 d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025bn \u0283i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id d\u0292\u02c8\u026am, \u0283i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 h\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u028akt \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a \u0283i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn l\u02c8a\u026ak d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni."}, {"text": "Shortly after making this admission, she commits suicide by jumping over a stone parapet and into the river, unable to live with her evil husband and seeing no way to escape him.", "phonemes": "\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0283i\u02d0 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026ats s\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u028cmp\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 st\u02c8o\u028an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259p\u026at \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a, \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b n\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8e\u026a t\u028a \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "Known as \"Kip's Ma,\" she starts a soybean-growing project in Louisiana and commandeers thousands of railroad freight cars to move the harvest.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \"k\u02c8\u026aps m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0,\" \u0283i\u02d0 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u0250 s\u02c8\u0254\u026abi\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u026an lu\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0z\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 \u00e6nd k\u0251\u02d0m\u0250nd\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad f\u0279\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z t\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026ast."}, {"text": "As a result, the year's wheat crop from Minnesota never reaches the rest of the country, but instead rots in storage; also, the soybean crop is lost, having been reaped too early.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u02c8i\u02d0t k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p f\u0279\u028cm m\u02cc\u026an\u026as\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts \u026an st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292; \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u026abi\u02d0n k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u026az l\u02c8\u0254st, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0pt t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li."}, {"text": "On the way to a campaign rally, the Taggart Transcontinental train that is carrying him encounters a split rail, resulting in the destruction of its diesel engine.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a t\u028a \u0250 k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u00e6li, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az \u0250 spl\u02c8\u026at \u0279\u02c8e\u026al, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026ats d\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259l \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an."}, {"text": "His demands lead to a coal-burning steam engine being attached to his train in its stead and used to pull it through an eight-mile tunnel.", "phonemes": "h\u026az d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u028a \u0250 k\u02c8o\u028alb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b st\u02c8i\u02d0m \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 h\u026az t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u026an \u026ats st\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028al \u026at \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250n \u02c8e\u026atm\u02c8a\u026al t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l."}, {"text": "When the Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule is used to drive his business out of Colorado, he loses the will to fight, and resigns himself to a quiet life of books and fishing.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u02c8i\u02d0td\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av h\u026az b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a, hi\u02d0 l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026alt\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at, \u00e6nd \u0279\u026az\u02c8a\u026anz h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf t\u028a \u0250 kw\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t l\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv b\u02c8\u028aks \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "He is not one of those who joined John Galt's strike, his resignation being a personal choice of his own.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak, h\u026az \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u028cv h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "He helps Hank Rearden illegally make Rearden Metal, then later decides to quit and join Galt's strike moments before Dagny arrives to try to persuade him otherwise.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025blps h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n \u026al\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259li m\u02cce\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026adz t\u0259 kw\u02c8\u026at \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nts b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a t\u0259 p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026ad h\u02cc\u026am \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az."}, {"text": "Partway through this process, Quentin withdraws his effort for the same reasons John Galt himself had.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279twe\u026a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs, kw\u02c8\u025bnt\u026an w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z h\u026az \u02c8\u025bf\u025at f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8\u0254lt h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf h\u02cc\u00e6d."}, {"text": "Galt recognizes in him a younger version of himself, having emulated both Galt's achievements in physics and Galt's social reasoning.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u0254lt \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u026an h\u02cc\u026am \u0250 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bmj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u026an f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Balph Eubank is called \"the literary leader of the age\", despite the fact that no book he has written has sold more than 3,000 copies.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u00e6lf j\u02c8u\u02d0b\u00e6\u014bk \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\", d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8\u028ak hi\u02d0 h\u0250z \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 h\u0250z s\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026az."}, {"text": "He complains that it is disgraceful that artists are treated as peddlers, and that there should be a law limiting the sales of books to 10,000 copies.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az d\u026as\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026asf\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z p\u02c8\u025bdl\u025az, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026alz \u028cv b\u02c8\u028aks t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026az."}, {"text": "The Fishwife is one of the strikers, who earns her living by providing the fish for Hammond's grocery market; she is described as having \"dark, disheveled hair and large eyes\", and is a writer.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283wa\u026af \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak\u025az, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz h\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b ba\u026a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259ndz \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at; \u0283i\u02d0 \u026az d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z h\u02c8\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \"d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, d\u026a\u0283\u02c8\u025bv\u0259ld h\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8a\u026az\", \u00e6nd \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Richard Halley is Dagny Taggart's favorite composer, who mysteriously disappeared after the evening of his greatest triumph.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad h\u02c8\u00e6li \u026az d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0vn\u026a\u014b \u028cv h\u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u028cmf."}, {"text": "At age 24, his opera Phaethon was performed for the first time, to an audience who booed and heckled it.", "phonemes": "\u00e6\u027e \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0251\u02d0n w\u028cz p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am, t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ld \u026at."}, {"text": "After 19 years, Phaethon was performed again, but this time it was received to the greatest ovation the opera house had ever heard.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, f\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0251\u02d0n w\u028cz p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am \u026at w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast o\u028av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as h\u00e6d \u02c8\u025bv\u025a h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Lawrence Hammond runs Hammond Cars in Colorado, one of the few companies in existence that still produces top-quality vehicles.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259nd \u0279\u02c8\u028cnz h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz \u026an \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8\u026al p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pkw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Tinky Holloway is one of the \"looters\" and is frequently referred to and quoted by other characters in the story, but he has only one major appearance: during the Washington meeting with Hank Rearden.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u026a\u014bki h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259w\u02cce\u026a \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \"l\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az\" \u00e6nd \u026az f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6nd kw\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 h\u0250z \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns: d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n."}, {"text": "Lee Hunsacker is in charge of a company called Amalgamated Service that takes over the Twentieth Century Motor Company.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028cns\u00e6k\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250m\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0250m\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8e\u026aks \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni."}, {"text": "He files a lawsuit that eventually leads to Midas Mulligan and Judge Narragansett joining the strike.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026alz \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0su\u02d0t \u00f0\u00e6t \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li l\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259z m\u02c8\u028cl\u026a\u0261\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250\u0261\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026at d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak."}, {"text": "Gwen Ives is Hank Rearden's secretary, described as being in her late twenties and remaining calm and professional despite the chaos that threatens his business.", "phonemes": "\u0261w\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8a\u026avz \u026az h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259nz s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i, d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026at tw\u02c8\u025bntiz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026a\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u00e6t \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329z h\u026az b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s."}, {"text": "Gilbert Keith-Worthing is a British novelist of erstwhile fame, now neglected but still considered a \"walking classic,\" and a proponent of the idea that freedom is an illusion.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u026alb\u025at k\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u026az \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02cc\u026ast \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0stwa\u026al f\u02c8e\u026am, n\u02c8a\u028a n\u1d7b\u0261l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd b\u02cc\u028ct st\u02c8\u026al k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u02c8e\u026a \"w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak,\" \u00e6nd \u0250 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u026az \u0250n \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Kip Chalmers brings him along on the train to California, \"for no reason that either of them could discover\"; he dies in the Taggart Tunnel disaster.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u026ap t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6lm\u025az b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz h\u02cc\u026am \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an t\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, \"f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm k\u028ad d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\"; hi\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a."}, {"text": "At the end of Galt's three-hour speech, he expresses admiration for the man, as he says what he means.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u02c8a\u028a\u025a sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283, hi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u02cc\u00e6dm\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n, \u00e6z hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bz w\u028ct hi\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "James Taggart knows he is friends with Hank Rearden and challenges his loyalty, and Larkin assures Taggart that he will go along with them.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t n\u02c8o\u028az hi\u02d0 \u026az f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz h\u026az l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l\u027ei, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026an \u0259\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279z t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u026al \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "Eugene Lawson heads the Community Bank of Madison, then gets a job with the government when his bank goes bankrupt due to new government policies.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292i\u02d0n l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u0259n h\u02c8\u025bdz \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6d\u026as\u0259n, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0261\u02c8\u025bts \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt w\u025bn h\u026az b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0261o\u028az b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0279\u028cpt d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz."}, {"text": "Mort Liddy is a hack composer who writes trite scores for movies and modern symphonies to which no one listens.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t l\u02c8\u026adi \u026az \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6k k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats t\u0279\u02c8a\u026at sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an s\u02c8\u026amf\u0259niz t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 n\u02c8o\u028aw\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8\u026as\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Clifton Locey is a friend of Jim Taggart who takes the position of vice-president of operation when Dagny Taggart quits.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8\u026aft\u0259n l\u02c8o\u028asi \u026az \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u026am t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u02c8e\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv v\u02c8a\u026asp\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u025bn d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t kw\u02c8\u026ats."}, {"text": "Kay Ludlow is a beautiful actress who quit Holywood because of the roles she was given and married secretly the pirate Ragnar Danneskj\u00f6ld.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u028cdlo\u028a \u026az \u0250 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s h\u02ccu\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u026at h\u02c8o\u028aliw\u02cc\u028ad b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028alz \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7btli \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259t \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6n\u026askj\u02cc\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Dagny Taggart plans to hire him to lay the new Rearden Metal track for the Rio Norte Line, but before she does so, he mysteriously disappears.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t pl\u02c8\u00e6nz t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t l\u02c8a\u026an, b\u02cc\u028ct b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0283i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cz s\u02c8o\u028a, hi\u02d0 m\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "He carries a pistol and a lucky rabbit's foot, and he dresses in a military uniform, and has been described as \"impervious to thought\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279iz \u0250 p\u02c8\u026ast\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8\u028cki \u0279\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ats f\u02c8\u028at, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \"\u026amp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vi\u0259s t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t\"."}, {"text": "Meigs seizes control of Project X and accidentally destroys it, demolishing the country's last railroad bridge across the Mississippi River and killing himself, his men, and Dr. Stadler.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8e\u026a\u0261z s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u02c8\u025bks \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6ks\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026az \u026at, d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz l\u02c8\u00e6st \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292 \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf, h\u026az m\u02c8\u025bn, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a. st\u02c8\u00e6dl\u025a."}, {"text": "Horace Bussby Mowen is the president of the Amalgamated Switch and Signal Company, Inc. of Connecticut.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s b\u02c8\u028csbi m\u02c8o\u028a\u026an \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0250m\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni, \u02c8\u026a\u014bk. \u028cv k\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259t."}, {"text": "He is a businessman who sees nothing wrong with the moral code that is destroying society and would never dream of saying he is in business for any reason other than the good of society.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u0250 b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259sm\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0z n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u026a\u014b s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u00e6nd w\u028ad n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u028cv s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b hi\u02d0 \u026az \u026an b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u028cv s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "He is reluctant to build anything with this unproven technology, and has to be cajoled into accepting the contract.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u028ckt\u0259nt t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald \u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u026as \u028cnp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd h\u0250z t\u0259bi k\u0250d\u0292\u02c8o\u028ald \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "When pressured by public opinion, he discontinues production of the switches, forcing Dagny to find an alternative source.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025ad ba\u026a p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n, hi\u02d0 d\u026ask\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u1d7bz, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and \u0250n \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s."}, {"text": "Midas Mulligan is a wealthy banker who mysteriously disappeared in protest after he was given a court order to lend money to an incompetent applicant.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259z m\u02c8\u028cl\u026a\u0261\u0259n \u026az \u0250 w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u0250 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bnd m\u02c8\u028cni t\u028a \u0250n \u026a\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u026at\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6pl\u026ak\u0259nt."}, {"text": "When the order came down, he liquidated his entire business, paid off his depositors, and joined Galt's strike.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a k\u02c8e\u026am d\u02c8a\u028an, hi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s, p\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8\u0254f h\u026az d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u0261\u02c8\u0254lts st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak."}, {"text": "Mulligan's birth name was Michael, but he had it legally changed after a news article called him \"Midas\" in a derogatory fashion, which Mulligan took as a compliment.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028cl\u026a\u0261\u0259nz b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 n\u02c8e\u026am w\u028cz m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 h\u02cc\u00e6d\u026at l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259li t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u02cc\u026am \"m\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259z\" \u026an \u0250 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i f\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8\u028cl\u026a\u0261\u0259n t\u02c8\u028ak \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Judge Narragansett is an American jurist who ruled in favor of Midas Mulligan during the case brought against him by the incompetent loan applicant.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250\u0261\u02cc\u00e6ns\u026at \u026az \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ast h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ld \u026an f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259z m\u02c8\u028cl\u026a\u0261\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst h\u02cc\u026am ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u026at\u0259nt l\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u00e6pl\u026ak\u0259nt."}, {"text": "At the end of the novel, he is seen editing the United States Constitution, crossing out the contradicting amendments of it and adding an amendment to prohibit Congress from passing laws that restrain freedom of trade.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l, hi\u02d0 \u026az s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u026akt\u026a\u014b \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nts \u028cv \u026at \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nt t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259h\u02c8\u026ab\u026at k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026an f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "Ben Nealy is a railroad contractor whom Dagny Taggart hires to replace the track on the Rio Norte Line with Rearden Metal.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8i\u02d0li \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a h\u02c8u\u02d0m d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t h\u02c8a\u026a\u025az t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t l\u02c8a\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "He relies on Dagny and Ellis Wyatt to run things, and resents them for doing it, because it appears to him like they are just bossing people around.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026az \u02cc\u0254n d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bl\u026as w\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026at, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst b\u02c8\u0254s\u026a\u014b p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "He eventually goes on strike, along with most of the other industrialist \"producer\" types, by closing his motor factory.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0261o\u028az \u02cc\u0254n st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \"p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a\" t\u02c8a\u026aps, ba\u026a kl\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b h\u026az m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Dr. Simon Pritchett is the prestigious head of the Department of Philosophy at Patrick Henry University and is considered the leading philosopher of the age.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a. s\u02c8a\u026am\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u026at \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u025bst\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u028cv f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00e6t p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "He believes that man is nothing but a collection of chemicals, reason is a superstition, it is futile to seek meaning in life, and the duty of a philosopher is to show that nothing can be understood.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u00e6n \u026az n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259lz, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025ast\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026a\u027e \u026az fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259l t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u026an l\u02c8a\u026af, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei \u0259v\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u026az t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad."}, {"text": "He typically bashes business and businessmen, but he never says anything specific in his articles, relying on innuendo, sneers, and denunciation.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli b\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u1d7bz b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259sm\u02cc\u025bn, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a s\u02c8\u025bz \u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u026an h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u026annju\u02d0\u02c8\u025bndo\u028a, sn\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00e6nd d\u1d7bn\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Scudder claims that the most important thing in life is \"brother love\" but seems to have nothing but hatred for those around him.", "phonemes": "sk\u02c8\u028cd\u025a kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u026an l\u02c8a\u026af \u026az \"b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u028cv\" b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 h\u00e6v n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u028ct h\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0o\u028az \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "He loses his job after Dagny Taggart reveals her affair with Hank Rearden over air on his radio show.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz h\u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0lz h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u0283\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Claude Slagenhop is president of political organization Friends of Global Progress and one of Lillian Rearden's friends.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d sl\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nh\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u028cv \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv l\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259nz f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz."}, {"text": "Gerald and Ivy Starnes are the two surviving children of Jed Starnes, the founder of the Twentieth Century Motor Company.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259ld \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026avi st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279nz, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni."}, {"text": "Together with their since-deceased brother Eric, they instituted a communistic payment-and-benefits program that drove the company into bankruptcy.", "phonemes": "t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026ansd\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0st b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak, \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak p\u02c8e\u026am\u0259nt\u00e6ndb\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0279\u02c8o\u028av \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u02cc\u026ant\u028a b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0279\u028cptsi."}, {"text": "Gerald, a dying alcoholic, and Ivy, a pseudo-Buddhist ascetic, continue to insist that the plan was perfect and that the failure of their father's company was entirely due to the workers.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259ld, \u0250 d\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026avi, \u0250 s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028ab\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026ast \u0250s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak, k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ans\u02c8\u026ast \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n w\u028cz p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u025bkt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni w\u028cz \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az."}, {"text": "Gerald claims that he always acted for the good of the employees, but he was vain and incompetent and often threw lavish parties using company funds.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259ld kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ai\u02d0z, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 w\u028cz v\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u026at\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6v\u026a\u0283 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni f\u02c8\u028cndz."}, {"text": "Ivy, on the other hand, is described as a sadist who relishes seeing others in poverty, but who has no desire for wealth of her own.", "phonemes": "\u02c8a\u026avi, \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u026az d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8e\u026ad\u026ast h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "Rand's notes indicate that she modeled him on President Harry S. Truman, and that she deliberately decided not to call him \"President of the United States\" as this title has \"honorable connotations\" which the character does not deserve.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz n\u02c8o\u028ats \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259ld h\u02cc\u026am \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u02c8\u025bs. t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259tli d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u02cc\u026am \"p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats\" \u00e6z \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6z \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l k\u0251\u02d0n\u0259t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz\" w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v."}, {"text": "Lester Tuck is the campaign manager for Kip Chalmers and one of his guests on the train trip to California.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u025bst\u025a t\u02c8\u028ck \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u026ap t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6lm\u025az \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u026az \u0261\u02c8\u025bsts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u026ap t\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259."}, {"text": "Dagny considers him the least bad of the government representatives, since he does have some real knowledge on the running of trains.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025az h\u02cc\u026am \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0st b\u02c8\u00e6d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz, s\u02c8\u026ans hi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cz h\u00e6v s\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "Though he starts out as a cynical follower of the looters' code, his experience at the mills transforms him, and he comes to respect and admire the producers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u02c8a\u028at \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026an\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az k\u02c8o\u028ad, h\u026az \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026alz t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz h\u02cc\u026am, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028cmz t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt \u00e6nd \u0250dm\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az."}, {"text": "He is shot attempting to inform Hank Rearden about a government plot, but does succeed in warning Rearden just before he dies.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u02c8\u028cz s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 hi\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "He has almost single-handedly revived the economy of Colorado by discovering a new process for extracting more oil from what were thought to be exhausted oil wells.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lh\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bdli \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026avd \u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u028cv k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a ba\u026a d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al f\u0279\u028cm w\u028ct w\u025c\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259bi \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u026al w\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "When first introduced, he is aggressive towards Dagny, whom he does not yet know and whom he blames for what are, in fact, her brother's policies which directly threaten his business.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st, hi\u02d0 \u026az \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz d\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ni, h\u02c8u\u02d0m hi\u02d0 d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8\u025bt n\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd h\u02c8u\u02d0m hi\u02d0 bl\u02c8e\u026amz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028ct \u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u026an f\u02c8\u00e6kt, h\u025c\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329 h\u026az b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s."}, {"text": "When the government passes laws and decrees which make it impossible for him to continue, he sets all his oil wells on fire, leaving a single note: \"I am leaving it as I found it.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00e6nd d\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026ak \u026a\u027e \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0, hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u026az \u02c8\u0254\u026al w\u02c8\u025blz \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l n\u02c8o\u028at: \"a\u026a\u0250m l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u00e6z a\u026a f\u02c8a\u028and \u026at."}, {"text": "One particular burning well that resists all efforts to extinguish it becomes known as \"Wyatt's Torch\".", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025bl \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u026asts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u028a \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 \u026at b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \"w\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ts t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\"."}, {"text": "Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a, hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az, s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz, \u00e6nd l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6st, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u00e6st hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Social anthropology studies patterns of behavior, while cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i st\u02c8\u028cdiz p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz \u028cv b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a, w\u02cca\u026al k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i st\u02c8\u028cdiz k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Archaeological anthropology, often termed as \"anthropology of the past,\" studies human activity through investigation of physical evidence.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \u00e6z \"\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st,\" st\u02c8\u028cdiz hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u026anv\u02cc\u025bst\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns."}, {"text": "It is considered a branch of anthropology in North America and Asia, while in Europe, archaeology is viewed as a discipline in its own right or grouped under other related disciplines, such as history and palaeontology.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, w\u02cca\u026al \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6z \u0250 d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an \u026an \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pt \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026anz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u00e6li\u02d0\u0259nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Their Neo-Latin  derived from the combining forms of the Greek words \u00e1nthr\u014dpos (, \"human\") and l\u00f3gos (, \"study\").", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028apo\u028az, \"hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n\"\u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028az, \"st\u02c8\u028cdi\"."}, {"text": "Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by \u00c9tienne Serres in 1839 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the French National Museum of Natural History by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Br\u00e9au.", "phonemes": "spo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s ba\u026a \u026at\u02c8i\u0259n s\u02c8\u025brz \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028ant\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6n, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026an \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n l\u02c8u\u02d0i \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6nd d\u0259 kw\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026af\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz d\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026aa\u028a."}, {"text": "The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use the term ethnology, was formed in 1839 and focused on methodically studying human races.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u025b\u03b8no\u028al\u0259d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0k d\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u02cc\u0254n m\u025b\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026akli st\u02c8\u028cdi\u026a\u014b hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "After the death of its founder, William Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Edwards, in 1842, it gradually declined in activity until it eventually dissolved in 1862.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv \u026ats f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a, w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m f\u0279e\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u025bdw\u025adz, \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u026at \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026and \u026an \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u026a\u027e \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Meanwhile, the Ethnological Society of New York, currently the American Ethnological Society, was founded on its model in 1842, as well as the Ethnological Society of London in 1843, a break-away group of the Aborigines' Protection Society.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8i\u02d0nwa\u026al, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k, k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259niz p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026asts \u026an s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u00e6z \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u00e6nd \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025aba\u026af\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259nz \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025az, w\u025c\u02d0 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u028akwe\u026az w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279w\u026anz \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bp\u02c8\u026af\u0259ni \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279w\u026an h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u00e6t h\u026az k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n \u028cv sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ald."}, {"text": "Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259 \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as w\u028cz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u02c8e\u026a d\u0259 ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026atli \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u02c8e\u026a d\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "When he read Darwin, he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279w\u026an, hi\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250n \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259t k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u026asmi, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "His definition now became \"the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature\".", "phonemes": "h\u026az d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8a\u028a b\u026ak\u02c8e\u026am \"\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8o\u028al, \u026an \u026ats di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026alz, \u00e6nd \u026an \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\"."}, {"text": "Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b w\u028ct t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a w\u028ad bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250 n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n, h\u00e6d t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0250n \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u00e6\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturv\u00f6lker, 1859\u20131864.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst w\u028cz m\u02c8e\u026anli \u026an b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u026an sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026ats, t\u02c8\u028ak \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an h\u026az s\u02c8\u026aksv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k, \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld d\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u02c8\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025av\u02cc\u025c\u02d0lk\u025a, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from \"the animals nearest to him\".", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259z l\u02c8i\u02d0d, w\u02c8e\u026ats p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028ad \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028ad d\u02c8\u026af\u025a f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u0259 d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8\u00e6n f\u0279\u028cm \"\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz n\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ast t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am\"."}, {"text": "It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that \"the same laws of thought are applicable to all men\".", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az t\u0259bi p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0md f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, m\u02c8\u00e6n, \u026az \u0250 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026a\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250pl\u02c8\u026ak\u0259b\u0259l t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u025bn\"."}, {"text": "In 1863, the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026as b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u026ast d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz h\u02c8\u028cnt b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02cc\u025bns\u026af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad w\u028ad f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az k\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028at \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m \u028cv \u026ats n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0, h\u02c8\u028cnt st\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv w\u02c8e\u026ats, \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026a\u014b h\u026az d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6z \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad."}, {"text": "Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026ats w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026at t\u02c8a\u026al\u025a, \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd h\u026az b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8a\u026al\u025a, \u0250 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "Similar organizations in other countries followed: The Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad: \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv m\u0259d\u0279\u02c8\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv v\u026a\u02c8\u025bn\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti, \u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "One notable exception was the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology, and Prehistory (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 b\u025c\u02d0l\u02c8\u026an s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u026ast\u025a\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0251\u02d0lf v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283a\u028a, n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az v\u02c8\u026a\u027eu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "During the last three decades of the 19th century, a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u0250 p\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt, m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026an m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0251\u02d0zm\u02c8o\u028as\u026as \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u0259 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Anthropology studies as a specialized field of academic study, however much developed through the end of the 19th century, then rapidly expanded beginning in the early 20th century to the point where many of the world's higher educational institutions typically included anthropology departments, with many thousands having come into existence.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u00e6z \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak st\u02c8\u028cdi, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nts, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bni \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cm \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz, h\u0250z \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv b\u02c8\u025b\u0279id v\u02c8\u026akt\u026amz m\u02cca\u026at st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0259v\u0259 f\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bns\u026ak \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0n."}, {"text": "For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), \"a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology\", currently contains members from about three dozen nations.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0, \"\u0250 n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8e\u026amz t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i\", k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cz\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by their emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance they place on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts b\u02c8o\u028a\u0259z \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026asl\u02cc\u0254\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026al\u026an\u02c8o\u028aski \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs h\u0250vb\u026an d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz ba\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u02cc\u0254n k\u0279\u02c8\u0254sk\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259nz, l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u026and\u02c8\u025bp\u03b8 \u025b\u0261z\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns \u00f0e\u026a pl\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u0254n p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nt\u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bksp\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "Cultural anthropology, in particular, has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a, h\u0250z \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026azd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av\u026az\u0259m, h\u02c8o\u028al\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014bz t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8o\u028a\u0259z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0279\u0259t m\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u0259si f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279 i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02cc\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u028cv p\u02c8o\u028astk\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l \u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork.", "phonemes": "\u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026anz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkst \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0ldw\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "In Great Britain and the Commonwealth countries, the British tradition of social anthropology tends to dominate.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nw\u02cc\u025bl\u03b8 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "In the United States, anthropology has traditionally been divided into the four field approach developed by Franz Boas in the early 20th century: biological or physical anthropology; social, cultural, or sociocultural anthropology; and archaeological anthropology; plus linguistic anthropology.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i h\u0250z t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li b\u02cc\u026an d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts b\u02c8o\u028a\u0259z \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i: b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i; s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l, k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u0259k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i; \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i; pl\u02c8\u028cs l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "European countries with overseas colonies tended to practice more ethnology (a term coined and defined by Adam F. Koll\u00e1r in 1783).", "phonemes": "j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cco\u028av\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259niz t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0250 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m k\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00e6nd d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m \u02c8\u025bf. k\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u025a\u0279 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "It is sometimes referred to as sociocultural anthropology in the parts of the world that were influenced by the European tradition.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u0259k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i b\u02c8\u026aldz \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279iz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8o\u028amo\u028a s\u02c8\u00e6pi\u0259nz, hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats, hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz, h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8\u00e6st \u028cv h\u02c8o\u028amo\u028a s\u02c8\u00e6pi\u0259nz h\u0250z \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst \u026ats s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akts, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity, such as by Al-Biruni of the Islamic Golden Age.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u028cdid \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259b\u0259l k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lba\u026a\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ni \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283, \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026at tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cc\u026ant\u025ad\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdiz, \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u026ak st\u02c8\u028cdiz."}, {"text": "Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies.", "phonemes": "s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u0259k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n h\u02c8\u025bvili \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028astm\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u026aft t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz."}, {"text": "During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250n \u1d7bp\u02cc\u026ast\u026am\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u026aft \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at\u02cc\u026av\u026ast t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an."}, {"text": "During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u026aft, \u025bnd\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 k\u02c8e\u026am t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u026an \u1d7bp\u02cc\u026ast\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cbf\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u00e6kt ko\u028ah\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz."}, {"text": "Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principal axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology.", "phonemes": "s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u0259k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among individuals and groups.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026af\u02cco\u028ald w\u02c8e\u026az \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l m\u02cce\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, w\u02cca\u026al s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects the experience for self and group, contributing to a more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts h\u02cca\u028a w\u02c8\u028cnz k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292, k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259mz, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cca\u026al s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "In that, it helps develop an understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.).", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, \u026at h\u02c8\u025blps d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u0250n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az, t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz, s\u02c8\u028cb\u0261\u0279u\u02d0ps, d\u02c8\u026as\u026ad\u0259nts, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259.."}, {"text": "There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u00e6ndf\u02c8\u00e6st d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u00e6nd \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u00e6p t\u028a \u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026a\u014bkw\u025a\u0279i \u026an s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u0259k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t ba\u026a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av\u026az\u0259m, \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph.", "phonemes": "\u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250 m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u028cv \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0250n \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028a\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f."}, {"text": "As a methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m f\u02c8i\u02d0ldw\u025c\u02d0k w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nt\u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li h\u02c8\u025blpf\u0259l t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8\u025bm\u026ak k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bpt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l, v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u028cv vj\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv k\u02c8\u026an\u0283\u026ap \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u028cv s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u0259k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6z k\u02c8\u026an\u0283\u026ap \u026az \u0250 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l."}, {"text": "Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).", "phonemes": "s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u0259k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u028cv\u025az \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz \u028cv k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a, t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei, t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n, m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8, s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz, v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z, \u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259t, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldvju\u02d0, sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz, f\u02c8u\u02d0d, f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259lz, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u028cv st\u02c8\u028cdi \u026an l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Comparison across cultures is a key element of method in sociocultural anthropology, including the industrialized (and de-industrialized) West.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u026an s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u0259k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6nd di\u02d0\u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd w\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "Biological anthropology and physical anthropology are synonymous terms to describe anthropological research focused on the study of humans and non-human primates in their biological, evolutionary, and demographic dimensions.", "phonemes": "b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026am\u0259s t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nhj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8a\u026ame\u026ats \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l, \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "It examines the biological and social factors that have affected the evolution of humans and other primates, and that generate, maintain or change contemporary genetic and physiological variation.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026ame\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at, me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02cc\u00e6kts, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz, \u00e6nd hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u0254lt\u025ad l\u02c8\u00e6ndske\u026aps \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026avz \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6st s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Archaeologists examine material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 d\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6st hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025b\u03b8no\u028a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026an \u0250 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns l\u02c8\u025bft b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and ba\u026a p\u02c8\u00e6st hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0md t\u0259 h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u026avd \u026an s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a w\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "Linguistic anthropology (not to be confused with anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture.", "phonemes": "l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259bi k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks s\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l, v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u00e6t b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u0259k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.", "phonemes": "l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02cco\u028al\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, p\u0279\u00e6\u0261m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, s\u02cc\u025bm\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026aks, d\u02c8\u026asko\u02d0\u0279s \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "It often involves participant observation though an ethnographer may also draw from texts written by participants of in social interactions.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nt \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u0250n \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8\u025bksts \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nts \u028cv \u026an s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Tim Ingold distinguishes ethnography from anthropology arguing that anthropology tries to construct general theories of human experience, applicable in general and novel settings, while ethnography concerns itself with fidelity.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u026am \u026a\u014b\u0261\u02c8o\u028ald d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns, \u0250pl\u02c8\u026ak\u0259b\u0259l \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014bz, w\u02cca\u026al \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf w\u026a\u00f0 f\u1d7bd\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "He argues that the anthropologist must make his writing consistent with their understanding of literature and other theory, but notes that ethnography may be of use to the anthropologists and the fields inform one another.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8\u028cst m\u02cce\u026ak h\u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259n."}, {"text": "Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz \u028cv p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014b, sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u0283\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a, k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz, du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u026an \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u02c8\u025bst\u025an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts."}, {"text": "To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 s\u025am\u02c8a\u028ant \u00f0\u026as d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti, \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t h\u00e6v f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026avli b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak, h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259nt \u025bs\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Boas' Primitive Art, Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u0259z p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d l\u02c8e\u026avist\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6sks n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279ts\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6z k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u026an \u00f0\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u025bs\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks."}, {"text": "Media anthropology (also known as the anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6s m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6s m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259."}, {"text": "The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fiz \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0279u\u02d0mz \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025az, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld, f\u02c8\u026alm p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026ad\u02cce\u026a \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bz t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259."}, {"text": "Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026aps \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u02c8a\u026ab\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv \u02c8\u026ant\u025an\u02cc\u025bt \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fiz \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n t\u028a \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k, s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media, and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n h\u00e6v st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u02c8\u025blt s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z."}, {"text": "Ethnomusicology is an academic field encompassing various approaches to the study of music (broadly defined), that emphasize its cultural, social, material, cognitive, biological, and other dimensions or contexts instead of or in addition to its isolated sound component or any particular repertoire.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025b\u03b8no\u028amj\u02ccu\u02d0z\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dli d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and, \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az \u026ats k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l, s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l, m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av, b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u026ats \u02c8a\u026as\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8a\u028and k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bp\u025atw\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Ethnomusicology can be used in a wide variety of fields, such as teaching, politics, cultural anthropology etc.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025b\u03b8no\u028amj\u02ccu\u02d0z\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks, k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "While the origins of ethnomusicology date back to the 18th and 19th centuries, it was formally termed \"ethnomusicology\" by Dutch scholar Jaap Kunst .", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u028cv \u02cc\u025b\u03b8no\u028amj\u02ccu\u02d0z\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, \u026at w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \"\u02cc\u025b\u03b8no\u028amj\u02ccu\u02d0z\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i\" ba\u026a d\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p k\u02c8\u028cnst ."}, {"text": "Later, the influence of study in this area spawned the creation of the periodical Ethnomusicology and the Society of Ethnomusicology.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u028cv st\u02c8\u028cdi \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 sp\u02c8\u0254\u02d0nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u025b\u03b8no\u028amj\u02ccu\u02d0z\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u025b\u03b8no\u028amj\u02ccu\u02d0z\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd, \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak f\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, f\u02c8\u026alm \u00e6nd, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z, n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259."}, {"text": "While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02cc\u026ant\u025at\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u0259bli w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak f\u02c8\u026alm, v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns, mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259mz, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6s m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259."}, {"text": "Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphs, paintings, and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u00e6ndpe\u026ant\u026a\u014bz, t\u00e6t\u02c8u\u02d0z, sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs, k\u02c8e\u026av p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014bz, sk\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u0283\u0254\u02d0, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l\u0279i, h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259\u0261l\u02cc\u026afz, p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014bz, \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u028cv v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope.", "phonemes": "\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u026ats w\u02c8a\u026ad\u026ast h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak, d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l sk\u02c8o\u028ap."}, {"text": "Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of anthropology, Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange.", "phonemes": "\u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbf\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0283b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026asl\u02cc\u0254\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026al\u026an\u02c8o\u028aski, \u00e6nd h\u026az f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u0259mp\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026a\u0259t, m\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u025bl m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u026aft\u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z \u0250n \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292."}, {"text": "The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st."}, {"text": "Economic anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective.", "phonemes": "\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026at\u02cc\u026av\u026ast n\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 ba\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u02cc\u026asts, \u00e6nd h\u00e6v n\u02c8a\u028a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av."}, {"text": "Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of historical materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies.", "phonemes": "p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026an \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd tu\u02d0, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Political economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture.", "phonemes": "p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028an\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The first of these areas was concerned with the \"pre-capitalist\" societies that were subject to evolutionary \"tribal\" stereotypes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z w\u028cz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \"p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast\" s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt t\u028a \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \"t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u0259l\" st\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028ata\u026aps."}, {"text": "Sahlin's work on hunter-gatherers as the \"original affluent society\" did much to dissipate that image.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026anz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8\u028cnt\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u025az \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \"\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6flu\u02d0\u0259nt s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei\" d\u02c8\u026ad m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 w\u028cz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6st m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt\u0279i, m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v h\u02c8u\u02d0m w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026an v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m."}, {"text": "More recently, these political economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli, \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028ast\u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Applied anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems.", "phonemes": "\u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00e6nd s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz."}, {"text": "It is a \"complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy\".", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8e\u026a \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283b\u02c8e\u026ast, \u02cc\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259, \u026an\u02cc\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi\"."}, {"text": "Applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community.", "phonemes": "\u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283; \u026a\u027e \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvm\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "It is closely related to development anthropology (distinct from the more critical anthropology of development).", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing?", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ampl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8a\u026a, \u026af \u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u026az t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u02cce\u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei, \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b?"}, {"text": "Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u026an\u0283\u026ap k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026at k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz."}, {"text": "Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as \"descent\", \"descent groups\", \"lineages\", \"affines\", \"cognates\", and even \"fictive kinship\".", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u026ats h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i h\u0250z d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpts \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \"d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt\", \"d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps\", \"l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz\", \"\u0250f\u02c8a\u026anz\", \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261ne\u026ats\", \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \"f\u02c8\u026akt\u026av k\u02c8\u026an\u0283\u026ap\"."}, {"text": "Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dli, k\u02c8\u026an\u0283\u026ap p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 ba\u026a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt w\u02c8\u028cnz s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz ba\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026ast \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l, b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l, k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l, l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02c8e\u026al b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s \u026an \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014bz, \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025ali p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white feminists of Europe, America, and elsewhere.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026asts f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u02c8\u025bst\u025an t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, h\u02ccu\u02d0z p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avz \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz k\u00e6n d\u02c8\u026af\u025a f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv w\u02c8a\u026at f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026asts \u028cv j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025blsw\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "From the perspective of the Western world, historically such 'peripheral' perspectives have been ignored, observed only from an outsider perspective, and regarded as less-valid or less-important than knowledge from the Western world.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avz h\u0250vb\u026an \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d, \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u02c8o\u028anli f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z l\u02c8\u025bsv\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs\u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u00f0\u0250n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Exploring and addressing that double bias against women from marginalized racial or ethnic groups is of particular interest in intersectional feminist anthropology.", "phonemes": "\u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst w\u02c8\u026am\u026an f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026an\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026az \u028cv p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an \u02cc\u026ant\u025as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026ast \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Feminist anthropologists have stated that their publications have contributed to anthropology, along the way correcting against the systemic biases beginning with the \"patriarchal origins of anthropology (and (academia)\" and note that from 1891 to 1930 doctorates in anthropology went to males more than 85%, more than 81% were under 35, and only 7.2% to anyone over 40 years old, thus reflecting an age gap in the pursuit of anthropology by first-wave feminists until later in life.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026ast \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u00e6v k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 s\u026ast\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s\u1d7bz b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \"p\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8i\u02d0mi\u0259\" \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u026an \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u025bnt t\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026alz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u028a \u02c8\u025bn\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn \u02cco\u028av\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8o\u028ald, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6p \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0t \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i ba\u026a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0stw\u02c8e\u026av f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026asts \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "This correction of systemic bias may include mainstream feminist theory, history, linguistics, archaeology, and anthropology.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u026ast\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s m\u02c8e\u026a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d m\u02c8e\u026anst\u0279i\u02d0m f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026ast \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i, h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "According to St. Clair Drake, Vera Mae Green was, until \"[w]ell into the 1960s\", the only African-American female anthropologist who was also a Caribbeanist.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u0259nt. kl\u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak, v\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n w\u028cz, \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \"d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z\", \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0n\u026ast."}, {"text": "She studied ethnic and family relations in the Caribbean as well as the United States, and thereby tried to improve the way black life, experiences, and culture were studied.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 st\u02c8\u028cdid \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u026ak \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259b\u02c8i\u0259n \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279b\u02c8a\u026a t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u028a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a bl\u02c8\u00e6k l\u02c8a\u026af, \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a w\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8\u028cdid."}, {"text": "However, Zora Neale Hurston, although often primarily considered to be a literary author, was trained in anthropology by Franz Boas, and published Tell my Horse about her \"anthropological observations\" of voodoo in the Caribbean (1938).", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, z\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0l h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u0250 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a, w\u028cz t\u0279\u02c8e\u026and \u026an \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts b\u02c8o\u028a\u0259z, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t t\u02c8\u025bl ma\u026a h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s \u0250b\u02c8a\u028at h\u025c\u02d0 \"\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz\" \u028cv v\u02c8u\u02d0du\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259b\u02c8i\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Feminist anthropology is inclusive of the anthropology of birth as a specialization, which is the anthropological study of pregnancy and childbirth within cultures and societies.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cc\u026ast \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6z \u0250 sp\u02cc\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261n\u0259nsi \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldb\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Medical anthropology is an interdisciplinary field which studies \"human health and disease, health care systems, and biocultural adaptation\".", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025ad\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0ld w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8\u028cdiz \"hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z, h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, \u00e6nd b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "Currently, research in medical anthropology is one of the main growth areas in the field of anthropology as a whole.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "Other subjects that have become central to medical anthropology worldwide are violence and social suffering (Farmer, 1999, 2003; Beneduce, 2010) as well as other issues that involve physical and psychological harm and suffering that are not a result of illness.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkts \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ns \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0; b\u02c8\u025bn\u026ad\u0292\u02ccu\u02d0s, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv \u02c8\u026aln\u0259s."}, {"text": "On the other hand, there are fields that intersect with medical anthropology in terms of research methodology and theoretical production, such as cultural psychiatry and transcultural psychiatry or ethnopsychiatry.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u026ant\u025as\u02c8\u025bkt w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l sa\u026ak\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t\u0279i \u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l sa\u026ak\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025b\u03b8no\u028asa\u026ak\u02c8\u026a\u0259t\u0279i."}, {"text": "Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter.", "phonemes": "nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u0250 s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8i\u02d0lz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025apl\u02c8e\u026a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u00e6nd f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u028a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u0250 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d, f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t\u025a\u0279i h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u026as \u02cc\u026ant\u025apl\u02c8e\u026a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u025a h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261l\u02cco\u028ab\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people.", "phonemes": "nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkts \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes.", "phonemes": "sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025ad\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u028cbfi\u02d0ld \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group\u00a0\u2013 with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories\u00a0\u2013 shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u028cbfi\u02d0ld t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8e\u026az \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u025b\u014bk\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bpt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n, m\u02cco\u028a\u027e\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8."}, {"text": "It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026anz h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv k\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, m\u02cco\u028a\u027e\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u02cca\u028a\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i s\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292, k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026as j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 kl\u02c8o\u028as k\u0259l\u02cc\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz, \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025az, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts, l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026asts, mj\u02ccu\u02d0z\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 w\u028ct p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps n\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u026ampl\u02c8\u026as\u026at n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "Transpersonal anthropology studies the relationship between altered states of consciousness and culture.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u0254lt\u025ad st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sn\u0259s \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "As with transpersonal psychology, the field is much concerned with altered states of consciousness (ASC) and transpersonal experience.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026az m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254lt\u025ad st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sn\u0259s \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "However, the field differs from mainstream transpersonal psychology in taking more cognizance of cross-cultural issues \u2013 for instance, the roles of myth, ritual, diet, and text in evoking and interpreting extraordinary experiences.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld d\u02c8\u026af\u025az f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8e\u026anst\u0279i\u02d0m t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u026az\u0259ns \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u0254sk\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028alz \u028cv m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8, \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l, d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bkst \u026an \u026av\u02c8o\u028ak\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies.", "phonemes": "p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, l\u02c8\u028akt \u00e6t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more \"complex\" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena.", "phonemes": "p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00e6z \u0250 d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks \u026an st\u02c8e\u026atl\u0259s s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz, \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u00e6nd \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u028cnf\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014b: \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli t\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\" s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026ats, bj\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259siz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259."}, {"text": "Firstly, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization).", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0stli, \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8e\u026a a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd sf\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6z \u026an p\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u0259l p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Secondly, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndli, \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts sl\u02c8o\u028ali st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u0250 d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Legal anthropology or anthropology of law specializes in \"the cross-cultural study of social ordering\".", "phonemes": "l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u02c8\u026an \"\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254sk\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b\"."}, {"text": "Earlier legal anthropological research often focused more narrowly on conflict management, crime, sanctions, or formal regulation.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028ali \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt, k\u0279\u02c8a\u026am, s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "More recent applications include issues such as human rights, legal pluralism, and political uprisings.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats, l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u028cp\u0279a\u026az\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Public anthropology was created by Robert Borofsky, a professor at Hawaii Pacific University, to \"demonstrate the ability of anthropology and anthropologists to effectively address problems beyond the discipline \u2013 illuminating larger social issues of our times as well as encouraging broad, public conversations about them with the explicit goal of fostering social change\".", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u028cz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at bo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0fski, \u0250 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t h\u0259w\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, tu\u02d0 \"d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts t\u028a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d, p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak k\u0251\u02d0nv\u025as\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026at \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\"."}, {"text": "Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8a\u026abo\u02d0\u0279\u0261 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbf\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259w\u02cce\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8a\u026abo\u02d0\u0279\u0261 m\u02cc\u00e6n\u026af\u02c8\u025bsto\u028a k\u028ad bi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026abo\u02d0\u0279\u0261 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i ba\u026a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u00e6m\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8a\u026abo\u02d0\u0279\u0261 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i st\u02c8\u028cdiz hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0250\u014bk\u02cca\u026and \u00e6nd \u026ats \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bkn\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u026at h\u0250z b\u02c8\u026alt, sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u02cc\u025bkn\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bks\u026avli \u0283\u02c8e\u026apt n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv w\u028ct \u026at m\u02c8i\u02d0nz t\u0259bi hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Digital anthropology is the study of the relationship between humans and digital-era technology, and extends to various areas where anthropology and technology intersect.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02cc\u026ant\u025as\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "It is sometimes grouped with sociocultural anthropology, and sometimes considered part of material culture.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pt w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u0259k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The sub-field is also defined as, \"the study of relationships between a population of humans and their biophysical environment\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbf\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z, \"\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02cca\u026ao\u028af\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt\"."}, {"text": "The focus of its research concerns \"how cultural beliefs and practices helped human populations adapt to their environments, and how their environments change across space and time.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u028cv \u026ats \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \"h\u02cca\u028a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz h\u02c8\u025blpt hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts, \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s sp\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u028cv \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259bli \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6kd\u0279\u0251\u02d0p, \u026af n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fiz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0ldw\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a, \u026az p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u025bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, century anthropology and more.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u026as n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u00e6z m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks \u00e6nd p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, \u0261l\u02cco\u028ab\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z, s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u00e6nd d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi, \u00e6nd t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u025bkspl\u0254\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254f\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u025a h\u0250z b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b, p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz, d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279iz, b\u02c8\u028aks, \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fiz."}, {"text": "Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as w\u026a\u00f0 \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026at m\u0259l\u02c8\u026as\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk\u025a \u00e6nd h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k."}, {"text": "Professor Kay Milton, Director of the Anthropology research network in the School of History and Anthropology, describes anthropology as distinctive, with its most distinguishing feature being its interest in non-industrial indigenous and traditional societies.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025a k\u02c8e\u026a m\u02c8\u026alt\u0259n, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6z d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt\u026av, w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026ats \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s \u00e6nd t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Anthropological theory is distinct because of the consistent presence of the concept of culture; not an exclusive topic but a central position in the study and a deep concern with the human condition.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u026az d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a; n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250n \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026av t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u00e6nd \u0250 d\u02c8i\u02d0p k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Milton describes three trends that are causing a fundamental shift in what characterizes anthropology: dissatisfaction with the cultural relativist perspective, reaction against cartesian dualisms which obstructs progress in theory (nature culture divide), and finally an increased attention to globalization (transcending the barriers or time/space).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026alt\u0259n d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u026aft \u026an w\u028ct k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i: d\u026as\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av\u026ast p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av, \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n d\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0259bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckts p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs \u026an \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li \u0250n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0261l\u02cco\u028ab\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0279z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026am sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "(The troubling problem is borrowing non-indigenous practices and creating standards, concepts, philosophies and practices in western countries.)", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u026az b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpts, f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fiz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Anthropology and environmental discourse now have become a distinct position in anthropology as a discipline.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l d\u02c8\u026asko\u02d0\u0279s n\u02c8a\u028a h\u00e6v b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6z \u0250 d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an."}, {"text": "Knowledge about diversities in human culture can be important in addressing environmental problems - anthropology is now a study of human ecology.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u026an \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a \u0250 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u025bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Human activity is the most important agent in creating environmental change, a study commonly found in human ecology which can claim a central place in how environmental problems are examined and addressed.", "phonemes": "hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt \u026an k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u0250 st\u02c8\u028cdi k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u025bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n kl\u02c8e\u026am \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an h\u02cca\u028a \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026and \u00e6nd \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "Other ways anthropology contributes to environmental discourse is by being theorists and analysts, or by refinement of definitions to become more neutral/universal, etc.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8e\u026az \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0ts t\u028a \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l d\u02c8\u026asko\u02d0\u0279s \u026az ba\u026a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cc\u026asts, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt \u028cv d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "In exploring environmentalism - the term typically refers to a concern that the environment should be protected, particularly from the harmful effects of human activities.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u028a \u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mf\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Anthropologists can open the doors of environmentalism by looking beyond industrial society, understanding the opposition between industrial and non industrial relationships, knowing what ecosystem people and biosphere people are and are affected by, dependent and independent variables, \"primitive\" ecological wisdom, diverse environments, resource management, diverse cultural traditions, and knowing that environmentalism is a part of culture.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts k\u00e6n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u028cv \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m ba\u026a l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps, n\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b w\u028ct \u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028as\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6nd b\u02cca\u026ao\u028asf\u02c8\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd b\u02c8a\u026a, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259lz, \"p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av\" \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u026azd\u0259m, da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt, da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u0259h\u02cc\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259mz ba\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u026a\u014b h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025adz."}, {"text": "Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0t\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u00e6z m\u02c8\u00e6ps, mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014bz, f\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, f\u02c8o\u028aklo\u02d0\u0279, \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8a\u026at \u025bksplo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz, mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz, \u025bnd\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259mz, l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026as n\u02c8e\u026amz."}, {"text": "The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Modern anthropology assumes that there is complete continuity between magical thinking and religion, and that every religion is a cultural product, created by the human community that worships it.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t k\u0251\u02d0nt\u026anj\u02c8u\u02d0\u1d7b\u027ei b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt, k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026aps \u026at."}, {"text": "Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were \"a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028clf h\u02c8\u00e6n\u025c\u02d0z kw\u02c8o\u028ats \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts w\u025c\u02d0 \"\u0250 no\u028at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259sli \u02cc\u00e6\u0261o\u02d0\u0279\u0250f\u02c8o\u028ab\u026ak l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n ba\u026a d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the \"Third World\" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of \"specialists in 'other cultures'\" closer to their homes.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \"\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld\" \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u0250b\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u028cv \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \"sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az\" kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8o\u028amz."}, {"text": "There are two main approaches to urban anthropology: examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026an \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i: \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz, w\u02c8\u028cn w\u028ad j\u02c8u\u02d0z s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z, w\u02c8\u028cn w\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u028cdi\u026a\u014b h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0e\u026a \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 da\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "Anthrozoology (also known as \"human\u2013animal studies\") is the study of interaction between living things.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259zu\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \"hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdiz\"\u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025ad\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u00e6ps w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026anz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, i\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n, sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, v\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n \u00e6nd zu\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259z\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi."}, {"text": "Biocultural anthropology is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture.", "phonemes": "b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u025bksplo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Physical anthropologists throughout the first half of the 20th century viewed this relationship from a racial perspective; that is, from the assumption that typological human biological differences lead to cultural differences.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av; \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02cca\u026ap\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "After World War II the emphasis began to shift toward an effort to explore the role culture plays in shaping human biology.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026aft t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0250n \u02c8\u025bf\u025at t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026az \u026an \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap\u026a\u014b hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025ad\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n\u02cc\u026anz \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n\u02cc\u026an p\u0279\u02c8a\u026ame\u026ats."}, {"text": "Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02cco\u028ak\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az."}, {"text": "Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz, p\u02c8\u00e6st \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt."}, {"text": "It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283, \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u025bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, p\u0279\u02cca\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks."}, {"text": "It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250 da\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025ad\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0ld, d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u025bni l\u02c8a\u026anz \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns, p\u02c8\u00e6st \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology and human osteology in a legal setting, most often in criminal cases where the victim's remains are in the advanced stages of decomposition.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bns\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u028cv f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0st\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026akt\u026amz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated or otherwise unrecognizable.", "phonemes": "\u0250 f\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bns\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast k\u00e6n \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz h\u02ccu\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd, mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az \u02cc\u028cn\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "It is the study of ancient humans, as found in fossil hominid evidence such as petrifacted bones and footprints.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz, \u00e6z f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cc\u026ad \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026af\u02cc\u00e6kt\u1d7bd b\u02c8o\u028anz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u028atp\u0279\u026ants."}, {"text": "Markers on specimens, such as enamel fractures and dental decay on teeth, can also give insight into the behaviour and diet of past populations.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025az \u02cc\u0254n sp\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8, k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u02c8\u026ansa\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6st p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Contemporary anthropology is an established science with academic departments at most universities and colleges.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u0250n \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nts \u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028ast j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The single largest organization of anthropologists is the American Anthropological Association (AAA), which was founded in 1903.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cce\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "In 1989, a group of European and American scholars in the field of anthropology established the European Association of Social Anthropologists (EASA) which serves as a major professional organization for anthropologists working in Europe.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "The EASA seeks to advance the status of anthropology in Europe and to increase visibility of marginalized anthropological traditions and thereby contribute to the project of a global anthropology or world anthropology.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u028a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s v\u02cc\u026az\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026an\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279b\u02c8a\u026a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u0259v\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Hundreds of other organizations exist in the various sub-fields of anthropology, sometimes divided up by nation or region, and many anthropologists work with collaborators in other disciplines, such as geology, physics, zoology, paleontology, anatomy, music theory, art history, sociology and so on, belonging to professional societies in those disciplines as well.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u02c8\u028cbf\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u028cp ba\u026a n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6bo\u02d0\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026anz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, zu\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028ant\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u0254n, b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u026a\u014b t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u026an \u00f0o\u028az d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026anz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "As the field has matured it has debated and arrived at ethical principles aimed at protecting both the subjects of anthropological research as well as the researchers themselves, and professional societies have generated codes of ethics.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld h\u0250z m\u0259t\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279d \u026at h\u0250z d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u02c8e\u026amd \u00e6t p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkts \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz h\u00e6v d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8o\u028adz \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Anthropologists, like other researchers (especially historians and scientists engaged in field research), have over time assisted state policies and projects, especially colonialism.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d \u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, h\u00e6v \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkts, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028an\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "That the discipline grew out of colonialism, perhaps was in league with it, and derives some of its key notions from it, consciously or not.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028an\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps w\u028cz \u026an l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 w\u026a\u00f0 \u026at, \u00e6nd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u026ats k\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm \u026at, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t."}, {"text": "That ethnographic work is often ahistorical, writing about people as if they were \"out of time\" in an \"ethnographic present\" (Johannes Fabian, Time and Its Other).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6z \u026af \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 \"\u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v t\u02c8a\u026am\" \u026an \u00e6n \"\u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt\" d\u0292\u02c8o\u028ah\u00e6nz f\u02c8\u00e6bi\u0259n, t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd \u026ats \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "In his article \"The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and Its Consequence\", Herbert S. Lewis critiqued older anthropological works that presented other cultures as if they were strange and unusual.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \"\u00f0\u0259 m\u026as\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns\", h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025at \u02c8\u025bs. l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0kt \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az \u00e6z \u026af \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00e6nd \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l."}, {"text": "While the findings of those researchers should not be discarded, the field should learn from its mistakes.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014bz \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0283\u02cc\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 d\u026ask\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0283\u02cc\u028ad l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats m\u026ast\u02c8e\u026aks."}, {"text": "As part of their quest for scientific objectivity, present-day anthropologists typically urge cultural relativism, which has an influence on all the sub-fields of anthropology.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 kw\u02c8\u025bst f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u026akt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntd\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av\u026az\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z \u0250n \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbf\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "This is the notion that cultures should not be judged by another's values or viewpoints, but be examined dispassionately on their own terms.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az \u0283\u02cc\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292d ba\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 vj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0254\u026ants, b\u02cc\u028ct bi\u02d0 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026and d\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259tli \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz."}, {"text": "There should be no notions, in good anthropology, of one culture being better or worse than another culture.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u00f0\u0250n \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, sexism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259m\u02c8\u026atm\u0259nts \u026an \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cca\u026ad, \u026anf\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026as\u02cca\u026ad, \u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u026az\u0259m, s\u02c8\u025bks\u026az\u0259m, mj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259ms\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cb\u026ans\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies, to genes, to acculturation, to colonialism, have been proposed to explain their origins and continued recurrences.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026aks l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u026az\u0259m, sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsiz, t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0nz, t\u028a \u0250k\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028an\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, h\u0250vb\u026an p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take just one of these topics, such as \"racism\" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields.", "phonemes": "t\u028a \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bp\u03b8 \u0259v\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283, w\u02c8\u028cn k\u00e6n t\u02c8e\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026aks, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \"\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u026az\u0259m\" \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026and \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz, st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a s\u02c8\u028cbf\u02c8i\u02d0ldz."}, {"text": "Anthropologists' involvement with the U.S. government, in particular, has caused bitter controversy within the discipline.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvm\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a, h\u0250z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd b\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02cc\u025c\u02d0si w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an."}, {"text": "Franz Boas publicly objected to US participation in World War I, and after the war he published a brief expos\u00e9 and condemnation of the participation of several American archaeologists in espionage in Mexico under their cover as scientists.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts b\u02c8o\u028a\u0259z p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026akli \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 hi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f \u025bksp\u0259s\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd k\u0251\u02d0nd\u025bmn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u026an \u02c8\u025bsp\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0292 \u026an m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts."}, {"text": "But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the Axis Powers (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan).", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei z, m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v b\u02c8o\u028a\u0259z \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6la\u026ad w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bf\u025at \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026as p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tsi d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni, f\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u026ast \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li, \u00e6nd \u026amp\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u026an \u026ant\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv st\u0279\u0259t\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am, d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u02cc\u0254n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0t \u00e6nd d\u026asm\u02c8\u026as\u0259l \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u03b8iz."}, {"text": "Attempts to accuse anthropologists of complicity with the CIA and government intelligence activities during the Vietnam War years have turned up little.", "phonemes": "\u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts t\u028a \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u028cv k\u0259mpl\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cca\u026a\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u026ant\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259ns \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z h\u00e6v t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u02cc\u028cp l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "Numerous resolutions condemning the war in all its aspects were passed overwhelmingly at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association (AAA).", "phonemes": "n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026ats \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u00e6st \u02cco\u028av\u025aw\u02c8\u025blm\u026a\u014bli \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cce\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nw\u02cc\u025bl\u03b8 \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a h\u0250z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026akli d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279\u0259s."}, {"text": "The \"Principles of Professional Responsibility\" issued by the American Anthropological Association and amended through November 1986 stated that \"in relation with their own government and with host governments\u00a0...", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u028cv p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei\" \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250m\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u026an \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8o\u028ast \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nts\u00a0..."}, {"text": "The current \"Principles of Professional Responsibility\" does not make explicit mention of ethics surrounding state interactions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \"p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u028cv p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei\" d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02cce\u026ak \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026at m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279miz st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i \u026an \u00e6f\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ast\u02cc\u00e6n."}, {"text": "The Christian Science Monitor reports that \"Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs\" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a\u0279\u026ans\u02cc\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sp\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l n\u02c8i\u02d0dz\" \u026an \u00e6f\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ast\u02cc\u00e6n, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n t\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u02cce\u026at\u0283t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m; \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02cce\u026at\u0283t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u026an \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k."}, {"text": "In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities (CEAUSSIC) released its final report concluding, in part, that,", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u026ant\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259ns k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz s\u02c8o\u028as\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026ats f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t,"}, {"text": "Before WWII British 'social anthropology' and American 'cultural anthropology' were still distinct traditions.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cc\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0d\u028cb\u0259lju\u02d0t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8\u026al d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "After the war, enough British and American anthropologists borrowed ideas and methodological approaches from one another that some began to speak of them collectively as 'sociocultural' anthropology.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u026an\u02c8\u028cf b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02cc\u028cm b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u00e6z s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u0259k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "One of the central characteristics is that anthropology tends to provide a comparatively more holistic account of phenomena and tends to be highly empirical.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259 \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259bi h\u02c8a\u026ali \u025bmp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l."}, {"text": "The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a particular place, problem or phenomenon in detail, using a variety of methods, over a more extensive period than normal in many parts of academia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u025bst f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8o\u028al\u026az\u0259m l\u02c8i\u02d0dz m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts t\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026as, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259n \u026an di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026al, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz, \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u00f0\u0250n n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8i\u02d0mi\u0259."}, {"text": "In the 1990s and 2000s, calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd z, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u028ct k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts \u0250 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u028cv h\u02cca\u028a \u0250n \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u025a n\u02c8o\u028az w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 h\u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bndz \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026anz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259l t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026aks \u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d."}, {"text": "These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z da\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps, b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u028ct k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and, \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 w\u028ct k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd ba\u026a k\u0259mp\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u026an \u02cc\u025bni k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l, b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l, l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l."}, {"text": "Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures).", "phonemes": "b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259lz b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025az, a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpts \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d ba\u026a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists \"into the field,\" which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called \"fieldwork.\"", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv st\u02c8\u028cdi, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks, p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nt \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n t\u02c8e\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \"\u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld,\" w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b, t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"f\u02c8i\u02d0ldw\u025c\u02d0k.\""}, {"text": "On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026ad, hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025am\u0259nts, d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz, nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025ad \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u00e6z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028a\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz."}, {"text": "Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt ba\u026a \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as, \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u02cc\u028cp \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026am p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.", "phonemes": "hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026am \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u026az d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u028cp \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259nt k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak, \u028cv p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02cc\u028cbd\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0l t\u02c8a\u026aps, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8o\u028aldu\u02d0w\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ma\u028ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02cc\u025bv\u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0292\u0259n h\u02c8\u025blp \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u026an \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6st."}, {"text": "Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025az \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl, s\u02c8\u026ans m\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az \u026az s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259nz \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u02c8a\u026amb\u02c8e\u026ast \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz sp\u02c8e\u026asb\u02c8e\u026ast, \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d, \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Because anthropology developed from so many different enterprises (see History of anthropology), including but not limited to fossil-hunting, exploring, documentary film-making, paleontology, primatology, antiquity dealings and curatorship, philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis, ethnology, history, philosophy, and religious studies, it is difficult to characterize the entire field in a brief article, although attempts to write histories of the entire field have been made.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt f\u0279\u028cm s\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ap\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz s\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259lh\u02c8\u028cnt\u026a\u014b, \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b, d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u026almm\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b, p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028ant\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, p\u0279\u02cca\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd kj\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap, f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s st\u02c8\u028cdiz, \u026a\u027e \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026an \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279iz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0ld h\u0250vb\u026an m\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of \"other cultures\", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies).", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \"\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az\", b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am p\u02c8\u00e6st s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026as n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u02c8\u025bst\u025an s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz."}, {"text": "For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the \"Third World\" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in \"other cultures\" looked for them far away and started to look \"across the tracks\" only in late 1960s.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u02c8\u028clf h\u02c8\u00e6n\u025c\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u0259l \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei: \u02c8\u026a\u014bkw\u025a\u0279iz t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \"\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld\" h\u00e6d h\u0250b\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n; \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8\u026an \"\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az\" l\u02c8\u028akt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u028ak \"\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ks\" \u02c8o\u028anli \u026an l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z."}, {"text": "It is also argued that other fields of study, like History and Sociology, on the contrary focus disproportionately on the West.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u028cv st\u02c8\u028cdi, l\u02c8a\u026ak h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s d\u02cc\u026asp\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n\u0259tli \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "In France, the study of Western societies has been traditionally left to sociologists, but this is increasingly changing, starting in the 1970s from scholars like Isac Chiva and journals like Terrain (\"fieldwork\"), and developing with the center founded by Marc Aug\u00e9 (Le Centre d'anthropologie des mondes contemporains, the Anthropological Research Center of Contemporary Societies).", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li l\u02c8\u025bft t\u0259 s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b, st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z f\u0279\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u026as\u00e6k t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259 \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259lz l\u02c8a\u026ak t\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\"f\u02c8i\u02d0ldw\u025c\u02d0k\", \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0254\u02d0\u0261\u02c8e\u026a l\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a d\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u02c8\u025bs m\u02c8\u0254ndz k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmpo\u02d0\u0279\u02cce\u026anz, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z \u026at h\u0250z b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bt \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n, f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 t\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l lo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6l."}, {"text": "There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0283\u02c8\u026aft t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026ali l\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l; \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026az s\u02c8\u025bt \u026an s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279iz, s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts, \u0261\u02cc\u028cv\u025anm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u02cc\u028cv\u025anm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Agricultural science (or agriscience for short) is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026as\u02cca\u026a\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u026az \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ad\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u00e6t \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt, n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "In the 18th century, Johann Friedrich Mayer conducted experiments on the use of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate) as a fertilizer.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, j\u02c8o\u028ah\u0251\u02d0n f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a\u025a k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u026aps\u0259m ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6lsi\u0259m s\u02c8\u028clfe\u026at \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a."}, {"text": "In 1843, John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert began a set of long-term field experiments at Rothamsted Research in England, some of which are still running as of 2018.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8\u025bn\u026at l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u026alb\u025at b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u00e6mst\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n."}, {"text": "In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term \"agricultural science\".", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u0250 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\"."}, {"text": "The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6kt w\u028cz d\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an n\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nts \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a."}, {"text": "The Smith\u2013Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 hj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u026ats vo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250db\u026an b\u02c8\u026alt."}, {"text": "For the next 44 years after 1906, federal expenditures on agricultural research in the United States outpaced private expenditures.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aks, f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026at\u0283\u025az \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats a\u028atp\u02c8e\u026ast p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026at\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of drought-resistant crops and animals, development of new pesticides, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro cell culture techniques)", "phonemes": "\u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u0279\u02c8a\u028at\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz, j\u02c8i\u02d0lds\u02c8\u025bns\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz, s\u02cc\u026amj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8, \u026anv\u02c8\u026at\u0279o\u028a s\u02c8\u025bl k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks"}, {"text": "Minimizing the effects of pests (weeds, insects, pathogens, mollusks, nematodes) on crop or animal production systems.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv p\u02c8\u025bsts w\u02c8i\u02d0dz, \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts, p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028csks, n\u02c8\u025bm\u0250t\u02cco\u028adz \u02cc\u0254n k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products)", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u025bndk\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b \u028cv d\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts"}, {"text": "Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., soil degradation, waste management, bioremediation)", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6dv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., s\u02c8\u0254\u026al d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8e\u026ast m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt, b\u02cca\u026ao\u028a\u0279\u1d7bm\u02cci\u02d0d\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n"}, {"text": "Traditional agricultural systems, sometimes termed subsistence agriculture, which feed most of the poorest people in the world.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8i\u02d0d m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ast p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than that of industrial agriculture, which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026an\u0259b\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Food production and demand on a global basis, with special attention paid to the major producers, such as China, India, Brazil, the US and the EU.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as, w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8e\u026ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, b\u0279\u0250z\u02c8\u026al, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Various sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment (e.g. soil science, agroclimatology); biology of agricultural crops and animals (e.g. crop science, animal science and their included sciences, e.g. ruminant nutrition, farm animal welfare); such fields as agricultural economics and rural sociology; various disciplines encompassed in agricultural engineering.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. s\u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u0259kl\u02cca\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i; ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l w\u02c8\u025blf\u025b\u0279; s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u00e6z \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i; v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026anz \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259st \u026an \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries Edited by Michelle Adato and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2007), Johns Hopkins University Press Food Policy Report", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, l\u02c8a\u026avlih\u02cc\u028adz, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei: st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u028cv \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kts \u026an s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u026a\u0283\u02c8\u025bl \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 m\u02c8e\u026anz\u0259nd\u02c8\u026ak t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pk\u026anz j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t"}, {"text": "Vavilov Nicolai I. (Starr Chester K. editor), The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u00e6v\u026al\u02cc\u028cv n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026a \u02c8a\u026a. st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bst\u025a k\u02c8e\u026a. \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an, v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026amj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd pl\u02c8\u00e6nts."}, {"text": "Vavilov Nicolai I., World Resources of Cereals, Leguminous Seed Crops and Flax, Academy of Sciences of Urss, National Science Foundation, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1960", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u00e6v\u026al\u02cc\u028cv n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026a \u02c8a\u026a., w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u028cv s\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259lz, l\u025b\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259s s\u02c8i\u02d0d k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u00e6nd fl\u02c8\u00e6ks, \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0s, n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, \u02c8\u026az\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, d\u0292\u025a\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0259l\u0259m n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti"}, {"text": "Alchemy (from Arabic: al-k\u012bmiy\u0101; from Ancient Greek: \u03c7\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, khume\u00eda) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practiced in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak: \u02c8\u00e6lk\u02c8\u026am\u026aj\u0259; f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k: t\u0283\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8\u028aps\u026al\u0259nmj\u02c8u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bps\u026al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0na\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259, kj\u02c8u\u02d0me\u026a\u0259 \u026az \u0250n \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, \u0250 f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028asa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "In its Western form, alchemy is first attested in a number of pseudepigraphical texts written in Greco-Roman Egypt during the first few centuries AD.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u026ats w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv sj\u02ccu\u02d0d\u026ap\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bksts \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028a\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st fj\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Common aims were chrysopoeia, the transmutation of \"base metals\" (e.g., lead) into \"noble metals\" (particularly gold); the creation of an elixir of immortality; and the creation of panaceas able to cure any disease.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8e\u026amz w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0279\u02cc\u026as\u0259p\u02c8o\u028ai\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsmju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \"b\u02c8e\u026as m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz\" \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., l\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \"n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz\" p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald; \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026aks\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u026am\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei; \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02cc\u00e6n\u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259z \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The perfection of the human body and soul was thought to result from the alchemical magnum opus (\"Great Work\").", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028al w\u028cz \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0259m \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259s\"\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\"."}, {"text": "Islamic and European alchemists developed a basic set of laboratory techniques, theories, and terms, some of which are still in use today.", "phonemes": "\u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks, \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "They did not abandon the Ancient Greek philosophical idea that everything is composed of four elements, and they tended to guard their work in secrecy, often making use of cyphers and cryptic symbolism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bsi, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026af\u025az \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u026ak s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "In Europe, the 12th-century translations of medieval Islamic works on science and the rediscovery of Aristotelian philosophy gave birth to a flourishing tradition of Latin alchemy.", "phonemes": "\u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025blf\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u0261\u02c8e\u026av b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u028a \u0250 fl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi."}, {"text": "This late medieval tradition of alchemy would go on to play a significant role in the development of early modern science (particularly chemistry and medicine).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as l\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi w\u028ad \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u02cc\u0254n t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n."}, {"text": "Modern discussions of alchemy are generally split into an examination of its exoteric practical applications and its esoteric spiritual aspects, despite criticisms by scholars such as Eric J. Holmyard and Marie-Louise von Franz that they should be understood as complementary.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li spl\u02c8\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026ats \u025b\u0261zo\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u026ats \u02cc\u025bso\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz ba\u026a sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. h\u02c8o\u028amj\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u00e6nd m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0lu\u02d0w\u02c8i\u02d0z v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad \u00e6z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The former is pursued by historians of the physical sciences, who examine the subject in terms of early chemistry, medicine, and charlatanism, and the philosophical and religious contexts in which these events occurred.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u026az p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0d ba\u026a h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i, m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259t\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0i\u02d0z \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d."}, {"text": "The latter interests historians of esotericism, psychologists, and some philosophers and spiritualists.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bsts h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz \u028cv \u025bs\u02c8o\u028at\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts, \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "The Arabic  in turn was a borrowing of the Late Greek term kh\u0113me\u00eda (), also spelled khumeia () and kh\u0113m\u00eda (), with al- being the Arabic definite article 'the'.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n w\u028cz\u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m k\u02c8\u025bme\u026a\u0259, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a sp\u02c8\u025bld kj\u02c8u\u02d0me\u026a\u0259 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bmi\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6l b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak d\u02c8\u025bf\u026an\u0259t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u00f0\u0259."}, {"text": "Together this association can be interpreted as 'the process of transmutation by which to fuse or reunite with the divine or original form'.", "phonemes": "t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u026as \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv t\u0279\u00e6nsmju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "The first was proposed by Zosimos of Panopolis (3rd\u20134th centuries), who derived it from the name of a book, the Khemeu.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az \u028cv p\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u026at f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u0259v\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bmju\u02d0."}, {"text": "Hermann Diels argued in 1914 that it rather derived from \u03c7\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1, used to describe metallic objects formed by casting.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n d\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8\u028aps\u026al\u0259nmj\u02c8u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259, j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Others trace its roots to the Egyptian name  (hieroglyphic \ud80c\udd8e\ud80c\udd53\ud80c\udfcf\ud80c\ude96  ), meaning 'black earth', which refers to the fertile and auriferous soil of the Nile valley, as opposed to red desert sand.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u026ats \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026am h\u02cca\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259\u0261l\u02c8\u026af\u026ak l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02cc\u028cn\u03b8\u0279\u02cci\u02d0w\u02c8\u028cn\u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8\u0279\u02cci\u02d0w\u02cc\u028cnf\u02c8a\u026av\u03b8\u0279\u02cci\u02d0l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02cc\u028cn\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0279\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bfl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02cc\u028cn\u03b8\u0279\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8u\u02d0n\u02cca\u026ans\u02c8\u026aks, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b bl\u02c8\u00e6k \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259s s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026al v\u02c8\u00e6li, \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at s\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "According to the Egyptologist Wallis Budge, the Arabic word \u02be actually means \"the Egyptian [science]\", borrowing from the Coptic word for \"Egypt\",  (or its equivalent in the Mediaeval Bohairic dialect of Coptic, ).", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast w\u02c8\u0254liz b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \"\u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\", b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt\",  \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l bo\u028ah\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u025bkt \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak,."}, {"text": "The ancient Egyptian word referred to both the country and the colour \"black\" (Egypt was the \"black Land\", by contrast with the \"red Land\", the surrounding desert).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a \"bl\u02c8\u00e6k\" \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \"bl\u02c8\u00e6k l\u02c8\u00e6nd\", ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \"\u0279\u02c8\u025bd l\u02c8\u00e6nd\", \u00f0\u0259 s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at."}, {"text": "Alchemy encompasses several philosophical traditions spanning some four millennia and three continents.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u026al\u02c8\u025bni\u0259 \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nts."}, {"text": "These traditions' general penchant for cryptic and symbolic language makes it hard to trace their mutual influences and \"genetic\" relationships.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 m\u02cce\u026aks \u026at h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u025b\u0279 mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \"d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\" \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps."}, {"text": "One can distinguish at least three major strands, which appear to be mostly independent, at least in their earlier stages: Chinese alchemy, centered in China; Indian alchemy, centered on the Indian subcontinent; and Western alchemy, which occurred around the Mediterranean and whose center shifted over the millennia from Greco-Roman Egypt to the Islamic world, and finally medieval Europe.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn k\u00e6n d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259bi m\u02c8o\u028astli \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt, \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz: t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259; \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n s\u028cbk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt; \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u02ccu\u02d0z s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u026al\u02c8\u025bni\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028a\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "In contrast, Western alchemy developed its philosophical system mostly independent of but influenced by various Western religions.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u026ats f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m m\u02c8o\u028astli \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u028cv b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "It is still an open question whether these three strands share a common origin, or to what extent they influenced each other.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u0250n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0i\u02d0z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 w\u028ct \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "The start of Western alchemy may generally be traced to ancient and Hellenistic Egypt, where the city of Alexandria was a center of alchemical knowledge, and retained its pre-eminence through most of the Greek and Roman periods.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi m\u02c8e\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ast t\u028a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u00e6nd h\u02cc\u025bl\u0259n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259 w\u028cz\u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026and \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u0259ns \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz."}, {"text": "Following the work of Andr\u00e9-Jean Festugi\u00e8re, modern scholars see alchemical practice in the Roman Empire as originating from the Egyptian goldsmith's art, Greek philosophy and different religious traditions.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv \u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u02cc\u025bstu\u02d0d\u0292i\u02c8\u025b\u0279, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u02c8o\u028aldsm\u026a\u03b8z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Tracing the origins of the alchemical art in Egypt is complicated by the pseudepigraphic nature of texts from the Greek alchemical corpus.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sj\u02ccu\u02d0d\u026ap\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bksts f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s."}, {"text": "The treatises of Zosimos of Panopolis, the earliest historically attested author (fl. c. 300 AD), can help in situating the other authors.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az\u1d7bz \u028cv z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az \u028cv p\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a \u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl. s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6d, k\u00e6n h\u02c8\u025blp \u026an s\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az."}, {"text": "Zosimus based his work on that of older alchemical authors, such as Mary the Jewess, Pseudo-Democritus, and Agathodaimon, but very little is known about any of these authors.", "phonemes": "z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u026am\u0259s b\u02c8e\u026ast h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a\u0279 \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u025bs, s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028ad\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259s, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0250\u03b8\u02cc\u0251\u02d0de\u026am\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u02cc\u025bni \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az."}, {"text": "The most complete of their works, The Four Books of Pseudo-Democritus, were probably written in the first century AD.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u028aks \u028cv s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028ad\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259s, w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Recent scholarship tends to emphasize the testimony of Zosimus, who traced the alchemical arts back to Egyptian metallurgical and ceremonial practices.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u028a \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u028cv z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u026am\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n m\u025b\u027e\u0250l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "It has also been argued that early alchemical writers borrowed the vocabulary of Greek philosophical schools but did not implement any of its doctrines in a systematic way.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 vo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6bj\u028al\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz b\u02cc\u028ct d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt \u02cc\u025bni \u028cv \u026ats d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0279\u026anz \u026an \u0250 s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Zosimos explains that the ancient practice of \"tinctures\" (the technical Greek name for the alchemical arts) had been taken over by certain \"demons\" who taught the art only to those who offered them sacrifices.", "phonemes": "z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u028cv \"t\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt\u0283\u025az\" \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k n\u02c8e\u026am f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts h\u0250db\u026an t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025a ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \"d\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nz\" h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Since Zosimos also called the demons \"the guardians of places\" (, ) and those who offered them sacrifices \"priests\" (, ), it is fairly clear that he was referring to the gods of Egypt and their priests.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nz \"\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279di\u0259nz \u028cv pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz\", \u00e6nd \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as\u1d7bz \"p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0sts\",, \u026a\u027e \u026az f\u02c8\u025b\u0279li kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0sts."}, {"text": "While critical of the kind of alchemy he associated with the Egyptian priests and their followers, Zosimos nonetheless saw the tradition's recent past as rooted in the rites of the Egyptian temples.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi hi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025az, z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az n\u02cc\u028cn\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt p\u02c8\u00e6st \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Mythology \u2013 Zosimos of Panopolis asserted that alchemy dated back to Pharaonic Egypt where it was the domain of the priestly class, though there is little to no evidence for his assertion.", "phonemes": "m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az \u028cv p\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 f\u02cc\u00e6\u0279e\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 d\u0259m\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0stli kl\u02c8\u00e6s, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Alchemical writers used Classical figures from Greek, Roman, and Egyptian mythology to illuminate their works and allegorize alchemical transmutation.", "phonemes": "\u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u028a \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u00e6nsmju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "These included the pantheon of gods related to the Classical planets, Isis, Osiris, Jason, and many others.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u026a\u0259n \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ats, \u02c8a\u026as\u026as, o\u028as\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026as, d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259n, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "According to Clement of Alexandria, he wrote what were called the \"forty-two books of Hermes\", covering all fields of knowledge.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at w\u028ct w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 \"f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027eit\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u028aks \u028cv h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z\", k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "The Hermetica of Thrice-Great Hermes is generally understood to form the basis for Western alchemical philosophy and practice, called the hermetic philosophy by its early practitioners.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259 \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi ba\u026a \u026ats \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li p\u0279\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025az."}, {"text": "Technology \u2013 The dawn of Western alchemy is sometimes associated with that of metallurgy, extending back to 3500\u00a0BC.", "phonemes": "t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv m\u025bt\u02c8\u00e6l\u025c\u02d0d\u0292i, \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Many writings were lost when the Roman emperor Diocletian ordered the burning of alchemical books after suppressing a revolt in Alexandria (AD\u00a0292).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0254st w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u025a d\u026a\u0259kl\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u028aks \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028alt \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259 \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Few original Egyptian documents on alchemy have survived, most notable among them the Stockholm papyrus and the Leyden papyrus X. Dating from AD\u00a0250\u2013300, they contained recipes for dyeing and making artificial gemstones, cleaning and fabricating pearls, and manufacturing of imitation gold and silver.", "phonemes": "fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi h\u00e6v s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd, m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kho\u028am p\u0250p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ad\u0259n p\u0250p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u025bks. d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, \u00f0e\u026a k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025bmsto\u028anz, kl\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0lz, \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02cc\u026am\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a."}, {"text": "These writings lack the mystical, philosophical elements of alchemy, but do contain the works of Bolus of Mendes (or Pseudo-Democritus), which aligned these recipes with theoretical knowledge of astrology and the classical elements.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz l\u02c8\u00e6k \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l, f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028al\u0259s \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bndz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028ad\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250l\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Between the time of Bolus and Zosimos, the change took place that transformed this metallurgy into a Hermetic art.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028al\u0259s \u00e6nd z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u026as m\u025bt\u02c8\u00e6l\u025c\u02d0d\u0292i \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Philosophy \u2013 Alexandria acted as a melting pot for philosophies of Pythagoreanism, Platonism, Stoicism and Gnosticism which formed the origin of alchemy's character.", "phonemes": "f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fiz \u028cv p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u0250\u0261\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, pl\u02c8\u00e6t\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, st\u02c8o\u028a\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259miz k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a."}, {"text": "An important example of alchemy's roots in Greek philosophy, originated by Empedocles and developed by Aristotle, was that all things in the universe were formed from only four elements: earth, air, water, and fire.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259miz \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u025bmp\u02c8\u025bd\u0251\u02d0k\u0259lz \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, w\u028cz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026av\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts: \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u02c8\u025b\u0279, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "According to Aristotle, each element had a sphere to which it belonged and to which it would return if left undisturbed.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt h\u00e6d \u0250 sf\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026at b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bd \u00e6nd t\u0259 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026at w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u026af l\u02c8\u025bft \u028cnd\u026ast\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bd."}, {"text": "The four elements of the Greek were mostly qualitative aspects of matter, not quantitative, as our modern elements are; \"...True alchemy never regarded earth, air, water, and fire as corporeal or chemical substances in the present-day sense of the word.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028astli kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av, \u00e6z \u02cca\u028a\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279; \"...t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u02c8\u025b\u0279, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279po\u02d0\u0279\u02cci\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntd\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d."}, {"text": "The four elements are simply the primary, and most general, qualities by means of which the amorphous and purely quantitative substance of all bodies first reveals itself in differentiated form.\"", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026ampli \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz ba\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s \u00e6nd pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279li kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf \u026an d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m.\""}, {"text": "St\u00a0Augustine later affirmed this in the 4th & 5th centuries, but also condemned Trismegistus for idolatry.", "phonemes": "s\u0259nt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \u00f0\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bmd t\u0279\u02c8\u026asm\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026ast\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u0279i."}, {"text": "Most of the Greco-Roman alchemists preceding Zosimos are known only by pseudonyms, such as Moses, Isis, Cleopatra, Democritus, and Ostanes.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028a\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts p\u0279\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8o\u028anli ba\u026a s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028an\u02cc\u026amz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8o\u028as\u1d7bz, \u02c8a\u026as\u026as, kl\u026a\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0279\u0259, d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259s, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ste\u026anz."}, {"text": "After AD\u00a0400, Greek alchemical writers occupied themselves solely in commenting on the works of these predecessors.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz s\u02c8o\u028alli \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bs\u02cc\u025bs\u025az."}, {"text": "It was at that time that Khalid Ibn Yazid sparked its migration from Alexandria to the Islamic world, facilitating the translation and preservation of Greek alchemical texts in the 8th and 9th centuries.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n j\u02c8\u00e6z\u026ad sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u026ats ma\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bksts \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Greek alchemy was preserved in medieval Byzantine manuscripts after the fall of Egypt, and yet historians have only relatively recently begun to pay attention to the study and development of Greek alchemy in the Byzantine period.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi w\u028cz p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026an m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l b\u02c8\u026az\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apts \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt, \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u025bt h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026az\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "A considerable knowledge of metallurgy has been exhibited in a third-century AD text called Arthashastra which provides ingredients of explosives (Agniyoga) and salts extracted from fertile soils and plant remains (Yavakshara) such as saltpetre/nitre, perfume making (different qualities of perfumes are mentioned), granulated (refined) Sugar.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv m\u025bt\u02c8\u00e6l\u025c\u02d0d\u0292i h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ds\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bkst k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0250\u0283\u02cc\u00e6st\u0279\u0259 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259nts \u028cv \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028as\u026avz \u02cc\u00e6\u0261n\u026aj\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0254lts \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u0254\u026alz \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz j\u02cc\u00e6v\u0250k\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u0254ltp\u025b\u027e\u025a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a, p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0fju\u02d0m m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0fju\u02d0mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0261\u025a."}, {"text": "According to some scholars Greek alchemy may have influenced Indian alchemy but there are no hard evidences to back this claim.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns\u1d7bz t\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k \u00f0\u026as kl\u02c8e\u026am."}, {"text": "The 11th-century Persian chemist and physician Ab\u016b Rayh\u0101n B\u012br\u016bn\u012b, who visited Gujarat as part of the court of Mahmud of Ghazni, reported that they", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast \u00e6nd f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ah\u0259n ba\u026a\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ni, h\u02ccu\u02d0 v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0261\u02cc\u028ad\u0292\u0250\u0279\u02c8\u00e6t \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u028cd \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zni, \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a"}, {"text": "The goals of alchemy in India included the creation of a divine body (Sanskrit divya-deham) and immortality while still embodied (Sanskrit j\u012bvan-mukti).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028alz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026an \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at d\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u0259d\u02cci\u02d0h\u02c8\u00e6m \u00e6nd \u026am\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei w\u02cca\u026al st\u02c8\u026al \u025bmb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0did s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at d\u0292\u02c8\u026av\u00e6nm\u02c8\u028ckti."}, {"text": "Sanskrit alchemical texts include much material on the manipulation of mercury and sulphur, that are homologized with the semen of the god \u015aiva and the menstrual blood of the goddess Dev\u012b.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bksts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259n\u02cc\u026apj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028clf\u025a, \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cca\u026azd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d s\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bnst\u0279u\u02d0\u0259l bl\u02c8\u028cd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s d\u026avi."}, {"text": "Some early alchemical writings seem to have their origins in the Kaula tantric schools associated to the teachings of the personality of Matsyendranath.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0279\u026ak sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6ts\u026a\u02cc\u025bnd\u0279\u0250n\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8."}, {"text": "Other early writings are found in the Jaina medical treatise Kaly\u0101\u1e47ak\u0101rakam of Ugr\u0101ditya, written in South India in the early 9th century.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az k\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 \u02c8\u025bl w\u02c8a\u026a \u02cce\u026am\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0250 k\u02c8e\u026a \u02cce\u026am\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 \u02c8\u025bm \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0259, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "In Sanskrit, rasa translates to \"mercury\", and N\u0101g\u0101rjuna Siddha was said to have developed a method of converting mercury into gold.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026ats tu\u02d0 \"m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i\", \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u02ccu\u02d0n\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ad\u0259 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u028cv k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald."}, {"text": "The contents of 39 Sanskrit alchemical treatises have been analysed in detail in G. Jan Meulenbeld's History of Indian Medical Literature.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnts \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az\u1d7bz h\u0250vb\u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cca\u026azd \u026an di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026al \u026an d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6n mj\u02c8u\u02d0l\u0259nb\u02cc\u025bldz h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The discussion of these works in HIML gives a summary of the contents of each work, their special features, and where possible the evidence concerning their dating.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u026an h\u02c8\u026am\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnts \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az, \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Chapter 13 of HIML, Various works on rasa\u015b\u0101stra and ratna\u015b\u0101stra (or Various works on alchemy and gems) gives brief details of a further 655 (six hundred and fifty-five) treatises.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pt\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u028cv h\u02c8\u026am\u0259l, v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250s\u02cc\u00e6st\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6tn\u0250s\u02cc\u00e6st\u0279\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bmz \u0261\u02c8\u026avz b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026alz \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u026aks h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026aftif\u02c8a\u026av t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In some cases Meulenbeld gives notes on the contents and authorship of these works; in other cases references are made only to the unpublished manuscripts of these titles.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz mj\u02c8u\u02d0l\u0259nb\u02cc\u025bld \u0261\u02c8\u026avz n\u02c8o\u028ats \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks; \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ad \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u028cnp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apts \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The content of the Sanskrit alchemical corpus has not yet (2014) been adequately integrated into the wider general history of alchemy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s h\u0259zn\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8\u025bt t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n b\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u00e6d\u026akw\u0259tli \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Much more is known about Islamic alchemy because it was better documented: indeed, most of the earlier writings that have come down through the years were preserved as Arabic translations.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at w\u028cz b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt\u1d7bd: \u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v k\u02c8\u028cm d\u02cca\u028an \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Platonic and Aristotelian thought, which had already been somewhat appropriated into hermetical science, continued to be assimilated during the late 7th and early 8th centuries through Syriac translations and scholarship.", "phonemes": "pl\u00e6t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi b\u02cc\u026an s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259bi \u0250s\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u02cc\u00e6k t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "In the late ninth and early tenth centuries, the Arabic works attributed to J\u0101bir ibn Hayy\u0101n (Latinized as \"Geber\" or \"Geberus\") introduced a new approach to alchemy.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n h\u02c8e\u026aj\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \"d\u0292\u02c8\u025bb\u025a\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"d\u0292\u02c8\u025bb\u025a\u0279\u0259s\"\u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Jabir's ultimate goal was Takwin, the artificial creation of life in the alchemical laboratory, up to, and including, human life.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259t \u0261\u02c8o\u028al w\u028cz t\u02c8\u00e6kw\u026an, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i, \u02c8\u028cp tu\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "He analyzed each Aristotelian element in terms of four basic qualities of hotness, coldness, dryness, and moistness.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tn\u0259s, k\u02c8o\u028aldn\u0259s, d\u0279\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0254\u026astn\u0259s."}, {"text": "Jabir developed an elaborate numerology whereby the root letters of a substance's name in Arabic, when treated with various transformations, held correspondences to the element's physical properties.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u0279 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u0259t n\u02ccu\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u02c8\u025b\u0279ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz n\u02c8e\u026am \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, w\u02cc\u025bn t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, h\u02c8\u025bld k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259ns\u1d7bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "His original system consisted of seven elements, which included the five classical elements (aether, air, earth, fire, and water) in addition to two chemical elements representing the metals: sulphur, \"the stone which burns\", which characterized the principle of combustibility, and mercury, which contained the idealized principle of metallic properties.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0259, \u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz: s\u02c8\u028clf\u025a, \"\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u028an w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv k\u0259mb\u02cc\u028cst\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259la\u026azd p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Shortly thereafter, this evolved into eight elements, with the Arabic concept of the three metallic principles: sulphur giving flammability or combustion, mercury giving volatility and stability, and salt giving solidity.", "phonemes": "\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tli \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a, \u00f0\u026as \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz: s\u02c8\u028clf\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b fl\u02cc\u00e6m\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mb\u02c8\u028cst\u0283\u0259n, m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0250t\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0254lt \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b s\u0259l\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The atomic theory of corpuscularianism, where all physical bodies possess an inner and outer layer of minute particles or corpuscles, also has its origins in the work of Jabir.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv k\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u02c8\u028cskj\u028al\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs \u0250n \u02c8\u026an\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u026an\u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u028csk\u0259lz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u0250z \u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "From the 9th to 14th centuries, alchemical theories faced criticism from a variety of practical Muslim chemists, including Alkindus, Ab\u016b al-Rayh\u0101n al-B\u012br\u016bn\u012b, Avicenna and Ibn Khaldun.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz f\u02c8e\u026asd k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am k\u02c8\u025bm\u026asts, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026and\u0259s, \u0250b\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0279\u02c8e\u026ah\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lba\u026a\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ni, \u02c8\u00e6va\u026as\u0259n\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ld\u028cn."}, {"text": "From the 14th century onwards, many materials and practices originally belonging to Indian alchemy (Rasayana) were assimilated in the Persian texts written by Muslim scholars.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u025adz, m\u02c8\u025bni m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u0279\u02cc\u00e6se\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bksts \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az."}, {"text": "Researchers have found evidence that Chinese alchemists and philosophers discovered complex mathematical phenomena that were shared with Arab alchemists during the medieval period.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az h\u00e6v f\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "Discovered in BC China, the \"magic square of three\" was propagated to followers of Ab\u016b M\u016bs\u0101 J\u0101bir ibn \u1e24ayy\u0101n at some point over the proceeding several hundred years.", "phonemes": "d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 \"m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\" w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025az \u028cv \u0250b\u02c8u\u02d0 mj\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8u\u02d0f\u02c8a\u026av \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026a w\u02c8a\u026a \u02cce\u026am\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bn \u00e6t s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Other commonalities shared between the two alchemical schools of thought include discrete naming for ingredients and heavy influence from the natural elements.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t n\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259nts \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bvi \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "The silk road provided a clear path for the exchange of goods, ideas, ingredients, religion, and many other aspects of life with which alchemy is intertwined.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026alk \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0250 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028adz, a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z, \u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259nts, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026az \u02cc\u026ant\u025atw\u02c8a\u026and."}, {"text": "Whereas European alchemy eventually centered on the transmutation of base metals into noble metals, Chinese alchemy had a more obvious connection to medicine.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsmju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02c8e\u026as m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi h\u00e6d \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bvi\u0259s k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n."}, {"text": "The philosopher's stone of European alchemists can be compared to the Grand Elixir of Immortality sought by Chinese alchemists.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az st\u02c8o\u028an \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026aks\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u026am\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t ba\u026a t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "In the hermetic view, these two goals were not unconnected, and the philosopher's stone was often equated with the universal panacea; therefore, the two traditions may have had more in common than initially appears.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak vj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8o\u028alz w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u028c\u014bk\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az st\u02c8o\u028an w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026akw\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l p\u02cc\u00e6n\u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259; \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v h\u00e6d m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u00f0\u0250n \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "As early as 317 AD, Ge Hong documented the use of metals, minerals, and elixirs in early Chinese medicine.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026aks\u025az \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n."}, {"text": "Hong identified three ancient Chinese documents, titled Scripture of Great Clarity, Scripture of the Nine Elixirs, and Scripture of the Golden Liquor, as texts containing fundamental alchemical information.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts, t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026aks\u025az, \u00e6nd sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n l\u02c8\u026ak\u025a, \u00e6z t\u02c8\u025bksts k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "He also described alchemy, along with meditation, as the sole spiritual practices that could allow one to gain immortality or to transcend.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026an \u026am\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u025bnd."}, {"text": "In his work Inner Chapters of the Book of the Master Who Embraces Spontaneous Nature (317 AD), Hong argued that alchemical solutions such as elixirs were preferable to traditional medicinal treatment due to the spiritual protection they could provide.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u02c8\u026an\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pt\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u025bmb\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz sp\u0251\u02d0nt\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259s n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026aks\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u0259d\u02c8\u026as\u026an\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00f0e\u026a k\u028ad p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "In the centuries following Ge Hong's death, the emphasis placed on alchemy as a spiritual practice among Chinese Daoists was reduced.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bz d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6z \u0250 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z d\u02c8a\u028a\u026asts w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st."}, {"text": "In 499 AD, Tao Hongjing refuted Hong's statement that alchemy is as important a spiritual practice as Shangqing meditation.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u00e6d, t\u02c8a\u028a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bd\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bz st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026az \u00e6z \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u0250 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u00e6z \u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "While Hongjing did not deny the power of alchemical elixirs to grant immortality or provide divine protection, he ultimately found the Scripture of the Nine Elixirs to be ambiguous and spiritually unfulfilling, aiming to implement more accessible practicing techniques.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bd\u0292\u026a\u014b d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026aks\u025az t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt \u026am\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026aks\u025az t\u0259bi \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259li \u028cnf\u028alf\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b, \u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6ks\u02c8\u025bs\u0259b\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "In the early 700s, Neidan (also known as internal alchemy) was adopted by Daoists as a new form of alchemy.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad z, n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi w\u028cz \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd ba\u026a d\u02c8a\u028a\u026asts \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Neidan emphasized appeasing the inner gods that inhabit the human body by practicing alchemy with compounds found in the body, rather than the mixing of natural resources that was emphasized in early Dao alchemy.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026azd \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026an\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u00f0\u00e6t \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026aks\u026a\u014b \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026azd \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li d\u02c8a\u028a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi."}, {"text": "For example, saliva was often considered nourishment for the inner gods and did not require any conscious alchemical reaction to produce.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, s\u0259l\u02c8a\u026av\u0259 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026an\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u00e6nd d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259s \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "The inner gods were not thought of as physical presences occupying each person, but rather a collection of deities that are each said to represent and protect a specific body part or region.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026an\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u028cv \u00e6z f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259tiz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Although those who practiced Neidan prioritized meditation over external alchemical strategies, many of the same elixirs and constituents from previous Daoist alchemical schools of thought continued to be utilized in tandem with meditation.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259n p\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02cca\u026azd m\u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292iz, m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026aks\u025az \u00e6nd k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s d\u02c8a\u028a\u026ast \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259bi j\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02cca\u026azd \u026an t\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Eternal life remained a consideration for Neidan alchemists, as it was believed that one would become immortal if an inner god were to be immortalized within them through spiritual fulfillment.", "phonemes": "\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026af \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u0250 k\u0259ns\u02cc\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts, \u00e6z \u026at w\u028cz b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6tw\u02cc\u028cn w\u028ad b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u026am\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259l \u026af \u0250n \u02c8\u026an\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259bi \u026am\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l f\u028alf\u02c8\u026alm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Described in 9th-century texts and used in fireworks in China by the 10th century, it was used in cannons by 1290.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i t\u02c8\u025bksts \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an f\u02c8a\u026a\u025aw\u025c\u02d0ks \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u026at w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259nz ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti."}, {"text": "Chinese alchemy was closely connected to Taoist forms of traditional Chinese medicine, such as Acupuncture and Moxibustion.", "phonemes": "t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi w\u028cz kl\u02c8o\u028asli k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 t\u02c8a\u028a\u026ast f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0p\u02cc\u028c\u014bkt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ab\u02cc\u028cst\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In the early Song dynasty, followers of this Taoist idea (chiefly the elite and upper class) would ingest mercuric sulfide, which, though tolerable in low levels, led many to suicide.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li s\u02c8\u0254\u014b d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250sti, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025az \u028cv \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u028a\u026ast a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0fli \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cp\u025a kl\u02c8\u00e6s w\u028ad \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bst m\u025c\u02d0kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak s\u02c8\u028clfa\u026ad, w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u026an l\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz, l\u02c8\u025bd m\u02c8\u025bni t\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as\u02cca\u026ad."}, {"text": "Thinking that this consequential death would lead to freedom and access to the Taoist heavens, the ensuing deaths encouraged people to eschew this method of alchemy in favor of external sources (the aforementioned Tai Chi Chuan, mastering of the qi, etc.)", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 w\u028ad l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u028a\u026ast h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nz, \u00f0\u026a \u025bns\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8s \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292d p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u028a \u1d7bst\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026an f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u0250f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd ta\u026at\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0283j\u02c8u\u02d0\u00e6n, m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u026a, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The introduction of alchemy to Latin Europe may be dated to 11 February 1144, with the completion of Robert of Chester's translation of the  (\"Book on the Composition of Alchemy\") from an Arabic work attributed to Khalid ibn Yazid.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u025bst\u025az t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259\"b\u02c8\u028ak \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi\"f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n j\u02c8\u00e6z\u026ad."}, {"text": "Although European craftsmen and technicians pre-existed, Robert notes in his preface that alchemy (here still referring to the elixir rather than to the art itself) was unknown in Latin Europe at the time of his writing.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ftsm\u025bn \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at n\u02c8o\u028ats \u026an h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0259s \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026aks\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf w\u028cz \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an \u026an l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv h\u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The translation of Arabic texts concerning numerous disciplines including alchemy flourished in 12th-century Toledo, Spain, through contributors like Gerard of Cremona and Adelard of Bath.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bksts k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026anz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi fl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283t \u026an tw\u02c8\u025blf\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i t\u0251\u02d0l\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, sp\u02c8e\u026an, \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u025az l\u02c8a\u026ak d\u0292\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv k\u0279\u025bm\u02c8o\u028an\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0250d\u02c8\u025bl\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv b\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8."}, {"text": "Translations of the time included the Turba Philosophorum, and the works of Avicenna and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6va\u026as\u0259n\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u0259h\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n z\u02c8\u00e6k\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u026aj\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0279\u02c8e\u026azi."}, {"text": "These brought with them many new words to the European vocabulary for which there was no previous Latin equivalent.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm m\u02c8\u025bni n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n vo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6bj\u028al\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Meanwhile, theologian contemporaries of the translators made strides towards the reconciliation of faith and experimental rationalism, thereby priming Europe for the influx of alchemical thought.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8i\u02d0nwa\u026al, \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025az m\u02cce\u026ad st\u0279\u02c8a\u026adz t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259ns\u02cc\u026al\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00f0\u025b\u0279b\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u014b j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anfl\u028cks \u028cv \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t."}, {"text": "The 11th-century St\u00a0Anselm put forth the opinion that faith and rationalism were compatible and encouraged rationalism in a Christian context.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025blm p\u02cc\u028at f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00f0\u026a \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00e6nd \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292d \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst."}, {"text": "In the early 12th century, Peter Abelard followed Anselm's work, laying down the foundation for acceptance of Aristotelian thought before the first works of Aristotle had reached the West.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025blf\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025blmz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k, l\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259ns \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l h\u00e6d \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "In the early 13th century, Robert Grosseteste used Abelard's methods of analysis and added the use of observation, experimentation, and conclusions when conducting scientific investigations.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u026at\u02cc\u025bst j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz w\u025bn k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u026a\u014b sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u026anv\u02cc\u025bst\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Through much of the 12th and 13th centuries, alchemical knowledge in Europe remained centered on translations, and new Latin contributions were not made.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025blf\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u02cc\u0254n t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "In the 13th century, Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon were the most notable of these, their work summarizing and explaining the newly imported alchemical knowledge in Aristotelian terms.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259s m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a b\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u026an \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz."}, {"text": "Albertus Magnus, a Dominican friar, is known to have written works such as the Book of Minerals where he observed and commented on the operations and theories of alchemical authorities like Hermes and Democritus and unnamed alchemists of his time.", "phonemes": "\u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259s m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0259s, \u0250 d\u0259m\u02c8\u026an\u026ak\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u028cv \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz l\u02c8a\u026ak h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259s \u00e6nd \u028cnn\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts \u028cv h\u026az t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Albertus critically compared these to the writings of Aristotle and Avicenna, where they concerned the transmutation of metals.", "phonemes": "\u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259s k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026akli k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6va\u026as\u0259n\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsmju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "From the time shortly after his death through to the 15th century, more than 28 alchemical tracts were misattributed to him, a common practice giving rise to his reputation as an accomplished alchemist.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kts w\u025c\u02d0 m\u026as\u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am, \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 h\u026az \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250n \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283t \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "Roger Bacon, a Franciscan friar who wrote on a wide variety of topics including optics, comparative linguistics, and medicine, composed his Great Work () for  as part of a project towards rebuilding the medieval university curriculum to include the new learning of his time.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a b\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n, \u0250 f\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026ask\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026aks \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026aks, k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n, k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd h\u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei k\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u0259m t\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv h\u026az t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "While alchemy was not more important to him than other sciences and he did not produce allegorical works on the topic, he did consider it and astrology to be important parts of both natural philosophy and theology and his contributions advanced alchemy's connections to soteriology and Christian theology.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak, hi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u026at \u00e6nd \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u0259bi \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00e6nd \u03b8\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd h\u026az k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259miz k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 so\u028at\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Like the Greeks before him, Bacon acknowledged the division of alchemy into practical and theoretical spheres.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u026am, b\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u02cc\u026ant\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l sf\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "He noted that the theoretical lay outside the scope of Aristotle, the natural philosophers, and all Latin writers of his time.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8e\u026a a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8o\u028ap \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az \u028cv h\u026az t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "The practical confirmed the theoretical, and Bacon advocated its uses in natural science and medicine.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l, \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026an n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n."}, {"text": "In particular, along with Albertus Magnus, he was credited with the forging of a brazen head capable of answering its owner's questions.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259s m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0259s, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0259v\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u0259n h\u02c8\u025bd k\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an\u025az kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Soon after Bacon, the influential work of Pseudo-Geber (sometimes identified as Paul of Taranto) appeared.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bb\u025a s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv t\u00e6\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nto\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d."}, {"text": "His Summa Perfectionis remained a staple summary of alchemical practice and theory through the medieval and renaissance periods.", "phonemes": "h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cm\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026as \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz."}, {"text": "It was notable for its inclusion of practical chemical operations alongside sulphur-mercury theory, and the unusual clarity with which they were described.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad s\u02c8\u028clf\u025am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd."}, {"text": "Adepts believed in the macrocosm-microcosm theories of Hermes, that is to say, they believed that processes that affect minerals and other substances could have an effect on the human body (for example, if one could learn the secret of purifying gold, one could use the technique to purify the human soul).", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u025bpts b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0z\u0259mm\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0z\u0259m \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u028cv h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z, \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az t\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026a, \u00f0e\u026a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz k\u02cc\u028ad\u0250v \u0250n \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026af w\u02c8\u028cn k\u028ad l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt \u028cv pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald, w\u02c8\u028cn k\u028ad j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u0259 pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "They believed in the four elements and the four qualities as described above, and they had a strong tradition of cloaking their written ideas in a labyrinth of coded jargon set with traps to mislead the uninitiated.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6z d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u0259b\u02c8\u028cv, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv kl\u02c8o\u028ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an\u03b8 \u028cv k\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bt w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ps t\u0259 m\u026asl\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cn\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Finally, the alchemists practiced their art: they actively experimented with chemicals and made observations and theories about how the universe operated.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t: \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026avli \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259lz \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026av\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Their entire philosophy revolved around their belief that man's soul was divided within himself after the fall of Adam.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u00e6nz s\u02c8o\u028al w\u028cz d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m."}, {"text": "In the 14th century, alchemy became more accessible to Europeans outside the confines of Latin speaking churchmen and scholars.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6ks\u02c8\u025bs\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259nz a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8a\u026anz \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283m\u025bn \u00e6nd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az."}, {"text": "Alchemical discourse shifted from scholarly philosophical debate to an exposed social commentary on the alchemists themselves.", "phonemes": "\u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u026asko\u02d0\u0279s \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025ali f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026at t\u028a \u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028azd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nt\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz."}, {"text": "Dante, Piers Plowman, and Chaucer all painted unflattering pictures of alchemists as thieves and liars.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nte\u026a, p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z pl\u02c8a\u028am\u0259n, \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8e\u026ant\u1d7bd \u028cnfl\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6z \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "Pope John XXII's 1317 edict, Spondent quas non-exhibent forbade the false promises of transmutation made by pseudo-alchemists.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8o\u028ap d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8i\u02d0d\u026akt, sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259nt kw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025b\u0261z\u02c8a\u026ab\u0259nt f\u025ab\u02c8e\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254ls p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv t\u0279\u00e6nsmju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028a\u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "Roman Catholic Inquisitor General Nicholas Eymerich's Directorium Inquisitorum, written in 1376, associated alchemy with the performance of demonic rituals, which Eymerich differentiated from magic performed in accordance with scripture.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak \u02c8\u026a\u014bkw\u026as\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u0259s \u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026at\u0283\u026az d\u1d7b\u0279\u026akt\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259m \u02cc\u026a\u014bkw\u026as\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259m, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u028cv di\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259lz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "This did not, however, lead to any change in the Inquisition's monitoring or prosecution of alchemists.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as d\u026adn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u028a \u02cc\u025bni t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026a\u014bkw\u026as\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "In 1403, Henry IV of England banned the practice of multiplying metals (although it was possible to buy a licence to attempt to make gold alchemically, and a number were granted by Henry VI and Edward IV).", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd b\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u028cv m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026at w\u028cz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026as\u0259ns t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli, \u00e6nd \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "These critiques and regulations centered more around pseudo-alchemical charlatanism than the actual study of alchemy, which continued with an increasingly Christian tone.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028a\u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259t\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "The 14th century saw the Christian imagery of death and resurrection employed in the alchemical texts of Petrus Bonus, John of Rupescissa, and in works written in the name of Raymond Lull and Arnold of Villanova.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u0279i \u028cv d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bksts \u028cv p\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259s b\u02c8o\u028an\u0259s, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u028cv \u0279\u02ccu\u02d0p\u026as\u02c8\u026as\u0259, \u00e6nd \u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv \u0279\u02c8e\u026am\u0259nd l\u02c8\u028cl \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u0259ld \u028cv v\u02cc\u026al\u0250n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259."}, {"text": "Although the historical Flamel existed, the writings and legends assigned to him only appeared in 1612.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l fl\u02c8e\u026aml \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259ndz \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "Flamel was not a religious scholar as were many of his predecessors, and his entire interest in the subject revolved around the pursuit of the philosopher's stone.", "phonemes": "fl\u02c8e\u026aml w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bs\u02cc\u025bs\u025az, \u00e6nd h\u026az \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az st\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "His work spends a great deal of time describing the processes and reactions, but never actually gives the formula for carrying out the transmutations.", "phonemes": "h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k sp\u02c8\u025bndz \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8i\u02d0l \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsmju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Most of 'his' work was aimed at gathering alchemical knowledge that had existed before him, especially as regarded the philosopher's stone.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026amd \u00e6t \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u026am, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u00e6z \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az st\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "Through the 14th and 15th centuries, alchemists were much like Flamel: they concentrated on looking for the philosophers' stone.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n\u03b8 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8a\u026ak fl\u02c8e\u026aml: \u00f0e\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az st\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "A common idea in European alchemy in the medieval era was a metaphysical \"Homeric chain of wise men that link[ed] heaven and earth\" that included ancient pagan philosophers and other important historical figures.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u026an j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 w\u028cz\u0250 m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \"ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv w\u02c8a\u026az m\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u02c8\u025bd h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\" \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt p\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259n f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az."}, {"text": "In the late 15th century, Marsilio Ficino translated the Corpus Hermeticum and the works of Plato into Latin.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, m\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cco\u028a f\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026at\u02cc\u026ak\u0259m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u028a l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an."}, {"text": "These were previously unavailable to Europeans who for the first time had a full picture of the alchemical theory that Bacon had declared absent.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli \u028cn\u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259nz h\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am h\u00e6d \u0250 f\u02c8\u028al p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n h\u00e6d d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Renaissance Humanism and Renaissance Neoplatonism guided alchemists away from physics to refocus on mankind as the alchemical vessel.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028apl\u02c8\u00e6t\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n m\u00e6\u014bk\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l v\u02c8\u025bs\u0259l."}, {"text": "Esoteric systems developed that blended alchemy into a broader occult Hermeticism, fusing it with magic, astrology, and Christian cabala.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bso\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00f0\u00e6t bl\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u0259k\u02c8\u028clt h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, fj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026at w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak, \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259."}, {"text": "A key figure in this development was German Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486\u20131535), who received his Hermetic education in Italy in the schools of the humanists.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u00f0\u026as d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt w\u028cz d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026an\u0279\u026at\u0283 k\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ap\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd h\u026az h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0250n\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "Paracelsus (Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, 1493\u20131541) cast alchemy into a new form, rejecting some of Agrippa's occultism and moving away from chrysopoeia.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u025bls\u0259s f\u02c8\u026al\u026ap\u0259s \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u02c8o\u028al\u0259s \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u0259s b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u00e6st\u0259s v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n h\u02c8o\u028ah\u0259nh\u02cca\u026am, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u00e6st \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ap\u0259z \u0259k\u02c8\u028clt\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm k\u0279\u02cc\u026as\u0259p\u02c8o\u028ai\u0259."}, {"text": "Paracelsus pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine and wrote, \"Many have said of Alchemy, that it is for the making of gold and silver.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u025bls\u0259s pa\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259lz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz \u026an m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028at, \"m\u02c8\u025bni h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a."}, {"text": "His hermetical views were that sickness and health in the body relied on the harmony of man the microcosm and Nature the macrocosm.", "phonemes": "h\u026az h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l vj\u02c8u\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u026akn\u0259s \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026ad \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ni \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0z\u0259m \u00e6nd n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0z\u0259m."}, {"text": "He took an approach different from those before him, using this analogy not in the manner of soul-purification but in the manner that humans must have certain balances of minerals in their bodies, and that certain illnesses of the body had chemical remedies that could cure them.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028ak \u0250n \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0o\u028az b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u026am, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292i n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028alpj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz m\u02c8\u028cst\u0250v s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u02c8\u026aln\u0259s\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di h\u00e6d k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bm\u0259diz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "Although better known for angel summoning, divination, and his role as astrologer, cryptographer, and consultant to Queen Elizabeth", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cm\u0259n\u026a\u014b, d\u1d7bv\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd h\u026az \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad\u0292\u025a, k\u0279\u026apt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a, \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u0259nt t\u0259 kw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026az\u0259b\u0259\u03b8"}, {"text": "His writing portrayed alchemy as a sort of terrestrial astronomy in line with the Hermetic axiom As above so below.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026an l\u02c8a\u026an w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026a\u0259m \u00e6z \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv s\u02cco\u028a b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "During the 17th century, a short-lived \"supernatural\" interpretation of alchemy became popular, including support by fellows of the Royal Society: Robert Boyle and Elias Ashmole.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tl\u02c8\u026avd \"s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025an\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l\" \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t ba\u026a f\u02c8\u025blo\u028az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei: \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at b\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6\u0283mo\u028al."}, {"text": "Proponents of the supernatural interpretation of alchemy believed that the philosopher's stone might be used to summon and communicate with angels.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025an\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az st\u02c8o\u028an m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Alchemists were contracted by the elite for practical purposes related to mining, medical services, and the production of chemicals, medicines, metals, and gemstones.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8i\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b, m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259lz, m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259nz, m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bmsto\u028anz."}, {"text": "Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, in the late 16th century, famously received and sponsored various alchemists at his court in Prague, including Dee and his associate Edward Kelley.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0251\u02d0lf \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0, h\u02c8o\u028ali \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u025a, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259sli \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025ad v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6t h\u026az k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd h\u026az \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad k\u02c8\u025bli."}, {"text": "King James IV of Scotland, Julius, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, Augustus, Elector of Saxony, Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, and Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel all contracted alchemists.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tl\u0259nd, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u0259s, d\u02c8u\u02d0k \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u028cnsw\u026akl\u02c8u\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261, h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i v\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u02c8u\u02d0k \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u028cnsw\u026akl\u02c8u\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u028cst\u0259s, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259ni, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u025bt\u0283t\u025a v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n m\u02c8\u025bsp\u026alb\u0279\u02cc\u028cn, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as, l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0261\u0279e\u026av \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bsk\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "John's son Arthur Dee worked as a court physician to Michael I of Russia and Charles I of England but also compiled the alchemical book Fasciculus Chemicus.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u025a d\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l a\u026a \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz a\u026a \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259mp\u02c8a\u026ald \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u028ak f\u00e6s\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u0259s k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259s."}, {"text": "Although most of these appointments were legitimate, the trend of pseudo-alchemical fraud continued through the Renaissance.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026antm\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0 l\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bm\u0259t, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028a\u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns."}, {"text": "Legitimate mystical and medical alchemists such as Michael Maier and Heinrich Khunrath wrote about fraudulent transmutations, distinguishing themselves from the con artists.", "phonemes": "l\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bm\u0259t m\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026a\u0259\u025a \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026an\u0279\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u028cn\u0279\u00e6\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l\u0259nt t\u0279\u00e6nsmju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts."}, {"text": "The terms \"chemia\" and \"alchemia\" were used as synonyms in the early modern period, and the differences between alchemy, chemistry and small-scale assaying and metallurgy were not as neat as in the present day.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \"k\u02c8\u025bmi\u0259\" \u00e6nd \"\u00e6lk\u02c8i\u02d0mi\u0259\" w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z s\u02c8\u026an\u0259n\u02cc\u026amz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u00e6nd sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lsk\u02c8e\u026al \u0250s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd m\u025bt\u02c8\u00e6l\u025c\u02d0d\u0292i w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6z n\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "There were important overlaps between practitioners, and trying to classify them into alchemists, chemists and craftsmen is anachronistic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u00e6ps b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n p\u0279\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025az, \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts, k\u02c8\u025bm\u026asts \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ftsm\u025bn \u026az \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250k\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak."}, {"text": "For example, Tycho Brahe (1546\u20131601), an alchemist better known for his astronomical and astrological investigations, had a laboratory built at his Uraniborg observatory/research institute.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, t\u02c8a\u026ako\u028a b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0h w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026ast b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u0250st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0250st\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u026anv\u02cc\u025bst\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, h\u00e6d \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i b\u02c8\u026alt \u00e6t h\u026az j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0250n\u02cc\u026abo\u02d0\u0279\u0261 \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Michael Sendivogius (Micha\u0142 S\u0119dziw\u00f3j, 1566\u20131636), a Polish alchemist, philosopher, medical doctor and pioneer of chemistry wrote mystical works but is also credited with distilling oxygen in a lab sometime around 1600.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l s\u02cc\u025bnd\u026av\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u026a\u0259s m\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l s\u025bdz\u02c8i\u02d0w\u0251\u02d0d\u0292, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, \u0250 p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026ast, f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a, m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a \u00e6nd pa\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u0279\u02c8o\u028at m\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6b s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026am \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad."}, {"text": "Isaac Newton devoted considerably more of his writing to the study of alchemy (see Isaac Newton's occult studies) than he did to either optics or physics.", "phonemes": "\u02c8a\u026as\u0259k n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0259n d\u026av\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259bli m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv h\u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026as\u0259k n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0259nz \u0259k\u02c8\u028clt st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u00f0\u0250n hi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026aks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks."}, {"text": "Other early modern alchemists who were eminent in their other studies include Robert Boyle, and Jan Baptist van Helmont.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u0259nt \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at b\u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6n b\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026ast v\u02c8\u00e6n h\u02c8\u025blm\u0254nt."}, {"text": "Their Hermeticism complemented rather than precluded their practical achievements in medicine and science.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n p\u0279\u026akl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u026an m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The decline of European alchemy was brought about by the rise of modern science with its emphasis on rigorous quantitative experimentation and its disdain for \"ancient wisdom\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi w\u028cz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0250b\u02cca\u028at ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259s kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026ats d\u026asd\u02c8e\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt w\u02c8\u026azd\u0259m\"."}, {"text": "Although the seeds of these events were planted as early as the 17th century, alchemy still flourished for some two hundred years, and in fact may have reached its peak in the 18th century.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts w\u025c\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi st\u02c8\u026al fl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00e6nd \u026an f\u02c8\u00e6kt m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u026ats p\u02c8i\u02d0k \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "As late as 1781 James Price claimed to have produced a powder that could transmute mercury into silver or gold.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z l\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as kl\u02c8e\u026amd t\u0259 h\u00e6v p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0250 p\u02c8a\u028ad\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad t\u0279\u00e6nsmj\u02c8u\u02d0t m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald."}, {"text": "Early modern European alchemy continued to exhibit a diversity of theories, practices, and purposes: \"Scholastic and anti-Aristotelian, Paracelsian and anti-Paracelsian, Hermetic, Neoplatonic, mechanistic, vitalistic, and more\u2014plus virtually every combination and compromise thereof.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026at \u0250 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz, p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz: \"sk\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026asto\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n, p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u025blsi\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026ap\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u025blsi\u0259n, h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak, n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028apl\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak, m\u02cc\u025bk\u0250n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak, v\u02cca\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u2014pl\u02c8\u028cs v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v."}, {"text": "Boyle would note the place in which the experiment was carried out, the wind characteristics, the position of the Sun and Moon, and the barometer reading, all just in case they proved to be relevant.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u0254\u026al w\u028ad n\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt w\u028cz k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02c8a\u028at, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026and k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u026an k\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259bi \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259nt."}, {"text": "This approach eventually led to the founding of modern chemistry in the 18th and 19th centuries, based on revolutionary discoveries and ideas of Lavoisier and John Dalton.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279iz \u00e6nd a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u028cv l\u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026azi\u025a \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n d\u02c8\u0254lt\u0259n."}, {"text": "Beginning around 1720, a rigid distinction began to be drawn for the first time between \"alchemy\" and \"chemistry\".", "phonemes": "b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ad d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259bi d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \"\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi\" \u00e6nd \"k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i\"."}, {"text": "By the 1740s, \"alchemy\" was now restricted to the realm of gold making, leading to the popular belief that alchemists were charlatans, and the tradition itself nothing more than a fraud.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei z, \"\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi\" w\u028cz n\u02c8a\u028a \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025blm \u028cv \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts w\u025c\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259t\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d."}, {"text": "In order to protect the developing science of modern chemistry from the negative censure to which alchemy was being subjected, academic writers during the 18th-century scientific Enlightenment attempted, for the sake of survival, to divorce and separate the \"new\" chemistry from the \"old\" practices of alchemy.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av s\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u025a t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi w\u028cz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt\u1d7bd, \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u025bnl\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329m\u0259nt \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak \u028cv s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l, t\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t \u00f0\u0259 \"n\u02c8u\u02d0\" k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8o\u028ald\" p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi."}, {"text": "This move was mostly successful, and the consequences of this continued into the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8u\u02d0v w\u028cz m\u02c8o\u028astli s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv \u00f0\u026as k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8, tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "During the occult revival of the early 19th century, alchemy received new attention as an occult science.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0259k\u02c8\u028clt \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250n \u0259k\u02c8\u028clt s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The esoteric or occultist school, which arose during the 19th century, held (and continues to hold) the view that the substances and operations mentioned in alchemical literature are to be interpreted in a spiritual sense, and it downplays the role of the alchemy as a practical tradition or protoscience.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bso\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259lt\u02cc\u026ast sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u028az d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, h\u02c8\u025bld \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z t\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028ald \u00f0\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd \u026an \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259bi \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bns, \u00e6nd \u026at d\u02c8a\u028anple\u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02cca\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "This interpretation further forwarded the view that alchemy is an art primarily concerned with spiritual enlightenment or illumination, as opposed to the physical manipulation of apparatus and chemicals, and claims that the obscure language of the alchemical texts were an allegorical guise for spiritual, moral or mystical processes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l \u025bnl\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329m\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026al\u02ccu\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l m\u0259n\u02cc\u026apj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259lz, \u00e6nd kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u0259bskj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bksts w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0261\u02c8a\u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l, m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In the 19th-century revival of alchemy, the two most seminal figures were Mary Anne Atwood and Ethan Allen Hitchcock, who independently published similar works regarding spiritual alchemy.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8\u00e6tw\u028ad \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n h\u02c8\u026at\u0283k\u0251\u02d0k, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Both forwarded a completely esoteric view of alchemy, as Atwood claimed: \"No modern art or chemistry, notwithstanding all its surreptitious claims, has any thing in common with Alchemy.\"", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad\u1d7bd \u0250 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u02cc\u025bso\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6tw\u028ad kl\u02c8e\u026amd: \"n\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0tw\u026a\u00f0st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026ats s\u025a\u0279\u026apt\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259s kl\u02c8e\u026amz, h\u0250z \u02cc\u025bni \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi.\""}, {"text": "Atwood's work influenced subsequent authors of the occult revival including Eliphas Levi, Arthur Edward Waite, and Rudolf Steiner.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6tw\u028adz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0259k\u02c8\u028clt \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026af\u0259z l\u02c8\u025bvi, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad w\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0251\u02d0lf st\u02c8a\u026an\u025a."}, {"text": "Hitchcock, in his Remarks Upon Alchymists (1855) attempted to make a case for his spiritual interpretation with his claim that the alchemists wrote about a spiritual discipline under a materialistic guise in order to avoid accusations of blasphemy from the church and state.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u026at\u0283k\u0251\u02d0k, \u026an h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6lt\u0283\u026am\u02cc\u026asts w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250 k\u02c8e\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u0250 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0261\u02c8a\u026az \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u02cc\u00e6kju\u02d0z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv bl\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0259mi f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6nd st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "In 1845, Baron Carl Reichenbach, published his studies on Odic force, a concept with some similarities to alchemy, but his research did not enter the mainstream of scientific discussion.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ax\u0259nb\u02cc\u0251\u02d0x, p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t h\u026az st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s, \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u025bnt\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026anst\u0279i\u02d0m \u028cv sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1946, Louis Cattiaux published the Message Retrouv\u00e9, a work that was at once philosophical, mystical and highly influenced by alchemy.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, l\u02c8u\u02d0i k\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u026a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ks p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028aju\u02d0v\u02c8e\u026a, \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz \u0250tw\u02c8\u028cns f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l, m\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026ali \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi."}, {"text": "In his lineage, many researchers, including Emmanuel and Charles d'Hooghvorst, are updating alchemical studies in France and Belgium.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292, m\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026am\u02c8\u00e6nu\u02d0l \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz d\u0259h\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261vo\u02d0\u0279st, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cpd\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bld\u0292\u0259m."}, {"text": "Michael Maier names four women who were able to make the philosophers' stone: Mary the Jewess, Cleopatra the Alchemist, Medera, and Taphnutia.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026a\u0259\u025a n\u02c8e\u026amz f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u026am\u026an h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az st\u02c8o\u028an: m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u025bs, kl\u026a\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0279\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026ast, m\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6fnu\u02d0\u0283\u0259."}, {"text": "Zosimos' sister Theosebia (later known as Euthica the Arab) and Isis the Prophetess also played roles in early alchemical texts.", "phonemes": "z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0bi\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\u026ak\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026as\u026as \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026at\u02cc\u025bs \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0279\u02c8o\u028alz \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bksts."}, {"text": "Early sources claim that Mary (or Maria) devised a number of improvements to alchemical equipment and tools as well as novel techniques in chemistry.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026azd \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts t\u028a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u026an k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i."}, {"text": "The laboratory water-bath, known eponymously (especially in France) as the bain-marie, is said to have been invented or at least improved by her.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ab\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8, n\u02c8o\u028an \u025bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026am\u0259sli \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026anm\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u026az s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd ba\u026a h\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "Essentially a double-boiler, it was (and is) used in chemistry for processes that required gentle heating.", "phonemes": "\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u0250 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lb\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u025a, \u026at w\u028cz \u00e6nd \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The tribikos (a modified distillation apparatus) and the kerotakis (a more intricate apparatus used especially for sublimations) are two other advancements in the process of distillation that are credited to her.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279a\u026ab\u02c8\u026ako\u028az \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u025b\u0279o\u028at\u02c8\u00e6kiz \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u026ak\u0259t \u02cc\u00e6p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cbl\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nsm\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "Although we have no writing from Mary herself, she is known from the early-fourth-century writings of Zosimos of Panopolis.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a wi\u02d0 h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8\u025blf, \u0283i\u02d0 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u028cv z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az \u028cv p\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz."}, {"text": "Towards the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the Renaissance, due to the emergence of print, women were able to access the alchemical knowledge from texts of the preceding centuries.", "phonemes": "t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant, w\u02c8\u026am\u026an w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8\u025bksts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Caterina Sforza, the Countess of Forl\u00ec and Lady of Imola, is one of the few confirmed female alchemists after Mary the Jewess.", "phonemes": "k\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 \u02c8\u025bsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025bs \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279li \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026adi \u028cv \u026am\u02c8o\u028al\u0259, \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u025bs."}, {"text": "As she owned an apothecary, she would practice science and conduct experiments in her botanic gardens and laboratories.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0283i\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028and \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u026ak\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028ad p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u028ckt \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 b\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259nz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Being knowledgeable in alchemy and pharmacology, she recorded all of her alchemical ventures in a manuscript named  ('Experiments').", "phonemes": "b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l \u026an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6nd f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l v\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apt n\u02c8e\u026amd \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "The manuscript contained more than four hundred recipes covering alchemy as well as cosmetics and medicine.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apt k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0z k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z k\u0251\u02d0zm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n."}, {"text": "Talc, which makes up talcum powder, is a mineral which, when combined with water and distilled, was said to produce a solution which yielded many benefits.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u00e6lk, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026aks \u02cc\u028cp t\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259m p\u02c8a\u028ad\u025a, \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, w\u02cc\u025bn k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd d\u026ast\u02c8\u026ald, w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025bni b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats."}, {"text": "Furthermore, if that powder was mixed and drunk with white wine, it was said to be a source of protection from any poison, sickness, or plague.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u026af \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8a\u028ad\u025a w\u028cz m\u02c8\u026akst \u00e6nd d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u014bk w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8a\u026at w\u02c8a\u026an, \u026at w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259bi \u0250 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u025bni p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n, s\u02c8\u026akn\u0259s, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261."}, {"text": "There was also information on how to treat a variety of ailments from fevers and coughs to epilepsy and cancer.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n h\u02cca\u028a t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8e\u026alm\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025az \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254fs t\u028a \u02c8\u025bp\u026al\u02cc\u025bpsi \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a."}, {"text": "In addition, there were instructions on producing the quintessence (or aether), an elixir which was believed to be able to heal all sicknesses, defend against diseases, and perpetuate youthfulness.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u026ant\u025bs\u0259ns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0259, \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026aks\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259bi \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u026akn\u0259s\u1d7bz, d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd p\u025ap\u02c8\u025bt\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026at j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8f\u0259ln\u0259s."}, {"text": "Due to the proliferation in alchemical literature of pseudepigrapha and anonymous works, it is difficult to know which of the alchemists were actually women.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv sj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026ap\u02cc\u026a\u0261\u0279\u00e6f\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, \u026a\u027e \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li w\u02c8\u026am\u026an."}, {"text": "As the sixteenth century went on, scientific culture flourished and people began collecting \"secrets\".", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i w\u025bnt \u02c8\u0254n, sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a fl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283t \u00e6nd p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \"s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bts\"."}, {"text": "During this period \"secrets\" referred to experiments, and the most coveted ones were not those which were bizarre, but the ones which had been proven to yield the desired outcome.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \"s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bts\" \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u028cv\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u028cnz w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0o\u028az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 b\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250db\u026an p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n t\u0259 j\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u02c8a\u028atk\u028cm."}, {"text": "Some women known for their interest in alchemy were Catherine de' Medici, the Queen of France, and Marie de' Medici, the following Queen of France, who carried out experiments in her personal laboratory.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8\u026am\u026an n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0279\u026an d\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026as\u02cca\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u00e6nd m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026as\u02cca\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b kw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02c8a\u028at \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i."}, {"text": "In this period, the only book of secrets ascribed to a woman was  ('The Secrets of Signora Isabella Cortese').", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bts \u0250sk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd t\u028a \u0250 w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n w\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bts \u028cv s\u026anj\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259 \u02cc\u026ase\u026ab\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027ei\u02d0z."}, {"text": "However, it is rumored that a man, Girolamo Ruscelli, was the real author and only used a female voice to attract female readers.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025ad \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n, d\u0292a\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259m\u02cco\u028a \u0279\u028cst\u0283\u02c8\u025bli, w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0250 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al v\u02c8\u0254\u026as t\u028a \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az."}, {"text": "This contributed to a bigger problem in which male authors would credit prominent noblewomen for beauty products with the purpose of appealing to a female audience.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250 b\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az w\u028ad k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026at p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259lw\u02cc\u026am\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns."}, {"text": "For example, in  (\"Gallant Recipe-Book\"), the distillation of lemons and roses was attributed to Elisabetta Gonzaga, the duchess of Urbino.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u02c8\u026an\"\u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8\u028ak\", \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz w\u028cz \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u1d7bl\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259 \u0261\u0259nz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u028ct\u0283\u025bs \u028cv \u025c\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a."}, {"text": "In the same book, Isabella d'Aragona, the daughter of Alfonso II of Naples, is accredited for recipes involving alum and mercury.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am b\u02c8\u028ak, \u02cc\u026ase\u026ab\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 d\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250\u0261\u0259n\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250lf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nso\u028a \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259lz, \u026az \u0250k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0z \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259m \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Ippolita Maria Sforza is even referred to in an anonymous manuscript about a hand lotion created with rose powder and crushed bones.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026ap\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 \u02c8\u025bsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z\u0259 \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u026an \u0250n \u0250n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apt \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028az p\u02c8a\u028ad\u025a \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283t b\u02c8o\u028anz."}, {"text": "Mary Anne Atwood's A Suggestive Inquiry into the Hermetic Mystery (1850) marks the return of women during the nineteenth-century occult revival.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8\u00e6tw\u028adz \u0250 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026av \u02c8\u026a\u014bkw\u025a\u0279i \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u028cv w\u02c8\u026am\u026an d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0259k\u02c8\u028clt \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l."}, {"text": "As the language of the alchemists is analyzed, historians are becoming more aware of the intellectual connections between that discipline and other facets of Western cultural history, such as the evolution of science and philosophy, the sociology and psychology of the intellectual communities, kabbalism, spiritualism, Rosicrucianism, and other mystic movements.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts \u026az \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cca\u026azd, h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ats \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz, k\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026ak\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Institutions involved in this research include The Chymistry of Isaac Newton project at Indiana University, the University of Exeter Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO), the European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism (ESSWE), and the University of Amsterdam's Sub-department for the History of Hermetic Philosophy and Related Currents.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026am\u026ast\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8a\u026as\u0259k n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u00e6\u027e \u02cc\u026andi\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u025bks\u026a\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u025bs\u02c8o\u028at\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u025b\u0261z\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0so\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u025bs\u02c8o\u028at\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02c8\u025bswi, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6mst\u025ad\u02cc\u00e6mz s\u02c8\u028cbd\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts."}, {"text": "A large collection of books on alchemy is kept in the Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica in Amsterdam.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02c8\u028aks \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026az k\u02c8\u025bpt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026abl\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u025bk\u0259 f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6mst\u025ad\u02cc\u00e6m."}, {"text": "Journals which publish regularly on the topic of Alchemy include 'Ambix', published by the Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry, and 'Isis', published by The History of Science Society.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259lz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6mb\u026aks, p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026as\u026as, p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "As such, the classical elements appear in alchemical writings, as do the seven classical planets and the corresponding seven metals of antiquity.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz, \u00e6z d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ats \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u028cv \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Similarly, the gods of the Roman pantheon who are associated with these luminaries are discussed in alchemical literature.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u026a\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0i\u02d0z l\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst \u026an \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Due to the complexity and obscurity of alchemical literature, and the 18th-century disappearance of remaining alchemical practitioners into the area of chemistry, the general understanding of alchemy has been strongly influenced by several distinct and radically different interpretations.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8\u025bks\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u0259bskj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025az \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026akli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Those focusing on the exoteric, such as historians of science Lawrence M. Principe and William R. Newman, have interpreted the 'decknamen' (or code words) of alchemy as physical substances.", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261zo\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns \u02c8\u025bm. p\u0279\u02c8\u026ansa\u026ap \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n, h\u00e6v \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bkne\u026am\u02cc\u025bn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028ad w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6z f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "These scholars have reconstructed physicochemical experiments that they say are described in medieval and early modern texts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az h\u00e6v \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd f\u02cc\u026az\u026ak\u0259\u0283\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a s\u02c8e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u026an m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u02c8\u025bksts."}, {"text": "At the opposite end of the spectrum, focusing on the esoteric, scholars, such as Florin George C\u0103lian and Anna Marie Roos, who question the reading of Principe and Newman, interpret these same decknamen as spiritual, religious, or psychological concepts.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259m, f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bso\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak, sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 k\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z, h\u02ccu\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u026ansa\u026ap \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n, \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8e\u026am d\u02c8\u025bkne\u026am\u02cc\u025bn \u00e6z sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpts."}, {"text": "New interpretations of alchemy are still perpetuated, sometimes merging in concepts from New Age or radical environmentalism movements.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al p\u025ap\u02c8\u025bt\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpts f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Since the Victorian revival of alchemy, \"occultists reinterpreted alchemy as a spiritual practice, involving the self-transformation of the practitioner and only incidentally or not at all the transformation of laboratory substances\", which has contributed to a merger of magic and alchemy in popular thought.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 v\u026akt\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259lt\u02cc\u026asts \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6z \u0250 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as, \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blft\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli \u02cc\u026ans\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t."}, {"text": "In the eyes of a variety of modern esoteric and Neo-Hermeticist practitioners, alchemy is fundamentally spiritual.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026az \u0259v\u0259 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02cc\u025bso\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u00e6nd n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028ah\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026ast p\u0279\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025az, \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u026az f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l."}, {"text": "In this interpretation, transmutation of lead into gold is presented as an analogy for personal transmutation, purification, and perfection.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u0279\u00e6nsmju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald \u026az p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250n \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l t\u0279\u00e6nsmju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, pj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd p\u025af\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "According to this view, early alchemists such as Zosimos of Panopolis () highlighted the spiritual nature of the alchemical quest, symbolic of a religious regeneration of the human soul.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as vj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az \u028cv p\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l kw\u02c8\u025bst, s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u0279i\u02d0d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "This approach is held to have continued in the Middle Ages, as metaphysical aspects, substances, physical states, and material processes are supposed to have been used as metaphors for spiritual entities, spiritual states, and, ultimately, transformation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 \u026az h\u02c8\u025bld t\u0259 h\u00e6v k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6z m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts, s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz, f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7b\u027eiz, sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd, \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli, t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In this sense, the literal meanings of 'Alchemical Formulas' were like a veil, hiding their true spiritual philosophy.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u025bns, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz \u028cv \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259z w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250 v\u02c8e\u026al, h\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi."}, {"text": "In the Neo-Hermeticist interpretation, both the transmutation of common metals into gold and the universal panacea are held to symbolize evolution from an imperfect, diseased, corruptible, and ephemeral state toward a perfect, healthy, incorruptible, and everlasting state, so the philosopher's stone then represented a mystic key that would make this evolution possible.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028ah\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026ast \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsmju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l p\u02cc\u00e6n\u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bld t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u025bkt, d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0zd, k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u1d7bb\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u026af\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u025bkt, h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i, \u026a\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u1d7bb\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bv\u025al\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026at, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az st\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0250 m\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak k\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u026as \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l."}, {"text": "Applied to the alchemist, the twin goal symbolized their evolution from ignorance to enlightenment, and the stone represented a hidden spiritual truth or power that would lead to that goal.", "phonemes": "\u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026ast, \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u026an \u0261\u02c8o\u028al s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u025a\u0279\u0259ns t\u028a \u025bnl\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329m\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u028an \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0250 h\u02c8\u026ad\u0259n sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "In texts that are held to have been written according to this view, the cryptic alchemical symbols, diagrams, and textual imagery of late alchemical works are supposed to contain multiple layers of meanings, allegories, and references to other equally cryptic works; which must be laboriously decoded to discover their true meaning.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8\u025bksts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bld t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as vj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u026ak \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz, d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6mz, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bkst\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u0279i \u028cv l\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l l\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz, \u02c8\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li k\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks; w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 l\u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259sli d\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In his 1766 Alchemical Catechism, Th\u00e9odore Henri de Tschudi denotes that the usage of the metals was merely symbolic:", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u0283\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u03b8\u02c8e\u026ao\u028ad\u025a\u0279\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i d\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0di d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz w\u028cz m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak:"}, {"text": "Alchemical symbolism has been important in analytical psychology and was revived and popularized from near extinction by the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung.", "phonemes": "\u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u026an \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026avd \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd f\u0279\u028cm n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8\u026as sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l \u0261\u02c8\u028cst\u00e6v j\u02c8\u028a\u014b."}, {"text": "Jung was initially confounded and at odds with alchemy and its images but after being given a copy of The Secret of the Golden Flower, a Chinese alchemical text translated by his friend Richard Wilhelm, he discovered a direct correlation or parallel between the symbolic images in the alchemical drawings and the inner, symbolic images coming up in his patients' dreams, visions, or fantasies.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8\u028a\u014b w\u028cz \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li k\u0259nf\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6nd \u026ats \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n fl\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, \u0250 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bkst t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u026az f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad w\u02c8\u026alh\u025blm, hi\u02d0 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u0250 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt k\u02cc\u0254\u0279\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026an\u025a, s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u026an h\u026az p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nts d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz, v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259siz."}, {"text": "He observed these alchemical images occurring during the psychic process of transformation, a process that Jung called \"individuation.\"", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00f0i\u02d0z \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ak\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8\u028a\u014b k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n.\""}, {"text": "Specifically, he regarded the conjuring up of images of gold or Lapis as symbolic expressions of the origin and goal of this \"process of individuation.\"", "phonemes": "sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnd\u0292\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u028cv \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6piz \u00e6z s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8\u026as \"p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n.\""}, {"text": "Together with his alchemical mystica soror (mystical sister) Jungian Swiss analyst Marie-Louise von Franz, Jung began collecting old alchemical texts, compiled a lexicon of key phrases with cross-references, and pored over them.", "phonemes": "t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u025a m\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a j\u02c8\u028a\u014bi\u0259n sw\u02c8\u026as \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cc\u026ast m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0lu\u02d0w\u02c8i\u02d0z v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts, j\u02c8\u028a\u014b b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u02c8o\u028ald \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bksts, k\u0259mp\u02c8a\u026ald \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8o\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "The volumes of work he wrote shed new light onto understanding the art of transubstantiation and renewed alchemy's popularity as a symbolic process of coming into wholeness as a human being where opposites are brought into contact and inner and outer, spirit and matter are reunited in the hieros gamos, or divine marriage.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0mz \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0283\u02c8\u025bd n\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026at \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv t\u0279\u00e6ns\u0259bst\u02cc\u00e6n\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259miz p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z \u0250 s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv k\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u028a h\u02c8o\u028aln\u0259s \u00e6z \u0250 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a, sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279o\u028az \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mo\u028az, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "His writings are influential in general psychology, but especially to those who have an interest in understanding the importance of dreams, symbols, and the unconscious archetypal forces (archetypes) that comprise all psychic life.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v \u0250n \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns \u028cv d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz, s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259s \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at\u02c8a\u026ap\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at\u02cca\u026aps \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8a\u026ak\u026ak l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "Both von Franz and Jung have contributed significantly to the subject and work of alchemy and its continued presence in psychology as well as contemporary culture.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u028a\u014b h\u00e6v k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6nd \u026ats k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u026an sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Among the volumes Jung wrote on alchemy, his magnum opus is Volume 14 of his Collected Works, Mysterium Coniunctionis.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0mz j\u02c8\u028a\u014b \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, h\u026az m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0259m \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259s \u026az v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u028cv h\u026az k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, m\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259m k\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "Alchemy has had a long-standing relationship with art, seen both in alchemical texts and in mainstream entertainment.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi h\u0250z h\u00e6d \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014bst\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, s\u02c8i\u02d0n b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026an \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bksts \u00e6nd \u026an m\u02c8e\u026anst\u0279i\u02d0m \u02cc\u025bnt\u025at\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Literary alchemy appears throughout the history of English literature from Shakespeare to J. K. Rowling, and also the popular Japanese manga Fullmetal Alchemist.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a f\u0279\u028cm \u0283\u02c8e\u026aksp\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. k\u02c8e\u026a. \u0279\u02c8a\u028al\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259 f\u02c8\u028alm\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "In the 14th century, Chaucer began a trend of alchemical satire that can still be seen in recent fantasy works like those of the late Sir Terry Pratchett.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u025a b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n st\u02c8\u026al bi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt f\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259si w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u026at."}, {"text": "While some of them used alchemy as a source of satire, others worked with the alchemists themselves or integrated alchemical thought or symbols in their work.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a, \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "In the last hundred years, alchemists have been portrayed in a magical and spagyric role in fantasy fiction, film, television, novels, comics and video games.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asts h\u0250vb\u026an po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd sp\u00e6d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an f\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259si f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n, f\u02c8\u026alm, t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz."}, {"text": "One goal of alchemy, the transmutation of base substances into gold, is now known to be impossible by chemical means but possible by physical means.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsmju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald, \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259bi \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l ba\u026a k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0nz b\u02cc\u028ct p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l ba\u026a f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "(the second part of volume 1 was never published; the other volumes deal with the modern period and are not relevant for alchemy)", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m w\u02c8\u028cn w\u028cz n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t; \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0mz d\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi"}, {"text": ", Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs (CAAG), 3 vols., 1887\u20131888, Vol 1: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96492923, Vol 2: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9680734p, Vol. 3: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9634942s.", "phonemes": ", k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8e\u026an\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u00e6lt\u0283\u026am\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bks k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lz., w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l w\u02c8\u028cn: \u02cce\u026at\u0283t\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs:sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283sl\u00e6\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak\u0259.b\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8\u025bf.\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k:sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 tw\u02c8\u025blv \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 b\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l t\u02c8u\u02d0: \u02cce\u026at\u0283t\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs:sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283sl\u00e6\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak\u0259.b\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8\u025bf.\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k:sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 tw\u02c8\u025blv \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 b\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l. \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0: \u02cce\u026at\u0283t\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs:sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283sl\u00e6\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak\u0259.b\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8\u025bf.\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k:sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 tw\u02c8\u025blv \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 b\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 z."}, {"text": "Andr\u00e9-Jean Festugi\u00e8re, La R\u00e9v\u00e9lation d'Herm\u00e8s Trism\u00e9giste, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2014 (, OCLC 897235256).", "phonemes": "\u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u02cc\u025bstu\u02d0d\u0292i\u02c8\u025b\u0279, l\u02cc\u00e6 \u0279\u02cce\u026ave\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0259h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz t\u0279\u02cc\u026asme\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0st, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, l\u02c8\u025bs b\u02c8\u025blz l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0klk \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Robert Halleux and Henri-Dominique Saffrey (eds.), Les alchimistes grecs, t. 1 : Papyrus de Leyde \u2013 Papyrus de Stockholm \u2013 Recettes, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1981.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at h\u02c8\u00e6lu\u02d0 \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279id\u0259m\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0k s\u02c8\u00e6f\u0279i \u02c8\u025bdz., l\u02c8\u025bs \u02cc\u00e6lt\u0283\u026am\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bks, t\u02c8i\u02d0. w\u02c8\u028cn : p\u0250p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259s d\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ad p\u0250p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259s d\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kho\u028am \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bts, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, l\u02c8\u025bs b\u02c8\u025blz l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Otto Lagercrantz (ed), Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis, Uppsala, A.B. Akademiska Bokhandeln, 1913, Papyrus graecus holmiensis (P. holm.);", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a l\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u025ak\u0279\u02cc\u00e6nts \u02c8\u025bd, p\u0250p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259s \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0259s ho\u028am\u02c8i\u0259ns\u026as, \u028cps\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259, \u02c8e\u026a.b\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8\u00e6ke\u026adm\u02cc\u026ask\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u02cc\u028cnd\u025bln, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, p\u0250p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259s \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0259s ho\u028am\u02c8i\u0259ns\u026as p\u02c8i\u02d0. h\u02c8o\u028am.;"}, {"text": "Mich\u00e8le Mertens and Henri-Dominique Saffrey (ed.), Les alchimistes grecs, t. 4.1 : Zosime de Panopolis.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025bl m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329z \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279id\u0259m\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0k s\u02c8\u00e6f\u0279i \u02c8\u025bd., l\u02c8\u025bs \u02cc\u00e6lt\u0283\u026am\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bks, t\u02c8i\u02d0. f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.w\u02c8\u028cn : z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sa\u026am d\u0259 p\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz."}, {"text": "Andr\u00e9e Collinet and Henri-Dominique Saffrey (ed.), Les alchimistes grecs, t. 10 : L'Anonyme de Zuretti ou l'Art sacr\u00e9 and divin de la chrysop\u00e9e par un anonyme, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2000.", "phonemes": "\u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\u02cc\u025bt \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279id\u0259m\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0k s\u02c8\u00e6f\u0279i \u02c8\u025bd., l\u02c8\u025bs \u02cc\u00e6lt\u0283\u026am\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bks, t\u02c8i\u02d0. t\u02c8\u025bn : \u02c8\u025bl\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n\u02cca\u026am d\u0259 \u0292\u025a\u027ei \u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t s\u00e6k\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026an d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 k\u0279\u02cc\u026as\u0259p\u02c8e\u026a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028cn \u0250n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, l\u02c8\u025bs b\u02c8\u025blz l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Dylan M. Burns, \" \u03bc\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9 : Alchemical Metaphor in the Paraphrase of Shem (NHC VII,1) \", Aries 15 (2015), p.\u00a079\u2013106.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026al\u0259n \u02c8\u025bm. b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz, \" mj\u02c8u\u02d0a\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259ks\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8\u025bps\u026al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028am\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259 t\u02c8a\u028aa\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259nj\u02c8u\u02d0a\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259 t\u02c8a\u028a \u02c8\u025bps\u026al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n t\u0283\u02c8a\u026a nj\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u02c8\u025bps\u026al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0na\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259t\u02c8a\u028at\u02c8a\u028a\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u0259nnj\u02c8u\u02d0a\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259 : \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259f\u0279\u02cce\u026az \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u025bm \u02cc\u025bn\u02cce\u026at\u0283s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,w\u02c8\u028cn \", \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u02d0z f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Alberto Camplani, \" Procedimenti magico-alchemici e discorso filosofico ermetico \" in Giuliana Lanata (ed.), Il Tardoantico alle soglie del Duemila, ETS, 2000, p.", "phonemes": "\u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027eo\u028a k\u00e6mpl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni, \" p\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u025bd\u026am\u02c8\u025bnti m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u00e6lk\u026am\u02cc\u026asa\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0 d\u026ask\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279so\u028a f\u02cca\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u02cco\u028a \u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u02cco\u028a \" \u026an d\u0292\u026aj\u02c8u\u02d0li\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 l\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 \u02c8\u025bd., \u02c8\u026al t\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8o\u028ant\u026ak\u02cco\u028a \u0250l\u02c8\u025b s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261li d\u02c8\u025bl du\u02d0m\u02c8\u026al\u0259, \u02c8\u025bts, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, p\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Alberto Camplani and Marco Zambon, \" Il sacrificio come problema in alcune correnti filosofice di et\u00e0 imperiale \", Annali di storia dell'esegesi 19 (2002), p.\u00a059\u201399.", "phonemes": "\u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027eo\u028a k\u00e6mpl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ko\u028a z\u02c8\u00e6mb\u0259n, \" \u02c8\u026al s\u02cc\u00e6k\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u02cco\u028a k\u02c8\u028cm p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259lm\u0259 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6lkju\u02d0n k\u0254\u0279\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026al\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0f\u026as di \u02c8\u025b\u027e\u00e6 \u026amp\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u02cce\u026al \", \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259li di st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bl\u026as\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u025bsi n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "R\u00e9gine Charron and Louis Painchaud, \" 'God is a Dyer,' The Background and Significance of a Puzzling Motif in the Coptic Gospel", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8u\u02d0i p\u02c8e\u026an\u0283o\u028a, \" \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u026az \u0250 d\u02c8a\u026a\u025a,\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and \u00e6nd s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u028czl\u026a\u014b mo\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0f \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u0259l"}, {"text": "R\u00e9gine Charron, \" The Apocryphon of John (NHC II,1) and the Greco-Egyptian Alchemical Literature \", Vigiliae Christinae 59 (2005), p. 438-456.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259n, \" \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u026af\u0259n \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02cc\u025bn\u02cce\u026at\u0283s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0,w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028a\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a \", v\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cci\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026an\u02cci\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av, p\u02c8i\u02d0. f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Philippe Derchain, \"L'Atelier des Orf\u00e8vres \u00e0 Dendara et les origines de l'alchimie,\" Chronique d'\u00c9gypte, vol.", "phonemes": "f\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0p d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283e\u026an, \"\u02c8\u025bl\u02c8e\u026atli\u025a d\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u025bv\u025az \u00e6 d\u025bnd\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259 \u02c8\u025bt l\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz d\u0259 \u02c8\u025bl\u02c8\u00e6lt\u0283\u026ami,\" k\u0279\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0k d\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026apt, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Korshi Dosoo, \" A History of the Theban Magical Library \", Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 53 (2016), p.\u00a0251\u2013274.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283i d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0su\u02d0, \" \u0250 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025bb\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i \", b\u02c8\u028al\u026at\u02cc\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv p\u02cc\u00e6p\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Olivier Dufault, Early Greek Alchemy, Patronage and Innovation in Late Antiquity, California Classical Studies, 2019, Early Greek Alchemy, Patronage and Innovation in Late Antiquity.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026avi\u025a d\u02c8u\u02d0f\u0254lt, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0259n\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an l\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdiz, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0259n\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an l\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Sergio Knipe, \" Sacrifice and self-transformation in the alchemical writings of Zosimus of Panopolis \", in Christopher Kelly, Richard Flower, Michael Stuart Williams (eds.), Unclassical Traditions.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u02cco\u028a n\u02c8a\u026ap, \" s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025blft\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u028cv z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u026am\u0259s \u028cv p\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz \", \u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a k\u02c8\u025bli, \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad fl\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8u\u02d0\u025at w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259mz \u02c8\u025bdz., \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Kyle A. Fraser, \" Zosimos of Panopolis and the Book of Enoch: Alchemy as Forbidden Knowledge \", Aries 4.2 (2004), p.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8a\u026al \u02c8e\u026a. f\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u025a, \" z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az \u028cv p\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0n\u0251\u02d0k: \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6z f\u025ab\u02c8\u026ad\u0259n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \", \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u02d0z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, p\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Kyle A. Fraser, \" Baptized in Gnosis: The Spiritual Alchemy of Zosimos of Panopolis \", Dionysius 25 (2007), p.\u00a033\u201354.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8a\u026al \u02c8e\u026a. f\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u025a, \" b\u02c8\u00e6pta\u026azd \u026an n\u02c8o\u028as\u026as: \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u028cv z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az \u028cv p\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz \", d\u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Kyle A. Fraser, \" Distilling Nature's Secrets: The Sacred Art of Alchemy \", in John Scarborough and Paul Keyser (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World, Oxford University Press, 2018, p.\u00a0721\u2013742. 2018.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8a\u026al \u02c8e\u026a. f\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u025a, \" d\u026ast\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025az s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bts: \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \", \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259\u0279\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8i\u02d0s\u025a \u02c8\u025bdz., \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad h\u02c8\u00e6ndb\u028ak \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0. t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Shannon Grimes, Becoming Gold: Zosimos of Panopolis and the Alchemical Arts in Roman Egypt, Auckland, Rubedo Press, 2018,", "phonemes": "\u0283\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u026amz, b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald: z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az \u028cv p\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u026an \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0kl\u0259nd, \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n,"}, {"text": "Paul T. Keyser, \" Greco-Roman Alchemy and Coins of Imitation Silver \", American Journal of Numismatics 7\u20138 (1995\u20131996), p.\u00a0209\u2013234.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8i\u02d0. k\u02c8i\u02d0s\u025a, \" \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028a\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u026anz \u028cv \u02cc\u026am\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a \", \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u028cv n\u02ccu\u02d0m\u026asm\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Paul Keyser, \" The Longue Dur\u00e9e of Alchemy \", in John Scarborough and Paul Keyser (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World, Oxford University Press, 2018, p.\u00a0409\u2013430.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8i\u02d0s\u025a, \" \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b d\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \", \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259\u0279\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8i\u02d0s\u025a \u02c8\u025bdz., \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad h\u02c8\u00e6ndb\u028ak \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei."}, {"text": "Jean Letrouit, \"Chronologie des alchimistes grecs,\" in Didier Kahn and Sylvain Matton, Alchimie: art, histoire et mythes, SEHA-Arch\u00e8, 1995, p. 11\u201393.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n l\u02c8\u025bt\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u026at, \"k\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u02c8\u025bs \u02cc\u00e6lt\u0283\u026am\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bks,\" \u026an d\u02c8a\u026adi\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026alve\u026an m\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329, \u02c8\u00e6lt\u0283\u026ami: \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, h\u02c8\u026astw\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bt m\u02c8a\u026a\u00f0z, s\u02c8\u025bh\u0259\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, p\u02c8i\u02d0. \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Matteo Martelli, \" The Alchemical Art of Dyeing: The Fourfold Division of Alchemy and the Enochian Tradition \" in Sven Dupr\u00e9 (ed.), Laboratories of Art, Springer, 2014, .", "phonemes": "m\u0250t\u02c8e\u026ao\u028a m\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u025bli, \" \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lk\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv d\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b: \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279fo\u028ald d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ki\u0259n t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \" \u026an sv\u02c8\u025bn du\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u025bd., l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279iz \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025a, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, ."}, {"text": "Matteo Martelli, \" Alchemy, Medicine and Religion: Zosimus of Panopolis and the Egyptian Priests \", Religion in the Roman Empire 3.2 (2017), p.\u00a0202\u2013220.", "phonemes": "m\u0250t\u02c8e\u026ao\u028a m\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u025bli, \" \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n: z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u026am\u0259s \u028cv p\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0sts \", \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti."}, {"text": "Gerasimos Merianos, \" Alchemy \", In A. Kaldellis & N. Siniossoglou (eds.), The Cambridge Intellectual History of Byzantium (pp.\u00a0234\u2013251).", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u0250s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az m\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028az, \" \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi \", \u026an \u02c8e\u026a. k\u00e6ld\u02c8\u025bl\u026az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bn. s\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259\u0261l\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bdz., \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026amb\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv b\u026az\u02c8\u00e6nti\u0259m p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Daniel Stolzenberg, \" Unpropitious Tinctures: Alchemy, Astrology & Gnosis According to Zosimos of Panopolis \", Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 49 (1999), p.\u00a03\u201331.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lz\u0259nb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261, \" \u028cnp\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259s t\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt\u0283\u025az: \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028as\u026as \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 z\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028az \u028cv p\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259liz \", \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ka\u026avz \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259ne\u026alz d\u0259h\u02c8\u026astw\u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Cristina Viano, \" Byzantine Alchemy, or the Era of Systematization \", in John Scarborough and Paul Keyser (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World, Oxford University Press, 2018, p.\u00a0943\u2013964.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u026ast\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 vi\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028a, \" b\u02c8\u026az\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259mi, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \", \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259\u0279\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8i\u02d0s\u025a \u02c8\u025bdz., \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad h\u02c8\u00e6ndb\u028ak \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "C. Vlachou and al., \" Experimental investigation of silvering in late Roman coinage \", Material Research Society Symposium Proceedings 712 (2002), p.\u00a0II9.2.1-II9.2.9, .", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0. vl\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6l., \" \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u026anv\u02cc\u025bst\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026an l\u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u026an\u026ad\u0292 \", m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei s\u026amp\u02c8o\u028asi\u0259m p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0\u02c8\u026aa\u026a n\u02c8a\u026an.t\u02c8u\u02d0.w\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u026aa\u026a n\u02c8a\u026an.t\u02c8u\u02d0.n\u02c8a\u026an, ."}, {"text": "Aliens: Colonial Marines Technical Manual, a 1995 book by Lee Brimmicombe-Wood, a guide to the fictional United States Colonial Marines", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259nz: k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nz t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l, \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8\u028ak ba\u026a l\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026ak\u02ccu\u02d0mw\u02c8\u028ad, \u0250 \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n\u0259l ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nz"}, {"text": "The Aliens, the backing band for the American musician Jared Louche on his 1999 solo debut album Covergirl", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ali\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n mju\u02d0z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259d l\u02c8a\u028at\u0283 \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8o\u028alo\u028a de\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6lb\u0259m k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0261\u02cc\u025c\u02d0l"}, {"text": "Aliens (1982 video game), a text-only clone of Space Invaders written for the CP/M operating system on the Kaypro computer", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259nz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u0261\u02c8e\u026am, \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bkst\u02c8o\u028anli kl\u02c8o\u028an \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026as \u026anv\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026ap\u0279o\u028a k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a"}, {"text": "An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi h\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8o\u028ap \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies \u2013 in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u0250st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z, pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ats, m\u02c8u\u02d0nz, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ats \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250ksiz \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies.", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026aks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az st\u02c8\u028cdi \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250ksiz."}, {"text": "In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate models of things that cannot be observed.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd."}, {"text": "Because it takes millions to billions of years for a system of stars or a galaxy to complete a life cycle, astronomers must observe snapshots of different systems at unique points in their evolution to determine how they form, evolve, and die.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at t\u02c8e\u026aks m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u028cv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250ksi t\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026af s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l, \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az m\u02c8\u028cst \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v sn\u02c8\u00e6p\u0283\u0251\u02d0ts \u028cv d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u00e6t ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv, \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "Further subcategories under these two main branches of astronomy include planetary astronomy, galactic astronomy, or physical cosmology.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a s\u028cbk\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, \u0261\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l k\u0251\u02d0zm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli, \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi w\u028cz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8a\u026a, w\u02cca\u026al \u02cc\u00e6st\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0i\u02d0z f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Today, that distinction has mostly disappeared and the terms \"astronomer\" and \"astrophysicist\" are interchangeable.", "phonemes": "t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a, \u00f0\u00e6t d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z m\u02c8o\u028astli d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \"\u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025a\" \u00e6nd \"\u02cc\u00e6st\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026as\u02cc\u026ast\" \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025at\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "Professional astronomers are highly educated individuals who typically have a PhD in physics or astronomy and are employed by research institutions or universities.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ali \u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli h\u00e6v \u0250 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "They spend the majority of their time working on research, although they quite often have other duties such as teaching, building instruments, or aiding in the operation of an observatory.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a sp\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026am w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0e\u026a kw\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n h\u00e6v \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eiz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b, b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nts, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i."}, {"text": "The American Astronomical Society, which is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America, has approximately 7,000 members.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, h\u0250z \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az."}, {"text": "This number includes scientists from other fields such as physics, geology, and engineering, whose research interests are closely related to astronomy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b, h\u02ccu\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bsts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "The International Astronomical Union comprises almost 10,145 members from 70 countries who are involved in astronomical research at the PhD level and beyond.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast t\u02c8\u025bn,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an \u0250st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 d\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u00e6nd b\u1d7bj\u02c8\u0254nd."}, {"text": "Contrary to the classical image of an old astronomer peering through a telescope through the dark hours of the night, it is far more common to use a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to record a long, deep exposure, allowing a more sensitive image to be created because the light is added over time.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u025b\u0279i t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ald \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025a p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bsk\u02cco\u028ap \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at, \u026a\u027e \u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292k\u02c8\u028cp\u0259ld d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as s\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, d\u02c8i\u02d0p \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259bi k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026at \u026az \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Analysis of observed phenomena, along with making predictions as to the causes of what they observe, takes the majority of observational astronomers' time.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u028cv w\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v, t\u02c8e\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Astronomers who serve as faculty spend much of their time teaching undergraduate and graduate classes.", "phonemes": "\u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6z f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259lti sp\u02c8\u025bnd m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026am t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259t \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259t kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Most universities also have outreach programs including public telescope time and sometimes planetariums as a public service to encourage interest in the field.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6v a\u028at\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bsk\u02cco\u028ap t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz pl\u02cc\u00e6n\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259mz \u00e6z \u0250 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as t\u028a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Those who become astronomers usually have a broad background in maths, sciences and computing in high school.", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li h\u00e6v \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8s, s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an h\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "While there is a relatively low number of professional astronomers, the field is popular among amateurs.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u00e6m\u0259t\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "The Astronomical Society of the Pacific is the largest general astronomical society in the world, comprising both professional and amateur astronomers as well as educators from 70 different nations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0250st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6m\u0259t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Like any hobby, most people who think of themselves as amateur astronomers may devote a few hours a month to stargazing and reading the latest developments in research.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02cc\u025bni h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bi, m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u028cv \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6m\u0259t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az m\u02c8e\u026a d\u026av\u02c8o\u028at \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u0250 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261e\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nts \u026an \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "However, amateurs span the range from so-called \"armchair astronomers\" to the very ambitious, who own science-grade telescopes and instruments with which they are able to make their own discoveries and assist professional astronomers in research.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6m\u0259t\u0283\u025az sp\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mt\u0283\u025b\u0279 \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az\" t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bsk\u02cco\u028aps \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279iz \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025az \u026an \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ski, \u0250b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u02c8o\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u025at\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Because of technical limitations of computer systems at the time it was invented, ASCII has just 128 code points, of which only 95 are , which severely limited its scope.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l l\u02cc\u026am\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u026at w\u028cz \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd, \u02c8\u00e6ski h\u0250z d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u02c8o\u028anli n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av \u0251\u02d0\u0279 , w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279li l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026ats sk\u02c8o\u028ap."}, {"text": "Modern computer systems have evolved to use Unicode, which has millions of code points, but the first 128 of these are the same as the ASCII set.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz h\u00e6v \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak\u02cco\u028ad, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u028cv k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ski s\u02c8\u025bt."}, {"text": "The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) prefers the name US-ASCII for this character encoding.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u025an\u02cc\u025bt \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei i\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs\u02c8\u00e6ski f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Its first commercial use was in the Teletype Model 33 and the Teletype Model 35 as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services.", "phonemes": "\u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u028cz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cca\u026ap m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cca\u026ap m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nb\u02c8\u026at t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bp\u0279\u02cc\u026ant\u025a k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a b\u02c8\u025bl d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Work on the ASCII standard began in May 1961, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the American National Standards Institute or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ski st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u026an m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nsi \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cbk\u0259m\u02cc\u026a\u027ei\u02d0."}, {"text": "The first edition of the standard was published in 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad w\u028cz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025aw\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259nst \u026ats m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt \u02c8\u028cpde\u026at d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists and added features for devices other than teleprinters.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f k\u02c8o\u028adz, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd b\u02c8\u025bl k\u02c8o\u028ad \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ski w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nv\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259nt s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., \u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bp\u0279\u02cc\u026ant\u025az."}, {"text": "Originally based on the (modern) English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart in this article.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u02c8\u00e6ski \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028adz w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nb\u02c8\u026at \u02c8\u026ant\u026ad\u0292\u025az \u00e6z \u0283\u02c8o\u028an ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ski t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l."}, {"text": "Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, and punctuation symbols.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8a\u026antif\u02c8a\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u0259b\u0259l: \u00f0i\u02d0z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an, l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ak\u02cce\u026as l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0250 t\u0259 z\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u028cp\u025ak\u02cce\u026as l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0250 t\u0259 z\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u028c\u014bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In addition, the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing control codes which originated with s; most of these are now obsolete, although a few are still commonly used, such as the carriage return, line feed, and tab codes.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ski sp\u02cc\u025bs\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0np\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u026a\u014b k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8o\u028adz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025bs; m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bs\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0t, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, l\u02c8a\u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0d, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6b k\u02c8o\u028adz."}, {"text": "For example, lowercase i would be represented in the ASCII encoding by binary 1101001 = hexadecimal 69 (i is the ninth letter) = decimal 105.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ak\u02cce\u026as \u02c8a\u026a w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ski \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b ba\u026a b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz h\u02c8\u025bks\u0250d\u02cc\u025bs\u026am\u0259l s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8a\u026a \u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "It also does not support English terms with diacritical marks such as r\u00e9sum\u00e9 and jalape\u00f1o, or proper nouns with diacritical marks such as Beyonc\u00e9.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cca\u026a\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0279\u02c8\u025bzu\u02d0m\u02cce\u026a \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6l\u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0njo\u028a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a n\u02c8a\u028anz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cca\u026a\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u02cce\u026a\u0259ns\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA), called the X3 committee, by its X3.2 (later X3L2) subcommittee, and later by that subcommittee's X3.2.4 working group (now INCITS).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u02c8o\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u025at\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u02c8\u00e6ski w\u028cz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0sp\u026as\u1d7bz \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei, ba\u026a \u026ats \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cbk\u0259m\u02cc\u026a\u027ei\u02d0, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a ba\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u028cbk\u0259m\u02cc\u026a\u027ei\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p n\u02c8a\u028a \u026ans\u02c8\u026ats."}, {"text": "The ASA later became the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI) and ultimately became the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t ju\u02d0z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0si \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6nsi."}, {"text": "With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8o\u028adz f\u02c8\u026ald \u02c8\u026an, \u02c8\u00e6ski w\u028cz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u00e6z \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u02cc\u025bni \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a st\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025ad\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cn\u0250s\u02c8a\u026and k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8o\u028ad."}, {"text": "There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz s\u02cc\u028cm d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ak\u02cce\u026as \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt."}, {"text": "The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to sticks 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8\u00e6st l\u02c8\u0254\u014b: d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8\u026at w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8a\u026an l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ak\u02cce\u026as k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az t\u0259 st\u02c8\u026aks s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025ad\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u026ats d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad."}, {"text": "Locating the lowercase letters in sticks 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.", "phonemes": "lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ak\u02cce\u026as l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u026an st\u02c8\u026aks s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279 \u026an b\u02c8\u026at p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025an f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a k\u02c8e\u026as ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l b\u02c8\u026at, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u026ampl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad k\u02c8e\u026as\u026ans\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279dz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u025az."}, {"text": "The X3 committee made other changes, including other new characters (the brace and vertical bar characters), renaming some control characters (SOM became start of header (SOH)) and moving or removing others (RU was removed).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei m\u02cce\u026ad \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az, \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u02cc\u025bs\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bm b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bd\u025a \u02cc\u025bs\u02cco\u028a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279j\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd."}, {"text": "ASCII was subsequently updated as USAS X3.4-1967, then USAS X3.4-1968, ANSI X3.4-1977, and finally, ANSI X3.4-1986.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ski w\u028cz s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli \u028cpd\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0259z \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0259z \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, \u02c8\u00e6nsi \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li, \u02c8\u00e6nsi \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "ASA X3.4-1965 (approved, but not published, nevertheless used by IBM 2260 & 2265 Display Stations and IBM 2848 Display Control)", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u00e6 \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t, n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u02cca\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02cca\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al"}, {"text": "In the X3.15 standard, the X3 committee also addressed how ASCII should be transmitted (least significant bit first) and recorded on perforated tape.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bst h\u02cca\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ski \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8i\u02d0st s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt b\u02c8\u026at f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8e\u026ap."}, {"text": "They proposed a 9-track standard for magnetic tape and attempted to deal with some punched card formats.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026ant\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ap \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8\u028cnt\u0283t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6ts."}, {"text": "Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters).", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014bz, \u02c8\u00e6ski sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az \u0250 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l b\u02c8\u026at p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fi\u02d0mz \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az."}, {"text": "This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz t\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs, st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ski w\u028cz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt, \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014bz \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks \u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az, t\u02c8\u025bn nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz."}, {"text": "To include all these, and control characters compatible with the Comit\u00e9 Consultatif International T\u00e9l\u00e9phonique et", "phonemes": "t\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bb\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u026at\u02c8e\u026a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u0250t\u02cc\u026af \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02cce\u026ale\u026af\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u025bt"}, {"text": "International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) standard of 1924, FIELDATA (1956), and early EBCDIC (1963), more than 64 codes were required for ASCII.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt n\u02c8o\u028a. t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cca\u026at\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, f\u02c8i\u02d0lde\u026a\u027e\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8\u025bbkd\u026ak n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028adz w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ski."}, {"text": "ITA2 was in turn based on the 5-bit telegraph code that \u00c9mile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874.", "phonemes": "\u02cca\u026at\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028cz \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026avb\u02c8\u026at t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f k\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u026am\u02c8a\u026al b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u0251\u02d0t \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0259v\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026aft f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026ak \u026an \u02cca\u026at\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028ad \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028adz t\u0259bi \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026aksb\u02c8\u026at k\u02c8o\u028ad."}, {"text": "In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd k\u02c8o\u028ad, s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a k\u02c8o\u028adz d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as\u1d7bz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259nz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a k\u02c8o\u028adz."}, {"text": "It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission, as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6kt \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026aft k\u02c8o\u028ad t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli m\u02cce\u026aks \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cn\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250n \u02c8e\u026atb\u02c8\u026at k\u02c8o\u028ad, s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u026ats \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8\u025bts w\u028ad \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8\u026at p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz t\u028a \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259ntli \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279ik\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l."}, {"text": "Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8e\u026ap \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am k\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u026ats \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei b\u02c8\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk\u026a\u014b \u026af d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad."}, {"text": "Eight-bit machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026atb\u02c8\u026at m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0nz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8\u025bts \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u00f0\u00e6t d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0z p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli s\u02c8\u025bt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 b\u02c8\u026at t\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ad \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf w\u028cz p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025and s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8o\u028adz w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak k\u02c8o\u028adz w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The \"space\" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20hex; for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"sp\u02c8e\u026as\" k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a h\u00e6dt\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cm b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026aks t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0zi\u025a, s\u02cco\u028a \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n tw\u02c8\u025bnti h\u02c8\u025bks; f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, m\u02c8\u025bni sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026anz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ast b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats."}, {"text": "The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes, as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code (1963).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u026at w\u028cz \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u028cp\u025ak\u02cce\u026as s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts, \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az t\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025an \u02c8\u00e6ski s\u02cco\u028a \u026at k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st \u02c8i\u02d0zili t\u028a \u0250 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0259b\u0259l s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak k\u02c8o\u028adz, \u00e6z w\u028cz d\u02c8\u028cn \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aksb\u026at k\u02c8o\u028ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259nz \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ak\u02cce\u026as l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026aks, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak k\u02c8o\u028adz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250 w\u028cz pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u025bks t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad."}, {"text": "The digits 0\u20139 are prefixed with 011, but the remaining 4 bits correspond to their respective values in binary, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward (for example, 5 in encoded to 0110101, where 5 is 0101 in binary).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a n\u02c8a\u026an \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026akst w\u026a\u00f0 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u026ats k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u026an b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279ik\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l st\u0279e\u026atf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, f\u02c8a\u026av \u026an \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u02c8\u028cnw\u02c8\u028cnz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u02c8\u028cnz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028aw\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026av \u026az z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028aw\u02c8\u028cnz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028aw\u02c8\u028cn \u026an b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nd t\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025az; \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt s\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l\u027ei \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025az, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "Mechanical typewriters followed the de facto standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were \"#$%_&'() early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common.", "phonemes": "m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 d\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kto\u028a st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad s\u02c8\u025bt ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014bt\u0259n n\u02c8o\u028a. t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u026aft k\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an w\u025c\u02d0 \"h\u02cc\u00e6\u0283d\u0259l\u025ap\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025az o\u028am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bl l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ak\u02cce\u026as l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02c8\u028cn! \u00e6nd z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad w\u02c8\u028cns z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n."}, {"text": "Thus, in ASCII !\"#$% were placed in the second stick, positions 1\u20135, corresponding to the digits 1\u20135 in the adjacent stick.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u026an \u02c8\u00e6ski !\"h\u02cc\u00e6\u0283d\u0259l\u025ap\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u025c\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd st\u02c8\u026ak, p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8a\u026av, k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8a\u026av \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nt st\u02c8\u026ak."}, {"text": "The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026as k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u028cz t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a."}, {"text": "This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028cz \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259d\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ask\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, differently from traditional mechanical typewriters.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u025bp\u0259nsi f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025az l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026atp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279dz, n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cca\u026ap m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bft\u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd l\u02c8e\u026aa\u028at k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ski, d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ntli f\u0279\u028cm t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "Electric typewriters, notably the IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become de facto standard on computers following the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984) and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did.", "phonemes": "\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025az, n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli \u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8e\u026aa\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250z b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm d\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kto\u028a st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u02cc\u0254n k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm p\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u02c8\u025bm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0283\u02c8\u026aft v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279dz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u00e6z kl\u02c8o\u028asli t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ski t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279dz d\u02c8\u026ad."}, {"text": "pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or .", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 , .p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02cc\u0254n s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279dz \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. t\u02c8u\u02d0, d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0283\u02c8\u026aft , k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ."}, {"text": "However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+) to :* ;+ -=.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6ski spl\u02c8\u026at \u00f0\u0259 ;: p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279id k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask \u02cci\u02d0kw\u0259lzpl\u02c8\u028cs tu\u02d0 :\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask ;pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Some then-common typewriter characters were not included, notably \u00bd \u00bc \u00a2, while ^ ` ~  were included as diacritics for international use, and < > for mathematical use, together with the simple line characters \\ | (in addition to common /).", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd, n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6f \u0250 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u025bnts, w\u02cca\u026al t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00e6z d\u02cca\u026a\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s, \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s, t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az b\u02c8\u00e6ksl\u00e6\u0283 \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283."}, {"text": "The @ symbol was not used in continental Europe and the committee expected it would be replaced by an accented \u00c0 in the French variation, so the @ was placed in position 40hex, right before the letter A.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u00e6t s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026at w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u00e6 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u00e6t w\u028cz pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei h\u02c8\u025bks, \u0279\u02c8a\u026at b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the start of message (SOM), end of address (EOA), end of message (EOM), end of transmission (EOT), \"who are you?\"", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8o\u028adz f\u02c8\u025blt \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292 \u02cc\u025bs\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bm, \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028a\u02c8e\u026a, \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292 \u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bm, \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0, \"h\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 ju\u02d0?\""}, {"text": "Collation of data is sometimes done in this order rather than \"standard\" alphabetical order (collating sequence).", "phonemes": "k\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz d\u02c8\u028cn \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \"st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad\" \u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a k\u02c8o\u028ale\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns."}, {"text": "ASCII reserves the first 32 code points (numbers 0\u201331 decimal) and the last one (number 127 decimal) for control characters.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ski \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az."}, {"text": "These are codes intended  to control peripheral devices (such as printers), or to provide meta-information about data streams, such as those stored on magnetic tape.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028adz \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u025az, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259\u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0o\u028az st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u02cc\u0254n m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ap."}, {"text": "Despite their name, these code points do not represent printable characters although for debugging purposes, \"placeholder\" symbols (such as those given in ISO 2047 and its predecessors) are assigned.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026am, \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u0259b\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8i\u02d0b\u02cc\u028c\u0261\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz, \"pl\u02c8e\u026asho\u028ald\u025a\" s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0o\u028az \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u026an \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bs\u02cc\u025bs\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and."}, {"text": "For example, character 0x0A represents the \"line feed\" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents \"backspace\".  refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8\u025bks z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u00f0\u0259 \"l\u02c8a\u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0d\" f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u025a t\u028a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns \u026ats p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \"b\u02c8\u00e6kspe\u026as\".  \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, l\u02c8a\u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026at sp\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6z n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u02c8a\u026atspe\u026as k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az."}, {"text": "Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document.", "phonemes": "\u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u026ask\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u02cc\u025bl\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i l\u02c8a\u026an\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u02c8\u00e6ski d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an \u02cc\u025bni m\u02c8\u025bk\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bkst w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The ambiguity this caused was sometimes intentional, for example where a character would be used slightly differently on a terminal link than on a data stream, and sometimes accidental, for example with the meaning of \"delete\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd w\u028cz s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a w\u028ad bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd sl\u02c8a\u026atli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ntli \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u02cc\u00e6ks\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv \"d\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0t\"."}, {"text": "Probably the most influential single device affecting the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cca\u026ap m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz\u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a t\u02c8e\u026ap \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 p\u02c8\u028cnt\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a t\u02c8e\u026ap w\u028cz\u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z, l\u02c8\u025bs k\u02c8\u0254stli \u00e6nd \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8e\u026az l\u02c8\u025bs f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ap."}, {"text": "In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF), and 127 (delete) became de facto standards.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cca\u026ap m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028adz s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alkj\u02c8u\u02d0, d\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u02cc\u025bks\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bn, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u02c8\u025bs, d\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0t b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am d\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kto\u028a st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz."}, {"text": "The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of control-G (code 7, BEL, meaning audibly alert the operator) literally, as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u028ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, b\u02c8\u025bl, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u1d7bbli \u0250l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259li, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l b\u02c8\u025bl w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014b w\u025bn \u026at \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0250 b\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a."}, {"text": "Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of underscore), a noncompliant use of code 15 (control-O, shift in) interpreted as \"delete previous character\" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0251\u02d0p f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bft\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6ski n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ask\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0250 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0259mpl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv k\u02c8o\u028ad f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u02c8o\u028a, \u0283\u02c8\u026aft \u026an \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \"d\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0t p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\" w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u02c8a\u026am\u0283\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz b\u02cc\u028ct \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am n\u1d7b\u0261l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving control-Q (XON, transmit on) caused the tape reader to resume.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cca\u026ap \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026akw\u02c8\u026apt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a t\u02c8e\u026ap \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0250 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u02c8\u025bs z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f, \u0250n \u0250b\u0279\u02cci\u02d0v\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026at \u02c8\u0254f, \u026at k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ap \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p; \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alkj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bks\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bn, t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026at \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ap \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8u\u02d0m."}, {"text": "This so-called flow control technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a \"handshaking\" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending buffer overflow; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld fl\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a \"h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0283e\u026ak\u026a\u014b\" s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u026amp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025afl\u02c8o\u028a; \u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u026asts t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as d\u02c8e\u026a \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k."}, {"text": "On some systems, control-S retains its meaning, but control-Q is replaced by a second control-S to resume output.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026anz \u026ats m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alkj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026az \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u02c8\u025bs t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8u\u02d0m \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at."}, {"text": "The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ control-R (DC2) and control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u028ad bi\u02d0 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025ad t\u028a \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alt\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ap p\u02c8\u028cnt\u0283; \u02cc\u0254n s\u02cc\u028cm j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats \u026akw\u02c8\u026apt w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0k\u00e6p \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a w\u028cz t\u02c8e\u026ap \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026ap \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "The Teletype could not move its typehead backwards, so it did not have a key on its keyboard to send a BS (backspace).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cca\u026ap k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u026ats t\u02c8a\u026aph\u025bd b\u02c8\u00e6kw\u025adz, s\u02cco\u028a \u026at d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u00e6v \u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279d t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250 b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs b\u02c8\u00e6kspe\u026as."}, {"text": "The purpose of this key was to erase mistakes in a manually-input paper tape: the operator had to push a button on the tape punch to back it up, then type the rubout, which punched all holes and replaced the mistake with a character that was intended to be ignored.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u028cv \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u028cz t\u028a \u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026as m\u026ast\u02c8e\u026aks \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li\u02c8\u026anp\u028at p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a t\u02c8e\u026ap: \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a h\u00e6dt\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0283 \u0250 b\u02c8\u028c\u0294n\u0329 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ap p\u02c8\u028cnt\u0283 t\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u028cp, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8a\u026ap \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ba\u028at, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u02c8\u028cnt\u0283t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u02c8o\u028alz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 m\u026ast\u02c8e\u026ak w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "Teletypes were commonly used with the less-expensive computers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC); these systems had to use what keys were available, and thus the DEL character was assigned to erase the previous character.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cca\u026aps w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bs\u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns\u026av k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az f\u0279\u028cm d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0; \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz h\u00e6dt\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u028ct k\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a w\u028cz \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and t\u028a \u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a."}, {"text": "Because of this, DEC video terminals (by default) sent the DEL character for the key marked \"Backspace\" while the separate key marked \"Delete\" sent an escape sequence; many other competing terminals sent a BS character for the backspace key.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259lz ba\u026a d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254lt s\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \"b\u02c8\u00e6kspe\u026as\" w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t k\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \"d\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0t\" s\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250n \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns; m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259lz s\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6kspe\u026as k\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The Unix terminal driver could only use one character to erase the previous character; this could be set to BS or DEL, but not both, resulting in recurring situations of ambiguity where users had to decide depending on what terminal they were using (shells that allow line editing, such as ksh, bash, and zsh, understand both).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026aks t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u025a k\u028ad \u02c8o\u028anli j\u02c8u\u02d0z w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a t\u028a \u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a; \u00f0\u026as k\u028ad bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bt t\u0259 b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az h\u00e6dt\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n w\u028ct t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u025blz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a l\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, b\u02c8\u00e6\u0283, \u00e6nd z\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "The assumption that no key sent a BS character allowed control+H to be used for other purposes, such as the \"help\" prefix command in GNU Emacs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u0259bi j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 \"h\u02c8\u025blp\" p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026an d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bnj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0m\u00e6ks."}, {"text": "Many more of the control characters have been assigned meanings quite different from their original ones.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az h\u0250vb\u026an \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz kw\u02c8a\u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l w\u02cc\u028cnz."}, {"text": "The \"escape\" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending of other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning, an \"escape sequence\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"\u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap\" k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u02c8o\u028ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, w\u028cz \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a s\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00e6z l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259lz \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u026anv\u02c8o\u028ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b, \u00e6n \"\u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns\"."}, {"text": "This is the same meaning of \"escape\" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv \"\u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap\" \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad \u026an j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u025bl \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014bz, s\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az h\u00e6v \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In modern usage, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence usually in the form of a so-called \"ANSI escape code\" (or, more properly, a \"Control Sequence Introducer\") from ECMA-48 (1972) and its successors, beginning with ESC followed by a \"[\" (left-bracket) character.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292, \u0250n \u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0259v\u0259 s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u02c8\u00e6nsi \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap k\u02c8o\u028ad\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ali, \u02c8e\u026a \"k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a\"f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025bkm\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u026ats s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u025az, b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026a \"\" l\u02c8\u025bftb\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a."}, {"text": "In contrast, an ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation or special mode, as in the TECO and vi text editors.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, \u0250n \u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l \u026az m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250n \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259vb\u02c8\u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u0250n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8o\u028ad, \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028a \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n s\u02c8\u026aks t\u02c8\u025bkst \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u025af\u02cce\u026as \u0261\u02c8u\u02d0i \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026ando\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, \u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u026ats k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z\u026at t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring \"plain text\" files between systems.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026anh\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az, k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292, k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz w\u025bn t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \"pl\u02c8e\u026an t\u02c8\u025bkst\" f\u02c8a\u026alz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both \"carriage return\" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and \"line feed\" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead).", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cca\u026ap m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bkst bi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \"k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\" w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8u\u02d0vz \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026anth\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd \"l\u02c8a\u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0d\" w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8a\u026an w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026anth\u025bd."}, {"text": "The name \"carriage return\" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moves while the typebars that strike the ribbon remain stationary.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \"k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\" k\u02c8\u028cmz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 h\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a m\u02c8u\u02d0vz w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026apb\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u00f0\u00e6t st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026ab\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i."}, {"text": "The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the paper for the next line.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028a\u0283t \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst l\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work.", "phonemes": "d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8e\u026at, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bks \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u025bst\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps t\u02c8\u025bn, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259.j\u02c8u\u02d0zd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nso\u028al d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cca\u026ap m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0nz w\u028ad w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "By the time so-called \"glass TTYs\" (later called CRTs or \"dumb terminals\") came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing to follow it.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u0261l\u02c8\u00e6s t\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0w\u02c8a\u026az\" l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"d\u02c8\u028cm t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259lz\"k\u02c8e\u026am \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz s\u02cco\u028a w\u02c8\u025bl \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8\u00e6kw\u025ad k\u0259mp\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei n\u0259s\u02c8\u025bs\u026at\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026at."}, {"text": "When Gary Kildall created CP/M, he was inspired by some of the command line interface conventions used in DEC's RT-11 operating system.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i k\u026ald\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bm, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u026ant\u025af\u02cce\u026as k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no influence in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC encoding instead of ASCII, and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of \"carriage return\" was meaningless.", "phonemes": "\u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02cca\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm h\u00e6d n\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u026an \u00f0\u026as b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8\u025bbkd\u026ak \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ski, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u1d7bd t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d p\u02c8\u028cnt\u0283k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8\u026anp\u028at \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv \"k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\" w\u028cz m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bl\u0259s."}, {"text": "IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being loosely based on CP/M, and Windows in turn inherited it from MS-DOS.", "phonemes": "\u02cca\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bmz p\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bsd\u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs ba\u026a m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ft \u026anh\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0 \u028cv b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b l\u02c8u\u02d0sli b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n s\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bm, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026ando\u028az \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u026anh\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026at f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bsd\u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and ambiguity as to how to interpret each character when encountered by itself.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u028cnn\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i k\u0259mpl\u02c8\u025bks\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u00e6z t\u0259 h\u02cca\u028a t\u028a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a w\u025bn \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad ba\u026a \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "To simplify matters, plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ampl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025az, pl\u02c8e\u026an t\u02c8\u025bkst d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u026alz, \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u028cltiks j\u02c8u\u02d0zd l\u02c8a\u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bf \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "On the other hand, the original Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple has now replaced these obsolete operating systems with the Unix-based macOS operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ant\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0283 \u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs, \u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs j\u02c8u\u02d0zd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l h\u0250z n\u02c8a\u028a \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bs\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026aksb\u02c8e\u026ast m\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u00f0e\u026a n\u02c8a\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0z l\u02c8a\u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bf \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings; machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings; and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and which used EBCDIC rather than ASCII encoding.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p\u0250n\u02cc\u025bt \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps t\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn\u025bks j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bf l\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014bz; m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8\u028cltiks j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bf l\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014bz; \u00e6nd m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd l\u02c8a\u026anz \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a k\u02c8a\u028ant f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8\u025bbkd\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6ski \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII \"Network Virtual Terminal\" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bln\u026at p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6ski \"n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l\" \u02cc\u025bnv\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n h\u02c8o\u028asts w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8a\u026an\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bts k\u028ad bi\u02d0 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad t\u02c8\u025bkst f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bln\u026at j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8\u00e6ski \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bf l\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014bz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz w\u028ad t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026at b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnv\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026al t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bln\u026at p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u025bn t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254lt \u02c8\u00e6ski m\u02c8o\u028ad."}, {"text": "This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6dz k\u0259mpl\u02c8\u025bks\u1d7b\u027ei t\u028a \u02cc\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lz, \u00e6nd t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0o\u028az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0m\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8a\u026ad w\u02c8\u025bb, \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnv\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bf l\u02c8a\u026an\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The PDP-6 monitor, and its PDP-10 successor TOPS-10, used control-Z (SUB) as an end-of-file indication for input from a terminal.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd \u026ats p\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bn s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u025a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps t\u02c8\u025bn, j\u02c8u\u02d0zd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bsj\u02ccu\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u025bnd\u028cvf\u02c8a\u026al \u02cc\u026and\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anp\u028at f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "Some operating systems such as CP/M tracked file length only in units of disk blocks, and used control-Z to mark the end of the actual text in the file.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bm t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt f\u02c8a\u026al l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u02c8o\u028anli \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats \u028cv d\u02c8\u026ask bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks, \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bkst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026al."}, {"text": "For these reasons, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for control-Z instead of SUBstitute.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz, \u02c8i\u02d0\u0251\u02d0f, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bnd\u028cvf\u02c8a\u026al, w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028akw\u026a\u0259li \u00e6nd k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u00e6z \u0250 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u026am f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u02cc\u025bsj\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8i\u02d0st\u02c8\u026a\u027eu\u02d0t."}, {"text": "The end-of-text character (ETX), also known as control-C, was inappropriate for a variety of reasons, while using control-Z as the control character to end a file is analogous to the letter Z's position at the end of the alphabet, and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd\u028cvt\u02c8\u025bkst k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bks, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028als\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u028cz \u02cc\u026an\u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279i\u0259t f\u025a\u0279\u0259 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz, w\u02cca\u026al j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnd \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026al \u026az \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259\u0261\u0259s t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a z\u02c8i\u02d0z p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u0259nv\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259nt n\u025bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX character convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard.", "phonemes": "\u0250 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u026al p\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l\u0259nt k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bks k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0254lt \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u0279 \u0250n \u02c8\u026anp\u028at d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "The Unix terminal driver uses the end-of-transmission character (EOT), also known as control-D, to indicate the end of a data stream.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026aks t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd\u028cvt\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald\u02c8i\u02d0, t\u028a \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u0259v\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m."}, {"text": "In the C programming language, and in Unix conventions, the null character is used to terminate text strings; such null-terminated strings can be known in abbreviation as ASCIZ or ASCIIZ, where here Z stands for \"zero\".", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026aks k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cl k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at t\u02c8\u025bkst st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz; s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 n\u02c8\u028clt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028an \u026an \u0250b\u0279\u02cci\u02d0v\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250ss\u02c8\u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250ss\u02c8\u026a\u026az, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 z\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a\"."}, {"text": "Other representations might be used by specialist equipment, for example ISO 2047 graphics or hexadecimal numbers.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026aks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bks\u0250d\u02cc\u025bs\u026am\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az."}, {"text": "Codes 20hex to 7Ehex, known as the printable characters, represent letters, digits, punctuation marks, and a few miscellaneous symbols.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8o\u028adz tw\u02c8\u025bnti h\u02c8\u025bks t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u025bh\u025bks, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u0259b\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az, \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats, p\u02cc\u028c\u014bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks, \u00e6nd \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02cc\u026as\u0259l\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259s s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Code 20hex, the \"space\" character, denotes the space between words, as produced by the space bar of a keyboard.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8o\u028ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti h\u02c8\u025bks, \u00f0\u0259 \"sp\u02c8e\u026as\" k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a, d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u00e6z p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "Code 7Fhex corresponds to the non-printable \"delete\" (DEL) control character and is therefore omitted from this chart; it is covered in the previous section's chart.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8o\u028ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u025bfh\u02c8\u025bks k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0np\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u0259b\u0259l \"d\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0t\" d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 o\u028am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u026as t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t; \u026a\u027e \u026az k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Earlier versions of ASCII used the up arrow instead of the caret (5Ehex) and the left arrow instead of the underscore (5Fhex).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ski j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u025bh\u025bks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bft \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ask\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u025bfh\u02c8\u025bks."}, {"text": "ASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ski w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02c8u\u02d0zd k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nb\u02c8\u026at t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bp\u0279\u02cc\u026ant\u025a k\u02c8o\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u02cco\u028an \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz t\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cc\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bks t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cca\u026ap \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system.", "phonemes": "t\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cc\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bks \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a f\u02c8a\u026avb\u02c8\u026at \u02cca\u026at\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bks t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bp\u0279\u02cc\u026ant\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work according to Bemer, \"so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer\u2013Ross Code in Europe\".", "phonemes": "h\u026az b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li\u02d0\u0261 hj\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u0254s h\u02c8\u025blpt t\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 b\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025c\u02d0, \"s\u02c8o\u028a m\u02cc\u028ct\u0283 s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6ski w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u0254s k\u02c8o\u028ad \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\"."}, {"text": "On March 11, 1968, US President Lyndon B. Johnson mandated that all computers purchased by the United States Federal Government support ASCII, stating:", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt l\u02c8\u026and\u0259n b\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n m\u00e6nd\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026ast ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u00e6ski, st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b:"}, {"text": "I have also approved recommendations of the Secretary of Commerce [Luther H. Hodges] regarding standards for recording the Standard Code for Information Interchange on magnetic tapes and paper tapes when they are used in computer operations.", "phonemes": "a\u026a h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u025bnd\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025c\u02d0s l\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u02c8o\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u025at\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u02cc\u0254n m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026aps \u00e6nd p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a t\u02c8e\u026aps w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "All computers and related equipment configurations brought into the Federal Government inventory on and after July 1, 1969, must have the capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u02c8\u026anv\u0259nt\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u02cc\u0254n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, m\u02c8\u028cst\u0250v \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cce\u026ap\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u02c8o\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u025at\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6ts p\u0279\u026ask\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ap \u00e6nd p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a t\u02c8e\u026ap st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz w\u025bn \u00f0i\u02d0z m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when UTF-8 encoding surpassed it; UTF-8 is backward compatible with ASCII.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ski w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8a\u026ad w\u02c8\u025bb \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025bn j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf \u02c8e\u026at \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b s\u025ap\u02c8\u00e6st \u026at; j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf \u02c8e\u026at \u026az b\u02c8\u00e6kw\u025ad k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bb\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6ski."}, {"text": "As computer technology spread throughout the world, different standards bodies and corporations developed many variations of ASCII to facilitate the expression of non-English languages that used Roman-based alphabets.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt m\u02c8\u025bni v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ski t\u0259 f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nb\u02c8e\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts."}, {"text": "One could class some of these variations as \"ASCII extensions\", although some misuse that term to represent all variants, including those that do not preserve ASCII's character-map in the 7-bit range.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn k\u028ad kl\u02c8\u00e6s s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6z \"\u02c8\u00e6ski \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz\", \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm m\u026asj\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nts, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u02c8\u00e6ski k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025am\u02c8\u00e6p \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nb\u02c8\u026at \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292."}, {"text": "From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u026an \u026ats d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt, \u02c8\u00e6ski w\u028cz \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259bi d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nts \u0259v\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a k\u02c8o\u028ad st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad."}, {"text": "Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO 646 (1967) that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (\u00a3); e.g. with code page 1104.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz h\u00e6v \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ski, w\u026a\u00f0 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259mz p\u02c8a\u028and st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u014b p\u02c8a\u028and; \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the US and a few other countries.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0250n \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ski, s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8\u00e6ski s\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u028cv \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Many other countries developed variants of ASCII to include non-English letters (e.g. \u00e9, \u00f1, \u00df, \u0141), currency symbols (e.g. \u00a3, \u00a5), etc.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nts \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ski t\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02cci\u02d0\u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0t, \u02cc\u025bnt\u02c8\u026ald\u0259, \u0283\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279p\u02c8\u025bs, \u02cc\u025blst\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak, k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nsi s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. p\u02c8a\u028and, j\u02c8\u025bn, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "It would share most characters in common, but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for \"national use\".", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028ad \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250s\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259li j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s\"."}, {"text": "However, the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00f0\u00e6t \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6pst b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ski n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u025bnd\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u02c8\u00e6ski t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as\u1d7bz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259bi d\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kto\u028a st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bk\u0259mp\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cns \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz d\u02c8\u026ad b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an \u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nts t\u0259 \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants."}, {"text": "It does not make any additional codes available, so the same code points encoded different characters in different countries.", "phonemes": "\u026at d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02cce\u026ak \u02cc\u025bni \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8o\u028adz \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Escape codes were defined to indicate which national variant applied to a piece of text, but they were rarely used, so it was often impossible to know what variant to work with and, therefore, which character a code represented, and in general, text-processing systems could cope with only one variant anyway.", "phonemes": "\u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap k\u02c8o\u028adz w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and t\u028a \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nt \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u028a \u0250 p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bkst, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279li j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, s\u02cco\u028a \u026at w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a w\u028ct v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nt t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k w\u026a\u00f0 \u00e6nd, \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8o\u028ad \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, t\u02c8\u025bkstp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz k\u028ad k\u02c8o\u028ap w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bn\u026aw\u02cce\u026a."}, {"text": "Because the bracket and brace characters of ASCII were assigned to \"national use\" code points that were used for accented letters in other national variants of ISO/IEC 646, a German, French, or Swedish, etc. programmer using their national variant of ISO/IEC 646, rather than ASCII, had to write, and thus read, something such as", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026at \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8e\u026as k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ski w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and tu\u02d0 \"n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s\" k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259nt\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nts \u028cv \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cca\u026a\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sw\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0283, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259. p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nt \u028cv \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cca\u026a\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6ski, h\u00e6dt\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d, s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z"}, {"text": "C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0279\u00e6fz w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nsi s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u02cc\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an k\u0259mp\u02c8a\u026al\u025az l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "(for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained \"{, }\" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0m\u02c8e\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0259n\u02cc\u025bt k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and \",\" \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u025az \u0261\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0zd tu\u02d0."}, {"text": "For example, a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch, could get \"N{ jag har sm|rg}sar\" as the answer, which should be \"N\u00e4 jag", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0250 sw\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0283 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u025a m\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u014b \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6sk\u026a\u014b \u026af \u00f0e\u026a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u0261\u02cco\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u028cnt\u0283, k\u028ad \u0261\u02c8\u025bt \"\u02c8\u025bn d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\" \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad b\u02c8i\u02d0 \"n\u02c8\u025b d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6\u0261"}, {"text": "In Japan and Korea, still  a variation of ASCII is used, in which the backslash (5C hex) is rendered as \u00a5 (a Yen sign, in Japan) or \u20a9 (a Won sign, in Korea).", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259, st\u02c8\u026al \u0250 v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ski \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6ksl\u00e6\u0283 f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bks \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025ad \u00e6z j\u02c8\u025bn \u0250 j\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8a\u026an, \u026an d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0250 w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8a\u026an, \u026an k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259."}, {"text": "This means that, for example, the file path C:\\Users\\Smith is shown as C:\u00a5Users\u00a5Smith (in Japan) or C:\u20a9Users\u20a9Smith (in Korea).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026al p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 s\u02c8i\u02d0:b\u02c8\u00e6ksl\u00e6\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az b\u02c8\u00e6ksl\u00e6\u0283 sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 \u026az \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z s\u02c8i\u02d0:j\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az j\u02c8\u025bn sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 \u026an d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0:w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 \u026an k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259."}, {"text": "In Europe, teletext character sets, which are variants of ASCII, are used for broadcast TV subtitles, defined by World System Teletext and broadcast using the DVB-TXT standard for embedding teletext into DVB transmissions.", "phonemes": "\u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cc\u025bkst k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nts \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ski, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cbta\u026a\u027e\u0259lz, d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cc\u025bkst \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0v\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bkst\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bmb\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cc\u025bkst \u02cc\u026ant\u028a d\u02cci\u02d0v\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In the case that the subtitles were initially authored for teletext and converted, the derived subtitle formats are constrained to the same character sets.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbta\u026a\u027e\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u02cc\u025bkst \u00e6nd k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd s\u02c8\u028cbta\u026a\u027e\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026and t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "Eventually, as 8-, 16-, and 32-bit (and later 64-bit) computers began to replace 12-, 18-, and 36-bit computers as the norm, it became common to use an 8-bit byte to store each character in memory, providing an opportunity for extended, 8-bit relatives of ASCII.", "phonemes": "\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li, \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026at, s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026at \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8\u026at k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aksb\u02c8\u026at k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250n \u02c8e\u026atb\u02c8\u026at b\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u026an m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i, p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd, \u02c8e\u026atb\u02c8\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ski."}, {"text": "In most cases these developed as true extensions of ASCII, leaving the original character-mapping intact, but adding additional character definitions after the first 128 (i.e., 7-bit) characters.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0i\u02d0z d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00e6z t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ski, l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025am\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u014b \u026ant\u02c8\u00e6kt, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nb\u02c8\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az."}, {"text": "Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0i\u02d0z \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6ski, t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6ski \u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and st\u0279\u02c8\u026aktli \u02c8o\u028anli ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nsi st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad."}, {"text": "Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0 to 31 with more graphics.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li h\u02c8o\u028am k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an \u02c8e\u026atb\u02c8\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bts k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026and\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8e\u026am \u0261l\u02c8\u026afz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u02c8\u026ald \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az f\u0279\u028cm z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026aks."}, {"text": "The PETSCII code Commodore International used for their 8-bit systems is probably unique among post-1970 codes in being based on ASCII-1963, instead of the more common ASCII-1967, such as found on the ZX Spectrum computer.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bts\u026a\u02cca\u026a k\u02c8o\u028ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259d\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8e\u026atb\u02c8\u026at s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b p\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti k\u02c8o\u028adz \u026an b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6ski n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ski n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z f\u02c8a\u028and \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 z\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bks sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259m k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "The IBM PC defined code page 437, which replaced the control characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm p\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z sm\u02c8a\u026ali f\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6pt \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Operating systems such as DOS supported these code pages, and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u025az \u028cv \u02cca\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm p\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS) for use in the popular VT220 terminal as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bt d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0\u02cc\u025bms\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a v\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0250n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026aks."}, {"text": "The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript defined another character set: both sets contained \"international\" letters, typographic symbols and punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ant\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0283 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and m\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028astsk\u0279\u026apt d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bt: b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bts k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and \"\u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\" l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, t\u02cca\u026ap\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u028c\u014bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026aks, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "The ISO/IEC 8859 standard (derived from the DEC-MCS) finally provided a standard that most systems copied (at least as accurately as they copied ASCII, but with many substitutions).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cca\u026a\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0\u02cc\u025bms\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ad \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259tli \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6ski, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bni s\u02cc\u028cbst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "A popular further extension designed by Microsoft, Windows-1252 (often mislabeled as ISO-8859-1), added the typographic punctuation marks needed for traditional text printing.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ft, w\u02c8\u026ando\u028az w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n m\u026asl\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \u00e6z \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02cca\u026ap\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak p\u02cc\u028c\u014bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bkst p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252, and the original 7-bit ASCII were the most common character encodings until 2008 when UTF-8 became more common.", "phonemes": "\u02c8a\u026azo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02c8\u026ando\u028az w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nb\u02c8\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ski w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014bz \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at w\u025bn j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf \u02c8e\u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n."}, {"text": "ISO/IEC 4873 introduced 32 additional control codes defined in the 80\u20139F hexadecimal range, as part of extending the 7-bit ASCII encoding to become an 8-bit system.", "phonemes": "\u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cca\u026a\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8o\u028adz d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u025bf h\u02c8\u025bks\u0250d\u02cc\u025bs\u026am\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nb\u02c8\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ski \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8e\u026atb\u02c8\u026at s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "Unicode and the ISO/IEC 10646 Universal Character Set (UCS) have a much wider array of characters and their various encoding forms have begun to supplant ISO/IEC 8859 and ASCII rapidly in many environments.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak\u02cco\u028ad \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cca\u026a\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bt j\u02ccu\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs h\u00e6v \u0250 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 w\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz h\u00e6v b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 s\u0259pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cca\u026a\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ski \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "While ASCII is limited to 128 characters, Unicode and the UCS support more characters by separating the concepts of unique identification (using natural numbers called code points) and encoding (to 8-, 16-, or 32-bit binary formats, called UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32, respectively).", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6ski \u026az l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az, j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak\u02cco\u028ad \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpts \u028cv ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u00e6nd \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8e\u026at, s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026at b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6ts, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf \u02c8e\u026at, j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode (1991) character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ski w\u028cz \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak\u02cco\u028ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bt \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nb\u02c8\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ski k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak k\u02c8o\u028adz \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf \u02c8e\u026at t\u0259bi b\u02c8\u00e6kw\u025ad k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bb\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nb\u02c8\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ski, \u00e6z \u0250 j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf \u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8a\u026al k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6ski k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u026az a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6ski f\u02c8a\u026al k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az."}, {"text": "Even more importantly, forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ntli, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad k\u0259mp\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279d \u00e6z s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u02c8o\u028anli s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nb\u02c8\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ski k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00e6z sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a b\u02c8a\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast b\u02c8\u026at s\u02c8\u025bt \u02cc\u00e6z\u02cc\u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8e\u026atb\u02c8\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ski \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn w\u026al p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf \u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u028cnt\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d."}, {"text": "Jargon File, a glossary of computer programmer slang which includes a list of common slang names for ASCII characters", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n f\u02c8a\u026al, \u0250 \u0261l\u02c8\u0254s\u025a\u0279i \u028cv k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u025a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u0250 l\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u014b n\u02c8e\u026amz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ski k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az"}, {"text": "Animation is the method that encompasses myriad filmmaking techniques, by which still images are manipulated to create moving images.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u00f0\u00e6t \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u1d7bz m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks, ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8\u026al \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets (cels) to be photographed and exhibited on film.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8e\u026ant\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254n t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025blju\u02d0l\u02cc\u0254\u026ad \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ts s\u02c8\u025blz t\u0259bi f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ft \u00e6nd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "As CGI increasingly approximates photographic imagery, filmmakers can easily composite 3D animations into their film rather than using practical effects for showy visual effects (VFX).", "phonemes": "\u00e6z s\u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026ats f\u02cco\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u0279i, f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025az k\u00e6n \u02c8i\u02d0zili k\u0259mp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u026alm \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8o\u028ai v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts v\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bks."}, {"text": "Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation (which may have the look of traditional animation) can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth, or faster real-time renderings.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cca\u026al t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sta\u026al\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz, l\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8\u00e6ndw\u026ad\u03b8, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259lt\u02c8a\u026am \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two- and three-dimensional objects like paper cutouts, puppets, or clay figures.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026a \u0250 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts l\u02c8a\u026ak p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a k\u02c8\u028c\u027ea\u028ats, p\u02c8\u028cp\u026ats, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az."}, {"text": "The style takes inspiration from comic strips, often featuring anthropomorphic animals, superheroes, or the adventures of human protagonists.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8a\u026al t\u02c8e\u026aks \u02cc\u026ansp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u026aps, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025ah\u02cci\u0259\u0279o\u028az, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0250\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "Especially with animals that form a natural predator/prey relationship (e.g. cats and mice, coyotes and birds), the action often centers on violent pratfalls such as falls, collisions, and explosions that would be lethal in real life.", "phonemes": "\u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. k\u02c8\u00e6ts \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u026as, ka\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027eiz \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az \u02cc\u0254n v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz, k\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad bi\u02d0 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0259l \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "The illusion of animation\u2014as in motion pictures in general\u2014has traditionally been attributed to the persistence of vision and later to the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact neurological causes are still uncertain.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u2014\u00e6z \u026an m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u2014h\u0250z t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li b\u02cc\u026an \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259n \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt n\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al \u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329."}, {"text": "The illusion of motion caused by a rapid succession of images that minimally differ from each other, with unnoticeable interruptions, is a stroboscopic effect.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ad s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259li d\u02c8\u026af\u025a f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as\u0259b\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259nz, \u026az \u0250 st\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "While animators traditionally used to draw each part of the movements and changes of figures on transparent cels that could be moved over a separate background, computer animation is usually based on programming paths between key frames to maneuver digitally created figures throughout a digitally created environment.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az \u02cc\u0254n t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025blz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad bi\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and, k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8s b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n k\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amz t\u0259 m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259li k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u0250 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259li k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the ph\u00e9nakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope, and film.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261 m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ad d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv si\u02d0kw\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026an\u0250k\u02cc\u026ast\u026ak\u02cco\u028ap, z\u02c8o\u028at\u0279o\u028ap, fl\u02c8\u026ap b\u02c8\u028ak, p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026an\u02cc\u0251\u02d0sko\u028ap, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259li."}, {"text": "In addition to short films, feature films, television series, animated GIFs, and other media dedicated to the display of moving images, animation is also prevalent in video games, motion graphics, user interfaces, and visual effects.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u026almz, f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026almz, t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0261\u02c8\u026af, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l\u0259nt \u026an v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz, m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026aks, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u025af\u02cce\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts."}, {"text": "The physical movement of image parts through simple mechanics\u2014for instance, moving images in magic lantern shows\u2014can also be considered animation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026aks\u2014f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6nt\u025an \u0283\u02c8o\u028az\u2014k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The mechanical manipulation of three-dimensional puppets and objects to emulate living beings has a very long history in automata.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l m\u0259n\u02cc\u026apj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8\u028cp\u026ats \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts t\u028a \u02c8\u025bmj\u028al\u02cce\u026at l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz h\u0250z \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u0254\u014b h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u026an \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "The word \"animation\" stems from the Latin \"anim\u0101ti\u014dn\", stem of \"anim\u0101ti\u014d\", meaning \"a bestowing of life\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"\u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\" st\u02c8\u025bmz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \"\u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", st\u02c8\u025bm \u028cv \"\u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a\", m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"\u0250 b\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af\"."}, {"text": "The earlier meaning of the English word is \"liveliness\" and has been in use much longer than the meaning of \"moving image medium\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026az \"l\u02c8a\u026avl\u026an\u0259s\" \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv \"m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m\"."}, {"text": "Hundreds of years before the introduction of true animation, people all over the world enjoyed shows with moving figures that were physically manipulated (manually, or sometimes mechanically) in puppetry, automata, shadow play, and the magic lantern (especially in phantasmagoria shows).", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u025bnd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u0283\u02c8o\u028az w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026az\u026akli m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026akli \u026an p\u02c8\u028cp\u026at\u0279i, \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259, \u0283\u02c8\u00e6do\u028a pl\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6nt\u025an \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an f\u02cc\u00e6nt\u0250zm\u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028az."}, {"text": "In 1833, the stroboscopic disc (better known as the ph\u00e9nakisticope) introduced the principle of modern animation, which would also be applied in the zoetrope (introduced in 1866), the flip book (1868), the praxinoscope (1877) and film.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak d\u02c8\u026ask b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026an\u0250k\u02cc\u026ast\u026ak\u02cco\u028ap \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8o\u028at\u0279o\u028ap \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u026ap b\u02c8\u028ak w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026an\u02cc\u0251\u02d0sko\u028ap w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "When cinematography eventually broke through in the 1890s, the wonder of the realistic details in the new medium was seen as its biggest accomplishment.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279i\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026alz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m w\u028cz s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u026ats b\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u026ast \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The successful short The Haunted Hotel (1907) by J. Stuart Blackton popularized stop-motion and reportedly inspired \u00c9mile Cohl to create Fantasmagorie (1908), regarded as the oldest known example of a complete traditional (hand-drawn) animation on standard cinematographic film.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0nt\u1d7bd ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. st\u02c8u\u02d0\u025at bl\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pm\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bdli \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u026am\u02c8a\u026al k\u02c8o\u028al t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0250zm\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u025a\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at, \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast n\u02c8o\u028an \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6ndd\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "Other great artistic and very influential short films were created by Ladislas Starevich with his puppet animations since 1910 and by Winsor McCay with detailed hand-drawn animation in films such as Little Nemo (1911) and Gertie the Dinosaur (1914).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u026almz w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6d\u026asl\u0259z st\u02c8\u025b\u0279v\u026at\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az p\u02c8\u028cp\u026at \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u026ans\u025a m\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026a w\u026a\u00f0 di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald h\u02c8\u00e6ndd\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an f\u02c8\u026almz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8i\u02d0mo\u028a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Successful producer John Randolph Bray and animator Earl Hurd, patented the cel animation process that dominated the animation industry for the rest of the century.", "phonemes": "s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0251\u02d0lf b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Felix the Cat, who debuted in 1919, became the first fully realized animal character in the history of American animation.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6t, h\u02ccu\u02d0 de\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u028ali \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026azd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1928, Steamboat Willie, featuring Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse, popularized film with synchronized sound and put Walt Disney's studio at the forefront of the animation industry.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at, st\u02c8i\u02d0mbo\u028at w\u02c8\u026ali, f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u026aki m\u02c8a\u028as \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026ani m\u02c8a\u028as, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd f\u02c8\u026alm w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd s\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u028at w\u02c8\u0254lt d\u02c8\u026azniz st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u0279\u028cnt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i."}, {"text": "Although Disney Animation's actual output relative to total global animation output has always been very small, the studio has overwhelmingly dominated the \"aesthetic norms\" of animation ever since.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a d\u02c8\u026azni \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az b\u02cc\u026an v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a h\u0250z \u02cco\u028av\u025aw\u02c8\u025blm\u026a\u014bli d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \"\u025bs\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz\" \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bv\u025a s\u02c8\u026ans."}, {"text": "The enormous success of Mickey Mouse is seen as the start of the golden age of American animation that would last until the 1960s.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259s s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u028cv m\u02c8\u026aki m\u02c8a\u028as \u026az s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad l\u02c8\u00e6st \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z."}, {"text": "The United States dominated the world market of animation with a plethora of cel-animated theatrical shorts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 pl\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Several studios would introduce characters that would become very popular and would have long-lasting careers, including Walt Disney Productions' Goofy (1932) and Donald Duck (1934), Fleischer Studios/Paramount Cartoon Studios' Out of the Inkwell' Koko the Clown (1918), Bimbo and Betty Boop (1930), Popeye (1933) and Casper (1945), Warner Bros. Cartoons' Looney Tunes' Porky Pig (1935), Daffy Duck (1937), Elmer Fudd (1937\u20131940), Bugs Bunny (1938\u20131940), Tweety (1942), Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner (1949), MGM cartoon studio's Tom and Jerry (1940) and Droopy, Walter Lantz Productions/Universal Studio Cartoons' Woody Woodpecker (1940), Terrytoons/20th Century Fox's Mighty Mouse (1942), and United Artists' Pink Panther (1963).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az w\u028ad \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a \u00e6nd w\u028adh\u0250v l\u02c8\u0254\u014bl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254lt d\u02c8\u026azni p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz \u0261\u02c8u\u02d0fi n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld d\u02c8\u028ck n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, fl\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u028ant k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u026a\u014bkw\u02c8\u025bl k\u02c8o\u028ako\u028a \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u028an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, b\u02c8\u026ambo\u028a \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025b\u027ei b\u02c8u\u02d0p n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei, p\u02c8o\u028apa\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6sp\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u025a b\u0279\u02c8o\u028az. k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0nz l\u02c8u\u02d0ni t\u02c8u\u02d0nz p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ki p\u02c8\u026a\u0261 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, d\u02c8\u00e6fi d\u02c8\u028ck n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02c8\u025blm\u025a f\u02c8\u028cd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, b\u02c8\u028c\u0261z b\u02c8\u028cni n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, tw\u02c8i\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02c8a\u026al \u02c8i\u02d0. ka\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027ei \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, \u02cc\u025bmd\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u00e6nd d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pi, w\u02c8\u0254lt\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nts p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0nz w\u02c8\u028adi w\u02c8\u028adp\u025bk\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0nz sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u1d7bz m\u02c8a\u026a\u027ei m\u02c8a\u028as n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts p\u02c8\u026a\u014bk p\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "In 1917, Italian-Argentine director Quirino Cristiani made the first feature-length film El Ap\u00f3stol (now lost), which became a critical and commercial success.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259nt\u02cca\u026an d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a kw\u026a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025al\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02cc\u025bl \u0250p\u02c8\u0254st\u0259l n\u02c8a\u028a l\u02c8\u0254st, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "It was followed by Cristiani's Sin dejar rastros in 1918, but one day after its premiere, the film was confiscated by the government.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0niz s\u02c8\u026an d\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279o\u028az \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026ats p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ask\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "After working on it for three years, Lotte Reiniger released the German feature-length silhouette animation Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed in 1926, the oldest extant animated feature.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026an\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025al\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 s\u02cc\u026al\u028aw\u02c8\u025bt \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8a\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u025bntju\u02d0\u025a d\u02c8\u025bs p\u0279\u02c8\u026anz\u0259n \u0250t\u0283\u0259md \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u025bkst\u02c8\u00e6nt \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "In 1937, Walt Disney Studios premiered their first animated feature, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, still one of the highest-grossing traditional animation features .", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02c8\u0254lt d\u02c8\u026azni st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a, sn\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n dw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279fs, st\u02c8\u026al w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast\u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az ."}, {"text": "Partly due to foreign markets being cut off by the Second World War, Disney's next features Pinocchio, Fantasia (both 1940), Fleischer Studios' second animated feature Mr. Bug Goes to Town (1941\u20131942) and Disney's feature films Cinderella (1950), Alice in Wonderland (1951) and Lady and the Tramp (1955) failed at the box office.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028ct \u02c8\u0254f ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, d\u02c8\u026azniz n\u02c8\u025bkst f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az p\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u02cco\u028a, f\u00e6nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, fl\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. b\u02c8\u028c\u0261 \u0261o\u028az t\u0259 t\u02c8a\u028an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026azniz f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026almz s\u02cc\u026and\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti, \u02c8\u00e6l\u026as \u026an w\u02c8\u028cnd\u025al\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026adi \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6mp n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av f\u02c8e\u026ald \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "For decades afterward, Disney would be the only American studio to regularly produce animated features, until Ralph Bakshi became the first to also release more than a handful features.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025ad, d\u02c8\u026azni w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az, \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u00e6lf b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283i b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6ndf\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Sullivan-Bluth Studios began to regularly produce animated features starting with An American Tail in 1986.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cl\u026av\u0259nbl\u02c8\u028c\u03b8 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n t\u02c8e\u026al \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Although relatively few titles became as successful as Disney's features, other countries developed their own animation industries that produced both short and feature theatrical animations in a wide variety of styles, relatively often including stop motion and cutout animation techniques.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli fj\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00e6z s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u00e6z d\u02c8\u026azniz f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az, \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv st\u02c8a\u026alz, \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028c\u027ea\u028at \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "Russia's Soyuzmultfilm animation studio, founded in 1936, produced 20 films (including shorts) per year on average and reached 1,582 titles in 2018.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259z s\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259zm\u02cc\u028cltf\u026alm \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a, f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u026almz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts p\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t w\u02c8\u028cn,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n."}, {"text": "China, Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic, Italy, France, and Belgium were other countries that more than occasionally released feature films, while Japan became a true powerhouse of animation production, with its own recognizable and influential anime style of effective limited animation.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, t\u0283\u02cc\u025bk\u0259sl\u0259v\u02c8\u00e6ki\u0259 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak, \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li, f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bld\u0292\u0259m w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026almz, w\u02cca\u026al d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025ah\u02cca\u028as \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a st\u02c8a\u026al \u028cv \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Animation became very popular on television since the 1950s, when television sets started to become common in most developed countries.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z, w\u02cc\u025bn t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bts st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Cartoons were mainly programmed for children, on convenient time slots, and especially US youth spent many hours watching Saturday-morning cartoons.", "phonemes": "k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0nz w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026anli p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6md f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n, \u02cc\u0254n k\u0259nv\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026am sl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts, \u00e6nd \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 sp\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8a\u028a\u025az w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025ad\u02cce\u026am\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Many classic cartoons found a new life on the small screen and by the end of the 1950s, the production of new animated cartoons started to shift from theatrical releases to TV series.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0nz f\u02c8a\u028and \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026af \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6nd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0nz st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026aft f\u0279\u028cm \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz t\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Hanna-Barbera Productions was especially prolific and had huge hit series, such as The Flintstones (1960\u20131966) (the first prime time animated series), Scooby-Doo (since 1969) and Belgian co-production The Smurfs (1981\u20131989).", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz w\u028cz \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li p\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u00e6nd h\u00e6d hj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292 h\u02c8\u026at s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u026antsto\u028anz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz, sk\u02c8u\u02d0bid\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bld\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u025c\u02d0fs n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "The constraints of American television programming and the demand for an enormous quantity resulted in cheaper and quicker limited animation methods and much more formulaic scripts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ants \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u026an\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259s kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027ei \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a \u00e6nd kw\u02c8\u026ak\u025a l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apts."}, {"text": "Quality dwindled until more daring animation surfaced in the late 1980s and in the early 1990s with hit series, the first cartoon of The Simpsons (1987), the animated television series such as The Simpsons (since 1989) and SpongeBob SquarePants (since 1999) as part of a \"renaissance\" of American animation.", "phonemes": "kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei dw\u02c8\u026and\u0259ld \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u026at s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amps\u0259nz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amps\u0259nz s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u028cnd\u0292 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u00e6nts s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 \"\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\" \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "While US animated series also spawned successes internationally, many other countries produced their own child-oriented programming, relatively often preferring stop motion and puppetry over cel animation.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a sp\u02c8\u0254\u02d0nd s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cp\u026at\u0279i \u02cco\u028av\u025a s\u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Japanese anime TV series became very successful internationally since the 1960s, and European producers looking for affordable cel animators relatively often started co-productions with Japanese studios, resulting in hit series such as Barbapapa (The Netherlands/Japan/France 1973\u20131977), Wickie und die starken M\u00e4nner/\u5c0f\u3055\u306a\u30d0\u30a4\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0 \u30d3\u30c3\u30b1 (Vicky the Viking) (Austria/Germany/Japan 1974), Maya the Bee (Japan/Germany 1975) and The Jungle Book (Italy/Japan 1989).", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259li s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u00e6nd j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259b\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an h\u02c8\u026at s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025c\u02d0l\u0259ndz sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02c8\u026aki \u02c8\u028cnd d\u02c8a\u026a st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259n m\u02c8\u025bn\u025a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259ni\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259ni\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259ni\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259ni\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259ni\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259ni\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259ni\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259ni\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259ni\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259ni\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a v\u02c8\u026aki \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8a\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u0279i\u0259 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, m\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u0259l b\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "3D wireframe animation started popping up in the mainstream in the 1970s, with an early (short) appearance in the sci-fi thriller Futureworld (1976).", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8a\u026a\u025af\u0279e\u026am \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026anst\u0279i\u02d0m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026af\u02cca\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u025a fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025arw\u02cc\u025c\u02d0ld n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "The Rescuers Down Under was the first feature film to be completely created digitally without a camera.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bskju\u02d0\u025az d\u02cca\u028an \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm t\u0259bi k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259li w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "It was produced in a style that's very similar to traditional cel animation on the Computer Animation Production System (CAPS), developed by The Walt Disney Company in collaboration with Pixar in the late 1980s.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an \u0250 st\u02c8a\u026al \u00f0\u00e6ts v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m k\u02c8\u00e6ps, d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254lt d\u02c8\u026azni k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u026an k\u0259l\u02cc\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u026aks\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z."}, {"text": "The so-called 3D style, more often associated with computer animation, became the dominant technique following the success of Pixar's Toy Story (1995), the first computer-animated feature in this style.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8a\u026al, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u028cv p\u02c8\u026aks\u0251\u02d0\u0279z t\u02c8\u0254\u026a st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8a\u026al."}, {"text": "Most of the cel animation studios switched to producing mostly computer-animated films around the 1990s, as it proved cheaper and more profitable.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283t t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028astli k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z, \u00e6z \u026at p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "Not only the very popular 3D animation style was generated with computers, but also most of the films and series with a more traditional hand-crafted appearance, in which the charming characteristics of cel animation could be emulated with software, while new digital tools helped developing new styles and effects.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8a\u026al w\u028cz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6ndk\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u1d7bd \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bmj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279, w\u02cca\u026al n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0lz h\u02c8\u025blpt d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8a\u026alz \u00e6nd \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts."}, {"text": "Animated feature-length films returned the highest gross margins (around 52%) of all film genres between 2004 and 2013.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025al\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 f\u02c8\u026almz \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026anz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u026alm \u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u0259z b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The clarity of animation makes it a powerful tool for instruction, while its total malleability also allows exaggeration that can be employed to convey strong emotions and to thwart reality.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02cce\u026aks \u026a\u027e \u0250 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cca\u026al \u026ats t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l m\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u025b\u0261z\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad t\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8e\u026a st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd t\u0259 \u03b8w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Many American studios, including Warner Bros. and Disney, lent their talents and their cartoon characters to convey to the public certain war values.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u025a b\u0279\u02c8o\u028az. \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026azni, l\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az t\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Some countries, including China, Japan and the United Kingdom, produced their first feature-length animation for their war efforts.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025al\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats."}, {"text": "Animation has been very popular in television commercials, both due to its graphic appeal, and the humour it can provide.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259lz, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279 \u026at k\u00e6n p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "Some animated characters in commercials have survived for decades, such as Snap, Crackle and Pop in advertisements for Kellogg's cereals.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u026an k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259lz h\u00e6v s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z sn\u02c8\u00e6p, k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u026an \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025at\u02cca\u026azm\u0259nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025bl\u0251\u02d0\u0261z s\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Tex Avery was the producer of the first Raid \"Kills Bugs Dead\" commercials in 1966, which were very successful for the company.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bks \u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \"k\u02c8\u026alz b\u02c8\u028c\u0261z d\u02c8\u025bd\" k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259lz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni."}, {"text": "Apart from their success in movie theaters and television series, many cartoon characters would also prove lucrative when licensed for all kinds of merchandise and for other media.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u026an m\u02c8u\u02d0vi \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz, m\u02c8\u025bni k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az w\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v l\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av w\u025bn l\u02c8a\u026as\u0259nst f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u0250nd\u02cca\u026az \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259."}, {"text": "While many comic book characters found their way to the screen (which is often the case in Japan, where many manga are adapted into anime), original animated characters also commonly appear in comic books and magazines.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak b\u02c8\u028ak k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u026an d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a, \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak b\u02c8\u028aks \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Somewhat similarly, characters and plots for video games (an interactive form of animation that became its own medium) have been derived from films and vice versa.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m h\u0250vb\u026an d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8\u026almz \u00e6nd v\u02c8a\u026as v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259."}, {"text": "While very many animation companies commercially exploit their creations outside moving image media, The Walt Disney Company is the best known and most extreme example.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li \u02c8\u025bkspl\u0254\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254lt d\u02c8\u026azni k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l."}, {"text": "Since first being licensed for a children's writing tablet in 1929, their Mickey Mouse mascot has been depicted on an enormous amount of products, as have many other Disney characters.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026as\u0259nst f\u025a\u0279\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259nz \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u00e6bl\u0259t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u026aki m\u02c8a\u028as m\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0251\u02d0t h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u026an\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259s \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts, \u00e6z h\u00e6v m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u026azni k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az."}, {"text": "This may have influenced some pejorative use of Mickey's name, but licensed Disney products sell well, and the so-called Disneyana has many avid collectors, and even a dedicated Disneyana Fan Club (since 1984).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst s\u02cc\u028cm p\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv m\u02c8\u026akiz n\u02c8e\u026am, b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8a\u026as\u0259nst d\u02c8\u026azni p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts s\u02c8\u025bl w\u02c8\u025bl, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld d\u026asne\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 h\u0250z m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6v\u026ad k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u026asne\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6n kl\u02c8\u028cb s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Disneyland opened in 1955 and features many attractions that were based on Disney's cartoon characters.", "phonemes": "d\u026asn\u02c8\u026al\u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az m\u02c8\u025bni \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n d\u02c8\u026azniz k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az."}, {"text": "Disney's earnings from the theme parks have relatively often been higher than those from their movies.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026azniz \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks h\u00e6v \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n b\u02cc\u026an h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0o\u028az f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az."}, {"text": "With its popularity, a large amount of criticism has arisen, especially animated feature-length films.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m h\u0250z \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025al\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 f\u02c8\u026almz."}, {"text": "Criticisms regarding cultural representation and psychological effects on children have been raised around the animation industry, which some claim has remained politically unchanged and stagnant since its inception into mainstream culture.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u02cc\u0254n t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n h\u0250vb\u026an \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02cc\u028cm kl\u02c8e\u026am h\u0250z \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026akli \u028cnt\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0259nt s\u02c8\u026ans \u026ats \u026ans\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02c8e\u026anst\u0279i\u02d0m k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Many are part of general or regional film award programs, like the China's Golden Rooster Award for Best Animation (since 1981).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u026alm \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259z \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0st\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Awards programs dedicated to animation, with many categories, include ASIFA-Hollywood's Annie Awards, the Emile Awards in Europe and the Anima Mundi awards in Brazil.", "phonemes": "\u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u0259h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028adz \u02c8\u00e6ni \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz, \u00f0\u026a e\u026am\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cndi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026an b\u0279\u0250z\u02c8\u026al."}, {"text": "Apart from Academy Awards for Best Animated Short Film (since 1932) and Best Animated Feature (since 2002), animated movies have been nominated and rewarded in other categories, relatively often for Best Original Song and Best Original Score.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u026alm s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az h\u0250vb\u026an n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz, \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bst \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Up (2009) and Toy Story 3 (2010) also received Best Picture nominations, after the academy expanded the number of nominees from five to ten.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cp t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0254\u026a st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "The creation of non-trivial animation works (i.e., longer than a few seconds) has developed as a form of filmmaking, with certain unique aspects.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz h\u0250z d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u026a\u014b, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts."}, {"text": "Traits common to both live-action and animated feature-length films are labor intensity and high production costs.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 l\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025al\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 f\u02c8\u026almz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254sts."}, {"text": "The most important difference is that once a film is in the production phase, the marginal cost of one more shot is higher for animated films than live-action films.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u028cns \u0250 f\u02c8\u026alm \u026az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8e\u026az, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254st \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u026az h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz \u00f0\u0250n l\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u026almz."}, {"text": "It is relatively easy for a director to ask for one more take during principal photography of a live-action film, but every take on an animated film must be manually rendered by animators (although the task of rendering slightly different takes has been made less tedious by modern computer animation).", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u02c8i\u02d0zi f\u025a\u0279\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6sk f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026ak d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l f\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u026alm, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i t\u02c8e\u026ak \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025ad ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6sk \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b sl\u02c8a\u026atli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8e\u026aks h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n m\u02cce\u026ad l\u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259s ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "It is pointless for a studio to pay the salaries of dozens of animators to spend weeks creating a visually dazzling five-minute scene if that scene fails to effectively advance the plot of the film.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az p\u02c8\u0254\u026antl\u0259s f\u025a\u0279\u0259 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a t\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u025a\u0279iz \u028cv d\u02c8\u028cz\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az t\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bnd w\u02c8i\u02d0ks k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u02c8\u00e6zl\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u026avm\u02c8\u026an\u026at s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026af \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u02c8e\u026alz t\u028a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "Thus, animation studios starting with Disney began the practice in the 1930s of maintaining story departments where storyboard artists develop every single scene through storyboards, then handing the film over to the animators only after the production team is satisfied that all the scenes make sense as a whole.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026azni b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z \u028cv me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nts w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ib\u02cco\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ib\u02cco\u02d0\u0279dz, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8i\u02d0m \u026az s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0nz m\u02cce\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bns \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "While live-action films are now also storyboarded, they enjoy more latitude to depart from storyboards (i.e., real-time improvisation).", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u026almz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ib\u02cco\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd, \u00f0e\u026a \u025bnd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d t\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ib\u02cco\u02d0\u0279dz \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259lt\u02c8a\u026am \u02cc\u026amp\u0279\u0259v\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Another problem unique to animation is the requirement to maintain a film's consistency from start to finish, even as films have grown longer and teams have grown larger.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt t\u0259 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an \u0250 f\u02c8\u026almz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nsi f\u0279\u028cm st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00e6z f\u02c8\u026almz h\u00e6v \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028an l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00e6nd t\u02c8i\u02d0mz h\u00e6v \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a."}, {"text": "Animators, like all artists, necessarily have individual styles, but must subordinate their individuality in a consistent way to whatever style is employed on a particular film.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts, n\u02cc\u025bs\u026as\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli h\u00e6v \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l st\u02c8a\u026alz, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8\u028cst s\u028cb\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026adu\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an \u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt w\u02c8e\u026a t\u028a w\u028ct\u02c8\u025bv\u025a st\u02c8a\u026al \u026az \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "Since the early 1980s, teams of about 500 to 600 people, of whom 50 to 70 are animators, typically have created feature-length animated films.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z, t\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u028cv h\u02c8u\u02d0m f\u02c8\u026afti t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az, t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli h\u00e6v k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025al\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz."}, {"text": "It is relatively easy for two or three artists to match their styles; synchronizing those of dozens of artists is more difficult.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u02c8i\u02d0zi f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u02c8a\u026alz; s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u0259n\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv d\u02c8\u028cz\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt."}, {"text": "This problem is usually solved by having a separate group of visual development artists develop an overall look and palette for each film before the animation begins.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd ba\u026a h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u0250n \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8\u028ak \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 f\u02c8\u026alm b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026anz."}, {"text": "Character designers on the visual development team draw model sheets to show how each character should look like with different facial expressions, posed in different positions, and viewed from different angles.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an\u025az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt t\u02c8i\u02d0m d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ts t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a h\u02cca\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad l\u02c8\u028ak l\u02c8a\u026ak w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz, p\u02c8o\u028azd \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd vj\u02c8u\u02d0d f\u0279\u028cm d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259lz."}, {"text": "On traditionally animated projects, maquettes were often sculpted to further help the animators see how characters would look from different angles.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkts, m\u00e6k\u02c8\u025bts w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u1d7bd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u025blp \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az s\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u02cca\u028a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az w\u028ad l\u02c8\u028ak f\u0279\u028cm d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Unlike live-action films, animated films were traditionally developed beyond the synopsis stage through the storyboard format; the storyboard artists would then receive credit for writing the film.", "phonemes": "\u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak l\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u026almz, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps\u026as st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ib\u02cco\u02d0\u0279d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t; \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ib\u02cco\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts w\u028ad \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "In the early 1960s, animation studios began hiring professional screenwriters to write screenplays (while also continuing to use story departments) and screenplays had become commonplace for animated films by the late 1980s.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025az t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026az w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nts \u00e6nd sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026az h\u00e6d b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259npl\u02cce\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z."}, {"text": "Traditional animation (also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation) was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld s\u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6ndd\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, first drawn on paper.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amz \u0259v\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026alm \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz \u028cv d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a."}, {"text": "The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pid \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6s\u026at\u02cce\u026at \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ts k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld s\u02c8\u025blz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026ald \u026an w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8e\u026ants \u026an \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and k\u02c8\u028cl\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8o\u028anz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one against a painted background by a rostrum camera onto motion picture film.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a s\u02c8\u025blz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ft w\u02c8\u028cnba\u026aw\u02c8\u028cn \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u0250 p\u02c8e\u026ant\u1d7bd b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and ba\u026a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0279\u0259m k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system.", "phonemes": "t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028andz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a sk\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery media, including traditional 35\u00a0mm film and newer media with digital video.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u026az \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bm f\u02c8\u026alm \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a."}, {"text": "The \"look\" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators' work has remained essentially the same over the past 90 years.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"l\u02c8\u028ak\" \u028cv t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az st\u02c8\u026al p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k h\u0250z \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st n\u02c8a\u026anti j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Some animation producers have used the term \"tradigital\" (a play on the words \"traditional\" and \"digital\") to describe cel animation that uses significant computer technology.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az h\u00e6v j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259l\" \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \"t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\" \u00e6nd \"d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l\"t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab s\u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Examples of traditionally animated feature films include Pinocchio (United States, 1940), Animal Farm (United Kingdom, 1954), Lucky and Zorba (Italy, 1998), and The Illusionist (British-French, 2010).", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026almz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u02cco\u028a ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, l\u02c8\u028cki \u00e6nd z\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u0259 \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "Traditionally animated films produced with the aid of computer technology include The Lion King (US, 1994), The Prince of Egypt (US, 1998), Akira (Japan, 1988), Spirited Away (Japan, 2001), The Triplets of Belleville (France, 2003), and The Secret of Kells (Irish-French-Belgian, 2009).", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad \u028cv k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n k\u02c8\u026a\u014b j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at, \u0250k\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u026apl\u026ats \u028cv b\u02c8\u025blv\u026al f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt \u028cv k\u02c8\u025blz \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283b\u02c8\u025bld\u0292\u0259n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Full animation is the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films that regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement, having a smooth animation.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u028al \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026akw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali j\u02c8u\u02d0s di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bb\u0259l m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Fully animated films can be made in a variety of styles, from more realistically animated works like those produced by the Walt Disney studio (The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Lion King) to the more 'cartoon' styles of the Warner Bros. animation studio.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u028ali \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u026an \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv st\u02c8a\u026alz, f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279i\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026akli \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0o\u028az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254lt d\u02c8\u026azni st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0me\u026ad, bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0st, \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6d\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n k\u02c8\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0n st\u02c8a\u026alz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u025a b\u0279\u02c8o\u028az. \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a."}, {"text": "Many of the Disney animated features are examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works, The Secret of NIMH (US, 1982), The Iron Giant (US, 1999), and Nocturna (Spain, 2007).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026azni \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv f\u02c8\u028al \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u02c8\u026azni w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt \u028cv n\u02c8\u026am j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u025an d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025c\u02d0n\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Fully animated films are often animated on \"twos\", sometimes on \"ones\", which means that 12 to 24 drawings are required for a single second of film.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u028ali \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254n \"t\u02c8u\u02d0z\", s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u02c8\u0254n \"w\u02cc\u028cnz\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u00e6t tw\u02c8\u025blv t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u028cv f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "Limited animation involves the use of less detailed or more stylized drawings and methods of movement usually a choppy or \"skippy\" movement animation.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bs di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8a\u026ala\u026azd d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pi \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"sk\u02c8\u026api\" m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United Productions of America, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in Gerald McBoing-Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (UK, 1968), and certain anime produced in Japan.", "phonemes": "pa\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0279d ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u028cv st\u02c8a\u026ala\u026azd \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259ld m\u0259k b\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u014bb\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u014b j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn, j\u02c8\u025blo\u028a s\u02c8\u028cbm\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0n j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media for television (the work of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and other TV animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons).", "phonemes": "\u026ats p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i j\u02c8u\u02d0s, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u026an p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0254st\u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279\u0259, f\u026alm\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u025an\u02cc\u025bt w\u02c8\u025bb k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Rotoscoping is a technique patented by Max Fleischer in 1917 where animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259sk\u02cco\u028ap\u026a\u014b \u026az \u0250 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6ks fl\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as l\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am."}, {"text": "The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978), or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in Waking Life (US, 2001) and A Scanner Darkly (US, 2006).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s f\u02c8\u026alm k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u02c8a\u028atla\u026anz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz, \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u0250 st\u02c8a\u026ala\u026azd \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a, \u00e6z \u026an w\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026af j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd \u0250 sk\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kli j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Live-action/animation is a technique combining hand-drawn characters into live action shots or live-action actors into animated shots.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0250 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6ndd\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u02cc\u026ant\u028a l\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks created a series of Alice Comedies (1923\u20131927), in which a live-action girl enters an animated world.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u0254lt d\u02c8\u026azni \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028cb \u02c8\u026aw\u025c\u02d0ks k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u026as k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259diz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bnt\u025az \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Other examples include Allegro Non Troppo (Italy, 1976), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (US, 1988), Volere volare (Italy 1991), Space Jam (US, 1996) and Osmosis Jones (US, 2001).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250l\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0279o\u028a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0po\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks, h\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, v\u02c8o\u028al\u025a v\u02c8o\u028al\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn, sp\u02c8e\u026as d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6m j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0zm\u02c8o\u028as\u026as d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Stop-motion animation is used to describe animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pm\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a f\u02c8\u026az\u026akli m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259lw\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u02c8\u028cn f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv f\u02c8\u026alm \u00e6\u027e\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the materials used to create the animation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pm\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Computer software is widely available to create this type of animation; traditional stop-motion animation is usually less expensive but more time-consuming to produce than current computer animation.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 \u026az w\u02c8a\u026adli \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n; t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pm\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li l\u02c8\u025bs \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns\u026av b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026amk\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026a\u014b t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0250n k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Puppet animation  Typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting in a constructed environment, in contrast to real-world interaction in model animation.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u028cp\u026at \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pm\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u028cp\u026at f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt, \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259lw\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The puppets generally have an armature inside of them to keep them still and steady to constrain their motion to particular joints.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cp\u026ats d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li h\u00e6v \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259t\u0283\u02cc\u028a\u0279 \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm st\u02c8\u026al \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u025bdi t\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ants."}, {"text": "Examples include The Tale of the Fox (France, 1937), The Nightmare Before Christmas (US, 1993), Corpse Bride (US, 2005), Coraline (US, 2009), the films of Ji\u0159\u00ed Trnka and the adult animated sketch-comedy television series Robot Chicken (US, 2005\u2013present).", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026atm\u025b\u0279 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u026asm\u0259s j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ps b\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026an j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014bk\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd sk\u02c8\u025bt\u0283k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259di t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u0279\u02c8o\u028ab\u0251\u02d0t t\u0283\u02c8\u026ak\u026an j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Puppetoon  Created using techniques developed by George Pal, are puppet-animated films that typically use a different version of a puppet for different frames, rather than manipulating one existing puppet.", "phonemes": "p\u02cc\u028cp\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0n k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 p\u02c8\u00e6l, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u028cp\u026at\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cp\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amz, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u028cp\u026at."}, {"text": "Clay animation or Plasticine animation  (Often called claymation, which, however, is a trademarked name).", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026as\u02cci\u02d0n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld kle\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026az \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026adm\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt n\u02c8e\u026am."}, {"text": "The figures may have an armature or wire frame inside, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated to pose the figures.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259t\u0283\u02cc\u028a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad, s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u028cp\u026at \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az."}, {"text": "Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, in the films of Bruce Bickford, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different shapes.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali \u028cv kl\u02c8e\u026a, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s b\u02c8\u026akf\u025ad, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 kl\u02c8e\u026a k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u0283\u02c8e\u026aps."}, {"text": "Examples of clay-animated works include The Gumby Show (US, 1957\u20131967), Mio Mao (Italy, 1974\u20132005), Morph shorts (UK, 1977\u20132000), Wallace and Gromit shorts (UK, as of 1989), Jan \u0160vankmajer's Dimensions of Dialogue (Czechoslovakia, 1982), The Trap Door (UK, 1984).", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv kl\u02c8e\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cmbi \u0283\u02c8o\u028a j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, m\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028a m\u02c8a\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av, m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026as \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026at \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6z \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6n sv\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkme\u026ad\u0292\u025az d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0251\u02d0\u0261 t\u0283\u02cc\u025bk\u0259sl\u0259v\u02c8\u00e6ki\u0259, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Films include Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, Chicken Run and The Adventures of Mark Twain.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026almz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026as \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026at: \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at, t\u0283\u02c8\u026ak\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k tw\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Strata-cut animation  Most commonly a form of clay animation in which a long bread-like \"loaf\" of clay, internally packed tight and loaded with varying imagery, is sliced into thin sheets, with the animation camera taking a frame of the end of the loaf for each cut, eventually revealing the movement of the internal images within.", "phonemes": "st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259k\u02c8\u028ct \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv kl\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u0279\u02c8\u025bdl\u02c8a\u026ak \"l\u02c8o\u028af\" \u028cv kl\u02c8e\u026a, \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259li p\u02c8\u00e6kt t\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u0279i, \u026az sl\u02c8a\u026ast \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u026an \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ts, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028af f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u028ct, \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "Cutout animation  A type of stop-motion animation produced by moving two-dimensional pieces of material paper or cloth.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u028c\u027ea\u028at \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pm\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u028cv m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8\u0254\u03b8."}, {"text": "Examples include Terry Gilliam's animated sequences from Monty Python's Flying Circus (UK, 1969\u20131974); Fantastic Planet (France/Czechoslovakia, 1973); Tale of Tales (Russia, 1979), Matt Stone and Trey Parker the first cutout animation South Park (1992), the pilot episode of the adult television sitcom series (and sometimes in episodes) of South Park (US, 1997) and the music video Live for the moment, from Verona Riots band (produced by Alberto Serrano and N\u00edvola Uy\u00e1, Spain 2014).", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u026alj\u0259mz \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u0254nti p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u0259nz fl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259s j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279; f\u00e6nt\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u0283\u02cc\u025bk\u0259sl\u0259v\u02c8\u00e6ki\u0259, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0; t\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv t\u02c8e\u026alz \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an, m\u02c8\u00e6t st\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8e\u026a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02c8\u028c\u027ea\u028at \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259t \u02c8\u025bp\u026as\u02cco\u028ad \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u026atk\u0251\u02d0m s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u026an \u02c8\u025bp\u026as\u02cco\u028adz \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a l\u02c8a\u026av f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nt, f\u0279\u028cm v\u0259\u0279\u02c8o\u028an\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ts b\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027eo\u028a s\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028a \u00e6nd n\u026av\u02c8o\u028al\u0259 \u02c8u\u02d0j\u02c8\u0251\u02d0, sp\u02c8e\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Silhouette animation  A variant of cutout animation in which the characters are backlit and only visible as silhouettes.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u026al\u028aw\u02c8\u025bt \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nt \u028cv k\u02c8\u028c\u027ea\u028at \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6kl\u026at \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli v\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00e6z s\u02cc\u026al\u028aw\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "Examples include The Adventures of Prince Achmed (Weimar Republic, 1926) and Princes et Princesses (France, 2000).", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans \u0250t\u0283\u0259md w\u02c8a\u026am\u025a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz \u02c8\u025bt p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u025bs\u1d7bz f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Model animation  Stop-motion animation created to interact with and exist as a part of a live-action world.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pm\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u00e6nd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u00e6z \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Intercutting, matte effects and split screens are often employed to blend stop-motion characters or objects with live actors and settings.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u026a\u014b, m\u02c8\u00e6t \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u00e6nd spl\u02c8\u026at sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad t\u0259 bl\u02c8\u025bnd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pm\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Examples include the work of Ray Harryhausen, as seen in films, Jason and the Argonauts (1963), and the work of Willis H. O'Brien on films, King Kong (1933).", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv \u0279\u02c8e\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ah\u02cc\u0254\u02d0s\u0259n, \u00e6z s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an f\u02c8\u026almz, d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv w\u02c8\u026al\u026as \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. o\u028ab\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u026almz, k\u02c8\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "A variant of model animation that uses various techniques to create motion blur between frames of film, which is not present in traditional stop motion.", "phonemes": "\u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nt \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n bl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv f\u02c8\u026alm, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The technique was invented by Industrial Light & Magic and Phil Tippett to create special effect scenes for the film Star Wars: Episode V \u2013 The Empire Strikes Back (1980).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u028cz \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026al t\u02c8\u026ap\u026at t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt s\u02c8i\u02d0nz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z: \u02c8\u025bp\u026as\u02cco\u028ad v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a st\u0279\u02c8a\u026aks b\u02c8\u00e6k n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "Object animation  The use of regular inanimate objects in stop-motion animation, as opposed to specially created items.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts \u026an st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pm\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Graphic animation  Uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material (photographs, newspaper clippings, magazines, etc.), which are sometimes manipulated frame by frame to create movement.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n fl\u02c8\u00e6t v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz, n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025a kl\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014bz, m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0nz, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259., w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen action.", "phonemes": "\u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026aks \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pm\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 \u026az m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u0254nsk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Brickfilm  A subgenre of object animation involving using Lego or other similar brick toys to make an animation.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8\u026akf\u026alm \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bn\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025b\u0261o\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak t\u02c8\u0254\u026az t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "These have had a recent boost in popularity with the advent of video sharing sites, YouTube and the availability of cheap cameras and animation software.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z h\u00e6v h\u00e6d \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt b\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025bnt \u028cv v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026ats, ju\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0b \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250v\u02cce\u026al\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259z \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "This allows for a number of surreal effects, including disappearances and reappearances, allowing people to appear to slide across the ground, and other effects.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az f\u025a\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 sl\u02c8a\u026ad \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts."}, {"text": "Examples of pixilation include The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb and Angry Kid shorts, and the Academy Award-winning Neighbours by Norman McLaren.", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv p\u02cc\u026aks\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u03b8\u02c8\u028cm \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0279i k\u02c8\u026ad \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dw\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025az ba\u026a n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n m\u0259k l\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "Computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u1d7bz \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259li \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually build virtual worlds in which characters and objects move and interact.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 m\u0259n\u02cc\u026apj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cca\u026al \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li b\u02c8\u026ald v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "2D animation figures are created or edited on the computer using 2D bitmap graphics and 2D vector graphics.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026atm\u00e6p \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026aks \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026aks."}, {"text": "This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques, interpolated morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks, \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u026a\u014b, \u02c8\u028cni\u0259n sk\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259sk\u02cco\u028ap\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "2D animation has many applications, including After Effects Animation, analog computer animation, Flash animation, and PowerPoint animation.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Final line advection animation is a technique used in 2D animation, to give artists and animators more influence and control over the final product as everything is done within the same department.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0250 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u00e6z \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u026az d\u02c8\u028cn w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Speaking about using this approach in Paperman, John Kahrs said that \"Our animators can change things, actually erase away the CG underlayer if they want, and change the profile of the arm.", "phonemes": "sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 \u026an p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025am\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0rz s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u02cca\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az k\u00e6n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025al\u02c8e\u026a\u025a \u026af \u00f0e\u026a w\u02c8\u0254nt, \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028afa\u026al \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "A mesh typically includes many vertices that are connected by edges and faces, which give the visual appearance of form to a 3D object or 3D environment.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u0283 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz m\u02c8\u025bni v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026as\u02cci\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m t\u028a \u0250 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Sometimes, the mesh is given an internal digital skeletal structure called an armature that can be used to control the mesh by weighting the vertices.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0283 \u026az \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u0250n \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u027e\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259t\u0283\u02cc\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0283 ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026as\u02cci\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Other techniques can be applied, mathematical functions (e.g., gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur or hair, and effects, fire and water simulations.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad, m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7b\u027ei, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02cc\u026amj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u00e6nd \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts, f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02cc\u026amj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Examples include Skyland (2007, France), The Iron Giant (1999, United States), Futurama (1999, United States)", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d sk\u02c8a\u026al\u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u025an d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, fj\u02ccu\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats"}, {"text": "The term originated from the software introduction in the 1980s demoscene, as well as the 1990s recordings of the first-person shooter video game Quake.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0n, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0stp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u0261\u02c8e\u026am kw\u02c8e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Motion capture is used when live-action actors wear special suits that allow computers to copy their movements into CG characters.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u025bn l\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az w\u02c8\u025b\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pi \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az."}, {"text": "Examples include Polar Express (2004, US), Beowulf (2007, US), A Christmas Carol (2009, US), The Adventures of Tintin (2011, US) kochadiiyan (2014, India)", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, b\u02c8e\u026a\u0259w\u02cc\u028alf t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026asm\u0259s k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, \u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az \u028cv t\u02c8\u026ant\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283e\u026ad\u02cc\u026a\u026aj\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259"}, {"text": "Computer animation is used primarily for animation that attempts to resemble real life, using advanced rendering that mimics in detail skin, plants, water, fire, clouds, etc.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026af, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u026am\u026aks \u026an di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026al sk\u02c8\u026an, pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, kl\u02c8a\u028adz, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Analog animation is used nearly similar to analog horror genre, allowing to animate erupting signals in computers through real-life audio sources, cryptic messages, and minimal visuals.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261 h\u02c8\u0254\u0279\u025a \u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u0259, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026at \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259lz \u026an k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259ll\u02c8a\u026af \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, k\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u026ak m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259l v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Audio-Animatronics and Autonomatronics is a form of robotics animation, combined with 3-D animation, created by Walt Disney Imagineering for shows and attractions at Disney theme parks move and make noise (generally a recorded speech or song).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a\u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026aks \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026aks \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u0254lt d\u02c8\u026azni \u026am\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u00e6nd \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6t d\u02c8\u026azni \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ak n\u02c8\u0254\u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b."}, {"text": "An Audio-Animatron is different from an android-type robot in that it uses prerecorded movements and sounds, rather than responding to external stimuli.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cc\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279\u0254\u026adt\u02c8a\u026ap \u0279\u02c8o\u028ab\u0251\u02d0t \u026an \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz p\u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028andz, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cca\u026a."}, {"text": "Linear Animation Generator is a form of animation by using static picture frames installed in a tunnel or a shaft.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amz \u026anst\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u026an \u0250 t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "The animation illusion is created by putting the viewer in a linear motion, parallel to the installed picture frames.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u026az k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a p\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026anst\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amz."}, {"text": "Chuckimation is a type of animation created by the makers of the television series Action League Now!", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02cc\u028ck\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ak\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 n\u02c8a\u028a!"}, {"text": "in which characters/props are thrown, or chucked from off camera or wiggled around to simulate talking by unseen hands.", "phonemes": "\u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028an, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u028ckt f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254f k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0259ld \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026at t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b ba\u026a \u028cns\u02c8i\u02d0n h\u02c8\u00e6ndz."}, {"text": "The magic lantern used mechanical slides to project moving images, probably since Christiaan Huygens invented this early image projector in 1659.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6nt\u025an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l sl\u02c8a\u026adz t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli s\u02c8\u026ans k\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u0283\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Hydrotechnics: a technique that includes lights, water, fire, fog, and lasers, with high-definition projections on mist screens.", "phonemes": "h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279o\u028at\u02c8\u025bkn\u026aks: \u0250 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz l\u02c8a\u026ats, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026az\u025az, w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u026ast sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Drawn on film animation: a technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on film stock; for example, by Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage.", "phonemes": "d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u026alm \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n: \u0250 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u026alm st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, ba\u026a n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n m\u0259k l\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259n, l\u02c8\u025bn l\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u00e6n b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kh\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Paint-on-glass animation: a technique for making animated films by manipulating slow drying oil paints on sheets of glass, for example by Aleksandr Petrov.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8e\u026ant\u02cc\u0254\u014b\u0261l\u02c8\u00e6s \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n: \u0250 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz ba\u026a m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b sl\u02c8o\u028a d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u02c8e\u026ants \u02cc\u0254n \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u028cv \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6s, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l ba\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u025bks\u00e6nd\u025a p\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0251\u02d0v."}, {"text": "Erasure animation: a technique using traditional 2D media, photographed over time as the artist manipulates the image.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n: \u0250 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259, f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ft \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ast m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "For example, William Kentridge is famous for his charcoal erasure films, and Piotr Duma\u0142a for his auteur technique of animating scratches on plaster.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m k\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u026az f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ko\u028al \u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u025a f\u02c8\u026almz, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u026a\u0259\u027e\u025a du\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b sk\u0279\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a."}, {"text": "Pinscreen animation: makes use of a screen filled with movable pins that can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u026ansk\u0279i\u02d0n \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n: m\u02cce\u026aks j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0259v\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u02c8\u026ald w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259b\u0259l p\u02c8\u026anz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u028at ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel animation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026almz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bkst\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u028a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Sand animation: sand is moved around on a back- or front-lighted piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n: s\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026az m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6k \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cntl\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6s t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "Flip book: a flip book (sometimes, especially in British English, called a flick book) is a book with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page to the next, so that when the pages are turned rapidly, the pictures appear to animate by simulating motion or some other change.", "phonemes": "fl\u02c8\u026ap b\u02c8\u028ak: \u0250 fl\u02c8\u026ap b\u02c8\u028ak s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250 fl\u02c8\u026ak b\u02c8\u028ak \u026az \u0250 b\u02c8\u028ak w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026at ba\u026a s\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292."}, {"text": "Flip books are often illustrated books for children, they also are geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings.", "phonemes": "fl\u02c8\u026ap b\u02c8\u028aks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u02c8\u028aks f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n, \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u026a\u0279d t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts \u00e6nd \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Flip books are not always separate books, they appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines, often in the page corners.", "phonemes": "fl\u02c8\u026ap b\u02c8\u028aks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t b\u02c8\u028aks, \u00f0e\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i b\u02c8\u028aks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0nz, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u025az."}, {"text": "Software packages and websites are also available that convert digital video files into custom-made flip books.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bbsa\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a f\u02c8a\u026alz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259mm\u02cce\u026ad fl\u02c8\u026ap b\u02c8\u028aks."}, {"text": "\"Animando\", a 12-minute film demonstrating 10 different animation techniques (and teaching how to use them) (archived 1 October 2009).", "phonemes": "\"\u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8\u00e6ndo\u028a\", \u0250 tw\u02c8\u025blvm\u02c8\u026an\u026at f\u02c8\u026alm d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bn d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6nd t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b h\u02cca\u028a t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ka\u026avd w\u02c8\u028cn \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Apollo or Apollon is one of the  Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0259l\u02c8\u026ampi\u0259n d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259tiz \u026an kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases, the Sun and light, poetry, and more.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u025a\u0279i, mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u00e6ns, t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259si, h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026at, p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "One of the most important and complex of the Greek gods, he is the son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin brother of Artemis, goddess of the hunt.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz, hi\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv z\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as, \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cnt."}, {"text": "He is considered to be the most beautiful god and is represented as the ideal of the kouros (ephebe, or a beardless, athletic youth).", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u00e6nd \u026az \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279o\u028az \u02c8\u025bf\u025bb, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 b\u02c8\u026a\u0279dl\u0259s, \u00e6\u03b8l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "As the patron deity of Delphi (Apollo Pythios), Apollo is an oracular god\u2014the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle and also the deity of ritual purification.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u0259n d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259ti \u028cv d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u026a\u02cco\u028az, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026az \u0250n o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028al\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u2014\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0251\u02d0f\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259ti \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025blf\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259ti \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l pj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "He was in general seen as the god who affords help and wards off evil, and is referred to as , the \"averter of evil\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0250f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz h\u02c8\u025blp \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u02c8\u0254f \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u026az \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z , \u00f0\u0259 \"\u0250v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cn \u0250skl\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "Apollo delivered people from epidemics, yet he is also a god who could bring ill health and deadly plague with his arrows.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025ad p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u025bp\u026ad\u02c8\u025bm\u026aks, j\u02c8\u025bt hi\u02d0 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u028ad b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026al h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bdli pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261 w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028az."}, {"text": "Apollo is usually described as carrying a silver or golden bow and a quiver of silver or golden arrows.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n b\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u0250 kw\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028az."}, {"text": "He is the inventor of string-music and the frequent companion of the Muses, functioning as their chorus leader in celebrations.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bmj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nt k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz, f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u026an s\u02cc\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "As a , Apollo is concerned with the health and education of children, and he presided over their passage into adulthood.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a , \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clth\u028ad."}, {"text": "Long hair, which was the prerogative of boys, was cut at the coming of age () and dedicated to Apollo.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u0254\u014b h\u02c8\u025b\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cv b\u02c8\u0254\u026az, w\u028cz k\u02c8\u028ct \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "Protection of herds, flocks and crops from diseases, pests and predators were his primary rustic duties.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, fl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps f\u0279\u028cm d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz, p\u02c8\u025bsts \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u028cst\u026ak d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eiz."}, {"text": "On the other hand, Apollo also encouraged the founding of new towns and the establishment of civil constitutions, is associated with dominion over colonists, and was the giver of laws.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u028anz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u028cv s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, \u026az \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0259m\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts, \u00e6nd w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z."}, {"text": "In Hellenistic times, especially during the 5th century BCE, as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios, the personification of the Sun.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u02cc\u025bl\u0259n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6z \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u02cco\u028az hi\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u02cco\u028az, \u00f0\u0259 p\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "In Latin texts, however, there was no conflation of Apollo with Sol among the classical Latin poets until 1st century CE.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an t\u02c8\u025bksts, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259nfl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an p\u02c8o\u028a\u026ats \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Apollo and Helios/Sol remained separate beings in literary and mythological texts until the 5th century CE.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u02cco\u028az sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u026an l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u026a\u03b8\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bksts \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The name Apollo\u2014unlike the related older name Paean\u2014is generally not found in the Linear B (Mycenean Greek) texts, although there is a possible attestation in the lacunose form ]pe-rjo-[ (Linear B: ]-[) on the KN E 842 tablet, though it has also been suggested that the name might actually read \"Hyperion\" ([u]-pe-rjo-[ne]).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u2014\u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a n\u02c8e\u026am p\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n\u2014\u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 b\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026as\u0259n\u02cci\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u02c8\u025bksts, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u0250\u027e\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259n\u02cco\u028az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m p\u02c8i\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 b\u02c8i\u02d0: \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8\u00e6bl\u0259t, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u026at h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am m\u02cca\u026at \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \"ha\u026ap\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n\" j\u02c8u\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The spelling  ( in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form,  (), is more archaic, as it is derived from an earlier .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u026an kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak h\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025as\u02cci\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, , \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak, \u02cc\u00e6z\u026at\u02cc\u026az d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a ."}, {"text": "It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (), and the offerings  () at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival  ().", "phonemes": "\u026at p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261ne\u026at t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026ap\u026al\u02cce\u026ao\u028az, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014bz \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02cc\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b m\u02c8\u025bn d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026alif\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l."}, {"text": "According to some scholars, the words are derived from the Doric word  (), which originally meant \"wall,\" \"fence for animals\" and later \"assembly within the limits of the square.\"", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li m\u02c8\u025bnt \"w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l,\" \"f\u02c8\u025bns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz\" \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \"\u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026am\u026ats \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279.\""}, {"text": "R. S. P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun  and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Apalyun.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. \u02c8\u025bs. p\u02c8i\u02d0. b\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259n\u02c8\u026am w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u028an \u00e6nd s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6l\u026a\u02cc\u028cn."}, {"text": "Plato in Cratylus connects the name with  (), \"redemption\", with  (apolousis), \"purification\", and with  (), \"simple\", in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, , and finally with  (), \"ever-shooting\".", "phonemes": "pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026al\u0259s k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am w\u026a\u00f0, \"\u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u025bmp\u0283\u0259n\", w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0la\u028asiz, \"pj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0, \"s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l\", \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u025bs\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am, , \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li w\u026a\u00f0, \"\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b\"."}, {"text": "Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric  (), which means \"assembly\", so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation  (), \"fold\", in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds.", "phonemes": "h\u025bs\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u026a\u0259s k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \"\u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli\", s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026af, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u00f0\u026a \u025bkspl\u0250n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \"f\u02c8o\u028ald\", \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8e\u026as \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv fl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "In the ancient Macedonian language  () means \"stone,\" and some toponyms may be derived from this word:  (Pella, the capital of ancient Macedonia) and  (Pell\u0113n\u0113/Pellene).", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt m\u02cc\u00e6s\u026ad\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \"st\u02c8o\u028an,\" \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259n\u02cc\u026amz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d:  p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt m\u02cc\u00e6s\u026ad\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025bli\u02d0n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 p\u02c8\u025bli\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The Hittite testimony reflects an early form , which may also be surmised from the comparison of Cypriot  with Doric .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026a\u027ea\u026at t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkts \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m , w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 s\u025am\u02c8a\u026azd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u026ap\u0279\u026a\u0259t w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak ."}, {"text": "before palatalization, syncope, and the pre-Lydian sound change *y > d. Note the labiovelar in place of the labial /p/ found in pre-Doric \u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bbj\u03c9\u03bd and Hittite Apaliunas.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u00e6l\u0250\u027e\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u026a\u014bko\u028ap, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02c8\u026adi\u0259n s\u02c8a\u028and t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask w\u02c8a\u026a d\u02c8i\u02d0. n\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u026a\u02cco\u028avl\u025a\u0279 \u026an pl\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u026a\u0259l sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 p\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028ap\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8\u025bps\u026al\u0259nl\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259d\u0292o\u028am\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259nj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026a\u027ea\u026at \u0250p\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259z."}, {"text": "A Luwian etymology suggested for Apaliunas makes Apollo \"The One of Entrapment\", perhaps in the sense of \"Hunter\".", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0wi\u0259n \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259z m\u02cce\u026aks \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \"\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u025bnt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6pm\u0259nt\", p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv \"h\u02c8\u028cnt\u025a\"."}, {"text": "Like other Greek deities, he had a number of others applied to him, reflecting the variety of roles, duties, and aspects ascribed to the god.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259tiz, hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am, \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028alz, d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eiz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u0250sk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d."}, {"text": "However, while Apollo has a great number of appellations in Greek myth, only a few occur in Latin literature.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, w\u02cca\u026al \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u0250z \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250p\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8, \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The meaning of the epithet \"Lyceus\" later became associated with Apollo's mother Leto, who was the patron goddess of Lycia () and who was identified with the wolf ().", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u026at \"l\u02c8a\u026as\u026a\u0259s\" l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026a\u0283\u0259 \u00e6nd h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028alf."}, {"text": "Phoebus ( ; , Phoibos), literally \"bright\", his most commonly used epithet by both the Greeks and Romans", "phonemes": "f\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259s ; , f\u02c8\u0254\u026abo\u028az, l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259li \"b\u0279\u02c8a\u026at\", h\u026az m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u026at ba\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nz"}, {"text": "Acraephius ( ; , Akraiphios, literally \"Acraephian\") or Acraephiaeus ( ; , Akraiphiaios), \"Acraephian\", from the Boeotian town of Acraephia (), reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026a\u0259s ; , \u00e6k\u0279\u02c8e\u026af\u026a\u02cco\u028az, l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259li \"\u0250k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fi\u0259n\"\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026a\u02cci\u02d0\u0259s ; , \u02c8\u00e6k\u0279e\u026af\u026a\u02cca\u026ao\u028az, \"\u0250k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fi\u0259n\", f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 bo\u028a\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8a\u028an \u028cv \u0250k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fi\u0259, \u0279\u1d7bpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bdli f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cn \u0250k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "Smintheus ( ; , Smintheus), \"Sminthian\"\u2014that is, \"of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe\" near the Troad town of Hamaxitus", "phonemes": "sm\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u026a\u0259s ; , sm\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u026a\u0259s, \"sm\u02c8\u026an\u03b8i\u0259n\"\u2014\u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, \"\u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u028an \u028cv sm\u02c8\u026an\u03b8o\u028az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u026an\u00f0\" n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad t\u02c8a\u028an \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250ks\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259s"}, {"text": "Nymphegetes ( ; , Numph\u0113get\u0113s), from , \"Nymph\", and , \"leader\", for his role as a protector of shepherds and pastoral life", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u026amf\u026a\u0261\u02cci\u02d0ts ; , n\u02c8\u028cmf\u026a\u0261\u02cci\u02d0ts, f\u0279\u028cm , \"n\u02c8\u026amf\", \u00e6nd , \"l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\", f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u025bp\u025adz \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026af"}, {"text": "Patroos  from  , \"related to one's father,\" for his role as father of Ion and founder of the Ionians, as worshipped at the Temple of Apollo Patroos in Athens", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279u\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm  , \"\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a,\" f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni\u0259nz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026apt \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279u\u02d0z \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz"}, {"text": "Iatromantis ( ; , I\u0101tromantis,) from , \"physician\", and , \"prophet\", referring to his role as a god both of healing and of prophecy", "phonemes": "\u02cca\u026a\u0250t\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6ntiz ; , \u02cca\u026a\u0250t\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6ntiz,f\u0279\u028cm , \"f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", \u00e6nd , \"p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026at\", \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u026az \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259si"}, {"text": "Ismenius ( ; , Ism\u0113nios), literally \"of Ismenus\", after Ismenus, the son of Amphion and Niobe, whom he struck with an arrow", "phonemes": "\u026asm\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s ; , \u026asm\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u02cco\u028az, l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259li \"\u028cv \u02c8\u026asm\u0259nj\u02ccu\u02d0z\", \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026asm\u0259nj\u02ccu\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6mfi\u0259n \u00e6nd n\u026a\u02c8o\u028ab, h\u02c8u\u02d0m hi\u02d0 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ck w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a"}, {"text": "Amazonius (), Pausanias at the Description of Greece writes that near Pyrrhichus there was a sanctuary of Apollo, called Amazonius () with an image of the god said to have been dedicated by the Amazons.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6m\u0259z\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259s, p\u0254\u02d0s\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259z \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8\u026arh\u026at\u0283\u0259s \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02cc\u00e6m\u0259z\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6m\u0250z\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "This epithet was given to Apollo in parts of Gaul, Northern Italy and Noricum (part of modern Austria).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u026at w\u028cz \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259m p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "An epithet for Apollo at Alesia, where he was worshipped as the god of healing and, possibly, of physicians.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6\u027e \u0250l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 w\u028cz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026apt \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli, \u028cv f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Apollo Virotutis was worshipped, among other places, at Fins d'Annecy (Haute-Savoie) and at Jublains (Maine-et-Loire).", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a v\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259t\u02ccu\u02d0\u027eiz w\u028cz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026apt, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00e6t f\u02c8\u026anz d\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259si h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ts\u02c8e\u026av\u0254\u026a \u00e6nd \u00e6t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cble\u026anz m\u02c8e\u026an\u02c8\u025btlw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "For the Greeks, Apollo was the most Greek of all the gods, and through the centuries he acquired different functions.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz hi\u02d0 \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In Archaic Greece he was the prophet, the oracular god who in older times was connected with \"healing\".", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026at, \u00f0\u026a o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028al\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026an \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a t\u02c8a\u026amz w\u028cz k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \"h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b\"."}, {"text": "In Classical Greece he was the god of light and of music, but in popular religion he had a strong function to keep away evil.", "phonemes": "\u026an kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd \u028cv mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l."}, {"text": "Walter Burkert discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship, which he termed \"a Dorian-northwest Greek component, a Cretan-Minoan component, and a Syro-Hittite component.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u0254lt\u025a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025at d\u026as\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026ap, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \"\u0250 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nn\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt, \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0259nm\u02c8\u026ano\u028an k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279o\u028ah\u02c8\u026a\u027ea\u026at k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In classical times, his major function in popular religion was to keep away evil, and he was therefore called \"apotropaios\" (, \"averting evil\") and \"alexikakos\" ( \"keeping off ill\"; from v.  + n. ).", "phonemes": "\u026an kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026amz, h\u026az m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n w\u028cz t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0279\u0259p\u02cce\u026ao\u028az\", \"\u0250v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l\"\u00e6nd \"\u0250l\u02cc\u025bks\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ko\u028az\" \"k\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254f \u02c8\u026al\"; f\u0279\u028cm v\u02c8i\u02d0.  pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8\u025bn.."}, {"text": "Some commonly-used examples are \"paion\" ( literally \"healer\" or \"helper\") \"epikourios\" (, \"succouring\"), \"oulios\" (, \"healer, baleful\") and \"loimios\" (, \"of the plague\").", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nlij\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \"p\u02c8e\u026a\u0259n\" l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259li \"h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"h\u02c8\u025blp\u025a\" \"\u02cc\u025bp\u026ak\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028az\", \"s\u02c8\u028ck\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b\", \"\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u02cco\u028az\", \"h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a, b\u02c8e\u026alf\u0259l\"\u00e6nd \"l\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u026a\u02cco\u028az\", \"\u028cv\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\"."}, {"text": "In later writers, the word, \"paion\", usually spelled \"Paean\", becomes a mere epithet of Apollo in his capacity as a god of healing.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, \"p\u02c8e\u026a\u0259n\", j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li sp\u02c8\u025bld \"p\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n\", b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz \u0250 m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u026at \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026an h\u026az k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Apollo in his aspect of \"healer\" has a connection to the primitive god Paean (), who did not have a cult of his own.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026an h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkt \u028cv \"h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a\" h\u0250z \u0250 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d p\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u00e6v \u0250 k\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "Paean serves as the healer of the gods in the Iliad, and seems to have originated in a pre-Greek religion.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "It is suggested, though unconfirmed, that he is connected to the Mycenaean figure pa-ja-wo-ne (Linear B: ).", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u028c\u014bk\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md, \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 \u026az k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cca\u026as\u0259n\u02c8i\u0259n f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0j\u02c8\u0251\u02d0w\u02c8o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 b\u02c8i\u02d0:."}, {"text": "Paean was the personification of holy songs sung by \"seer-doctors\" (), which were supposed to cure disease.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 p\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8o\u028ali s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz s\u02c8\u028c\u014b b\u02c8a\u026a \"s\u02c8i\u02d0\u025ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025az\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Such songs were originally addressed to Apollo and afterwards to other gods: to Dionysus, to Apollo Helios, to Apollo's son Asclepius the healer.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bst t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025adz t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz: t\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u026as\u0259s, t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u02cco\u028az, t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az s\u02c8\u028cn \u0250skl\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u0259s \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a."}, {"text": "About the 4th century BCE, the paean became merely a formula of adulation; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered.", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6d\u0292\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n; \u026ats \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt w\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a t\u028a \u026ampl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd m\u026asf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u028an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u02c8\u0254f\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n h\u0250db\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025ad."}, {"text": "Apollo's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle, when a fleet left the harbour, and also after a victory had been won.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 h\u026az \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i; h\u02c8\u025bns \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259m f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n t\u0259bi s\u02c8\u028c\u014b ba\u026a \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 \u00e6nd b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u028a b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l, w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250 fl\u02c8i\u02d0t l\u02c8\u025bft \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i h\u0250db\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "In the Iliad, Apollo is the healer under the gods, but he is also the bringer of disease and death with his arrows, similar to the function of the Vedic god of disease Rudra.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026az \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028az, s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8\u028cd\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Knowing that Apollo can prevent a recurrence of the plague he sent, they purify themselves in a ritual and offer him a large sacrifice of cows, called a hecatomb.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a k\u00e6n p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261 hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bnt, \u00f0e\u026a pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u026an \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f\u025a h\u02cc\u026am \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as \u028cv k\u02c8a\u028az, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bk\u0250t\u02ccu\u02d0m."}, {"text": "The connection with the northern-dwelling Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025andw\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026an\u02cc\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ap\u026al\u02cca\u026a \u026az \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026ap\u026al\u02cce\u026ao\u028az \u026an n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u025az."}, {"text": "However it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word \"pella\" (Pella), stone.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u026at k\u00e6n \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt m\u02cc\u00e6s\u026ad\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259\" p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259, st\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "Stones played an important part in the cult of the god, especially in the oracular shrine of Delphi (Omphalos).", "phonemes": "st\u02c8o\u028anz pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an\u00f0\u026a o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028al\u025a \u0283\u0279\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0mf\u0259l\u02cco\u028az."}, {"text": "George Huxley regarded the identification of Apollo with the Minoan deity Paiawon, worshipped in Crete, to have originated at Delphi.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ano\u028an d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259ti p\u02c8e\u026a\u00e6w\u0259n, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026apt \u026an k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t, t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6t d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a."}, {"text": "In the Homeric Hymn, Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests to Delphi, where they evidently transferred their religious practices.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak h\u02c8\u026am, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00e6z \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lf\u026an \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id k\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0sts t\u0259 d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ntli t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Apollo's sister Artemis, who was the Greek goddess of hunting, is identified with Britomartis (Diktynna), the Minoan \"Mistress of the animals\".", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s \u028cv h\u02c8\u028cnt\u026a\u014b, \u026az a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz d\u02c8\u026akt\u026an\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ano\u028an \"m\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz\"."}, {"text": "In her earliest depictions she was accompanied by the \"Master of the animals\", a bow-wielding god of hunting whose name has been lost; aspects of this figure may have been absorbed into the more popular Apollo.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259nid ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \"m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz\", \u0250 b\u02c8o\u028aw\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv h\u02c8\u028cnt\u026a\u014b h\u02ccu\u02d0z n\u02c8e\u026am h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n l\u02c8\u0254st; \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "The name of Apollo's mother Leto has Lydian origin, and she was worshipped on the coasts of Asia Minor.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a h\u0250z l\u02c8\u026adi\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an, \u00e6nd \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026apt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028asts \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a."}, {"text": "The inspiration oracular cult was probably introduced into Greece from Anatolia, which is the origin of Sibyl, and where some of the oldest oracular shrines originated.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ansp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028al\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8o\u028ali\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv s\u02c8\u026ab\u026al, \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028al\u025a \u0283\u0279\u02c8a\u026anz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Homer pictures Apollo on the side of the Trojans, fighting against the Achaeans, during the Trojan War.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8o\u028am\u025a p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259nz, f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u0259nz, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The god seems to be related to Appaliunas, a tutelary god of Wilusa (Troy) in Asia Minor, but the word is not complete.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d s\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259bi \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u00e6p\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259z, \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv w\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t."}, {"text": "A western Anatolian origin may also be bolstered by references to the parallel worship of Artimus (Artemis) and Q\u03bbd\u00e3ns, whose name may be cognate with the Hittite and Doric forms, in surviving Lydian texts.", "phonemes": "\u0250 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8o\u028ali\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 b\u02c8o\u028alst\u025ad ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026ap \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as \u00e6nd kj\u02c8u\u02d0l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259d\u0259nz, h\u02ccu\u02d0z n\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261ne\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026a\u027ea\u026at \u00e6nd d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz, \u026an s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026adi\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bksts."}, {"text": "The Greeks gave to him the name  agyieus as the protector god of public places and houses who wards off evil and his symbol was a tapered stone or column.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u0261\u02c8e\u026av t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026a\u02cc\u026a\u0259s \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u02c8\u0254f \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u026az s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l w\u028cz\u0250 t\u02c8e\u026ap\u025ad st\u02c8o\u028an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cm."}, {"text": "However, while usually Greek festivals were celebrated at the full moon, all the feasts of Apollo were celebrated on the seventh day of the month, and the emphasis given to that day (sibutu) indicates a Babylonian origin.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, w\u02cca\u026al j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028al m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 d\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8\u026abu\u02d0t\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u0250 b\u02cc\u00e6b\u026al\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an."}, {"text": "The Late Bronze Age (from 1700 to 1200 BCE) Hittite and Hurrian Aplu was a god of plague, invoked during plague years.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u02c8\u026a\u027ea\u026at \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n \u0250pl\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261, \u026anv\u02c8o\u028akt d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Here we have an apotropaic situation, where a god originally bringing the plague was invoked to end it.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 wi\u02d0 h\u00e6v \u0250n \u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t\u0279\u0259p\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261 w\u028cz \u026anv\u02c8o\u028akt t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnd \u026at."}, {"text": "Aplu, meaning the son of, was a title given to the god Nergal, who was linked to the Babylonian god of the sun Shamash.", "phonemes": "\u0250pl\u02c8u\u02d0, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv, w\u028cz\u0250 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u0259l, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz l\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02cc\u00e6b\u026al\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u0283\u02c8\u00e6m\u00e6\u0283."}, {"text": "Homer interprets Apollo as a terrible god () who brings death and disease with his arrows, but who can also heal, possessing a magic art that separates him from the other Greek gods.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8o\u028am\u025a\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026ats \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6z \u0250 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bb\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u00e6nd d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028az, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u02c8i\u02d0l, p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats h\u02cc\u026am f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "In Iliad, his priest prays to Apollo Smintheus, the mouse god who retains an older agricultural function as the protector from field rats.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d, h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st p\u0279\u02c8e\u026az t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sm\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u026a\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028as \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250n \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ts."}, {"text": "All these functions, including the function of the healer-god Paean, who seems to have Mycenean origin, are fused in the cult of Apollo.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0i\u02d0z f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d p\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 h\u00e6v m\u02c8a\u026as\u0259n\u02cci\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 fj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "Rudra could bring diseases with his arrows, but he was able to free people of them and his alternative Shiva is a healer physician god.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u028cd\u0279\u0259 k\u028ad b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028az, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6nd h\u026az \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259 \u026az \u0250 h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d."}, {"text": "However the Indo-European component of Apollo does not explain his strong relation with omens, exorcisms, and with the oracular cult.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ando\u028aj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an h\u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8o\u028am\u025bnz, \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz, \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028al\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt."}, {"text": "Unusually among the Olympic deities, Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence: Delos and Delphi.", "phonemes": "\u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026ak d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259tiz, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u00e6d t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028clt s\u02c8a\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns: d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a."}, {"text": "In cult practice, Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo (the Apollo of Delphi) were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u028clt p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as, d\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8i\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u028cv d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02cco\u028a d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a m\u02cca\u026at b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 h\u00e6v \u0283\u0279\u02c8a\u026anz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am lo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Apollo became extremely important to the Greek world as an oracular deity in the archaic period, and the frequency of theophoric names such as Apollodorus or Apollonios and cities named Apollonia testify to his popularity.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6z \u0250n o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028al\u025a d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259ti \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi \u028cv \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak n\u02c8e\u026amz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u02cco\u028az \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz n\u02c8e\u026amd \u0250p\u0259l\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a t\u0259 h\u026az p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "In the 2nd and 3rd century CE, those at Didyma and Claros pronounced the so-called \"theological oracles\", in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all-encompassing, highest deity.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0o\u028az \u00e6t d\u02c8\u026ad\u026am\u0259 \u00e6nd kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028az p\u0279\u0259n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u03b8i\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz\", \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259tiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259nts \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u026a\u014b, h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259ti."}, {"text": "His oracular shrine in Abae in Phocis, where he bore the toponymic epithet Abaeus (, Apollon Abaios), was important enough to be consulted by Croesus.", "phonemes": "h\u026az o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028al\u025a \u0283\u0279\u02c8a\u026an \u026an \u0250b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u026as, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259n\u02c8\u026am\u026ak \u02c8\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u026at \u0250b\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259s, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n \u0250b\u02c8e\u026ao\u028az, w\u028cz \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259bi k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd ba\u026a k\u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u0259s."}, {"text": "At Clarus, on the west coast of Asia Minor; as at Delphi a holy spring which gave off a pneuma, from which the priests drank.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259s, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst k\u02c8o\u028ast \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a; \u00e6z \u00e6t d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a \u0250 h\u02c8o\u028ali sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u02c8\u0254f \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259, f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0sts d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk."}, {"text": "In Corinth, the Oracle of Corinth came from the town of Tenea, from prisoners supposedly taken in the Trojan War.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026an\u03b8, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l \u028cv k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026an\u03b8 k\u02c8e\u026am f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u028an \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bni\u0259, f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n\u025az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026adli t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The Hieron (Sanctuary) of Apollo adjacent to the Sacred Lake, was the place where the god was said to have been born.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0250d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad l\u02c8e\u026ak, w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026as w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n."}, {"text": "In Delphi, the Pythia became filled with the pneuma of Apollo, said to come from a spring inside the Adyton.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8i\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am f\u02c8\u026ald w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cm f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u026at\u0259n."}, {"text": "In Didyma, an oracle on the coast of Anatolia, south west of Lydian (Luwian) Sardis, in which priests from the lineage of the Branchidae received inspiration by drinking from a healing spring located in the temple.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u02c8\u026ad\u026am\u0259, \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ast \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8o\u028ali\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 w\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv l\u02c8\u026adi\u0259n l\u02c8u\u02d0wi\u0259n s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279diz, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0sts f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u02cc\u026ansp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a d\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 h\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l."}, {"text": "In Hierapolis Bambyce, Syria (modern Manbij), according to the treatise De Dea Syria, the sanctuary of the Syrian Goddess contained a robed and bearded image of Apollo.", "phonemes": "\u026an ha\u026a\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l\u02cc\u026as b\u00e6mb\u02c8a\u026as, s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an m\u02c8\u00e6nb\u026ad\u0292, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az d\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and \u0250 \u0279\u02c8o\u028abd \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "At Patara, in Lycia, there was a seasonal winter oracle of Apollo, said to have been the place where the god went from Delos.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t p\u00e6t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259, \u026an l\u02c8a\u026a\u0283\u0259, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259l w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026as w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d w\u025bnt f\u0279\u028cm d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az."}, {"text": "In Oropus, north of Athens, the oracle Amphiaraus, was said to be the son of Apollo; Oropus also had a sacred spring.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0p\u0259s, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6mfa\u026a\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u028as, w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a; \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0p\u0259s \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6d \u0250 s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "in Labadea,  east of Delphi, Trophonius, another son of Apollo, killed his brother and fled to the cave where he was also afterwards consulted as an oracle.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u00e6b\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259,  \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a, t\u0279\u0259f\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259s, \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, k\u02c8\u026ald h\u026az b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd fl\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026av w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025adz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l."}, {"text": "They show the spread of the cult of Apollo and the evolution of Greek architecture, which was mostly based on the rightness of form and on mathematical relations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at\u02cc\u025bkt\u0283\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz m\u02c8o\u028astli b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026atn\u0259s \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254n m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The different wooden elements were considered divine, and their forms were preserved in the marble or stone elements of the temples of Doric order.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt w\u02c8\u028ad\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259lz \u028cv d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "The Greeks used standard types because they believed that the world of objects was a series of typical forms which could be represented in several instances.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks j\u02c8u\u02d0zd st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad t\u02c8a\u026aps b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts w\u028cz\u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "From the earliest times there were certain rules strictly observed in rectangular peripteral and prostyle buildings.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz st\u0279\u02c8\u026aktli \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026an \u0279\u025bkt\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u025a p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026apt\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sta\u026al b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "The first buildings were built narrowly in order to hold the roof, and when the dimensions changed some mathematical relations became necessary in order to keep the original forms.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026alt n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028ali \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028ald \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f, \u00e6nd w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "This probably influenced the theory of numbers of Pythagoras, who believed that behind the appearance of things there was the permanent principle of mathematics.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u028cv n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u028cv pa\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks."}, {"text": "The Doric order dominated during the 6th and the 5th century BC but there was a mathematical problem regarding the position of the triglyphs, which couldn't be solved without changing the original forms.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261l\u026afz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02cc\u028ad\u0259nt bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "The order was almost abandoned for the Ionic order, but the Ionic capital also posed an insoluble problem at the corner of a temple.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026a a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u02c8o\u028azd \u0250n \u026ans\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l."}, {"text": "Both orders were abandoned for the Corinthian order gradually during the Hellenistic age and under Rome.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026an\u03b8i\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02cc\u025bl\u0259n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028am."}, {"text": "Thebes, Greece: The oldest temple probably dedicated to Apollo Ismenius was built in the 9th century BC.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0bz, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s: \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026asm\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The Doric temple was built in the early 7th century BC., but only some small parts have been found A festival called Daphnephoria was celebrated every ninth year in honour of Apollo Ismenius (or Galaxius).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0., b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8o\u028anli s\u02cc\u028cm sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts h\u0250vb\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and \u0250 f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld d\u02cc\u00e6fn\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026asm\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u00e6l\u02c8e\u026aks\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "The people held laurel branches (daphnai), and at the head of the procession walked a youth (chosen priest of Apollo), who was called \"daphnephoros\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bld l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u00e6fna\u026a, \u00e6nd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kt \u0250 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"d\u02cc\u00e6fn\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279o\u028az\"."}, {"text": "Eretria: According to the Homeric hymn to Apollo, the god arrived on the plain, seeking for a location to establish its oracle.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0279i\u0259: \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak h\u02c8\u026am t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026an, s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u0279\u0259 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283 \u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l."}, {"text": "The first temple of Apollo Daphnephoros, \"Apollo, laurel-bearer\", or \"carrying off Daphne\", is dated to 800 BC.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a d\u02cc\u00e6fn\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279o\u028az, \"\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259lb\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\", \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254f d\u02c8\u00e6fni\", \u026az d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "In a smaller building were kept the bases of the laurel branches which were used for the first building.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u025bpt \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Another temple probably peripteral was built in the 7th century BC, with an inner row of wooden columns over its Geometric predecessor.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026apt\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u026an\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u028cv w\u02c8\u028ad\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cmz \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u026ats d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028am\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bs\u02cc\u025bs\u025a."}, {"text": "The temple of Apollo Delphinios dates from the 7th century BC, or probably from the middle of the 8th century BC.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a d\u025blf\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u02cco\u028az d\u02c8e\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "According to the legend, Apollo appeared as a dolphin, and carried Cretan priests to the port of Delphi.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259nd, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00e6z \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lf\u026an, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id k\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0sts t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a."}, {"text": "It contains column-bases of the Minoan type, which may be considered as the predecessors of the Doric columns.", "phonemes": "\u026at k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cmb\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ano\u028an t\u02c8a\u026ap, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bs\u02cc\u025bs\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cmz."}, {"text": "Thermon (West Greece): The Doric temple of Apollo Thermios, was built in the middle of the 7th century BC.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n w\u02c8\u025bst \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s: \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u02cco\u028az, w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "It was built on an older curvilinear building dating perhaps from the 10th century, on which a peristyle was added.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026al\u02cc\u026an\u026a\u0279 b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250 p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ast\u02c8a\u026al w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Some special capitals with floral ornament have been found, which are called Aeolic, and it seems that they were borrowed from the East.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 fl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt h\u0250vb\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld i\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u026at s\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "Only some fragments have been found and the earlier ones, made from limestone, are identified among the oldest of the Ionic order.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028anli s\u02cc\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nts h\u0250vb\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a w\u02cc\u028cnz, m\u02cce\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8a\u026amsto\u028an, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u028cv\u00f0\u026a a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "The \"Temple of Alcmeonidae\" was built in   and it is the oldest Doric temple with significant marble elements.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lkm\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0\" w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "A boy was sent to the temple, who walked on the sacred road and returned carrying a laurel branch (dopnephoros).", "phonemes": "\u0250 b\u02c8\u0254\u026a w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pn\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279o\u028az."}, {"text": "The temple was destroyed by the Persians in the invasion of Xerxes in 480 BC, and later by the Boeotians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l w\u028cz d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks\u1d7bz \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028ao\u028a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The oracle was in use from early Mycenaean times to the Roman period, and shows the continuity of Mycenaean and Classical Greek religion.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l w\u028cz \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02cca\u026as\u0259n\u02c8i\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026amz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u0259 k\u0251\u02d0nt\u026anj\u02c8u\u02d0\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv m\u02cca\u026as\u0259n\u02c8i\u0259n \u00e6nd kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Bassae (Peloponnesus): A temple dedicated to Apollo Epikourios (\"Apollo the helper\"), was built in 430 BC, designed by Iktinos.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u00e6si\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u025bs\u0259s: \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02cc\u025bp\u026ak\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028az\"\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp\u025a\", w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a \u026akt\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028az."}, {"text": "It combined Doric and Ionic elements, and the earliest use of a column with a Corinthian capital in the middle.", "phonemes": "\u026at k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u00e6nd a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cm w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026an\u03b8i\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l."}, {"text": "The temple is of a relatively modest size, with the stylobate measuring 14.5 x 38.3 metres containing a Doric peristyle of 6 x 15 columns.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u026az \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast s\u02c8a\u026az, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8a\u026al\u0259b\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n.f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025az k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ast\u02c8a\u026al \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8\u025bks f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cmz."}, {"text": "Delos: A temple probably dedicated to Apollo and not peripteral, was built in the late 7th century BC, with a plan measuring 10,00 x 15,60 m.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az: \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026apt\u025a\u0279\u0259l, w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 pl\u02c8\u00e6n m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8\u025bks f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n,s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8\u025bm."}, {"text": "Ambracia: A Doric peripteral temple dedicated to Apollo Pythios Sotir was built in 500 BC, at the centre of the Greek city Arta.", "phonemes": "\u00e6mb\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259: \u0250 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026apt\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u026a\u02cco\u028az s\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u0279 w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "Only some parts have been found, and it seems that the temple was built on earlier sanctuaries dedicated to Apollo.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028anli s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts h\u0250vb\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and, \u00e6nd \u026at s\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "The temple is dipteral, with an outer row of 10 x 21 columns, and it measures 28.90 x 80.75 m at the stylobate.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u026az d\u02c8\u026apt\u025a\u0279\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u025bks tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cmz, \u00e6nd \u026at m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at.n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8\u025bks \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u025bm \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8a\u026al\u0259b\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "The Doric temple of Apollo Clarius was probably built in the 3rd century BC., and it was peripteral with 6 x 11 columns.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0259s w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0., \u00e6nd \u026at w\u028cz p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026apt\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8\u025bks \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cmz."}, {"text": "It was reconstructed at the end of the Hellenistic period, and later from the emperor Hadrian but Pausanias claims that it was still incomplete in the 2nd century BC.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02cc\u025bl\u0259n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u025a h\u02c8e\u026ad\u0279i\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct p\u0254\u02d0s\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259z kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz st\u02c8\u026al \u026a\u014bk\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Hamaxitus (Troad): In the Iliad, Chryses the priest of Apollo, addresses the god with the epithet Smintheus (Lord of Mice), related to the god's ancient role as bringer of the disease (plague).", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250ks\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259s t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad: \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d, k\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u026at sm\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u026a\u0259s l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026as, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261."}, {"text": "Recent excavations indicate that the Hellenistic temple of Apollo Smintheus was constructed in 150\u2013125 BC, but the symbol of the mouse god was used on coinage probably from the 4th century .", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt \u02cc\u025bksk\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 h\u02cc\u025bl\u0259n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sm\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u026a\u0259s w\u028cz k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028as \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8\u0254\u026an\u026ad\u0292 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i ."}, {"text": "It was created by Peisistratos, and tripods were placed there by those who had won in the cyclic chorus at the Thargelia.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a p\u02cce\u026as\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az, \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ap\u0251\u02d0dz w\u025c\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u025b\u0279 ba\u026a \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026akl\u026ak k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259."}, {"text": "Ikaros island in the Persian Gulf (modern Failaka Island): There was a temple of Apollo on the island.", "phonemes": "\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028az \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028clf m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an fe\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259 \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd: \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Veii (Etruria): The temple of Apollo was built in the late 6th century BC, indicating the spread of Apollo's culture (Aplu) in Etruria.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8e\u026ai \u026at\u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259: \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u0250pl\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an \u026at\u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Pompeii (Italy): The cult of Apollo was widespread in the region of Campania since the 6th century BC.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpe\u026ai \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li: \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u028cv k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The columns in front of the cella formed a Tuscan prostyle porch, and the cella is situated unusually far back.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cmz \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0250 t\u02c8\u028csk\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sta\u026al p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0283, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 \u026az s\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6k."}, {"text": "The peripteral colonnade of 48 Ionic columns was placed in such a way that the emphasis was given to the front side.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026apt\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cmz w\u028cz pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as w\u028cz \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt s\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "The first temple building dates to 431 BC, and was dedicated to Apollo Medicus (the doctor), after a plague of 433 BC.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b d\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd w\u028cz d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259s \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261 \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Rome: The temple of Apollo Palatinus was located on the Palatine hill within the sacred boundary of the city.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8o\u028am: \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250t\u02cc\u026an\u0259s w\u028cz lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250t\u02cci\u02d0n h\u02c8\u026al w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad b\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "Many famous statues by Greek masters were on display in and around the temple, including a marble statue of the god at the entrance and a statue of Apollo in the cella.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0z ba\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u026an \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bl\u0259."}, {"text": "Its remains were discovered in the 18th century, and many of its architectural fragments were dispersed among private collections or reworked into new sculptures.", "phonemes": "\u026ats \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u026ats \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a n\u02c8u\u02d0 sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "In the myths, Apollo is the son of Zeus, the king of the gods, and Leto, his previous wife or one of his mistresses.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8s, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv z\u02c8u\u02d0s, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz, \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a, h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s w\u02c8a\u026af \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u026az m\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u0259s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Apollo often appears in the myths, plays and hymns either directly or indirectly through his oracles.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8s, pl\u02c8e\u026az \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026amz \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 h\u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz."}, {"text": "As Zeus' favorite son, he had direct access to the mind of Zeus and was willing to reveal this knowledge to humans.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z z\u02c8u\u02d0s f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt s\u02c8\u028cn, hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv z\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00e6nd w\u028cz w\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00f0\u026as n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Pregnant with the offsprings of Zeus, Leto wandered through many lands wanting to give birth to Apollo.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261n\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254fsp\u0279\u026a\u014bz \u028cv z\u02c8u\u02d0s, l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a w\u02c8\u0254nd\u025ad \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bni l\u02c8\u00e6ndz w\u02c8\u0254nt\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "Upon reaching Delos, Leto requested the island to shelter her, and that in return her son would bring fame and prosperity to the island.", "phonemes": "\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az, l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025blt\u025a h\u025c\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n h\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cn w\u028ad b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b f\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259sp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Delos then revealed to Leto that Apollo was rumoured to be the god who will \"greatly lord it among gods and men all over the fruitful earth\".", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0ld t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025ad t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u026al \"\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u026a\u027e \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0tf\u0259l \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\"."}, {"text": "For this reason, all the lands were fearful and Delos feared that Apollo would cast her aside once he is be born.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6ndz w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026a\u0279f\u0259l \u00e6nd d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az f\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028ad k\u02c8\u00e6st h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8a\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cns hi\u02d0 \u026az bi\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n."}, {"text": "Hearing this, Leto swore on the river Styx that if she is allowed to give birth on the island, her son would honour Delos the most amongst all the other lands.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a sw\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a st\u02c8\u026aks \u00f0\u00e6t \u026af \u0283i\u02d0 \u026az \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, h\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cn w\u028ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014bst \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6ndz."}, {"text": "However, Hera had tricked Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth, to stay on Olympus, due to which Leto was unable to give birth.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 h\u00e6d t\u0279\u02c8\u026akt \u02cca\u026ali\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u026ai\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldb\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u0254n \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u0259s, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a w\u028cz \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "The goddesses then convinced Iris to go bring Eileithyia by offering her a necklace of amber 9 yards (8.2 m) long.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026anst \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026as t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u02cca\u026ali\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u026ai\u0259 ba\u026a \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 n\u02c8\u025bkl\u0259s \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6mb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026an j\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz \u02c8e\u026at.t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bm l\u02c8\u0254\u014b."}, {"text": "Thus, clutching a palm tree, Leto finally gave birth after labouring for nine days and nine nights, with Apollo \"leaping forth\" from his mother's womb.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, kl\u02c8\u028ct\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li \u0261\u02c8e\u026av b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8e\u026az \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026an n\u02c8a\u026ats, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \"l\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\" f\u0279\u028cm h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az w\u02c8u\u02d0m."}, {"text": "The goddesses washed the new born, covered him in a white garment and fastened golden bands around him.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s\u1d7bz w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n, k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad h\u02cc\u026am \u026an \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026at \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259nt \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n b\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "Upon tasting the divine food, the child broke free of the bands fastened onto him and declared that he would be the master of lyre and archery, and interpret the will of Zeus to humankind.", "phonemes": "\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n t\u02c8e\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an f\u02c8u\u02d0d, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6nd d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at \u00f0\u0259 w\u026al \u028cv z\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0250\u014bk\u02cca\u026and."}, {"text": "The island Delos used to be a woman named Asteria, who jumped into the waters to escape the advances of Zeus and became a free floating island of the same name.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259bi \u0250 w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00e6st\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cmpt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az t\u028a \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap \u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u028cv z\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 fl\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am n\u02c8e\u026am."}, {"text": "When Leto got pregnant, Hera was told that Leto will give birth to a son who would become to Zeus more dearer than Ares.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u0261\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261n\u0259nt, h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 w\u028cz t\u02c8o\u028ald \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a w\u026al \u0261\u02c8\u026av b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028ad b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm t\u0259 z\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Enraged by this, Hera watched over the heavens and sent out Ares and Iris to prevent Leto from giving birth on the earth.", "phonemes": "\u025bn\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d ba\u026a \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283t \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8a\u028at \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026as t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a f\u0279\u028cm \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "Ares stationed over the mainland and Iris over the islands, they both threatened all the lands and prevented them from helping Leto.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u02d0z st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nd \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026as \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz, \u00f0e\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a."}, {"text": "When Leto arrived to Thebes, fetal Apollo prophesied from his mother's womb that in the future, he would punish a slanderous woman in Thebes (Niobe), and so he did not want to be born there.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0bz, f\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259sid f\u0279\u028cm h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az w\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a, hi\u02d0 w\u028ad p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283 \u0250 sl\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279\u0259s w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n \u026an \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0bz n\u026a\u02c8o\u028ab, \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u0254nt t\u0259bi b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "Leto then went to Thessaly and sought out the help of the river nymphs whose father was the river Peneus.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn w\u025bnt t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025bs\u0259li \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a n\u02c8\u026amfz h\u02ccu\u02d0z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a p\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "Though he was initially fearful and reluctant, Peneus later decided to let Leto give birth in his waters.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li f\u02c8\u026a\u0279f\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u028ckt\u0259nt, p\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259s l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bt l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u026av b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u026an h\u026az w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "He did not change his mind even when Ares produced a terrifying sound and threatened to hurl mountain peaks into the river.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 h\u026az m\u02c8a\u026and \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u025bn \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u02d0z p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0250 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329d t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an p\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a."}, {"text": "After being turned away from various lands, Apollo spoke again from the womb, asking Leto to take look at the floating island in front of her and expressing his wish to be born there.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s l\u02c8\u00e6ndz, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8o\u028ak \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8u\u02d0m, \u02c8\u00e6sk\u026a\u014b l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak l\u02c8\u028ak \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b h\u026az w\u02c8\u026a\u0283 t\u0259bi b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "During the child birth, the swans circled the island seven times, due to which later on Apollo would play the seven stringed lyre.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259ld \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026amz, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028ad pl\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261d l\u02c8a\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "When Apollo finally \"leapt forth\" from his mother's womb, the nymphs of the island sung a hymn to Eilithyia that was heard to the heavens.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li \"l\u02c8\u025bpt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\" f\u0279\u028cm h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az w\u02c8u\u02d0m, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u026amfz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd s\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u0250 h\u02c8\u026am t\u028a \u02cca\u026al\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u026ai\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Hera was no more angry as Zeus had managed to calm her down, and she held no grudge against Asteria due to the fact that Asteria had rejected Zeus in the past.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0279i \u00e6z z\u02c8u\u02d0s h\u00e6d m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m h\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u028an, \u00e6nd \u0283i\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bld n\u02c8o\u028a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00e6st\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t \u00e6st\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u00e6d \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd z\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st."}, {"text": "Wanting escape Zeus' advances, she flung herself into the sea and became a floating rock called Ortygia until the twins were born.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u0254nt\u026a\u014b \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap z\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz, \u0283i\u02d0 fl\u02c8\u028c\u014b h\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8\u025blf \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 fl\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ad\u0292\u0259 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u026anz w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n."}, {"text": "When Leto stepped on the rock, four pillars with adamantine bases rose from the earth and held up the rock.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a st\u02c8\u025bpt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u026al\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6d\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nti\u02d0n b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8o\u028az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bld \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k."}, {"text": "When Apollo and Artemis were born, their bodies shone radiantly and a chant was sung by Eileithyia and Lachesis, one of the  three Moirai.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259ntli \u00e6nd \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6nt w\u028cz s\u02c8\u028c\u014b ba\u026a \u02cca\u026ali\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u026ai\u0259 \u00e6nd l\u00e6\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026as, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 mw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279a\u026a."}, {"text": "When Hera discovered that Leto was pregnant with Zeus' child, she decreed that Leto can give birth only in a place where sun does not shine.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261n\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 z\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald, \u0283i\u02d0 d\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a k\u00e6n \u0261\u02c8\u026av b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8o\u028anli \u026an \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026as w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cn d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0283\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "During this time, the monster Python also started hounding Leto with an intent of killing her, because he had foreseen his death coming at the hands of Leto's offspring.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254nst\u025a p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d fo\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8i\u02d0n h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 k\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u028cv l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028az \u02c8\u0254fsp\u0279\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "To protect her, Poseidon took her to the island Ortygia and covered it with waves so that the sun would not shine on it.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt h\u025c\u02d0, p\u0259s\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n t\u02c8\u028ak h\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ad\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026at w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8e\u026avz s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0283\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u0254n \u026at."}, {"text": "Libanius wrote that neither land nor visible islands would receive Leto, but by the will of Zeus Delos then became visible, and thus received Leto and the children.", "phonemes": "l\u026ab\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u0259s \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a, b\u02cc\u028ct ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 w\u026al \u028cv z\u02c8u\u02d0s d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am v\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "According to Strabo, the Curetes helped Leto by creating loud noises with their weapons and thus frightening Hera, they concealed Leto's childbirth.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bo\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u02d0ts h\u02c8\u025blpt l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a ba\u026a k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u028ad n\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bp\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs f\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329\u026a\u014b h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, \u00f0e\u026a k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0ld l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028az t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldb\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "Theognis wrote that the island was filled with ambrosial fragrance when Apollo was born, and the Earth laughed with joy.", "phonemes": "\u03b8i\u02d0\u0259\u0261niz \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd w\u028cz f\u02c8\u026ald w\u026a\u00f0 \u00e6mb\u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259ns w\u025bn \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 l\u02c8\u00e6ft w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026a."}, {"text": "While in some accounts Apollo's birth itself fixed the floating Delos to the earth, there are accounts of Apollo securing Delos to the bottom of the ocean a little while later.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf f\u02c8\u026akst \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u0250 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Apollo was born on the seventh day (, hebdomagenes) of the month Thargelion\u2014according to Delian tradition\u2014or of the month Bysios\u2014according to Delphian tradition.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 d\u02c8e\u026a, h\u02c8\u025bbd\u0259m\u02cce\u026ad\u0292i\u02d0nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 \u03b8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u02c8\u025bli\u0259n\u2014\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u2014\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 b\u02c8a\u026as\u026a\u02cco\u028az\u2014\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 d\u02c8\u025blfi\u0259n t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The seventh and twentieth, the days of the new and full moon, were ever afterwards held sacred to him.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u028al m\u02c8u\u02d0n, w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025adz h\u02c8\u025bld s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "The general consensus is that Artemis was born first and subsequently assisted with the birth of Apollo.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "Apollo spent the winter months among the Hyperboreans, leaving his shrine in Delphi under the care of Dionysus.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02cca\u026ap\u025ab\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz, l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u0283\u0279\u02c8a\u026an \u026an d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u026as\u0259s."}, {"text": "This nineteen-year period was called by the Greeks as the \u2018year of Meton', the time period in which the stars returned to their initial positions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nj\u02c8\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bt\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "And that visiting Hyperborea at that time, Apollo played on the cithara and danced continuously from the vernal equinox until the rising of the Pleiades (constellations).", "phonemes": "\u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u02cca\u026ap\u025abo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8i\u0259 \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u00e6nst k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259sli f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u02c8\u025bkw\u026an\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259di\u02d0z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The Hyperborean worship of Apollo bears the strongest marks of Apollo being worshipped as the sun god.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02cca\u026ap\u025ab\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026ap \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a b\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026apt \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Shamanistic elements in Apollo's cult are often liked to his Hyperborean origin, and he is likewise speculated to have originated as a solar shaman.", "phonemes": "\u0283\u02cc\u00e6m\u0250n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az k\u02c8\u028clt \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026akt t\u0259 h\u026az h\u02cca\u026ap\u025ab\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akwa\u026az sp\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a \u0283\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259n."}, {"text": "In myths, the tears of amber Apollo shed when his son Asclepius died mixed with the waters of the river Eridanos, which surrounded Hyperborea.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8s, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6mb\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0283\u02c8\u025bd w\u025bn h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cn \u0250skl\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u0259s d\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02c8\u026akst w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028az, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd h\u02cca\u026ap\u025abo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8i\u0259."}, {"text": "As a child, Apollo is said to have built a foundation and an altar on Delos using the horns of the goats that his sister Artemis hunted.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026az s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v b\u02c8\u026alt \u0250 fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as h\u02c8\u028cnt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Since he learnt the art of building when young, he later came to be known as Archegetes, the founder (of towns) and a god who guided men to build new cities.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans hi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b w\u025bn j\u02c8\u028c\u014b, hi\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259bi n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0261i\u02d0ts, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a \u028cv t\u02c8a\u028anz \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025bn t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "In his early years when Apollo spent his time herding cows, he was reared by Thriae, the bee nymphs, who trained him and enhanced his prophetic skills.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u025bn \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8\u025bnt h\u026az t\u02c8a\u026am h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u026a\u014b k\u02c8a\u028az, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d ba\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u026amfz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026and h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6nd \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6nst h\u026az p\u0279\u0251\u02d0f\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak sk\u02c8\u026alz."}, {"text": "Python, a chthonic serpent-dragon, was a child of Gaia and the guardian of the Delphic Oracle, whose death was foretold by Apollo when he was still in Leto's womb.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u0259n, \u0250 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259ntd\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259n, w\u028cz\u0250 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald \u028cv \u0261\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279di\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025blf\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l, h\u02ccu\u02d0z d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 w\u028cz fo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8o\u028ald ba\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u025bn hi\u02d0 w\u028cz st\u02c8\u026al \u026an l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028az w\u02c8u\u02d0m."}, {"text": "To avenge the trouble given to his mother, Apollo went in search of Python and killed it in the sacred cave at Delphi with the bow and arrows that he had received from Hephaestus.", "phonemes": "t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u025bnt \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u028cv p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u026ald \u026a\u027e \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad k\u02c8e\u026av \u00e6t d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8\u025bfi\u02d0st\u0259s."}, {"text": "According to Homer, Apollo encountered and killed the Python when he was looking for a place to establish his shrine.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028am\u025a, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u026ald \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u0259n w\u025bn hi\u02d0 w\u028cz l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u0279\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026as t\u028a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283 h\u026az \u0283\u0279\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Euripides in his Iphigenia in Aulis gives an account of his fight with Python and the event's aftermath.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279\u026ap\u02cca\u026adz \u026an h\u026az \u02cc\u026afa\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0liz \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u0250n \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv h\u026az f\u02c8a\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025am\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8."}, {"text": "A detailed account of Apollo's conflict with Gaia and Zeus' intervention on behalf of his young son is also given.", "phonemes": "\u0250 di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00e6nd z\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02cc\u026ant\u025av\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n b\u1d7bh\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv h\u026az j\u02c8\u028c\u014b s\u02c8\u028cn \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n."}, {"text": "Apollo also demanded that all other methods of divination be made inferior to his, a wish that Zeus granted him readily.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv d\u1d7bv\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n bi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u026anf\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a t\u0259 h\u02c8\u026az, \u0250 w\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t z\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd h\u02cc\u026am \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili."}, {"text": "Because of this, Athena, who had been practicing divination by throwing pebbles, cast her pebbles away in displeasure.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u0250db\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bv\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025bb\u0259lz, k\u02c8\u00e6st h\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025bb\u0259lz \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u026an d\u026aspl\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a."}, {"text": "After the servitude was over, as per his father's order, he travelled to the Vale of Tempe to bathe in waters of Peneus.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d w\u028cz \u02c8o\u028av\u025a, \u00e6z p\u025c\u02d0 h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, hi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259ld t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bmp t\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026a\u00f0 \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u028cv p\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "Purified, Apollo was escorted by his half-sister Athena to Delphi where the oracular shrine was finally handed over to him by Gaia.", "phonemes": "pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz \u025bsk\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u026az h\u02c8\u00e6fs\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279 \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 t\u0259 d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028al\u025a \u0283\u0279\u02c8a\u026an w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8a\u026a\u0259."}, {"text": "Henceforth, Apollo became the god who cleansed himself from the sin of murder, made men aware of their guilt and purified them.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bnsfo\u02d0\u0279\u03b8, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d h\u02ccu\u02d0 kl\u02c8\u025bnzd h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an \u028cv m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025a, m\u02cce\u026ad m\u02c8\u025bn \u0250w\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u026alt \u00e6nd pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "He also gave Apollo various gifts, like a golden tripod, a golden bow and arrows, a golden chariot and the city of Delphi.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u0261\u02c8\u026afts, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ap\u0251\u02d0d, \u0250 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n b\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028az, \u0250 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u0259t \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a."}, {"text": "According to another version, Artemis also aided him in protecting their mother by attacking Tityos with her arrows.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd h\u02cc\u026am \u026an p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a ba\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u02cco\u028az w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028az."}, {"text": "There, he was pegged to the rock floor, covering an area of , where a pair of vultures feasted daily on his liver.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz p\u02c8\u025b\u0261d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k fl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv , w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv v\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az f\u02c8i\u02d0st\u1d7bd d\u02c8e\u026ali \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az l\u02c8\u026av\u025a."}, {"text": "When Apollo was exiled from Olympus for killing Python, he served as a herdsman under Admetus, who was then young and unmarried.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz \u02c8\u025b\u0261za\u026ald f\u0279\u028cm \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u0259n, hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dzm\u0259n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u00e6nd \u028cnm\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id."}, {"text": "Apollo helped Admetus win the hand of Alcestis, the daughter of King Pelias, by taming a lion and a boar to draw Admetus' chariot.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u02c8\u025blpt \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s w\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ls\u025bstiz, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025bli\u0259z, ba\u026a t\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u0259t."}, {"text": "When Admetus angered the goddess Artemis by forgetting to give her the due offerings, Apollo came to the rescue and calmed his sister.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as ba\u026a f\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av h\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014bz, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bskju\u02d0 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0md h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a."}, {"text": "When Apollo learnt of Admetus' untimely death, he convinced or tricked the Fates into letting Admetus live past his time.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nt \u028cv \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s \u028cnt\u02c8a\u026amli d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, hi\u02d0 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026anst \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u026akt \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026ats \u02cc\u026ant\u028a l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s l\u02c8a\u026av p\u02c8\u00e6st h\u026az t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "According to another version, or perhaps some years later, when Zeus struck down Apollo's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting the dead, Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes, who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps s\u02cc\u028cm j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, w\u02cc\u025bn z\u02c8u\u02d0s st\u0279\u02c8\u028ck d\u02cca\u028an \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az s\u02c8\u028cn \u0250skl\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026atn\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028alt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bd, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026an \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292 k\u02c8\u026ald \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028aps, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d f\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028alt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 z\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus for this, but his mother Leto intervened, and reminding Zeus of their old love, pleaded with him not to kill their son.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028adh\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an b\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283t t\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025av\u02c8i\u02d0nd, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b z\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028ald l\u02c8\u028cv, pl\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02cc\u026am n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 k\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "She displayed hubris when she boasted that she was superior to Leto because she had fourteen children (Niobids), seven male and seven female, while Leto had only two.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ad h\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0279\u026as w\u025bn \u0283i\u02d0 b\u02c8o\u028ast\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz su\u02d0p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u0283i\u02d0 h\u00e6d f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n n\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026adz, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al, w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a h\u00e6d \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "According to some versions of the myth, among the Niobids, Chloris and her brother Amyclas were not killed because they prayed to Leto.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u02cc\u028cm v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026adz, kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026as \u00e6nd h\u025c\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6m\u026akl\u0259z w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u026ald b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a."}, {"text": "Amphion, at the sight of his dead sons, either killed himself or was killed by Apollo after swearing revenge.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6mfi\u0259n, \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv h\u026az d\u02c8\u025bd s\u02c8\u028cnz, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u026ald h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u028cz k\u02c8\u026ald ba\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a sw\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292."}, {"text": "Zeus had turned all the people of Thebes to stone and so no one buried the Niobids until the ninth day after their death, when the gods themselves entombed them.", "phonemes": "z\u02c8u\u02d0s h\u00e6d t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0bz t\u0259 st\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a n\u02c8o\u028aw\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8\u025b\u0279id \u00f0\u0259 n\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026adz \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 d\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u025bnt\u02c8u\u02d0md \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "When Chloris married and had children, Apollo granted her son Nestor the years he had taken away from the Niobids.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026as m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u00e6nd h\u00e6d t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd h\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8\u025bst\u025a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026adz."}, {"text": "Apollodorus states that the gods willingly went to the king disguised as humans in order to check his hubris.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad\u025a\u0279\u0259s st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz w\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014bli w\u025bnt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b d\u026as\u0261\u02c8a\u026azd \u00e6z hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk h\u026az h\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0279\u026as."}, {"text": "Apollo guarded the cattle of Laomedon in the valleys of Mount Ida, while Poseidon built the walls of Troy.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv l\u02c8e\u026a\u0259m\u02cc\u025bd\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az \u028cv m\u02c8a\u028ant \u02c8a\u026ad\u0259, w\u02cca\u026al p\u0259s\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n b\u02c8\u026alt \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a."}, {"text": "When the work was completed, three snakes rushed against the wall, and though the two that attacked the sections of the wall built by the gods fell down dead, the third forced its way into the city through the portion of the wall built by Aeacus.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k w\u028cz k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sn\u02c8e\u026aks \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283t \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02c8\u026alt ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz f\u02c8\u025bl d\u02cca\u028an d\u02c8\u025bd, \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st \u026ats w\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02c8\u026alt ba\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0\u00e6k\u0259s."}, {"text": "Apollo immediately prophesied that Troy would fall at the hands of Aeacus's descendants, the Aeacidae (i.e. his son Telamon joined Heracles when he sieged the city during Laomedon's rule.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259sid \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a w\u028ad f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u0250k\u0259s\u1d7bz d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0\u0250s\u02cc\u026adi\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8\u025bl\u0259m\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz w\u025bn hi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8e\u026a\u0259m\u02cc\u025bd\u0259nz \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Later, his great-grandson Neoptolemus was present in the wooden horse that leads to the downfall of Troy).", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, h\u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nds\u028cn n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028apt\u02cco\u028alm\u0259s w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028ad\u0259n h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8a\u028anf\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a."}, {"text": "However, the king not only refused to give the gods the wages he had promised, but also threatened to bind their feet and hands, and sell them as slaves.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ast, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329d t\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6ndz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bl \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6z sl\u02c8e\u026avz."}, {"text": "Angered by the unpaid labour and the insults, Apollo infected the city with a pestilence and Poseidon sent the sea monster Cetus.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u028cnp\u02c8e\u026ad l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ans\u028clts, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026anf\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 p\u02c8\u025bst\u026al\u0259ns \u00e6nd p\u0259s\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0254nst\u025a s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s."}, {"text": "To deliver the city from it, Laomedon had to sacrifice his daughter Hesione (who would later be saved by Heracles).", "phonemes": "t\u0259 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei f\u0279\u028cm \u026at, l\u02c8e\u026a\u0259m\u02cc\u025bd\u0259n h\u00e6dt\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as h\u026az d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a hi\u02d0z\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ni h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028ad l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a bi\u02d0 s\u02c8e\u026avd ba\u026a h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz."}, {"text": "During the war, the Greek king Agamemnon captured Chryseis, the daughter of Apollo's priest Chryses, and refused to return her.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026ammn\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad k\u0279\u02c8a\u026asa\u026az, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st k\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n h\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "He demanded that they return the girl, and the Achaeans (Greeks) complied, indirectly causing the anger of Achilles, which is the theme of the Iliad.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u0259nz \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks k\u0259mpl\u02c8a\u026ad, \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d."}, {"text": "Receiving the aegis from Zeus, Apollo entered the battlefield as per his father's command, causing great terror to the enemy with his war cry.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026as f\u0279\u028cm z\u02c8u\u02d0s, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259lf\u02cci\u02d0ld \u00e6z p\u025c\u02d0 h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u0259mi w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "He is described as \"the rouser of armies\" because he rallied the Trojan army when they were falling apart.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u028as\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279miz\" b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6lid \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "When Zeus allowed the other gods to get involved in the war, Apollo was provoked by Poseidon to a duel.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn z\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8o\u028akt ba\u026a p\u0259s\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n t\u028a \u0250 d\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l."}, {"text": "However, Apollo declined to fight him, saying that he would not fight his uncle for the sake of mortals.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at h\u02cc\u026am, s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8a\u026at h\u026az \u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0259l f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak \u028cv m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "When the Greek hero Diomedes injured the Trojan hero Aeneas, Aphrodite tried to rescue him, but Diomedes injured her as well.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a d\u026a\u02c8o\u028amdz \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259z, \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279\u0259d\u02c8a\u026a\u027ei t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bskju\u02d0 h\u02cc\u026am, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u026a\u02c8o\u028amdz \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025ad h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "He repelled the attacks Diomedes made on him and gave the hero a stern warning to abstain from attacking a god.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bld \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks d\u026a\u02c8o\u028amdz m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0250 st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250bst\u02c8e\u026an f\u0279\u028cm \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d."}, {"text": "After the death of Sarpedon, a son of Zeus, Apollo rescued the corpse from the battlefield as per his father's wish and cleaned it.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p\u025bd\u0259n, \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv z\u02c8u\u02d0s, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bskju\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ps f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259lf\u02cci\u02d0ld \u00e6z p\u025c\u02d0 h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az w\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd kl\u02c8i\u02d0nd \u026at."}, {"text": "Apollo had also once convinced Athena to stop the war for that day, so that the warriors can relieve themselves for a while.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u02c8\u028cns k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026anst \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8e\u026a, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u025az k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz f\u025a\u0279\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026al."}, {"text": "The Trojan hero Hector (who, according to some, was the god's own son by Hecuba) was favored by Apollo.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a h\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u02cc\u028cm, w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a h\u025bkj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259 w\u028cz f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad ba\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "During a duel with Achilles, when Hector was about to lose, Apollo hid Hector in a cloud of mist to save him.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, w\u02cc\u025bn h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a w\u028cz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0z, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u02c8\u026ad h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250 kl\u02c8a\u028ad \u028cv m\u02c8\u026ast t\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026av h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "Encouraging Hector to attack Patroclus, Apollo stripped the armour of the Greek warrior and broke his weapons.", "phonemes": "\u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259s, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a st\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak h\u026az w\u02c8\u025bp\u0259nz."}, {"text": "At last, after Hector's fated death, Apollo protected his corpse from Achilles' attempt to mutilate it by creating a magical cloud over the corpse, shielding it from the rays of the sun.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t l\u02c8\u00e6st, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az f\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd h\u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ps f\u0279\u028cm \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bl\u02cce\u026at \u026at ba\u026a k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l kl\u02c8a\u028ad \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ps, \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026a\u014b \u026at f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Apollo held a grudge against Achilles throughout the war because Achilles had murdered his son Tenes before the war began and brutally assassinated his son Troilus in his own temple.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u02c8\u025bld \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z h\u00e6d m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025ad h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8i\u02d0nz b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259li \u0250s\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cn t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u0259s \u026an h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l."}, {"text": "Not only did Apollo save Hector from Achilles, he also tricked Achilles by disguising himself as a Trojan warrior and driving him away from the gates.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli d\u02c8\u026ad \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8e\u026av h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a f\u0279\u028cm \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z, hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u0279\u02c8\u026akt \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z ba\u026a d\u026as\u0261\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6z \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Though he greatly favored the Trojans, Apollo was bound to follow the orders of Zeus and served his father loyally during the war.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259nz, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz b\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az \u028cv z\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259li d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Chiron, the abandoned centaur, was fostered by Apollo, who instructed him in medicine, prophecy, archery and more.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0254\u02d0\u0279, w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u025ad ba\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd h\u02cc\u026am \u026an m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259si, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "When Iamus reached the age of education, Apollo took him to Olympia and taught him many arts, including the ability to understand and explain the languages of birds.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u02c8a\u026a\u00e6m\u0259s \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8\u028ak h\u02cc\u026am t\u028a \u0259l\u02c8\u026ampi\u0259 \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t h\u02cc\u026am m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Even though he foresaw his death that would happen in his journey with the Argonauts, he embraced his destiny and died a brave death.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u0254\u02d0 h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n \u026an h\u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ni w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts, hi\u02d0 \u025bmb\u0279\u02c8e\u026ast h\u026az d\u02c8\u025bst\u026ani \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026av d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "To commemorate his son's bravery, Apollo commanded Boeotians to build a town around the tomb of the hero, and to honor him.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cnz b\u0279\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd b\u02c8o\u028ao\u028a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald \u0250 t\u02c8a\u028an \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, \u00e6nd t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "When his son Melaneus reached the age of marriage, Apollo asked the princess Stratonice to be his son's bride and carried her away from her home when she agreed.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cn m\u025bl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0259s \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8\u00e6skt \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u025bs st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6t\u0251\u02d0n\u026as t\u0259bi h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cnz b\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8o\u028am w\u025bn \u0283i\u02d0 \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Immediately after his birth, Apollo demanded a lyre and invented the paean, thus becoming the god of music.", "phonemes": "\u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak."}, {"text": "Plato said that the innate ability of humans to take delight in music, rhythm and harmony is the gift of Apollo and the Muses.", "phonemes": "pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u026ann\u02c8e\u026at \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak d\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026at \u026an mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u00f0\u0259m \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ni \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026aft \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "According to Socrates, ancient Greeks believed that Apollo is the god who directs the harmony and makes all things move together, both for the gods and the humans.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0250t\u02cci\u02d0z, \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ni \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026aks \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz m\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz."}, {"text": "For this reason, he was called Homopolon before the Homo was replaced by A. Apollo's harmonious music delivered people from their pain, and hence, like Dionysus, he is also called the liberator.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028amo\u028a w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026a. \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az h\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259s mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025ad p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8e\u026an, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bns, l\u02c8a\u026ak d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u026as\u0259s, hi\u02d0 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "The swans, which were considered to be the most musical among the birds, were believed to be the \"singers of Apollo\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, w\u025c\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 \"s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025az \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\"."}, {"text": "Aelian says that when the singers would sing hymns to Apollo, the swans would join the chant in unison.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025az w\u028ad s\u02c8\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u026amz t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz w\u028ad d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6nt \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026as\u0259n."}, {"text": "Among the Pythagoreans, the study of mathematics and music were connected to the worship of Apollo, their principal deity.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u0250\u0261\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026ap \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259ti."}, {"text": "They also believed that music was delegated to the same mathematical laws of harmony as the mechanics of the cosmos, evolving into an idea known as the music of the spheres.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak w\u028cz d\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ni \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026aks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zmo\u028as, \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sf\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Apollo appears as the companion of the Muses, and as Musagetes (\"leader of Muses\") he leads them in dance.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u00e6z mj\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0250\u0261\u02cci\u02d0ts\"l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz\"hi\u02d0 l\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026an d\u02c8\u00e6ns."}, {"text": "Apollo is also the lover of the Muses and by them he became the father of famous musicians like Orpheus and Linus.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u00e6nd ba\u026a \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm hi\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s mju\u02d0z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u026a\u0259s \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026an\u0259s."}, {"text": "In his role as the god of banquets, he was always present to play music at weddings of the gods, like the marriage of Eros and Psyche, Peleus and Thetis.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkw\u026ats, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u00e6t w\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u014bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0251\u02d0s \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026aki\u02d0, p\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259s \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "He is a frequent guest of the Bacchanalia, and many ancient ceramics depict him being at ease amidst the maenads and satyrs.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nt \u0261\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02cc\u00e6k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt s\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aks d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt h\u02cc\u026am b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00e6\u027e \u02c8i\u02d0z \u0250m\u02c8\u026adst \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u00e6dz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "He was the victor in all those contests, but he tended to punish his opponents severely for their hubris.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0o\u028az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bsts, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283 h\u026az \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279li f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0279\u026as."}, {"text": "Distinctions have been made that Hermes invented lyre made of tortoise shell, whereas the lyre Apollo invented was a regular lyre.", "phonemes": "d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz h\u0250vb\u026an m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd l\u02c8a\u026a\u025a m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259s \u0283\u02c8\u025bl, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd w\u028cz\u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a l\u02c8a\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "Myths tell that the infant Hermes stole a number of Apollo's cows and took them to a cave in the woods near Pylos, covering their tracks.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8s t\u02c8\u025bl \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anf\u0259nt h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z st\u02c8o\u028al \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az k\u02c8a\u028az \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u028a \u0250 k\u02c8e\u026av \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028adz n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8a\u026alo\u028az, k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ks."}, {"text": "According to other versions, Apollo had invented the lyre himself, whose strings he tore in repenting of the excess punishment he had given to Marsyas.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u00e6d \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u025a h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf, h\u02ccu\u02d0z st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz hi\u02d0 t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bs p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u0259z."}, {"text": "Once Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo and to challenge the god of music to a contest.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cns p\u02c8\u00e6n h\u00e6d \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0d\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 h\u026az mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak t\u028a \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bst."}, {"text": "Pan blew on his pipes, and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower, Midas, who happened to be present.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u00e6n bl\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az p\u02c8a\u026aps, \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u0279\u02c8\u028cst\u026ak m\u02c8\u025bl\u0259di \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at s\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6nd h\u026az f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8f\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025a, m\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259z, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259nd t\u0259bi p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt."}, {"text": "It was so beautiful that Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and everyone was pleased with the judgement.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz s\u02cco\u028a bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8i\u02d0m\u02c8o\u028al\u0259s \u0250tw\u02c8\u028cns \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn w\u028cz pl\u02c8i\u02d0zd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Apollo did not want to suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer, and caused them to become the ears of a donkey.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u0254nt t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8e\u026avd p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02cc\u025bni l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0259v\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u014bki."}, {"text": "He had found an aulos on the ground, tossed away after being invented by Athena because it made her cheeks puffy.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d f\u02c8a\u028and \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lo\u028az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and, t\u02c8\u0254st \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at m\u02cce\u026ad h\u025c\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ks p\u02c8\u028cfi."}, {"text": "Athena had also placed a curse upon the instrument, that whoever would pick it up would be severely punished.", "phonemes": "\u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 h\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nt, \u00f0\u00e6t hu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bv\u025a w\u028ad p\u02c8\u026ak \u026a\u027e \u02cc\u028cp w\u028ad bi\u02d0 s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279li p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283t."}, {"text": "This led Marsyas to think that he was better than Apollo, and he challenged the god to a musical contest.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u025bd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u0259z t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028cz b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d t\u028a \u0250 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bst."}, {"text": "Marsyas taunted Apollo for \"wearing his hair long, for having a fair face and smooth body, for his skill in so many arts\".", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u0259z t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0nt\u1d7bd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az h\u02c8\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az sk\u02c8\u026al \u026an s\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts\"."}, {"text": "The contestants agreed to take turns displaying their skills and the rule was that the victor could \"do whatever he wanted\" to the loser.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bst\u0259nts \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sk\u02c8\u026alz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l w\u028cz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a k\u02c8\u028ad \"d\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028ct\u02c8\u025bv\u025a hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd\" t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a."}, {"text": "But in the next round, Apollo decided to play on his lyre and add his melodious voice to his performance.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u0279\u02c8a\u028and, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6d h\u026az m\u025bl\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259s v\u02c8\u0254\u026as t\u0259 h\u026az p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Marsyas argued against this, saying that Apollo would have an advantage and accused Apollo of cheating.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u0259z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028adh\u0250v \u0250n \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "But Apollo replied that since Marsyas played the flute, which needed air blown from the throat, it was similar to singing, and that either they both should get an equal chance to combine their skills or none of them should use their mouths at all.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u026ans m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u0259z pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8u\u02d0t, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025b\u0279 bl\u02c8o\u028an f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028at, \u026at w\u028cz s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0e\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u0261\u025bt \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns t\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sk\u02c8\u026alz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u0283\u02cc\u028ad j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8a\u028a\u00f0z \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Apollo was declared the winner and, angered with Marsyas' haughtiness and his accusations, decided to flay the satyr.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd, \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u0259z h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0tin\u0259s \u00e6nd h\u026az \u02cc\u00e6kju\u02d0z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 fl\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "According to another account, Marsyas played his flute out of tune at one point and accepted his defeat.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u0259z pl\u02c8e\u026ad h\u026az fl\u02c8u\u02d0t \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v t\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6t w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u00e6nd \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd h\u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Apollo flayed the limbs of Marsyas alive in a cave near Celaenae in Phrygia for his hubris to challenge a god.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a fl\u02c8e\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026amz \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u0259z \u0250l\u02c8a\u026av \u026an \u0250 k\u02c8e\u026av n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bli\u02d0n\u02cci\u02d0 \u026an f\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az h\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0279\u026as t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292 \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d."}, {"text": "He then gave the rest of his body for proper burial and nailed Marsyas' flayed skin to a nearby pine-tree as a lesson to the others.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv h\u026az b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd n\u02c8e\u026ald m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u0259z fl\u02c8e\u026ad sk\u02c8\u026an t\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a p\u02c8a\u026ant\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bs\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "But Apollo soon repented and being distressed at what he had done, he tore the strings of his lyre and threw it away.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6nd b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6t w\u028ct hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d d\u02c8\u028cn, hi\u02d0 t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u028cv h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026a\u027e \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The Muses fixed the middle string, Linus the string struck with the forefinger, and Orpheus the lowest string and the one next to it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz f\u02c8\u026akst \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b, l\u02c8\u026an\u0259s \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8\u028ck w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u026a\u014b\u0261\u025a, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u026a\u0259s \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u028a \u026at."}, {"text": "They took it back to Apollo, but the god, who had decided to stay away from music for a while, laid away both the lyre and the pipes at Delphi and joined Cybele in her wanderings to as far as Hyperborea.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a t\u02c8\u028ak \u026at b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026a \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak f\u025a\u0279\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026al, l\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026aps \u00e6t d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and s\u02c8a\u026ab\u025bl \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254nd\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014bz t\u028a \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z h\u02cca\u026ap\u025abo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8i\u0259."}, {"text": "When Apollo spotted a ship of Cretan sailors that were caught in a storm, he quickly assumed the shape of a dolphin and guided their ship safely to Delphi.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u026ap \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0259n s\u02c8e\u026al\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026an \u0250 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m, hi\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u026akli \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap \u0259v\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lf\u026an \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u026ap s\u02c8e\u026afli t\u0259 d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a."}, {"text": "Apollo used his bow and golden arrow to shed light upon an island, where the Argonauts soon took shelter.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd h\u026az b\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025bd l\u02c8a\u026at \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0250n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts s\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u02c8\u028ak \u0283\u02c8\u025blt\u025a."}, {"text": "As a token of gratitude, Diomedes built a temple in honor of Apollo under the epithet Epibaterius (\"the embarker\").", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d, d\u026a\u02c8o\u028amdz b\u02c8\u026alt \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u026at \u02cc\u025bp\u026ab\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s\"\u00f0\u026a \u025bmb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025a\"."}, {"text": "During the Trojan War, Odysseus came to the Trojan camp to return Chriseis, the daughter of Apollo's priest Chryses, and brought many offerings to Apollo.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0259s k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6mp t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n k\u0279\u02c8a\u026asa\u026az, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st k\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014bz t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "Consequently, numerous dolphins surrounded the ship and when Arion jumped into the water, the dolphins carried him away safely.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ntli, n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lf\u026anz s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026ap \u00e6nd w\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u028cmpt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lf\u026anz k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id h\u02cc\u026am \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8e\u026afli."}, {"text": "He sided with the Trojans, and sent a terrible plague to the Greek camp, which indirectly led to the conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259nz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bb\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u02c8\u00e6mp, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026ammn\u0259n."}, {"text": "After the end of the war, Apollo and Poseidon together cleaned the remains of the city and the camps.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd p\u0259s\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a kl\u02c8i\u02d0nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6mps."}, {"text": "To stop the battling gods and the terror created by their battle, Apollo intervened and stopped the duel between them.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025av\u02c8i\u02d0nd \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "When Zeus suggested that Dionysus defeat the Indians in order to earn a place among the gods, Dionysus declared war against the Indians and travelled to India along with his army of Bacchantes and satyrs.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn z\u02c8u\u02d0s s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u026as\u0259s d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026as \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz, d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u026as\u0259s d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259nz \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259ld t\u028a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u028cv b\u00e6k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nte\u026az \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "Apollo armed his son with his own hands and gave him a bow and arrows and fitted a strong shield to his arm.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cn w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an h\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8e\u026av h\u02cc\u026am \u0250 b\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028az \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ld t\u0259 h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Seeing several of his nymphs and Aristaeus drowning in a river, he took them to safety and healed them.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u028cv h\u026az n\u02c8\u026amfz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cci\u02d0\u0259s d\u0279\u02c8a\u028an\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a, hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026afti \u00e6nd h\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "During the war between the sons of Oedipus, Apollo favored Amphiaraus, a seer and one of the leaders in the war.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cnz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0d\u026ap\u0259s, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6mfa\u026a\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u028as, \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Though saddened that the seer was fated to be doomed in the war, Apollo made Amphiaraus' last hours glorious by \"lighting his shield and his helm with starry gleam\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02cco\u028a s\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0\u025a w\u028cz f\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259bi d\u02c8u\u02d0md \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a m\u02cce\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6mfa\u026a\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u028as l\u02c8\u00e6st \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u0261l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259s b\u02c8a\u026a \"l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u00e6nd h\u026az h\u02c8\u025blm w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279i \u0261l\u02c8i\u02d0m\"."}, {"text": "When Hypseus tried to kill the hero with a spear, Apollo directed the spear towards the charioteer of Amphiaraus instead.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn h\u02c8\u026aps\u026a\u0259s t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 k\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02cc\u00e6\u0279i\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6mfa\u026a\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u028as \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd."}, {"text": "At last, when the moment of departure came, Apollo expressed his grief with tears in his eyes and bid farewell to Amphiaraus, who was soon engulfed by the Earth.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t l\u02c8\u00e6st, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nt \u028cv d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u025a k\u02c8e\u026am, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst h\u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an h\u026az \u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026ad f\u025b\u0279w\u02c8\u025bl t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6mfa\u026a\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u028as, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8\u028clft ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "During the gigantomachy, Apollo and Heracles blinded the giant Ephialtes by shooting him in his eyes, Apollo shooting his left and Heracles his right.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292a\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259m\u02cc\u00e6ki, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz bl\u02c8a\u026and\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bf\u026a\u02cc\u00e6lts ba\u026a \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am \u026an h\u026az \u02c8a\u026az, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u026az l\u02c8\u025bft \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz h\u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "They attempted to storm Mt. Olympus by piling up mountains, and threatened to fill the sea with mountains and inundate dry land.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd t\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m \u02cc\u025bmt\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u0259s ba\u026a p\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329d t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026an\u0259nd\u02cce\u026at d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "According to another tale, Apollo killed them by sending a deer between them; as they tried to kill it with their javelins, they accidentally stabbed each other and died.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8e\u026al, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a k\u02c8\u026ald \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u02c8\u026a\u0279 b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm; \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 k\u02c8\u026al \u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u026anz, \u00f0e\u026a \u02cc\u00e6ks\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li st\u02c8\u00e6bd \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "And he challenged the young and sturdy men to a match of boxing, only to cut their heads off when they would get defeated by him.", "phonemes": "\u00e6nd hi\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0di m\u02c8\u025bn t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u028cv b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026a\u014b, \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028ct \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bdz \u02c8\u0254f w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad \u0261\u025bt d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "He rides on the back of a swan to the land of the Hyperboreans during the winter months, and the absence of warmth in winter is due to his departure.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u026adz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k \u0259v\u0259 sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02cca\u026ap\u025ab\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259ns \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u03b8 \u026an w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a\u0279 \u026az d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 h\u026az d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "During his absence, Delphi was under the care of Dionysus, and no prophecies were given during winters.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259ns, d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a w\u028cz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u026as\u0259s, \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259siz w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u026ant\u025az."}, {"text": "But because he was a just king and a good devotee, Apollo intervened and requested his father to spare Periphas.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad d\u02cc\u025bvo\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025av\u02c8i\u02d0nd \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a t\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026af\u0259z."}, {"text": "When Periphas' wife requested Zeus to let her stay with her husband, Zeus turned her into a vulture and fulfilled her wish.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026af\u0259z w\u02c8a\u026af \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd z\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bt h\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026a w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd, z\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 v\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd f\u028alf\u02c8\u026ald h\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "One day, they were put in charge of watching their father's ancestral wine jar but they fell asleep while performing this duty.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8e\u026a, \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02cc\u028at \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az \u00e6ns\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8a\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u025bl \u0250sl\u02c8i\u02d0p w\u02cca\u026al p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei."}, {"text": "When the sisters woke up and saw what had happened, they threw themselves off a cliff in fear of their father's wrath.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u025az w\u02c8o\u028ak \u02cc\u028cp \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 w\u028ct h\u00e6d h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259nd, \u00f0e\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u02c8\u0254f \u0250 kl\u02c8\u026af \u026an f\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8."}, {"text": "Apollo, who was passing by, caught them and carried them to two different cities in Chersonesus, Molpadia to Castabus and Parthenos to Bubastus.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b b\u02c8a\u026a, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0so\u028ans\u0259s, m\u0259lp\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259 t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6st\u00e6b\u0259s \u00e6nd p\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028az t\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u00e6st\u0259s."}, {"text": "He was bound to a rock, where each day an eagle was sent to eat Prometheus' liver, which would then grow back overnight to be eaten again the next day.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz b\u02c8a\u028and t\u028a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 d\u02c8e\u026a \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bnt t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t p\u0279o\u028am\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u0259s l\u02c8\u026av\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028ad \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cco\u028av\u025an\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259bi \u02c8i\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Seeing his plight, Apollo pleaded with Zeus to release the kind Titan, while Artemis and Leto stood behind him with tears in their eyes.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u026az pl\u02c8a\u026at, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a pl\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 z\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u026and t\u02c8a\u026at\u0259n, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a st\u02c8\u028ad b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and h\u02cc\u026am w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "Zeus, moved by Apollo's words and the tears of the goddesses, finally sent Heracles to free Prometheus.", "phonemes": "z\u02c8u\u02d0s, m\u02c8u\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s\u1d7bz, f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li s\u02c8\u025bnt h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279o\u028am\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "After Heracles (then named Alcides) was struck with madness and killed his family, he sought to purify himself and consulted the oracle of Apollo.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6lsa\u026adz w\u028cz st\u0279\u02c8\u028ck w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u00e6dn\u0259s \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u026ald h\u026az f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "Apollo, through the Pythia, commanded him to serve king Eurystheus for twelve years and complete the ten tasks the king would give him.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8i\u0259, k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v k\u02c8\u026a\u014b ju\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u03b8\u026a\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 tw\u02c8\u025blv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6nd k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8\u00e6sks \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b w\u028ad \u0261\u02c8\u026av h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "To complete his third task, Heracles had to capture the Ceryneian Hind, a hind sacred to Artemis, and bring back it alive.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t h\u026az \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u02c8\u00e6sk, h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz h\u00e6dt\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u02c8a\u026ani\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026and, \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026and s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as, \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6k \u026a\u027e \u0250l\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "After chasing the hind for one year, the animal eventually got tired, and when it tried crossing the river Ladon, Heracles captured it.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0261\u0251\u02d0t t\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad, \u00e6nd w\u025bn \u026at t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6d\u0251\u02d0n, h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad \u026at."}, {"text": "While he was taking it back, he was confronted by Apollo and Artemis, who were angered at Heracles for this act.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al hi\u02d0 w\u028cz t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026at b\u02c8\u00e6k, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz k\u0259nf\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u025ad \u00e6t h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "After he was freed from his servitude to Eurystheus, Heracles fell in conflict with Iphytus, a prince of Oechalia, and murdered him.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a hi\u02d0 w\u028cz f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0279\u028cm h\u026az s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d t\u0259 ju\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u03b8\u026a\u0259s, h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz f\u02c8\u025bl \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u026af\u026a\u027e\u0259s, \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans \u028cv o\u028at\u0283\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025ad h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "In anger, Heracles snatched the sacred tripod and started walking away, intending to start his own oracle.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u025a, h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz sn\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ap\u0251\u02d0d \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a, \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l."}, {"text": "Apollo then ordered the hero to serve under Omphale, queen of Lydia for one year in order to purify himself.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0mfe\u026al, kw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv l\u02c8\u026adi\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "A long time ago, there were three kinds of human beings: male, descended from the sun; female, descended from the earth; and androgynous, descended from the moon.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u02c8a\u026am \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz: m\u02c8e\u026al, d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn; f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al, d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8; \u00e6nd \u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026an\u0259s, d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Each human being was completely round, with four arms and four legs, two identical faces on opposite sides of a head with four ears, and all else to match.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b w\u028cz k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u0279\u02c8a\u028and, w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z, t\u02c8u\u02d0 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at s\u02c8a\u026adz \u0259v\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bls t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283."}, {"text": "To check their insolence, Zeus devised a plan to humble them and improve their manners instead of completely destroying them.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u026ans\u0259l\u0259ns, z\u02c8u\u02d0s d\u026av\u02c8a\u026azd \u0250 pl\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cmb\u0259l \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6nd \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025az \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "He cut them all in two and asked Apollo to make necessary repairs, giving humans the individual shape they still have now.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028ct \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6skt \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025b\u0279z, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap \u00f0e\u026a st\u02c8\u026al h\u00e6v n\u02c8a\u028a."}, {"text": "Apollo turned their heads and necks around towards their wounds, he pulled together their skin at the abdomen, and sewed the skin together at the middle of it.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bdz \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025bks \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8u\u02d0ndz, hi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028ald t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sk\u02c8\u026an \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bd\u0259m\u0259n, \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026an t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u028cv \u026at."}, {"text": "But he made sure to leave a few wrinkles on the abdomen and around the navel so that they might be reminded of their punishment.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259lz \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bd\u0259m\u0259n \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026av\u0259l s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8a\u026and\u1d7bd \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Once, Aphrodite fell deeply in love with Adonis, a young man of great beauty who was later accidentally killed by a boar.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cns, \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279\u0259d\u02c8a\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8\u025bl d\u02c8i\u02d0pli \u026an l\u02c8\u028cv w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259n\u02cc\u026as, \u0250 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6n \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6ks\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li k\u02c8\u026ald ba\u026a \u0250 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Apollo then brought her to the rock of Leukas and asked her to throw herself from the top of the rock.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t h\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6skt h\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028a h\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8\u025blf f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k."}, {"text": "When she sought the reason behind this, Apollo told her that Zeus, before taking another lover, would sit on this rock to free himself from his love for Hera.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0283i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8o\u028ald h\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t z\u02c8u\u02d0s, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u028cv\u025a, w\u028ad s\u02c8\u026at \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf f\u0279\u028cm h\u026az l\u02c8\u028cv f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Another tale relates that a man named Nireus, who fell in love with the cult statue of Athena, came to the rock and jumped in order to relieve himself.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8e\u026al \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n n\u02c8e\u026amd n\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025bl \u026an l\u02c8\u028cv w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0 \u028cv \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u028cmpt \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "After jumping, he fell into the net of a fisherman in which, when he was pulled out, he found a box filled with gold.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u028cmp\u026a\u014b, hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025bl \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bt \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025am\u0259n \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283, w\u02cc\u025bn hi\u02d0 w\u028cz p\u02c8\u028ald \u02c8a\u028at, hi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks f\u02c8\u026ald w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald."}, {"text": "He fought with the fisherman and took the gold, but Apollo appeared to him in the night in a dream and warned him not to appropriate gold which belonged to others.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025am\u0259n \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at \u026an \u0250 d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nd h\u02cc\u026am n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u028a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bd t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "It was an ancestral custom among the Leukadians to fling a criminal from this rock every year at the sacrifice performed in honor of Apollo for the sake of averting evil.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u0250n \u00e6ns\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259m \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 lu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259nz t\u0259 fl\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak \u028cv \u0250v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l."}, {"text": "However, a number of men would be stationed all around below rock to catch the criminal and take him out of the borders in order to exile him from the island.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bn w\u028ad bi\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026ak h\u02cc\u026am \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025az \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u025b\u0261za\u026al h\u02cc\u026am f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Accordingly, when the Titans tried to climb Mount Olympus, Zeus with the help of Apollo, Artemis and Athena, defeated them and cast them into Tartarus.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bli, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026at\u0259nz t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am m\u02c8a\u028ant \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u0259s, z\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as \u00e6nd \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6st \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259s."}, {"text": "Their vivid anecdotal qualities have made some of them favorites of painters since the Renaissance, the result being that they stand out more prominently in the modern imagination.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u026av\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6n\u026akd\u02cco\u028a\u027e\u0259l kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz h\u00e6v m\u02cce\u026ad s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u1d7bts \u028cv p\u02c8e\u026ant\u025az s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a st\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8a\u028at m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u026am\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "According to other versions, she cried for help during the chase, and Gaia helped her by taking her in and placing a laurel tree in her place.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz, \u0283i\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025blp d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026as, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blpt h\u025c\u02d0 ba\u026a t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "According to Roman poet Ovid, the chase was brought about by Cupid, who hit Apollo with a golden arrow of love and Daphne with a leaden arrow of hatred.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at \u02c8o\u028av\u026ad, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026as w\u028cz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0250b\u02cca\u028at ba\u026a kj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u026ad, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u02c8\u026at \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a \u028cv l\u02c8\u028cv \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u00e6fni w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a \u028cv h\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026ad."}, {"text": "The myth explains the origin of the laurel and the connection of Apollo with the laurel and its leaves, which his priestess employed at Delphi.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026ats l\u02c8i\u02d0vz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st\u0259s \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u00e6t d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a."}, {"text": "The leaves became the symbol of victory and laurel wreaths were given to the victors of the Pythian games.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0vz b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l \u028cv v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8s w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026akt\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8i\u0259n \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz."}, {"text": "Apollo is said to have been the lover of all nine Muses, and not being able to choose one of them, decided to remain unwed.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026az s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8a\u026an mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u028cnw\u02c8\u025bd."}, {"text": "He fathered the Corybantes by the Muse Thalia, Orpheus by Calliope, Linus of Thrace by Calliope or Urania and Hymenaios (Hymen) by one of the Muses.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nte\u026az ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u03b8\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u026a\u0259s ba\u026a k\u0250l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259pi, l\u02c8\u026an\u0259s \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8e\u026as ba\u026a k\u0250l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259pi \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259 \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026am\u0259n\u02cce\u026ao\u028az h\u02c8a\u026am\u025bn ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Ourea, a daughter of Poseidon, fell in love with Apollo when he and Poseidon were serving the Trojan king Laomedon.", "phonemes": "a\u028a\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u0259, \u0250 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u0259s\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n, f\u02c8\u025bl \u026an l\u02c8\u028cv w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u025bn hi\u02d0 \u00e6nd p\u0259s\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u026a\u014b l\u02c8e\u026a\u0259m\u02cc\u025bd\u0259n."}, {"text": "Thero, daughter of Phylas, a maiden as beautiful as the moonbeams, was loved by the radiant Apollo, and she loved him in return.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028a, d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026al\u0259z, \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0259n \u00e6z bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nbi\u02d0mz, w\u028cz l\u02c8\u028cvd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259nt \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u00e6nd \u0283i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u028cvd h\u02cc\u026am \u026an \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Apollo turned both the mother and son into swans when they jumped into a lake and tried to kill themselves.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u026ant\u028a sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u028cmpt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 l\u02c8e\u026ak \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 k\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz."}, {"text": "An oracle prophesied that Troy would not be defeated as long as Troilus reached the age of twenty alive.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259sid \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6z t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u0259s \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u0250l\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "When Apollo found out about her infidelity through his prophetic powers or thanks to his raven who informed him, he sent his sister, Artemis, to kill Coronis.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8a\u028at \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026anf\u1d7bd\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u027ei \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 h\u026az p\u0279\u0251\u02d0f\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks t\u0259 h\u026az \u0279\u02c8e\u026av\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md h\u02cc\u026am, hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bnt h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as, t\u0259 k\u02c8\u026al k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "Later, when Creusa left Ion to die in the wild, Apollo asked Hermes to save the child and bring him to the oracle at Delphi, where he was raised by a priestess.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, w\u02cc\u025bn k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bft \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n t\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ald, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8\u00e6skt h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z t\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l \u00e6t d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd ba\u026a \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st\u0259s."}, {"text": "Her father Oceanus sent one of his sons, Caanthus, to find her, but Caanthus could not take her back from Apollo, so he burned Apollo's sanctuary.", "phonemes": "h\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\u0259s s\u02c8\u025bnt w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cnz, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u03b8\u0259s, t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and h\u025c\u02d0, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u03b8\u0259s k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u02c8e\u026ak h\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u00e6k f\u0279\u028cm \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, s\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i."}, {"text": "Hyacinth (or Hyacinthus), a beautiful and athletic Spartan prince, was one of Apollo's favourite lovers.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026a\u0250s\u02cc\u026an\u03b8 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026a\u0250s\u02cc\u026an\u03b8\u0259s, \u0250 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00e6\u03b8l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans, w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az f\u02c8e\u026av\u0279\u026at l\u02c8\u028cv\u025az."}, {"text": "The pair was practicing throwing the discus when a discus thrown by Apollo was blown off course by the jealous Zephyrus and struck Hyacinthus in the head, killing him instantly.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ask\u0259s w\u025bn \u0250 d\u02c8\u026ask\u0259s \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028an ba\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz bl\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u0254f k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u0259s z\u02c8\u025bf\u026a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u028ck h\u02c8a\u026a\u0250s\u02cc\u026an\u03b8\u0259s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd, k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "Out of Hyacinthus' blood, Apollo created a flower named after him as a memorial to his death, and his tears stained the flower petals with the interjection , meaning alas.", "phonemes": "\u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v h\u02c8a\u026a\u0250s\u02cc\u026an\u03b8\u0259s bl\u02c8\u028cd, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 fl\u02c8a\u028a\u025a n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6z \u0250 m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l t\u0259 h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, \u00e6nd h\u026az t\u02c8\u026a\u0279z st\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u028a\u025a p\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n , m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "The festival Hyacinthia was a national celebration of Sparta, which commemorated the death and rebirth of Hyacinthus.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l h\u02cca\u026a\u0250s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8i\u0259 w\u028cz\u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02cc\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a\u0250s\u02cc\u026an\u03b8\u0259s."}, {"text": "Apollo gave him a tame deer as a companion but Cyparissus accidentally killed it with a javelin as it lay asleep in the undergrowth.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0261\u02c8e\u026av h\u02cc\u026am \u0250 t\u02c8e\u026am d\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8a\u026ap\u0250\u0279\u02cc\u026as\u0259s \u02cc\u00e6ks\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li k\u02c8\u026ald \u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u026an \u00e6z \u026at l\u02c8e\u026a \u0250sl\u02c8i\u02d0p \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "Apollo granted the request by turning him into the Cypress named after him, which was said to be a sad tree because the sap forms droplets like tears on the trunk.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279\u0259s n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02cc\u026am, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259bi \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6d t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6p f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pl\u026ats l\u02c8a\u026ak t\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u014bk."}, {"text": "During his exile, which lasted either for one year or nine years, Apollo served Admetus as a herdsman.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u02c8\u025b\u0261za\u026al, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u00e6st\u1d7bd \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026an j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dzm\u0259n."}, {"text": "The romantic nature of their relationship was first described by Callimachus of Alexandria, who wrote that Apollo was \"fired with love\" for Admetus.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd ba\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6l\u026am\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283\u0259s \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz \"f\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u028cv\" f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s."}, {"text": "Plutarch lists Admetus as one of Apollo's lovers and says that Apollo served Admetus because he doted upon him.", "phonemes": "pl\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0251\u02d0\u0279k l\u02c8\u026asts \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az l\u02c8\u028cv\u025az \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz hi\u02d0 d\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "Latin poet Ovid in his  said that even though he was a god, Apollo forsook his pride and stayed in as a servant for the sake of Admetus.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at \u02c8o\u028av\u026ad \u026an h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u028ak h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd st\u02c8e\u026ad \u026an \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259nt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak \u028cv \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s."}, {"text": "Tibullus describes Apollo's love to the king as servitium amoris (slavery of love) and asserts that Apollo became his servant not by force but by choice.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u026ab\u028al\u0259s d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az l\u02c8\u028cv t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00e6z s\u025c\u02d0v\u02c8\u026a\u027ei\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6mo\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u026as sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u028cv l\u02c8\u028cv \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am h\u026az s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259nt n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t ba\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s b\u02cc\u028ct ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as."}, {"text": "When Admetus wanted to marry princess Alcestis, Apollo provided a chariot pulled by a lion and a boar he had tamed.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u025bs \u02c8\u00e6ls\u025bstiz, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u0259t p\u02c8\u028ald ba\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d t\u02c8e\u026amd."}, {"text": "Further, Apollo saved the king from Artemis' wrath and also convinced the Moirai to postpone Admetus' death once.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8e\u026avd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026anst \u00f0\u0259 mw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279a\u026a t\u0259 po\u028astp\u02c8o\u028an \u0250dm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259s d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 w\u02c8\u028cns."}, {"text": "The sons of Apollo who participated in the Trojan War include the Trojan princes Hector and Troilus, as well as Tenes, the king of Tenedos, all three of whom were killed by Achilles over the course of the war.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cnz \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u02ccu\u02d0 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u0259s, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z t\u02c8i\u02d0nz, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv t\u025bn\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028az, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv h\u02c8u\u02d0m w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u026ald ba\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u026ali\u02d0z \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Apollo's children who became musicians and bards include Orpheus, Linus, Ialemus, Hymenaeus, Philammon, Eumolpus and Eleuther.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am mju\u02d0z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u026a\u0259s, l\u02c8\u026an\u0259s, \u02c8a\u026ae\u026alm\u0259s, h\u02c8a\u026am\u0259n\u02cci\u02d0\u0259s, f\u026al\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259n, j\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0251\u02d0lp\u0259s \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "Apollo fathered 3 daughters, Apollonis, Borysthenis and Cephisso, who formed a group of minor Muses, the \"Musa Apollonides\".", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cc\u026as, b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026as\u03b8\u02cc\u025bniz \u00e6nd s\u025bf\u02c8\u026aso\u028a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 \"mj\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0259 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz\"."}, {"text": "Arabus, Delphos, Dryops, Miletos, Tenes, Epidaurus, Ceos, Lycoras, Syrus, Pisus, Marathus, Megarus, Patarus, Acraepheus, Cicon, Chaeron and many other sons of Apollo, under the guidance of his words, founded eponymous cities.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6b\u0259s, d\u02c8\u025blfo\u028az, d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ps, m\u02c8a\u026alto\u028az, t\u02c8i\u02d0nz, \u02c8\u025bp\u026ad\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259s, s\u026a\u02c8o\u028az, l\u02c8a\u026ako\u02d0\u0279\u0259z, s\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259s, p\u02c8\u026as\u0259s, m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6\u03b8\u0259s, m\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259s, p\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259s, \u0250k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026a\u0259s, s\u02c8\u026ak\u0259n, k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u028cnz \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u025bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026am\u0259s s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "His other daughters include Eurynome, Chariclo wife of Chiron, Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, Eriopis, famous for her beautiful hair, Melite the heroine, Pamphile the silk weaver, Parthenos, and by some accounts, Phoebe, Hilyra and Scylla.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279\u026an\u02cco\u028am, t\u0283\u00e6\u0279\u02c8\u026aklo\u028a w\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u026as \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u026a\u0259s, \u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u02c8o\u028apiz, f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l h\u02c8\u025b\u0279, m\u02c8\u025bla\u026at \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028a\u02cc\u026an, p\u02c8\u00e6mfa\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026alk w\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025a, p\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028az, \u00e6nd ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants, f\u02c8i\u02d0bi\u02d0, h\u026al\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026al\u0259."}, {"text": "Additionally, Apollo fostered and educated Chiron, the centaur who later became the greatest teacher and educated many demigods, including Apollo's sons.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u025ad \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u0261\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az s\u02c8\u028cnz."}, {"text": "Zeus made her choose between them, and she chose Idas on the grounds that Apollo, being immortal, would tire of her when she grew old.", "phonemes": "z\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02cce\u026ad h\u025c\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0z b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u00e6nd \u0283i\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u02c8a\u026ad\u0259z \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026am\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259l, w\u028ad t\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 w\u025bn \u0283i\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028ald."}, {"text": "She made him promise that he would grant to her whatever she would ask for, and then cleverly asked him to let her stay a virgin.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad h\u02cc\u026am p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028ad \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0 w\u028ct\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028ad \u02c8\u00e6sk f\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn kl\u02c8\u025bv\u025ali \u02c8\u00e6skt h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bt h\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026an."}, {"text": "She fled from him and dove into the spring at Delphi, at the base of Mt. Parnassos, which was then named after her.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 fl\u02c8\u025bd f\u0279\u028cm h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00e6t d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a, \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u02cc\u025bmt\u02c8i\u02d0. p\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8\u00e6so\u028az, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "Water from this spring was sacred; it was used to clean the Delphian temples and inspire the priestesses.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u026as sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b w\u028cz s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad; \u026at w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 kl\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025blfi\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st\u0259s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Cassandra promised to return his love on one condition - he should give her the power to see the future.", "phonemes": "k\u0259s\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ast t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n h\u026az l\u02c8\u028cv \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u028cn k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n hi\u02d0 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u0261\u02c8\u026av h\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Angered that she broke her promise, Apollo cursed her that even though she would see the future, no one would ever believe her prophecies.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u025ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak h\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st h\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028ad s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a, n\u02c8o\u028aw\u02c8\u028cn w\u028ad \u02c8\u025bv\u025a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v h\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259siz."}, {"text": "The Sibyl took a handful of sand and asked Apollo to grant her years of life as many as the grains of sand she held in her hands.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ab\u026al t\u02c8\u028ak \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6ndf\u0259l \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6skt \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt h\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bni \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0283i\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bld \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6ndz."}, {"text": "Although Sibyl did live an extended life as Apollo had promised, he did not give her agelessness along with it, so she shrivelled and shrank and only her voice remained.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u026ab\u026al d\u02c8\u026ad l\u02c8\u026av \u0250n \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd l\u02c8a\u026af \u00e6z \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ast, hi\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0261\u02c8\u026av h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292l\u0259sn\u0259s \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u026at, s\u02cco\u028a \u0283i\u02d0 \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259ld \u00e6nd \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli h\u025c\u02d0 v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and."}, {"text": "Hestia, the goddess of the hearth, rejected both Apollo's and Poseidon's marriage proposals and swore that she would always stay unmarried.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8, \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az \u00e6nd p\u0259s\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259nz m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259lz \u00e6nd sw\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az st\u02c8e\u026a \u028cnm\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id."}, {"text": "In one version of the prophet Tiresias's origins, he was originally a woman who promised Apollo to sleep with him if he would give her music lessons.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026at t\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0292\u0259z\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li \u0250 w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ast \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u0259 sl\u02c8i\u02d0p w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02cc\u026am \u026af hi\u02d0 w\u028ad \u0261\u02c8\u026av h\u025c\u02d0 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak l\u02c8\u025bs\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Artemis as the sister of Apollo, is thea apollousa, that is, she as a female divinity represented the same idea that Apollo did as a male divinity.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u026az \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0la\u028as\u0259, \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, \u0283i\u02d0 \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a d\u02c8\u026ad \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026al d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "In the pre-Hellenic period, their relationship was described as the one between husband and wife, and there seems to have been a tradition which actually described Artemis as the wife of Apollo.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u025bl\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u028cz d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd \u00e6nd w\u02c8a\u026af, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an \u0250 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "However, this relationship was never sexual but spiritual, which is why they both are seen being unmarried in the Hellenic period.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u028cz n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l b\u02cc\u028ct sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az w\u02cca\u026a \u00f0e\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0n b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u028cnm\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u025bl\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "Though she has nothing to do with oracles, music or poetry, she sometimes led the female chorus on Olympus while Apollo sang.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u0283i\u02d0 h\u0250z n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259lz, mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i, \u0283i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz l\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u0259s w\u02cca\u026al \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8\u00e6\u014b."}, {"text": "In later times when Apollo was regarded as identical with the sun or Helios, Artemis was naturally regarded as Selene or the moon.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u02c8a\u026amz w\u025bn \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u02cco\u028az, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u026as w\u028cz n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z s\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0ni \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "One of Apollo's epithets, Hecatos, is the masculine form of Hecate, and both names mean \"working from afar\".", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az \u02c8\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u026ats, h\u025bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6skj\u028al\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bk\u0259t\u02cce\u026a, \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 n\u02c8e\u026amz m\u02c8i\u02d0n \"w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u0250f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\"."}, {"text": "While Apollo presided over the prophetic powers and magic of light and heaven, Hecate presided over the prophetic powers and magic of night and chthonian darkness.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0251\u02d0f\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, h\u02c8\u025bk\u0259t\u02cce\u026a p\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0251\u02d0f\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u03b8\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kn\u0259s."}, {"text": "Hecate's lunar nature makes her the goddess of the waning moon and contrasts and complements, at the same time, Apollo's solar nature.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bk\u0259t\u02cce\u026az l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a m\u02cce\u026aks h\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6sts \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026am\u0259nts, \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Apollo and Athena often took up the role of protectors of cities, and were patrons of some of the important cities.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n t\u02c8\u028ak \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az \u028cv s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz, \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u0259nz \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "As patrons of arts, Apollo and Athena were companions of the Muses, the former a much more frequent companion than the latter.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z p\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u0250 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nt k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259n \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Apollo's decisions were usually approved by his sister Athena, and they both worked to establish the law and order set forth by Zeus.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd ba\u026a h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279 \u00e6\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt t\u028a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a s\u02c8\u025bt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 ba\u026a z\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "In Aeschylus' Oresteia trilogy, Clytemnestra kills her husband, King Agamemnon because he had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia to proceed forward with the Trojan war.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u026al\u0259s \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ste\u026a\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u0259d\u0292i, kl\u02c8a\u026atmn\u025bst\u0279\u0259 k\u02c8\u026alz h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd, k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026ammn\u0259n b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ast \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026afa\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259 t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Apollo gives an order through the Oracle at Delphi that Agamemnon's son, Orestes, is to kill Clytemnestra and Aegisthus, her lover.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l \u00e6t d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026ammn\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sts, \u026az t\u0259 k\u02c8\u026al kl\u02c8a\u026atmn\u025bst\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026as\u03b8\u0259s, h\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u028cv\u025a."}, {"text": "Orestes and Pylades carry out the revenge, and consequently Orestes is pursued by the Erinyes or Furies (female personifications of vengeance).", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sts \u00e6nd p\u02c8a\u026ale\u026adz k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ntli \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sts \u026az p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0d ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026an\u02cca\u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 fj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279iz f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al p\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv v\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father, whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279iz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026as\u02cca\u026ad w\u028cz d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad; \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u026az s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sts w\u028cz \u0250v\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026a\u014b h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026an\u02cca\u026az s\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u028cv bl\u02c8\u028cd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cn \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bf\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "As a quintessentially Greek god, Apollo had no direct Roman equivalent, although later Roman poets often referred to him as Phoebus.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 kw\u02cc\u026ant\u026as\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u00e6d n\u02c8o\u028a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n p\u02c8o\u028a\u026ats \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6z f\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259s."}, {"text": "There was a tradition that the Delphic oracle was consulted as early as the period of the kings of Rome during the reign of Tarquinius Superbus.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025blf\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l w\u028cz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028am d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv t\u0251\u02d0\u0279kw\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0259s s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025ab\u02cc\u028cs."}, {"text": "On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE, Apollo's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields, replacing an older cult site there known as the \"Apollinare\".", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bst\u026al\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8o\u028am w\u028cz \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 fl\u00e6m\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz, \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt s\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \"\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279\"."}, {"text": "During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE, the Ludi Apollinares (\"Apollonian Games\") were instituted in his honor, on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd pj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0di \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279z\"\u0250p\u0259l\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz\"w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a, \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259si \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259s."}, {"text": "In the time of Augustus, who considered himself under the special protection of Apollo and was even said to be his son, his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of Rome.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u028cst\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259bi h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cn, h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026ap d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028am."}, {"text": "After the Battle of Actium, which was fought near a sanctuary of Apollo, Augustus enlarged Apollo's temple, dedicated a portion of the spoils to him, and instituted quinquennial games in his honour.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6kti\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u028cst\u0259s \u025bnl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l, d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u0254\u026alz t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd kw\u026a\u014bkw\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259l \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u026an h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a."}, {"text": "Sacrifices and prayers on the Palatine to Apollo and Diana formed the culmination of the Secular Games, held in 17 BCE to celebrate the dawn of a new era.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250t\u02cci\u02d0n t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd da\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u028clm\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz, h\u02c8\u025bld \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The chief Apollonian festival was the Pythian Games held every four years at Delphi and was one of the four great Panhellenic Games.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f \u0250p\u0259l\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8i\u0259n \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz h\u02c8\u025bld \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6t d\u02c8\u025blfa\u026a \u00e6nd w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at p\u02cc\u00e6nh\u026al\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz."}, {"text": "Other attributes of his included the kithara (an advanced version of the common lyre), the plectrum and the sword.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0ts \u028cv h\u026az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259 \u0250n \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "The bay laurel plant was used in expiatory sacrifices and in making the crown of victory at these games.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6nt w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u02c8\u025bksp\u026a\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u026an m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u028cv v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i \u00e6t \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz."}, {"text": "Animals sacred to Apollo included wolves, dolphins, roe deer, swans, cicadas (symbolizing music and song), ravens, hawks, crows (Apollo had hawks and crows as his messengers), snakes (referencing Apollo's function as the god of prophecy), mice and griffins, mythical eagle\u2013lion hybrids of Eastern origin.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u028alvz, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lf\u026anz, \u0279\u02c8o\u028a d\u02c8\u026a\u0279, sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz, s\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026ad\u0259z s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0254\u014b, \u0279\u02c8e\u026av\u0259nz, h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ks, k\u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u00e6d h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ks \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u00e6z h\u026az m\u02c8\u025bs\u026and\u0292\u025az, sn\u02c8e\u026aks \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259si, m\u02c8a\u026as \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026af\u026anz, m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u026adz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an."}, {"text": "In addition, Claudius Aelianus wrote that in Ancient Egypt people believed that hawks were sacred to the god and that according to the ministers of Apollo in Egypt there were certain men called \"hawk-keepers\" (\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03af) who fed and tended the hawks belonging to the god.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u0259s \u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n\u0259s \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ks w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025az \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 m\u02c8\u025bn k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kk\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025az\" l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bf\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0w\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bps\u026al\u0259n\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259k\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u0259nb\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u0259ns\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259k\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0na\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259 h\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ks b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Eusebius wrote that the second appearance of the moon is held sacred in the city of Apollo in Egypt and that the city's symbol is a man with a hawklike face (Horus).", "phonemes": "ju\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0b\u026a\u0259s \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u026az h\u02c8\u025bld s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kla\u026ak f\u02c8e\u026as h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s."}, {"text": "As god of colonization, Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies, especially during the height of colonization, 750\u2013550 BCE.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0261\u02c8e\u026av o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028al\u025a \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259niz, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "However, this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction: Hittite cuneiform texts mention an Asia Minor god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions, which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n: h\u02c8\u026a\u027ea\u026at k\u02c8\u028cne\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279m t\u02c8\u025bksts m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u0250n \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00e6p\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6lu\u02d0n\u0259z \u026an k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv w\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0259 \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an h\u02c8\u026a\u027ea\u026at \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u026ali\u0259n ba\u026a m\u02c8o\u028ast sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az."}, {"text": "In this interpretation, Apollo's title of Lykegenes can simply be read as \"born in Lycia\", which effectively severs the god's supposed link with wolves (possibly a folk etymology).", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026ak\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0nz k\u00e6n s\u02c8\u026ampli bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6z \"b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u026an l\u02c8a\u026a\u0283\u0259\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli s\u02c8\u025bv\u025az \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028alvz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli \u0250 f\u02c8o\u028ak \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "In literary contexts, Apollo represents harmony, order, and reason\u2014characteristics contrasted with those of Dionysus, god of wine, who represents ecstasy and disorder.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ni, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u2014k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u026as\u0259s, \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv w\u02c8a\u026an, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u02c8\u025bkst\u0259si \u00e6nd d\u026as\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "The contrast between the roles of these gods is reflected in the adjectives Apollonian and Dionysian.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028alz \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u026az \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026avz \u0250p\u0259l\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "However, the Greeks thought of the two qualities as complementary: the two gods are brothers, and when Apollo at winter left for Hyperborea, he would leave the Delphic oracle to Dionysus.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i: \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, \u00e6nd w\u025bn \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6t w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a l\u02c8\u025bft f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cca\u026ap\u025abo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8i\u0259, hi\u02d0 w\u028ad l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025blf\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259k\u0259l t\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u026as\u0259s."}, {"text": "The ancient Greeks believed that Mercury as observed during the morning was a different planet than the one during the evening, because each twilight Mercury would appear farther from the Sun as it set than it had the night before.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i \u00e6z \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b w\u028cz\u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0vn\u026a\u014b, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 tw\u02c8a\u026ala\u026at m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i w\u028ad \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6z \u026at s\u02c8\u025bt \u00f0\u0250n \u026at h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The morning planet was called Apollo, and the one at evening Hermes/Mercury before they realised they were the same, thereupon the name 'Mercury/Hermes' was kept, and 'Apollo' was dropped.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6\u027e \u02c8i\u02d0vn\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026azd \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z w\u028cz k\u02c8\u025bpt, \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt."}, {"text": "The earliest Greek word for a statue is \"delight\" (, agalma), and the sculptors tried to create forms which would inspire such guiding vision.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u025a\u0279\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0 \u026az \"d\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026at\", \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6lm\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u025az t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028ad \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Maurice Bowra notices that the Greek artist puts into a god the highest degree of power and beauty that can be imagined.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as b\u02c8o\u028a\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ast p\u02cc\u028ats \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u00e6nd bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u026am\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026and."}, {"text": "The sculptors derived this from observations on human beings, but they also embodied in concrete form, issues beyond the reach of ordinary thought.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u025az d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u00f0\u026as f\u0279\u028cm \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014bz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025bmb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0did \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t."}, {"text": "The naked bodies of the statues are associated with the cult of the body which was essentially a religious activity.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026ak\u1d7bd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The muscular frames and limbs combined with slim waists indicate the Greek desire for health, and the physical capacity which was necessary in the hard Greek environment.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cskj\u028al\u025a f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026amz k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 sl\u02c8\u026am w\u02c8e\u026asts \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "\"In the balance and relation of their limbs, such figures express their whole character, mental and physical, and reveal their central being .", "phonemes": "\"\u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u026amz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a, m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b ."}, {"text": "Numerous free-standing statues of male youths from Archaic Greece exist, and were once thought to be representations of Apollo, though later discoveries indicated that many represented mortals.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv m\u02c8e\u026al j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8s f\u0279\u028cm \u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast, \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cns \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259bi \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279iz \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In 1895, V. I. Leonardos proposed the term kouros (\"male youth\") to refer to those from Keratea; this usage was later expanded by Henri Lechat in 1904 to cover all statues of this format.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, v\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8a\u026a. li\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279do\u028az p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m k\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279o\u028az\"m\u02c8e\u026al j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\"t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az f\u0279\u028cm k\u0259\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027ei\u0259; \u00f0\u026as j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i l\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u00e6t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t."}, {"text": "The earliest examples of life-sized statues of Apollo may be two figures from the Ionic sanctuary on the island of Delos.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026afs\u02c8a\u026azd st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv d\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028az."}, {"text": "Such statues were found across the Greek-speaking world, the preponderance of these were found at the sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios, Boeotia alone.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ksp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u025a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8\u0254\u026ao\u028az, b\u02c8o\u028ao\u028a\u0283\u0259 \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "One of the few originals which survived into the present day\u2014so rare that its discovery in 1959 was described as \"a miracle\" by Ernst Homann-Wedeking\u2014is the masterpiece bronze, Piraeus Apollo.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259lz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt d\u02c8e\u026a\u2014s\u02cco\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u026ats d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an w\u028cz d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \"\u0250 m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259k\u0259l\" ba\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nst h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nw\u02c8\u025bd\u025bk\u026a\u014b\u2014\u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025ap\u02cci\u02d0s b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz, p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0\u0259s \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a."}, {"text": "It was found in Piraeus, a port city close to Athens, and is believed to have come from north-eastern Peloponnesus.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0\u0259s, \u0250 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz, \u00e6nd \u026az b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259 h\u00e6v k\u02c8\u028cm f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u025bs\u0259s."}, {"text": "The famous Apollo of Mantua and its variants are early forms of the Apollo Citharoedus statue type, in which the god holds the cithara, a sophisticated seven-stringed variant of the lyre, in his left arm.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6ntu\u02d0\u0259 \u00e6nd \u026ats v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u0250\u0279\u02cco\u028ad\u0259s st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026ap, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u00f0\u0259 s\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259, \u0250 s\u0259f\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261d v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, \u026an h\u026az l\u02c8\u025bft \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "While none of the Greek originals have survived, several Roman copies from approximately the late 1st or early 2nd century exist, of which an example is the Apollo Barberini.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259lz h\u00e6v s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026az f\u0279\u028cm \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ni."}, {"text": "Apollo as a handsome beardless young man, is often depicted with a cithara (as Apollo Citharoedus) or bow in his hand, or reclining on a tree (the Apollo Lykeios and Apollo Sauroctonos types).", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6nds\u028cm b\u02c8\u026a\u0279dl\u0259s j\u02c8\u028c\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6n, \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259 \u00e6z \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u0250\u0279\u02cco\u028ad\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a \u026an h\u026az h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a l\u02c8a\u026ake\u026a\u02cco\u028az \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259kt\u02c8o\u028ano\u028az t\u02c8a\u026aps."}, {"text": "The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a b\u02c8\u025blv\u026ad\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259l sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u026a\u027e \u025bp\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259m\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259lz \u028cv kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259nz, f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares, made between 330 and 320 BCE.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259l \u026az \u0250 h\u02cc\u025bl\u0259n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pi \u0259v\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k sk\u02c8\u028clpt\u025a l\u02c8i\u0259t\u0283\u025b\u0279z, m\u02cce\u026ad b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The life-size so-called \"Adonis\" found in 1780 on the site of a villa suburbana near the Via Labicana in the Roman suburb of Centocelle is identified as an Apollo by modern scholars.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026afs\u02c8a\u026az s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259n\u02cc\u026as\" f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026at \u0259v\u0259 v\u02c8\u026al\u0259 s\u0259b\u025ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 l\u02cce\u026ab\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n s\u02c8\u028cb\u025c\u02d0b \u028cv s\u02cc\u025bnto\u028as\u02c8\u025bl \u026az a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az."}, {"text": "In the late 2nd century CE floor mosaic from El Djem, Roman Thysdrus, he is identifiable as Apollo Helios by his effulgent halo, though now even a god's divine nakedness is concealed by his cloak, a mark of increasing conventions of modesty in the later Empire.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 fl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u0259s\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u025bl d\u0292\u02c8\u025bm, \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u026asd\u0279\u0259s, hi\u02d0 \u026az a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6z \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u02cco\u028az ba\u026a h\u026az \u026af\u02c8\u028cld\u0292\u0259nt h\u02c8e\u026alo\u028a, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a n\u02c8a\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026an n\u02c8e\u026ak\u1d7bdn\u0259s \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0ld ba\u026a h\u026az kl\u02c8o\u028ak, \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u028cv \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259sti \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "The conventions of this representation, head tilted, lips slightly parted, large-eyed, curling hair cut in locks grazing the neck, were developed in the 3rd century BCE to depict Alexander the Great.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, h\u02c8\u025bd t\u02c8\u026alt\u1d7bd, l\u02c8\u026aps sl\u02c8a\u026atli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u02c8a\u026ad, k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u028ct \u026an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bk, w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Some time after this mosaic was executed, the earliest depictions of Christ would also be beardless and haloed.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8a\u026am \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026as m\u0259s\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak w\u028cz \u02c8\u025bks\u1d7bkj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8a\u026ast w\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026a\u0279dl\u0259s \u00e6nd h\u02c8e\u026alo\u028ad."}, {"text": "Apollo often appears in modern and popular culture due to his status as the god of music, dance and poetry.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 h\u026az st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, d\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i."}, {"text": "Percy Bysshe Shelley composed a \"Hymn of Apollo\" (1820), and the god's instruction of the Muses formed the subject of Igor Stravinsky's Apollon musag\u00e8te (1927\u20131928).", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0si b\u02c8a\u026as\u0283 \u0283\u02c8\u025bli k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u02c8e\u026a \"h\u02c8\u026am \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\" w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u02d0\u0279 st\u0279\u00e6v\u02c8\u026anskiz \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n mj\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0250\u0261\u02cci\u02d0t n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "In 1978, the Canadian band Rush released an album with songs \"Apollo: Bringer of Wisdom\"/\"Dionysus: Bringer of Love\".", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n b\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lb\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz \"\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a: b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025a\u0279 \u028cv w\u02c8\u026azd\u0259m\"sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\"d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u026as\u0259s: b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8\u028cv\"."}, {"text": "Apollo has been portrayed in modern literature, such as when Charles Handy, in Gods of Management (1978) uses Greek gods as a metaphor to portray various types of organizational culture.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u025bn t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz h\u02c8\u00e6ndi, \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "In 2016, author Rick Riordan published the first book in the Trials of Apollo series, publishing four other books in the series in 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026ak \u0279\u026a\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u02c8\u028ak \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259lz \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz, p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u02c8\u028aks \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti."}, {"text": "Apollo has been depicted in modern films\u2014for instance, by Keith David in the 1997 animated feature film Hercules, by Luke Evans in the 2010 action film Clash of the Titans, and by Dimitri Lekkos in the 2010 film Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an f\u02c8\u026almz\u2014f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, ba\u026a k\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u02cci\u02d0z, ba\u026a l\u02c8u\u02d0k \u02c8\u025bv\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u026alm kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026at\u0259nz, \u00e6nd ba\u026a d\u026am\u02c8\u026at\u0279i l\u02c8\u025bko\u028az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8\u026alm p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0si d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0259l\u02c8\u026ampi\u0259nz: \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026atn\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0f."}, {"text": "Apollo appears as a minor character in Santa Monica Studio's 2010 action-adventure game God of War III with his bow being used by Peirithous.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u026an s\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak\u0259 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n\u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a \u0261\u02c8e\u026am \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az b\u02c8o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u0259s."}, {"text": "He also appears in the 2014 Hi-Rez Studios Multiplayer Online Battle Arena game Smite as a playable character.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n h\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bz st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nla\u026an b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026am sm\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6z \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0259b\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a."}, {"text": "In the philosophical discussion of the arts, a distinction is sometimes made between the Apollonian and Dionysian impulses, where the former is concerned with imposing intellectual order and the latter with chaotic creativity.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz m\u02cce\u026ad b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u0259l\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u026amp\u028cls\u1d7bz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 \u026amp\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 ke\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak k\u0279i\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Psychologist Carl Jung's Apollo archetype represents what he saw as the disposition in people to over-intellectualise and maintain emotional distance.", "phonemes": "sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l j\u02c8\u028a\u014bz \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at\u02cca\u026ap \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts w\u028ct hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026asp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u028a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u0259l\u02cc\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u00e6nd me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns."}, {"text": "In spaceflight, the 1960s and 1970s NASA program for orbiting and landing astronauts on the Moon was named after Apollo, by NASA manager Abe Silverstein:", "phonemes": "\u026an sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u028cz n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, ba\u026a n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab s\u02c8\u026alv\u025ast\u02cca\u026an:"}, {"text": "Aeschylus, The Eumenides in Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes, Vol 2, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1926, Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u026al\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u026al\u0259s, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025at w\u02c8\u026a\u0279 sm\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8, p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283. d\u02c8i\u02d0. \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0mz, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l t\u02c8u\u02d0, k\u02c8e\u026amb\u0279\u026ad\u0292, m\u02cc\u00e6s\u0250t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ats, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u025ad j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nla\u026an v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026a\u0259s d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i."}, {"text": "Antoninus Liberalis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259n\u02cc\u026an\u0259s l\u02cc\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liz, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279fo\u028az\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259n\u02cc\u026an\u0259s l\u02cc\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liz t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026as s\u025bl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u0259ld\u0292 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad\u025a\u0279\u0259s, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad\u025a\u0279\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u025a, \u02c8\u025bf.b\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8e\u026a., \u02c8\u025bf.\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279.\u02c8\u025bs. \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0mz."}, {"text": "Apollonius of Rhodes, Apollonius Rhodius: the Argonautica, translated by Robert Cooper Seaton, W. Heinemann, 1912.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259s \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz, \u0250p\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259s \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u0259s: \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259, t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at k\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0259n, d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0. h\u02c8a\u026an\u025bm\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "Callimachus, Callimachus and Lycophron with an English Translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English Translation by G. R. Mair, London: W. Heinemann, New York:", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6l\u026am\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283\u0259s, k\u02c8\u00e6l\u026am\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283\u0259s \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0251\u02d0f\u0279\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026a. d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0. m\u02c8\u025b\u0279; \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6\u027e\u0259s, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. m\u02c8\u025b\u0279, l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n: d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0. h\u02c8a\u026an\u025bm\u0259n, n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k:"}, {"text": "Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De Natura Deorum in Cicero in Twenty-eight Volumes, XIX De Natura Deorum; Academica, with an English translation by H. Rackham, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd, 1967.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8a\u026as\u0279o\u028a, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259s t\u02c8\u028cl\u026a\u0259s, d\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259 di\u02d0\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259m \u026an s\u02c8a\u026as\u0279o\u028a \u026an tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u02c8e\u026at v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0mz, \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n d\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259 di\u02d0\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259m; \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. \u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u00e6m, k\u02c8e\u026amb\u0279\u026ad\u0292, m\u02cc\u00e6s\u0250t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ats: h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u025ad j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs; l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n: w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m h\u02c8a\u026an\u025bm\u0259n, l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, Volume III: Books 4.59-8, translated by C. H. Oldfather, Loeb Classical Library No. 340.", "phonemes": "d\u026a\u02c8o\u028ad\u025a\u0279\u0259s s\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u0259s, l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i \u028cv h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0: b\u02c8\u028aks f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8e\u026at, t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. \u02c8o\u028aldf\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, l\u02c8o\u028ab kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8o\u028a. \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8i\u02d0z\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d, \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak h\u02c8\u026amz \u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028am\u0279\u026ak\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a hj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8i\u02d0vl\u026anw\u02c8a\u026at, k\u02c8e\u026amb\u0279\u026ad\u0292, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0., h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u025ad j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs; l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m h\u02c8a\u026an\u025bm\u0259n l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd. n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Homeric Hymn 3 to Apollo in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.", "phonemes": "ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak h\u02c8\u026am \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak h\u02c8\u026amz \u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028am\u0279\u026ak\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a hj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8i\u02d0vl\u026anw\u02c8a\u026at, k\u02c8e\u026amb\u0279\u026ad\u0292, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0., h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u025ad j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs; l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m h\u02c8a\u026an\u025bm\u0259n l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd. n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.", "phonemes": "ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak h\u02c8\u026am f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak h\u02c8\u026amz \u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028am\u0279\u026ak\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a hj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8i\u02d0vl\u026anw\u02c8a\u026at, k\u02c8e\u026amb\u0279\u026ad\u0292, m\u02cc\u00e6s\u0250t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ats, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u025ad j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs; l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m h\u02c8a\u026an\u025bm\u0259n l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd. n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Hyginus, Gaius Julius, De Astronomica, in The Myths of Hyginus, edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259s, \u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0259s d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u0259s, d\u0259 \u0250st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8s \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259s, \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02c8e\u026a. \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt, l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns: j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti."}, {"text": "Hyginus, Gaius Julius, Fabulae, in The Myths of Hyginus, edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259s, \u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0259s d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u0259s, f\u02c8\u00e6bj\u028al\u02cci\u02d0, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8s \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259s, \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02c8e\u026a. \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt, l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns: j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti."}, {"text": "Loeb Classical Library No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8o\u028ab kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8o\u028a. \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, k\u02c8e\u026amb\u0279\u026ad\u0292, m\u02cc\u00e6s\u0250t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ats, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u025ad j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs; l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m h\u02c8a\u026an\u025bm\u0259n l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd. n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "Loeb Classical Library No. 345, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8o\u028ab kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8o\u028a. \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, k\u02c8e\u026amb\u0279\u026ad\u0292, m\u02cc\u00e6s\u0250t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ats, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u025ad j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs; l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m h\u02c8a\u026an\u025bm\u0259n l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd. n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.", "phonemes": "p\u0254\u02d0s\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259z, p\u0254\u02d0s\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259z d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0.\u02c8e\u026at\u0283.\u02c8\u025bs. d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz, l\u02c8\u026at.d\u02c8i\u02d0., \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026at\u0283.\u02c8e\u026a. \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d, \u02c8\u025bm.\u02c8e\u026a., \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0mz."}, {"text": "Pseudo-Plutarch, De fluviis, in Plutarch's morals, Volume V, edited and translated by William Watson Goodwin, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1874.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028apl\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, d\u0259 fl\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u02cca\u026az, \u026an pl\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259lz, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m v\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028adw\u026an, b\u02c8\u0254st\u0259n: l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l, b\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u028a., w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Dialogues of the Courtesans, translated by M. D. MacLeod, Loeb Classical Library No. 431, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1961. .", "phonemes": "d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bz\u0259nz, t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u025bm. d\u02c8i\u02d0. m\u02c8\u00e6k l\u02c8a\u028ad, l\u02c8o\u028ab kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8o\u028a. f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, k\u02c8e\u026amb\u0279\u026ad\u0292, m\u02cc\u00e6s\u0250t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ats, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u025ad j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn. ."}, {"text": "(English translation: Book I by Ana Untila; Books II\u2013IV, by Gary Berkowitz; Books V\u2013VI by Konstantino Ramiotis; Books VII\u2013VIII by Vasiliki Dogani; Books IX\u2013X by Jonathan Alexander; Books XII\u2013XIII by Nikolaos Giallousis.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n: b\u02c8\u028ak a\u026a ba\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 \u028cnt\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259; b\u02c8\u028aks \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ko\u028av\u02cc\u026ats; b\u02c8\u028aks v\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a ba\u026a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u0250nt\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u0279\u02cc\u00e6m\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027eiz; b\u02c8\u028aks \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u02c8e\u026at ba\u026a v\u02c8\u00e6s\u026al\u02cc\u026aki d\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni; b\u02c8\u028aks \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u025bks ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259\u03b8\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a; b\u02c8\u028aks \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n tw\u02c8\u025blv \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n ba\u026a n\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0la\u028az d\u0292\u0250l\u02c8a\u028asiz."}, {"text": "Athanassakis, Apostolos N., and Benjamin M. Wolkow, The Orphic Hymns, Johns Hopkins University Press; owlerirst Printing edition (May 29, 2013). .", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u0250n\u0250s\u02c8\u00e6kiz, \u0250p\u02c8\u0254st\u0259l\u02cco\u028az \u02c8\u025bn., \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259m\u026an \u02c8\u025bm. w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lka\u028a, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u026ak h\u02c8\u026amz, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pk\u026anz j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs; \u02c8a\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025c\u02d0st p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u026a\u014b \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n. ."}, {"text": "Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes:  (Vol. 1),  (Vol. 2).", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nts, t\u02c8\u026am\u0259\u03b8i, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8: \u0250 \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pk\u026anz j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks, t\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0mz:  v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l. w\u02c8\u028cn,  v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l. t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's \"Handbook of Greek Mythology\", Psychology Press, 2004, .", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u0259ld\u0292 h\u02c8\u00e6ndb\u028ak \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i: b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026at\u0283.d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz \"h\u02c8\u00e6ndb\u028ak \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i\", sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, ."}, {"text": "He is an eight-time major champion and an Olympic gold medalist, as well as a runner-up in seven other majors.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u0250n \u02c8e\u026att\u02c8a\u026am m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250n \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026ak \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u028cp \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025az."}, {"text": "Agassi is the second of five men to achieve the career Grand Slam in the Open Era and the fifth of eight overall to make the achievement.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u025bn t\u028a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u028cv \u02c8e\u026at \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "He is also the first of two men to achieve the career Golden Slam (career Grand Slam and Olympic gold medal), as well as the only man to win a career Super Slam (career Grand Slam, plus the Olympic gold medal and the year-end championships).", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bn t\u028a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n sl\u02c8\u00e6m k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m \u00e6nd \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026ak \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259l, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u0250 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a sl\u02c8\u00e6m k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m, pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u026a \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026ak \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps."}, {"text": "Agassi was the first man to win all four singles majors on three different surfaces (hard, clay and grass), and remains the most recent American man to win the French Open (in 1999) and the Australian Open (in 2003).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lz m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025az \u02cc\u0254n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d, kl\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Agassi reached the world No. 1 ranking for the first time in 1995, but was troubled by personal issues during the mid-to-late 1990s and sank to No. 141 in 1997, prompting many to believe that his career was over.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz t\u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u0259ld ba\u026a p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026adt\u0259l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpt\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni t\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u028cz \u02c8o\u028av\u025a."}, {"text": "Agassi returned to No. 1 in 1999 and enjoyed the most successful run of his career over the next four years.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd \u025bnd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "After suffering from sciatica caused by two bulging discs in his back, a spondylolisthesis (vertebral displacement) and a bone spur that interfered with the nerve, Agassi retired from professional tennis on September 3, 2006, after losing in the third round of the US Open.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm sa\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u028cld\u0292\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026asks \u026an h\u026az b\u02c8\u00e6k, \u0250 sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026as\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u0259l d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0250 b\u02c8o\u028an sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u026ant\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0279d w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as \u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n."}, {"text": "He is the founder of the Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation, which has raised over $60\u00a0million for at-risk children in Southern Nevada.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u02cco\u028av\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u026aksti m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t\u0279\u02c8\u026ask t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u026an s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an n\u1d7bv\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259."}, {"text": "In 2001, the Foundation opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas, a K\u201312 public charter school for at-risk children.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u0259 fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s, \u0250 k\u02c8e\u026a tw\u02c8\u025blv p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t\u0279\u02c8\u026ask t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "Andre Agassi was born in Las Vegas, Nevada, to Emmanuel \"Mike\" Agassi (Aghassian), a former Olympic boxer from Iran, and American Elizabeth \"Betty\" Agassi (n\u00e9e Dudley).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s, n\u1d7bv\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259, t\u028a \u026am\u02c8\u00e6nu\u02d0l \"m\u02c8a\u026ak\" \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u02c8\u00e6\u0261h\u00e6\u0283\u0259n, \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025a f\u0279\u028cm \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n, \u00e6nd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026az\u0259b\u0259\u03b8 \"b\u02c8\u025b\u027ei\" \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si n\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8\u028cdli."}, {"text": "He has three older siblings \u2013 Rita (last wife of former number one Pancho Gonzales), Philip and Tami.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 h\u0250z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a s\u02c8\u026abl\u026a\u014bz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st w\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283o\u028a \u0261\u0259nz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259s, f\u02c8\u026al\u026ap \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi."}, {"text": "At the age of 12, Agassi and his good friend and doubles partner, Roddy Parks, won the 1982 National Indoor Boys 14s Doubles Championship in Chicago.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00e6nd h\u026az \u0261\u02c8\u028ad f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks, w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026ando\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0254\u026az f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n z d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lz t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u026an \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a."}, {"text": "After thirty minutes of watching Agassi play, Bollettieri, deeply impressed by his talent, called Mike and said: \"Take your check back.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u028cv w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si pl\u02c8e\u026a, b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02cc\u026a\u0279i, d\u02c8i\u02d0pli \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a h\u026az t\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nt, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld m\u02c8a\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bd: \"t\u02c8e\u026ak j\u028a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk b\u02c8\u00e6k."}, {"text": "Agassi turned professional at the age of 16 and competed in his first tournament at La Quinta, California.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n \u00e6nd k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ad \u026an h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt \u00e6t l\u0259k\u02c8i\u02d0nt\u0259, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259."}, {"text": "He won his first top-level singles title in 1987 at the Sul American Open in Itaparica and ended the year ranked No. 25.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lz t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cl \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt n\u02c8o\u028a. tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "He won six additional tournaments in 1988 (Memphis, U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships, Forest Hills WCT, Stuttgart Outdoor, Volvo International and Livingston Open), and, by December of that year, he had surpassed US$1\u00a0million in career prize money after playing in just 43 tournaments\u2014the fastest anyone in history had reached that level.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u026aks \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nts \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u025bmf\u026as, j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. m\u02c8\u025bnz kl\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast h\u02c8\u026alz d\u02cc\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0, st\u02c8\u028ct\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279t a\u028atd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvo\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014bst\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, \u00e6nd, ba\u026a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d s\u025ap\u02c8\u00e6st j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az m\u02c8\u028cni \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nts\u2014\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ast \u02c8\u025bn\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn \u026an h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i h\u00e6d \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l."}, {"text": "During 1988, he also set the open-era record for most consecutive victories by a male teenager (a record that stood for 17 years until Rafael Nadal broke it in 2005).", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u025bt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279iz ba\u026a \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026al t\u02c8i\u02d0ne\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fa\u026a\u02c8\u025bl n\u02c8e\u026ad\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak \u026a\u027e \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Both the Association of Tennis Professionals and Tennis magazine named Agassi the Most Improved Player of the Year for 1988.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259lz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "In addition to not playing the Australian Open (which later became his best Grand Slam event) for the first eight years of his career, Agassi chose not to play at Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 (although he first played there in 1987, only to lose in the first round to Henri Leconte) and publicly stated that he did not wish to play there because of the event's traditionalism, particularly its \"predominantly white\" dress code to which players at the event are required to conform.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t pl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am h\u026az b\u02c8\u025bst \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026at j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6t w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i l\u02c8\u025bk\u0254nt \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026akli st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u026a\u0283 t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u026ats \"p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli w\u02c8a\u026at\" d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs k\u02c8o\u028ad t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad t\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Strong performances on the tour meant that Agassi was quickly tipped as a future Grand Slam champion.", "phonemes": "st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz kw\u02c8\u026akli t\u02c8\u026apt \u00e6z \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n."}, {"text": "While still a teenager, he reached the semi-finals of both the French Open and the US Open in 1988 and made the US Open semi-finals in 1989.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al st\u02c8\u026al \u0250 t\u02c8i\u02d0ne\u026ad\u0292\u025a, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "He reached his first Grand Slam final in 1990 at the French Open, where he was favored before losing in four sets to Andr\u00e9s G\u00f3mez, which he later attributed in his book to worrying about his wig falling off during the match.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 w\u028cz f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bts t\u028a \u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u0261\u02c8o\u028am\u025bz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an h\u026az b\u02c8\u028ak t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028c\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u026az w\u02c8\u026a\u0261 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254f d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283."}, {"text": "He reached his second Grand Slam final of the year at the US Open, defeating defending champion Boris Becker in the semi-finals.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as b\u02c8\u025bk\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz."}, {"text": "His opponent in the final was Pete Sampras; a year earlier, Agassi had crushed Sampras, after which time he told his coach that he felt bad for Sampras because he was never going to make it as a pro.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l w\u028cz p\u02c8i\u02d0t s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z; \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si h\u00e6d k\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283t s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8a\u026am hi\u02d0 t\u02c8o\u028ald h\u026az k\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025blt b\u02c8\u00e6d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz hi\u02d0 w\u028cz n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u026a\u027e \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Agassi ended 1990 on a high note as he helped the United States win its first Davis Cup in 8 years on home soil against Australia (3-2) and won his only Tennis Masters Cup, beating reigning Wimbledon champion Stefan Edberg in the final.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8o\u028at \u00e6z hi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025blpt \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u02c8\u026an \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as k\u02c8\u028cp \u026an \u02c8e\u026at j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8o\u028am s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn h\u026az \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az k\u02c8\u028cp, b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n st\u02c8\u025bf\u0259n \u02c8\u025bdb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "In 1991, Agassi reached his second consecutive French Open final, where he faced fellow Bollettieri Academy alumnus Jim Courier.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 f\u02c8e\u026asd f\u02c8\u025blo\u028a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02cc\u026a\u0279i \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u0250l\u02c8\u028cmn\u0259s d\u0292\u02c8\u026am k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i\u025a."}, {"text": "Agassi decided to play at Wimbledon in 1991, leading to weeks of speculation in the media about the clothes he would wear.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6t w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u028cv sp\u02cc\u025bkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028a\u00f0z hi\u02d0 w\u028ad w\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "Agassi's Grand Slam tournament breakthrough came at Wimbledon, not at the French Open or the US Open, where he had previously enjoyed success.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6t w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli \u025bnd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ad s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Agassi famously played the game wearing Oakley brand sunglasses, and a photo of him from the day appeared on the cover of Tennis magazine.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259sli pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026am w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8o\u028akli b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261l\u00e6s\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u0250 f\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a \u028cv h\u02cc\u026am f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n."}, {"text": "In his memoir, he wrote that he was covering up bloodshot eyes from a hangover and claimed that the founder of Oakley, Jim Jannard, had sent him a Dodge Viper to thank him for the inadvertent publicity.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az m\u02c8\u025bmw\u0251\u02d0\u0279, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028cz k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp bl\u02c8\u028cd\u0283\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8a\u026az f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261o\u028av\u025a \u00e6nd kl\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8o\u028akli, d\u0292\u02c8\u026am d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6n\u025ad, h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u025bnt h\u02cc\u026am \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292 v\u02c8a\u026ap\u025a t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk h\u02cc\u026am f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u0250dv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259nt p\u028cbl\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "In 1993, Agassi won the only doubles title of his career, at the Cincinnati Masters, partnered with Petr Korda.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lz t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026ans\u026an\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259."}, {"text": "Although he made the quarterfinals in his Wimbledon title defense, he lost to eventual champion and No. 1", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a hi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025af\u02cca\u026an\u0259lz \u026an h\u026az w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns, hi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0254st t\u028a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn"}, {"text": "Agassi lost in the first round at the US Open to Thomas Enqvist and required wrist surgery late in the year.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si l\u02c8\u0254st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n t\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u025b\u014bkv\u02c8\u026ast \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u0279\u02c8\u026ast s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025a\u0279i l\u02c8e\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "With new coach Brad Gilbert on board, Agassi began to employ more of a tactical, consistent approach, which fueled his resurgence.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d \u0261\u02c8\u026alb\u025at \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u028a \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259ld h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns."}, {"text": "His comeback culminated at the 1994 US Open with a five-set fourth-round victory against Michael Chang.", "phonemes": "h\u026az k\u02c8\u028cmb\u00e6k k\u02c8\u028clm\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026avs\u02c8\u025bt f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0279\u02c8a\u028and v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u014b."}, {"text": "He then became the first man to capture the US Open as an unseeded player, beating Michael Stich in the final.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250n \u028cns\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a, b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "He competed in the 1995 Australian Open (his first appearance at the event) and won, beating defending champion Sampras in a four-set final.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn, b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u025bt f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "Agassi and Sampras met in five tournament finals in 1995, all on hardcourt, with Agassi winning three.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z m\u02c8\u025bt \u026an f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dko\u02d0\u0279t, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Agassi won three Masters Series events in 1995 (Cincinnati, Key Biscayne, and the Canadian Open) and seven titles total.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02cc\u026ans\u026an\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei, k\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026ask\u02c8e\u026an, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "He compiled a career-best 26-match winning streak during the summer hard-court circuit, with the last victory being in an intense late-night four-set semi-final of the US Open against Boris Becker.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8a\u026ald \u0250 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279b\u02c8\u025bst tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aksm\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250n \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns l\u02c8e\u026atn\u02c8a\u026at f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u025bt s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as b\u02c8\u025bk\u025a."}, {"text": "Agassi admitted this loss, which gave Sampras a 9\u20138 lead in their head-to-head meetings, took two years for him to get over mentally.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u0254s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u02c8e\u026av s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8i\u02d0d \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bdt\u0259h\u02c8\u025bd m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014bz, t\u02c8\u028ak t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt \u02cco\u028av\u025a m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li."}, {"text": "Agassi skipped most of the fall indoor season which allowed Sampras to surpass him and finish ranked No. 1 at the year-end ranking.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si sk\u02c8\u026apt m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u026ando\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z t\u0259 s\u025ap\u02c8\u00e6s h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "He won 73 and lost 9 matches, and was also once again a key player on the United States' Davis Cup winning team\u2014the third and final Davis Cup title of his career.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254st n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u02c8\u028cns \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as k\u02c8\u028cp w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u02c8i\u02d0m\u2014\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as k\u02c8\u028cp t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "He suffered two early-round losses to Chris Woodruff and Doug Flach at the French Open and Wimbledon, respectively, and lost to Chang in straight sets in the Australian and US Open semi-finals.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cf\u025ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and l\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7bz t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026as w\u02c8\u028ad\u0279\u028cf \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028c\u0261 fl\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254st t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u014b \u026an st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bts \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz."}, {"text": "At the time, Agassi blamed the Australian Open loss on the windy conditions, but later said in his biography that he had lost the match on purpose, as he did not want to play Boris Becker, whom he would have faced in that final.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si bl\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n l\u02c8\u0254s \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026andi k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u025bd \u026an h\u026az ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u0254st \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s, \u00e6z hi\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u0254nt t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as b\u02c8\u025bk\u025a, h\u02c8u\u02d0m hi\u02d0 w\u028adh\u0250v f\u02c8e\u026asd \u026an \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "The high point for Agassi was winning the men's singles gold medal at the Olympic Games in Atlanta, beating Sergi Bruguera of Spain in the final.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bnz s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lz \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026ak \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u026an \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259, b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261i b\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "He later confessed that he started using crystal methamphetamine at that time, allegedly on the urging of a friend.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259l m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0250mf\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0250m\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am, \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u1d7bdli \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0259v\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd."}, {"text": "At this time Agassi was also in a failing marriage with actress, model, and socialite Brooke Shields and had lost interest in the game.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0279\u0259s, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l, \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u028ak \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u00e6nd h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u0254st \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026am."}, {"text": "He won no top-level titles, and his ranking sank to No. 141 on November 10, 1997, prompting many to believe that his run as one of the sport's premier competitors was over and he would never again win any significant tournaments.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz, \u00e6nd h\u026az \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0254n no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8\u025bn, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpt\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni t\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u027e\u025az w\u028cz \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 w\u028ad n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn w\u02c8\u026an \u02cc\u025bni s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nts."}, {"text": "In 1998, Agassi began a rigorous conditioning program and worked his way back up the rankings by playing in Challenger Series tournaments, a circuit for pro players ranked outside the world's top 50.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259s k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt h\u026az w\u02c8e\u026a b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014bz ba\u026a pl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u025a s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nts, \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p f\u02c8\u026afti."}, {"text": "After returning to top physical and mental shape, Agassi recorded the most successful period of his tennis career and also played classic matches in that period against Pete Sampras and Patrick Rafter.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv h\u026az t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a pl\u02c8e\u026ad kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz \u026an \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst p\u02c8i\u02d0t s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a."}, {"text": "In 1998, Agassi won five titles and leapt from No. 110 to No. 6, the highest jump into the top 10 made by any player during a calendar year.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bpt f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast d\u0292\u02c8\u028cmp \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a \u02cc\u025bni pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u025a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "He won five titles in ten finals and was runner-up at the Masters Series tournament in Key Biscayne, losing to Marcelo R\u00edos, who became No. 1 as a result.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u026an t\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u028cp \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt \u026an k\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026ask\u02c8e\u026an, l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8i\u02d0lo\u028a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028az, h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt."}, {"text": "At the year end he was awarded the ATP Most Improved Player of the Year for the second time in his career (the first being 10 years earlier in 1988).", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bnd hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Agassi entered the history books in 1999 when he came back from two sets to love down to beat Andrei Medvedev in a five-set French Open final, becoming, at the time, only the fifth male player (joining Rod Laver, Fred Perry, Roy Emerson and Don Budge\u2014these have since been joined by Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, and Novak Djokovic) to win all four Grand Slam singles titles during his career.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i b\u02c8\u028aks \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an w\u025bn hi\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026am b\u02c8\u00e6k f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bts t\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cv d\u02cca\u028an t\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a m\u02c8\u025bdv\u026ad\u02cc\u025bv \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026avs\u02c8\u025bt f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l, b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b, \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 m\u02c8e\u026al pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d l\u02c8e\u026av\u025a, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd p\u02c8\u025b\u0279i, \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u02c8\u025bm\u025as\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u2014\u00f0i\u02d0z h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u026ans b\u02cc\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a, \u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fa\u026a\u02c8\u025bl n\u02c8e\u026ad\u0259l, \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259k d\u0292\u0259k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ak t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lz t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "This win also made him the first (of only four, the next being Federer, Nadal and Djokovic respectively) male player in history to have won all four Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces (clay, grass and hard courts).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u02c8\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02cce\u026ad h\u02cc\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cv \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a, n\u02c8e\u026ad\u0259l \u00e6nd d\u0292\u0259k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli m\u02c8e\u026al pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i t\u0259 h\u00e6v w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u02cc\u0254n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz kl\u02c8e\u026a, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Agassi also became the only male player to win the Career Super Slam, consisting of all four Grand Slam tournaments plus an Olympic gold medal in singles and a Year-end championship.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8e\u026al pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a sl\u02c8\u00e6m, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nts pl\u02c8\u028cs \u0250n \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026ak \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259l \u026an s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "Agassi followed his 1999 French Open victory by reaching the Wimbledon final, where he lost to Sampras in straight sets.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0254st t\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u026an st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "He rebounded from his Wimbledon defeat by winning the US Open, beating Todd Martin in five sets (rallying from a two sets to one deficit) in the final.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm h\u026az w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t ba\u026a w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u026an \u026an f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bts \u0279\u02c8\u00e6li\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bts t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8\u025bf\u026as\u02cc\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "Overall during the year Agassi won 5 titles including two majors and the ATP Masters Series in Paris, where he beat Marat Safin.", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 b\u02c8i\u02d0t m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6t s\u02c8\u00e6f\u026an."}, {"text": "Agassi ended 1999 as the No. 1, ending Sampras's record of six consecutive year-ending top rankings (1993\u201398).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aks k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av j\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014bz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Agassi was runner-up to Sampras at the year-end Tennis Masters Cup losing 1\u20136, 5\u20137, 4\u20136 despite beating Sampras in the round-robin 6\u20132, 6\u20132.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az k\u02c8\u028cp l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u026aks, f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026aks d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026an s\u02c8\u026aks t\u02c8u\u02d0, s\u02c8\u026aks t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "He began the next year 2000 by capturing his second Australian Open title, beating Sampras in a five-set semi-final and Yevgeny Kafelnikov in a four-set final.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd ba\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l, b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026avs\u02c8\u025bt s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u025bvd\u0292\u025bni k\u02c8e\u026afln\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u025bt f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "He was the first male player to have reached four consecutive Grand Slam finals since Rod Laver achieved the Grand Slam in 1969.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8e\u026al pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz s\u02c8\u026ans \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d l\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "At the time, Agassi was also only the fourth player since Laver to be the reigning champion of three of four Grand Slam events, missing only the Wimbledon title.. 2000 also saw Agassi reach the semi-finals at Wimbledon, where he lost in five sets to Rafter in a match considered by many to be one of the best ever at Wimbledon.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a s\u02c8\u026ans l\u02c8e\u026av\u025a t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts, m\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u014b \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l.. t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz \u00e6t w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0254st \u026an f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bts t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025bni t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n."}, {"text": "At the inaugural Tennis Masters Cup in Lisbon, Agassi reached the final after defeating Marat Safin in the semi-finals to end the Russian's hopes to become the youngest No. 1 in the history of tennis.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az k\u02c8\u028cp \u026an l\u02c8\u026asb\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6t s\u02c8\u00e6f\u026an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259nz h\u02c8o\u028aps t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u026ast n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as."}, {"text": "Agassi opened 2001 by successfully defending his Australian Open title with a straight-sets final win over Arnaud Cl\u00e9ment.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259li d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats\u02c8\u025bts f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l w\u02c8\u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d kl\u02c8e\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "En route, he beat a cramping Rafter in five sets in front of a sell-out crowd in what turned out to be the Aussie's last Australian Open.", "phonemes": "\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t, hi\u02d0 b\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6mp\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026an f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bts \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl\u02c8a\u028at k\u0279\u02c8a\u028ad \u026an w\u028ct t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u02c8a\u028at t\u0259bi \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0siz l\u02c8\u00e6st \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n."}, {"text": "At Wimbledon, they met again in the semi-finals, where Agassi lost another close match to Rafter, 8\u20136 in the fifth set.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n, \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8\u025bt \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si l\u02c8\u0254st \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a kl\u02c8o\u028as m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a, \u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u026aks \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bt."}, {"text": "In the quarterfinals at the US Open, Agassi lost a 3-hour, 33\u00a0minute epic match with Sampras, 7\u20136, 6\u20137, 6\u20137, 6\u20137, with no breaks of serve during the 52-game match.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025af\u02cca\u026an\u0259lz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si l\u02c8\u0254st \u0250 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026an\u026at \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02c8\u026aks, s\u02c8\u026aks s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, s\u02c8\u026aks s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, s\u02c8\u026aks s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u028a b\u0279\u02c8e\u026aks \u028cv s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283."}, {"text": "Despite the setback, Agassi finished 2001 ranked No. 3, becoming the only male tennis player to finish a year ranked in the top 3 in three different decades.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025btb\u00e6k, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt n\u02c8o\u028a. \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8e\u026al t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283 \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz."}, {"text": "2002 opened with disappointment for Agassi, as injury forced him to skip the Australian Open, where he was a two-time defending champion.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026antm\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si, \u00e6z \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026ap \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0t\u02c8a\u026am d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n."}, {"text": "Agassi recovered from the injury and later that year defended his Key Biscayne title beating then rising Roger Federer in a four-set final.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd h\u026az k\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026ask\u02c8e\u026an t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u025bt f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "At the US Open, Agassi overcame No.1 ranked and defending champion Lleyton Hewitt in the semi-finals.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u02cco\u028av\u025ak\u02c8e\u026am n\u02c8o\u028a.w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt \u00e6nd d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n l\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n hj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz."}, {"text": "This led to what turned out to be the last duel between Agassi and Sampras in final of the US Open, which Sampras won in four sets and left Sampras with a 20\u201314 edge in their 34 career meetings.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 w\u028ct t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u02c8a\u028at t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st d\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u026an f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bts \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bft s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bd\u0292 \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Agassi's US Open finish, along with his Masters Series victories in Key Biscayne, Rome and Madrid, helped him finish 2002 as the oldest year-end No. 2 at 32 years and 8 months.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279iz \u026an k\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026ask\u02c8e\u026an, \u0279\u02c8o\u028am \u00e6nd m\u0259d\u0279\u02c8\u026ad, h\u02c8\u025blpt h\u02cc\u026am f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast j\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd n\u02c8o\u028a. t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6t \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s."}, {"text": "Grand Slam title of his career at the Australian Open, where he beat Rainer Sch\u00fcttler in straight sets in the final.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 b\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u025a \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0tl\u025a\u0279 \u026an st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "On April 28, 2003, he recaptured the No. 1 ranking to become the oldest top-ranked male player since the ATP rankings began at 33 years and 13 days.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt m\u02c8e\u026al pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014bz b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6t \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n d\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "Agassi then recaptured the No. 1 ranking once again on June 16, 2003, which he held for 12 weeks until September 7, 2003.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cns \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bld f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 tw\u02c8\u025blv w\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "There he managed to reach the US Open semi-finals, where he lost to Juan Carlos Ferrero, surrendering his No. 1 ranking to him.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0254st t\u0259 hw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lo\u028az f\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028a, s\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "At the year-end Tennis Masters Cup, Agassi lost in the final to Federer, his third time to finish as runner-up in the event after losses in 1999 and 2000, and finished the year ranked No. 4.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az k\u02c8\u028cp, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si l\u02c8\u0254st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l t\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a, h\u026az \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283 \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u028cp \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7bz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt n\u02c8o\u028a. f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "At age 33, he had been one of the oldest players to rank in the top 5 since Connors, at age 35, was No. 4 in 1987.", "phonemes": "\u00e6\u027e \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, hi\u02d0 h\u0250db\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u026ans k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025az, \u00e6\u027e \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028a. f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 2004, Agassi began the year with a five-set loss in the semi-finals of the Australian Open to Marat Safin; the loss ended Agassi's 26-match winning streak at the event.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026avs\u02c8\u025bt l\u02c8\u0254s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6t s\u02c8\u00e6f\u026an; \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254s \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aksm\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "He won the Masters series event in Cincinnati to bring his career total to 59 top-level singles titles and a record 17 ATP Masters Series titles, having already won seven of the nine ATP Masters tournament\u2014all except the tournaments in Monte Carlo and Hamburg.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an s\u02cc\u026ans\u026an\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lz t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt\u2014\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nts \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nti k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lo\u028a \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6mb\u025c\u02d0\u0261."}, {"text": "At 34, he became the second-oldest singles champion in Cincinnati tournament history (the tournament began in 1899), tied with Roger Federer and surpassed only by Ken Rosewall, who won the title in 1970 at age 35.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, hi\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lz t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n \u026an s\u02cc\u026ans\u026an\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02c8a\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a \u00e6nd s\u025ap\u02c8\u00e6st \u02c8o\u028anli ba\u026a k\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u02c8o\u028azw\u0254\u02d0l, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u00e6\u027e \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "He finished the year ranked No. 8, one of the oldest players to finish in the top 10 since the 36-year-old Connors was No. 7 in 1988.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt n\u02c8o\u028a. \u02c8e\u026at, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p t\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aksj\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025az w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028a. s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "At the time, Agassi also became the sixth male player during the open era to reach 800 career wins with his first-round victory over Alex Bogomolov in Countrywide Classic in Los Angeles.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 m\u02c8e\u026al pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8a\u028and v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6l\u026aks b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u028cv \u026an k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279\u026aw\u02cca\u026ad kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as."}, {"text": "Agassi had several other deep runs at tournaments, but had to withdraw from several events due to injury.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8i\u02d0p \u0279\u02c8\u028cnz \u00e6t t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nts, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u00e6dt\u0259 w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "He won his fourth title in Los Angeles and reached the final of the Rogers Cup, before falling to No. 2 Rafael Nadal.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn h\u026az f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025az k\u02c8\u028cp, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fa\u026a\u02c8\u025bl n\u02c8e\u026ad\u0259l."}, {"text": "After beating R\u0103zvan Sab\u0103u and Ivo Karlovi\u0107 in straight sets and Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych in four sets, Agassi won three consecutive five-set matches to advance to the final.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6zv\u00e6n s\u02c8\u00e6ba\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026avo\u028a k\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u02c8\u028cv\u026ak \u026an st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bts \u00e6nd t\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u026at\u0283 \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bts, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av f\u02c8a\u026avs\u02c8\u025bt m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz t\u028a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "The most notable of these matches was his quarterfinal victory over James Blake, where he rallied from two sets down to win in the fifth set tie-breaker.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz w\u028cz h\u026az kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025af\u02cca\u026an\u0259l v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i \u02cco\u028av\u025a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz bl\u02c8e\u026ak, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6lid f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bts d\u02cca\u028an t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bt t\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u025a."}, {"text": "His other five-set victories were over Xavier Malisse in the fourth round and Robby Ginepri in the semi-finals.", "phonemes": "h\u026az \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8a\u026avs\u02c8\u025bt v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279iz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025a z\u02c8e\u026avi\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6l\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bi d\u0292\u02c8\u026an\u025bp\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In the final, Agassi faced Federer, who was seeking his second consecutive US Open title and his sixth Grand Slam title in two years.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si f\u02c8e\u026asd f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u026az s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Agassi finished 2005 ranked No. 7, his 16th time in the year-end top-10 rankings, which tied Connors for the most times ranked in the top 10 at year's end.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt n\u02c8o\u028a. s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, h\u026az s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p t\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014bz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8a\u026ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025az f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast t\u02c8a\u026amz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p t\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6t j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u025bnd."}, {"text": "Agassi had a poor start to 2006, as he was still recovering from an ankle injury and also suffering from back and leg pain and lack of match play.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si h\u00e6d \u0250 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6z hi\u02d0 w\u028cz st\u02c8\u026al \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259l \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8\u00e6k \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025b\u0261 p\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 pl\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Agassi withdrew from the Australian Open because of the ankle injury, and his back injury and other pains forced him to withdraw from several other events, eventually skipping the entire clay-court season including the French Open.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259l \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd h\u026az b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8e\u026anz f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts, \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li sk\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a kl\u02c8e\u026ak\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n."}, {"text": "Agassi played only two events during the summer hard-court season with his best result being a quarterfinal loss at the Countrywide Classic in Los Angeles to Fernando Gonz\u00e1lez of Chile, which resulted in him being unseeded at the US Open.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az b\u02c8\u025bst \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025af\u02cca\u026an\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254s \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279\u026aw\u02cca\u026ad kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as t\u0259 f\u025c\u02d0n\u02c8\u00e6ndo\u028a \u0261\u0259nz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025bz \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u026ali, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an h\u02cc\u026am b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u028cns\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n."}, {"text": "Because of extreme back pain, Agassi was forced to receive anti-inflammatory injections after every match.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m b\u02c8\u00e6k p\u02c8e\u026an, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u026anfl\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283."}, {"text": "After a four-set win against Andrei Pavel, Agassi faced eighth-seeded Marcos Baghdatis in the second round who had earlier advanced to the 2006 Australian Open final and Wimbledon semi-finals.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u025bt w\u02c8\u026an \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a p\u02c8e\u026av\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si f\u02c8e\u026asd \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ko\u028az b\u00e6\u0261d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eiz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0279\u02c8a\u028and h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Agassi received a four-minute standing ovation from the crowd after the match and delivered a retirement speech.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8\u026an\u026at st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b o\u028av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8a\u028ad \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u00e6nd d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025ad \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "The rivalry has been called the greatest of the generation of players competing in the 1990s, as Sampras and Agassi were the most successful players of that decade.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l\u0279i h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z, \u00e6z s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u025bke\u026ad."}, {"text": "They also had very contrasting playing styles, with Sampras being considered the greatest server and Agassi the greatest serve returner at the time.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6d v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b st\u02c8a\u026alz, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Agassi was favored as he was ranked No. 4 at the time, compared to the No. 12 ranking of Sampras and because Agassi had defeated Sampras in their only previously completed match.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad \u00e6z hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt n\u02c8o\u028a. f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. tw\u02c8\u025blv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si h\u00e6d d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283."}, {"text": "They met again on a Grand Slam level at the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 1993, where Agassi was the defending champion and Sampras was the newly minted world No. 1.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8\u025bt \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025af\u02cca\u026an\u0259lz \u028cv w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li m\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Agassi dug himself out from a two-sets-to-love hole, levelling the match at two sets apiece; however, Sampras prevailed in five sets, and went on to win his first Wimbledon championship.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si d\u02c8\u028c\u0261 h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u02c8a\u028at f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0s\u02c8\u025btst\u0259l\u02c8\u028cv h\u02c8o\u028al, l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u00e6t t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bts \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0s; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z p\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026ald \u026an f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bts, \u00e6nd w\u025bnt \u02cc\u0254n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "The year should be considered the peak of the rivalry as together they won three out of four major titles, meeting each other twice in the finals, and were occupying the top two spots in the rankings for the whole year.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l\u0279i \u00e6z t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0e\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz, m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a tw\u02c8a\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz, \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p t\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014bz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "They met five times during the year, all in the title matches, including the Australian Open, the Newsweek Champions Cup (now Indian Wells), the Lipton International Players Championships (now Miami Open), the Canadian Open, and the US Open.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8\u025bt f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8a\u026amz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0zwi\u02d0k t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259nz k\u02c8\u028cp n\u02c8a\u028a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n w\u02c8\u025blz, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026apt\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps n\u02c8a\u028a ma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6mi \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n."}, {"text": "Agassi won three of the finals, including the Australian Open; however, Sampras took the US Open title, ending Agassi's 26-match winning streak.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z t\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l, \u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aksm\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k."}, {"text": "After Agassi had taken most of the fall season off, Sampras took over the No. 1 ranking for the end of the season.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si h\u00e6d t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u02c8\u0254f, s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z t\u02c8\u028ak \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n."}, {"text": "Agassi admitted this loss, which gave Sampras a 9\u20138 lead in their head-to-head meetings, took two years for him to get over it mentally.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u0254s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u02c8e\u026av s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8i\u02d0d \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bdt\u0259h\u02c8\u025bd m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014bz, t\u02c8\u028ak t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u026at m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li."}, {"text": "In the following three years, while Sampras continued winning Grand Slam titles every season, Agassi slumped in the rankings and struggled in major competitions.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, w\u02cca\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si sl\u02c8\u028cmpt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259ld \u026an m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The next time Sampras and Agassi met in a Grand Slam final was at Wimbledon in 1999, where Sampras won in straight sets.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u02c8a\u026am s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si m\u02c8\u025bt \u026an \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l w\u028cz \u00e6t w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "For both, it was considered a career rejuvenation, as Sampras had suffered a string of disappointments in the previous year while Agassi was regaining his status as a top-ranked player after winning the French Open.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8, \u026at w\u028cz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02ccu\u02d0v\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u028cf\u025ad \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026antm\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b h\u026az st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u00e6z \u0250 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n."}, {"text": "Sampras forfeited the No. 1 ranking to Agassi when injury forced him to withdraw from that year's US Open, which Agassi went on to win.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u025bn \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u025bnt \u02cc\u0254n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "They faced each other twice in the season-ending ATP Tour World Championships, with Sampras losing the round-robin match, but winning the final.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8e\u026asd \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a tw\u02c8a\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026an m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "In 2000, the top-ranked Agassi defeated No. 3 Sampras in the semi-finals of the Australian Open in five sets, which was an important win for Agassi who had lost 4 of the previous five matches against Sampras.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8o\u028a. \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u026an f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt w\u02c8\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u0254st f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z."}, {"text": "In arguably their most memorable match ever, Sampras defeated Agassi in the 2001 US Open quarterfinals in four sets.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259bli \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025af\u02cca\u026an\u0259lz \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "Reruns of the match are frequently featured on television, especially during US Open rain delays, and the match is considered one of the best in history because of the level of play presented by both players.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u028cnz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025ad \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026an d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026az, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst \u026an h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv pl\u02c8e\u026a p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "Their last meeting was the final of the 2002 US Open, which was their third meeting in a US Open final, but the first since 1995.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6st m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "The match was also notable because they had defeated several up-and-coming players en route to the final.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u028cp\u00e6ndk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "Sampras had defeated No. 3 Tommy Haas in the fourth round and future No. 1 Andy Roddick in the quarterfinals, while Agassi had defeated No. 1 and defending champion Lleyton Hewitt in the semi-finals.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z h\u00e6d d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8o\u028a. \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6nd fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u00e6ndi \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak \u026an\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025af\u02cca\u026an\u0259lz, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si h\u00e6d d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n l\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n hj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The rivalry began late in the 1980s with both players being considered the prodigies of the next great generation of American tennis players and both being of foreign descent.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l\u0279i b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n l\u02c8e\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ad\u0292iz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "Agassi won the first four matches including a straight-set victory in round 16 of the 1988 US Open and defeating Chang, the defending champion, in the 1990 French Open in a four-set quarterfinal.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats\u02c8\u025bt v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i \u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u028and s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u025bt kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025af\u02cca\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "While both players presented high-quality shot-making, the momentum changed from set to set with Agassi eventually prevailing in a five-set victory.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd h\u02c8a\u026akw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tm\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 mo\u028am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259m t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bt t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li p\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026avs\u02c8\u025bt v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Their next two Grand Slam meetings came in 1996, with Chang recording easy straight-set victories in the semi-finals of both the Australian Open and the US Open.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014bz k\u02c8e\u026am \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks, w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u014b \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0zi st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats\u02c8\u025bt v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279iz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n."}, {"text": "Years after, Agassi shockingly admitted in his book that he had lost the first of the matches on purpose as he did not want to face Boris Becker, who was awaiting the winner in the final.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u014bli \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an h\u026az b\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u0254st \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u00e6z hi\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u0254nt t\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026as b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as b\u02c8\u025bk\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "Agassi won the last four of their matches, with the last being in 2003 at the Miami Open with Chang being clearly past his prime.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 ma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6mi \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u014b b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li p\u02c8\u00e6st h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Becker won their first three matches in 1988 and 1989 before Agassi reversed the rivalry in 1990, and won 10 of their last 11 matches.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025bk\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l\u0279i \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8\u025bn \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "One contributing factor is that after their third match, Agassi picked up a tell regarding Becker's serve and knew where his serves would be directed.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si p\u02c8\u026akt \u02cc\u028cp \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bl \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025bk\u025az s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 h\u026az s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz w\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Their most notable match was the 1989 Davis Cup semi-final match, which Becker won in five sets after losing the first two in tiebreaks.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as k\u02c8\u028cp s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u02c8\u025bk\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bts \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an t\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279e\u026aks."}, {"text": "Agassi, considered a baseliner with a playing style not suiting grass, shocked Becker, a three-time champion, in a five-set quarterfinal at Wimbledon in 1992 on his way to his first Grand Slam title.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026asla\u026an\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b st\u02c8a\u026al n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s, \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt b\u02c8\u025bk\u025a, \u0250 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n, \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026avs\u02c8\u025bt kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025af\u02cca\u026an\u0259l \u00e6t w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "Becker won that year's Wimbledon semi-final after being down a set and two breaks, to eventually win in four sets.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025bk\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026aks, t\u028a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li w\u02c8\u026an \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "In a highly anticipated rematch in the US Open semi-final, this time it was Agassi who came out victorious in four tight sets.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ali \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bma\u026af\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l, \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am \u026at w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8a\u028at v\u026akt\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259s \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "The rivalry has been considered special and delivered memorable encounters, because of the players' contrasting styles of play, with Rafter using traditional serve-&-volley methods against Agassi's variety of return of serves and passing shots as his main weapons.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l\u0279i h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025ad m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b st\u02c8a\u026alz \u028cv pl\u02c8e\u026a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u02c8\u00e6ndv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u028cv s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts \u00e6z h\u026az m\u02c8e\u026an w\u02c8\u025bp\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Agassi led 8\u20132 on hard courts, but Rafter surprisingly won their sole match on clay at the 1999 Rome Masters.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si l\u02c8\u025bd \u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u025ap\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014bli w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028al m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u02cc\u0254n kl\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8o\u028am m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az."}, {"text": "Agassi won the first two in 1993 and 1999, while Rafter took their 2000 and 2001 encounters, the latter two matches being gruelling 5-setters often being presented on the lists of best matches ever played.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, w\u02cca\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a t\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u026avs\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv b\u02c8\u025bst m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz \u02c8\u025bv\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "Agassi also won both their meetings at the Australian Open, in 1995 and 2001, on his way to the title on both occasions.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "With the retirement of Sampras, the rivalry against the 11-years-younger Federer, who was another great server like Sampras, became Agassi's main rivalry for the final years of his career.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l\u0279i \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nj\u02c8\u026a\u0279zj\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u025a l\u02c8a\u026ak s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z, b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz m\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l\u0279i f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "They first met in just the third tournament of Federer's career at the 1998 Swiss Indoors in Federer's hometown, with Agassi prevailing over the 17-year-old.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u025bt \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt \u028cv f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at sw\u02c8\u026as \u026and\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u026an f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025az h\u02c8o\u028amta\u028an, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si p\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0nj\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald."}, {"text": "Federer began to turn the tide at the Masters Cup in 2003, when he defeated Agassi in both the round-robin and the final.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az k\u02c8\u028cp \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u025bn hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026an \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "They played a quarterfinal match at the 2004 US Open that spanned over two windy days, with Federer eventually prevailing in five sets.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025af\u02cca\u026an\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t sp\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u026andi d\u02c8e\u026az, w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li p\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u014b \u026an f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "At the 2005 Dubai Championships, Federer and Agassi attracted worldwide headlines with a publicity stunt that saw the two tennis legends play on a helipad almost 220 meters above sea level at the hotel Burj al-Arab.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av d\u02c8u\u02d0ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps, f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad h\u02c8\u025bdla\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 p\u028cbl\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei st\u02c8\u028cnt \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259ndz pl\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bl\u026ap\u02cc\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 \u02c8\u00e6l\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b."}, {"text": "Agassi earned more than $30\u00a0million in prize-money during his career, sixth only to Djokovic, Federer, Nadal, Sampras and Murray to date (May 2018).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an p\u0279\u02c8a\u026azm\u02c8\u028cni d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279, s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0259 d\u0292\u0259k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ak, f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a, n\u02c8e\u026ad\u0259l, s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279e\u026a t\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n."}, {"text": "He also earned more than $25\u00a0million a year through endorsements during his career, which was ranked fourth in all sports at the time.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sm\u0259nts d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Since retiring after the 2006 US Open, Agassi has participated in a series of charity tournaments and continues his work with his own charity.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si h\u0250z p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nts \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "On September 5, 2007, he was a surprise guest commentator for the Andy Roddick/Roger Federer US Open quarterfinal.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a f\u02c8a\u026av, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 s\u025ap\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u0261\u02c8\u025bst k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ndi \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025af\u02cca\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "He played an exhibition match at Wimbledon, teaming with his wife, Steffi Graf, to play with Tim Henman and Kim Clijsters.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250n \u025bks\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u00e6t w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n, t\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026af, st\u02c8\u025bfi \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f, t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8\u026am h\u02c8\u025bnm\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u026am kl\u02c8e\u026ast\u025az."}, {"text": "At the 2009 French Open, Agassi was on hand to present Roger Federer, who completed his Career Grand Slam by winning the tournament and joined Agassi as one of six men to complete the Career Grand Slam, with the trophy.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m ba\u026a w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u025bn t\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6m, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028afi."}, {"text": "He played the Cancer Treatment Centers of America Tennis Championships at Surprise, Arizona, where he reached the final before bowing to eventual champion Todd Martin.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps \u00e6t s\u025ap\u0279\u02c8a\u026az, \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026az\u02c8o\u028an\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u026an."}, {"text": "Agassi returned to the tour renamed for the PowerShares Series in 2011 and participated in a total of seven events while winning two.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026amd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts w\u02cca\u026al w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Agassi beat Courier in the final of the Staples Champions Cup in Boston and later defeated Sampras at the CTCA Championships at his hometown Las Vegas.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si b\u02c8i\u02d0t k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259lz t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259nz k\u02c8\u028cp \u026an b\u02c8\u0254st\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps \u00e6t h\u026az h\u02c8o\u028amta\u028an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s."}, {"text": "The following day, he defended his title of the CTCA Championships, while defeating Courier in the decisive match.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u02c8e\u026a, hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd h\u026az t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps, w\u02cca\u026al d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026as\u026av m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283."}, {"text": "At the Camden Wealth Advisors Cup's final in Houston, Agassi beat James Blake for a rematch of their 2005 US Open quarterfinal.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259n w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026az\u025az k\u02c8\u028cps f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si b\u02c8i\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz bl\u02c8e\u026ak f\u025a\u0279\u025a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025af\u02cca\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "He defeated Blake again in Portland to win the title of the Cancer Treatment Centers of America Championships.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd bl\u02c8e\u026ak \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u026an p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279tl\u0259nd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps."}, {"text": "In 2015, Agassi took part in just one event of the PowerShares Series, losing to Mark Philippoussis in the final of the Champions Shootout.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u02c8\u028ak p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst w\u02c8\u028cn \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz, l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k f\u02cc\u026al\u026ap\u02c8a\u028as\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259nz \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ea\u028at."}, {"text": "The following year he took part in two events, at first losing to Blake in Chicago, and the next day defeating Mardy Fish, but losing to Roddick in Charleston.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028ak p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts, \u00e6t f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u0259 bl\u02c8e\u026ak \u026an \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst d\u02c8e\u026a d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279di f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lst\u0259n."}, {"text": "The rivalry between the former champions headlined sports media again in March 2010 after the two participated in the \"Hit for Haiti\" charity event organized to raise money for the victims of the earthquake.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l\u0279i b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259nz h\u02c8\u025bdla\u026and sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \"h\u02c8\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8e\u026a\u027ei\" t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az m\u02c8\u028cni f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026akt\u026amz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak."}, {"text": "Partnered with Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, the old rivals began making jokes at each other's expense, which ended up with Sampras intentionally striking a serve at Agassi's body.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fa\u026a\u02c8\u025bl n\u02c8e\u026ad\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259lz b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8o\u028aks \u00e6\u027e \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u02cc\u028cp w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "After the event, Agassi admitted that he had crossed the line with his jokes and publicly apologized to Sampras.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d k\u0279\u02c8\u0254st \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az d\u0292\u02c8o\u028aks \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026akli \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cca\u026azd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z."}, {"text": "Agassi and Sampras met again one year later for an exhibition match at Madison Square Garden in New York in front of 19 000 spectators as Sampras defeated Agassi in two sets.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z m\u02c8\u025bt \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u025bks\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u00e6t m\u02c8\u00e6d\u026as\u0259n skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a sp\u025bkt\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025az \u00e6z s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "On March 3, 2014, Agassi and Sampras squared off for an exhibition in London for the annual World Tennis Day.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0279\u0259z skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u02c8\u0254f f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u025bks\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Agassi announced the end of the partnership on March 31, 2018, stating that there were too many disagreements in the relationship.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u025bni d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "Early in his career, Agassi would look to end points quickly by playing first-strike tennis, typically by inducing a weak return with a deep, hard shot, and then playing a winner at an extreme angle.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u026an h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028ad l\u02c8\u028ak t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnd p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants kw\u02c8\u026akli ba\u026a pl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0stst\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as, t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli ba\u026a \u026and\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u02c8i\u02d0p, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn pl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l."}, {"text": "On the rare occasion that he charged the net, Agassi liked to take the ball in the air and hit a swinging volley for a winner.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bt, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si l\u02c8a\u026akt t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026at \u0250 sw\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li f\u025a\u0279\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an\u025a."}, {"text": "His favored groundstroke was his flat, accurate two-handed backhand, hit well cross-court but especially down the line.", "phonemes": "h\u026az f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andst\u0279o\u028ak w\u028cz h\u026az fl\u02c8\u00e6t, \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd b\u02c8\u00e6kh\u00e6nd, h\u02c8\u026at w\u02c8\u025bl k\u0279\u02c8\u0254sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t b\u02cc\u028ct \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Agassi's strength was in dictating play from the baseline, and he was able to consistently take the ball on the rise.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 w\u028cz \u026an d\u02c8\u026akte\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026asla\u026an, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ntli t\u02c8e\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "When in control of a point, Agassi would often pass up an opportunity to attempt a winner and hit a conservative shot to minimize his errors, and to make his opponent run more.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u026an k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028ad \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6s \u02cc\u028cp \u0250n \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt \u0250 w\u02c8\u026an\u025a \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026at \u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u02cca\u026az h\u026az \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az, \u00e6nd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak h\u026az \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "This change to more methodical, less aggressive baseline play was largely initiated by his longtime coach, Brad Gilbert, in their first year together in 1994.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u025b\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak\u0259l, l\u02c8\u025bs \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av b\u02c8e\u026asla\u026an pl\u02c8e\u026a w\u028cz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u026az l\u02c8\u0254\u014bta\u026am k\u02c8o\u028at\u0283, b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d \u0261\u02c8\u026alb\u025at, \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Gilbert encouraged Agassi to wear out opponents with his deep, flat groundstrokes and to use his fitness to win attrition wars, and noted Agassi's two-handed backhand down the line as his very best shot.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u026alb\u025at \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292d \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8a\u028at \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az d\u02c8i\u02d0p, fl\u02c8\u00e6t \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andst\u0279o\u028aks \u00e6nd t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z h\u026az f\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z, \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd b\u02c8\u00e6kh\u00e6nd d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6z h\u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i b\u02c8\u025bst \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t."}, {"text": "A signature play later in his career was a change-up drop shot to the deuce court after deep penetrating groundstrokes.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u026at\u0283\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u028cz\u0250 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u02cc\u028cp d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 dj\u02c8u\u02d0s k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u02c8i\u02d0p p\u02c8\u025bn\u026at\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andst\u0279o\u028aks."}, {"text": "This would often be followed by a passing shot or lob if the opponent was fast enough to retrieve it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028ad \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b \u026af \u00f0\u026a \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt w\u028cz f\u02c8\u00e6st \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0v \u026at."}, {"text": "Agassi was raised on hardcourts, but found much of his early major-tournament success on the red clay of Roland Garros, reaching two consecutive finals there early in his career.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dko\u02d0\u0279ts, b\u02cc\u028ct f\u02c8a\u028and m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv h\u026az \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025at\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd kl\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u0259nd \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279o\u028az, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u026an h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Despite grass being his worst surface, his first major win was at the slick grass of Wimbledon in 1992, a tournament that he professed to hating at the time.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as, h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a w\u02c8\u026an w\u028cz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s \u028cv w\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ld\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0250 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bst t\u0259 h\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "His strongest surface over the course of his career, was indeed hardcourt, where he won six of his eight majors.", "phonemes": "h\u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279, w\u028cz \u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dko\u02d0\u0279t, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u026aks \u028cv h\u026az \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025az."}, {"text": "Agassi established a limited liability company named Andre Agassi Ventures (formerly named Agassi Enterprises).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u0250 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02cca\u026a\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si v\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025ali n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ap\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Agassi, along with five athlete partners (including Wayne Gretzky, Joe Montana, Shaquille O'Neal, Ken Griffey Jr., and Monica Seles) opened a chain of sports-themed restaurant named Official All Star Caf\u00e9 in April 1996.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8li\u02d0t p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b w\u02c8e\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025btzki, d\u0292\u02c8o\u028a m\u0251\u02d0nt\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259, \u0283\u02c8\u00e6kw\u026al o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0l, k\u02c8\u025bn \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026afi d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279., \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0md \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0251\u02d0nt n\u02c8e\u026amd \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u00e6f\u02c8e\u026a \u026an \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "In 1999, he paid $1\u00a0million for a 10 percent stake in Nevada First Bank and made a $10\u00a0million profit when it was sold to Western Alliance Bancorp in 2006.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, hi\u02d0 p\u02c8e\u026ad d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n f\u025a\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ak \u026an n\u1d7bv\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026at w\u025bn \u026at w\u028cz s\u02c8o\u028ald t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u0250l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bko\u02d0\u0279p \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "In 2002, he joined the Tennis Channel to promote the channel to consumers and cable and satellite industry, and made an equity investment in the network.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, hi\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025az \u00e6nd k\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026at \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i, \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250n \u02c8\u025bkw\u1d7b\u027ei \u026anv\u02c8\u025bstm\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "After meeting chef Michael Mina at one of his restaurants in San Francisco, Agassi partnered with him in 2002 to start Mina Group Inc. and opened 18 concept restaurants in San Francisco, San Jose, Dana Point, Atlantic City and Las Vegas.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u025bf m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 \u00e6t w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0251\u02d0nts \u026an s\u02cc\u00e6n f\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026asko\u028a, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02cc\u026am \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02c8\u026a\u014bk. \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0251\u02d0nts \u026an s\u02cc\u00e6n f\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026asko\u028a, s\u02cc\u00e6n ho\u028as\u02c8e\u026a, d\u02c8e\u026an\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s."}, {"text": "Agassi was an equity investor of a group that acquired Golden Nugget Las Vegas and Golden Nugget Laughlin from MGM Mirage for $215\u00a0million in 2004.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz \u0250n \u02c8\u025bkw\u1d7b\u027ei \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n n\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u026at l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n n\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u026at l\u02c8\u00e6fl\u026an f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u025bmd\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "One year later, the group sold the hotel-casino to Landry's, Inc. for $163\u00a0million in cash and $182\u00a0million in assumed debt.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p s\u02c8o\u028ald \u00f0\u0259 ho\u028at\u02c8\u025blk\u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279iz, \u02c8\u026a\u014bk. f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md d\u02c8\u025bt."}, {"text": "They invested in PURE, a nightclub at Caesars Palace, which opened in 2004, and sold it to Angel Management Group in 2010.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279, \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026atkl\u028cb \u00e6t s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u025az p\u02c8\u00e6l\u026as, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028ald \u026at t\u028a \u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "In August 2006, Agassi and Graf developed a joint venture with high-end furniture maker Kreiss Enterprises.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ant v\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8\u025bnd f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026at\u0283\u025a m\u02c8e\u026ak\u025a k\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ap\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In September, Agassi and Graf, through their company Agassi Graf Development LLC, along with Bayview Financial LP, finalized an agreement to develop a condominium hotel, Fairmont Tamarack, at Tamarack Resort in Donnelly, Idaho.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f, \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bls\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8e\u026avju\u02d0 fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u025blp\u02c8i\u02d0, f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u0250n \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259m\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl, f\u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u0254nt t\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250\u0279\u02cc\u00e6k, \u00e6t t\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250\u0279\u02cc\u00e6k \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u026an d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259li, \u02c8a\u026ad\u0259h\u02cco\u028a."}, {"text": "In September, they collaborated with Steve Case's Exclusive Resorts to co-develop luxury resorts and design Agassi-Graf Tennis and Fitness Centers.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a, \u00f0e\u026a k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8i\u02d0v k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026av \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts t\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ad\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p l\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az."}, {"text": "They also invested in online ticket reseller viagogo in 2009 and both serve as board members and advisors of the company.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nla\u026an t\u02c8\u026ak\u026at \u0279i\u02d0s\u02c8\u025bl\u025a v\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6z b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u00e6nd \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026az\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni."}, {"text": "In October 2012, Village Roadshow and investors including Agassi and Graf announced plans to build a new water park called Wet'n'Wild Las Vegas in Las Vegas.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv, v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0283o\u028a \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst pl\u02c8\u00e6nz t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u025btnw\u026ald l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s."}, {"text": "Village Roadshow has a 51% stake in the park while Agassi, Graf, and other private investors hold the remaining 49%.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0283o\u028a h\u0250z \u0250 f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ak \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u025az h\u02c8o\u028ald \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "IMG managed Agassi from the time he turned pro in 1986 through January 2000 before switching to SFX Sports Group.", "phonemes": "\u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bmd\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bks sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "His business manager, lawyer and agent was childhood friend Perry Rogers, but they have been estranged since 2008.", "phonemes": "h\u026az b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u025a, l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt w\u028cz t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd p\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025az, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a h\u0250vb\u026an \u025bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "He later switched to Head Ti Radical racket and Head's LiquidMetal Radical racket, having signed a multimillion-dollar endorsement deal with Head in 1993.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283t t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd t\u02c8a\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026at \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bdz l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026at, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026and \u0250 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026am\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nd\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sm\u0259nt d\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u025bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "A major reason for Agassi leaving Nike was because Nike refused to donate to Agassi's charities, and Adidas did.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026ak w\u028cz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz n\u02c8a\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 do\u028an\u02c8e\u026at t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6d\u026ad\u0259z d\u02c8\u026ad."}, {"text": "Agassi was sponsored by DuPont, Ebel, Mountain Dew in 1993, Mazda in 1997, Kia Motors in 2002, American Express and Deutsche Bank in 2003.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025ad ba\u026a d\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0254nt, \u02c8\u025bb\u0259l, m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, m\u02c8\u00e6zd\u0259 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, k\u02c8i\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0254\u026at\u0283 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "In 1990, he appeared in a television commercial for Canon Inc., promoting the Canon EOS Rebel camera.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti, hi\u02d0 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk., p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n \u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u02c8\u025bb\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Between 1999 and 2000, he signed a multimillion-dollar, multiyear endorsement deal with Schick and became the worldwide spokesman for the company.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, hi\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u026and \u0250 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026am\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nd\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a, m\u02c8\u028cltij\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sm\u0259nt d\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 sk\u02c8\u026ak \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad sp\u02c8o\u028aksm\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni."}, {"text": "In mid-2003, he was named the spokesman of Aramis Life, a fragrance by Aramis, and signed a five-year deal with the company.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8o\u028aksm\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0miz l\u02c8a\u026af, \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259ns ba\u026a \u00e6\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0miz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026and \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026avj\u02c8\u026a\u0279 d\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni."}, {"text": "In March 2004, he signed a ten-year agreement worth $1.5\u00a0million a year with 24 Hour Fitness, which will open five Andre Agassi fitness centers by year-end.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, hi\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u026and \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bnj\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn.f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u025a f\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u026al \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si f\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az ba\u026a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd."}, {"text": "Prior to the 2012 Australian Open, Agassi and Australian winemaker Jacobs Creek announced a three-year partnership and created the Open Film Series to \"[share] personal stories about the life defining moments that shaped his character on and off the court.\"", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n w\u02c8a\u026anme\u026ak\u025a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259bz k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u0250 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u00e6nd k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n f\u02c8\u026alm s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz tu\u02d0 \"\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279iz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026af d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283\u02c8e\u026apt h\u026az k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t.\""}, {"text": "They both endorsed Deutsche Telekom in 2002, Genworth Financial and Canon Inc. in 2004, LVMH in 2007, and Nintendo Wii and Wii Fit U and Longines in 2013.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st d\u02c8\u0254\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u0259m \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnw\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk. \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u02cc\u025blv\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bm\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00e6nd n\u026ant\u02c8\u025bndo\u028a w\u02c8i\u02d0\u02d0 \u00e6nd w\u02c8i\u02d0\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026at j\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026anz \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "In the early 1990s, after dating Wendi Stewart, Agassi dated American singer and entertainer Barbra Streisand.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025bndi st\u02c8u\u02d0\u025at, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bnt\u025at\u02c8e\u026an\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0279\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "He wrote about the relationship in his 2009 autobiography, \"We agree that we're good for each other, and so what if she's twenty-eight years older?", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u026an h\u026az t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028aba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, \"wi\u02d0 \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t w\u026a\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a w\u028ct \u026af \u0283i\u02d0z tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u02c8e\u026at j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a?"}, {"text": "He married Steffi Graf on October 22, 2001, at their Las Vegas home; the only witnesses were their mothers.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id st\u02c8\u025bfi \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f \u02cc\u0254n \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s h\u02c8o\u028am; \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Long-time trainer Gil Reyes has been called one of Agassi's closest friends; some have described him as being a \"father figure\" to Agassi.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8a\u026am t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u026al \u0279\u02c8e\u026az h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz kl\u02c8o\u028as\u026ast f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz; s\u02cc\u028cm h\u00e6v d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026a \"f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a\" t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si."}, {"text": "In December 2008, Agassi's childhood friend and former business manager, Perry Rogers, sued Graf for $50,000 in management fees he claimed that she owed him.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u025a, p\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025az, s\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8\u026afti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt f\u02c8i\u02d0z hi\u02d0 kl\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028ad h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "Agassi's autobiography, Open: An Autobiography, (written with assistance from J. R. Moehringer), was published in November 2009.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028aba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n: \u0250n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028aba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. m\u02c8o\u028ah\u0279\u026a\u014b\u025a, w\u028cz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "In it, Agassi talks about his childhood and his unconventional Armenian father, who came to the United States from Iran, where he was a professional boxer.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u026at, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ks \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u026az t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad \u00e6nd h\u026az \u028c\u014bk\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025a."}, {"text": "Overly demanding and emotionally abusive to the whole family, his father groomed young Agassi for tennis greatness by building a tennis court in their backyard and sending Agassi to tennis boarding school under the supervision of Nick Bollettieri, who later coached and managed part of Agassi's professional career.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028av\u025ali d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026av t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0md j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atn\u0259s ba\u026a b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6kj\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u025av\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02cc\u026a\u0279i, h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8o\u028at\u0283t \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6siz p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "In response to this revelation, Roger Federer declared himself shocked and disappointed, while Marat Safin argued that Agassi should return his prize money and be stripped of his titles.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd, w\u02cca\u026al m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6t s\u02c8\u00e6f\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az m\u02c8\u028cni \u00e6nd bi\u02d0 st\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u028cv h\u026az t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In an interview with CBS, Agassi justified himself and asked for understanding, saying that \"It was a period in my life where I needed help.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6skt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b, s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u026at w\u028cz\u0250 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u026an ma\u026a l\u02c8a\u026af w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 a\u026a n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u025blp."}, {"text": "Agassi said that he had always hated tennis during his career because of the constant pressure it exerted on him.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az h\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u027e \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254n h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "In 2018, the book was listed on Esquire as one of \"The 30 Best Sports Books Ever Written\", and was also recommended by self-help author Tim Ferriss who described it as \"very candid, very amusing, and very instructional\".", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak w\u028cz l\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u025bskw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \"\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei b\u02c8\u025bst sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts b\u02c8\u028aks \u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329\", \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025blfh\u02c8\u025blp \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a t\u02c8\u026am f\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026as h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u026a\u027e \u00e6z \"v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ad, v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0250mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "In 2017, Agassi appeared in the documentary film Love Means Zero, which highlighted the troubled relationship between his coach Nick Bollettieri and him.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u026alm l\u02c8\u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0nz z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u0259ld \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n h\u026az k\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 n\u02c8\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02cc\u026a\u0279i \u00e6nd h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "On September 1, 2010, when he appeared on daily WNYC public radio program The Brian Lehrer Show, he stated that he is registered as Independent.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, w\u02cc\u025bn hi\u02d0 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u02cc\u0254n d\u02c8e\u026ali d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u02c8\u026ak p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n l\u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a, hi\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u025ad \u00e6z \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Agassi founded the Andre Agassi Charitable Association in 1994, which assists Las Vegas' young people.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250s\u02c8\u026asts l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s j\u02c8\u028c\u014b p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "He was awarded the ATP Arthur Ashe Humanitarian award in 1995 for his efforts to help disadvantaged youth.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0283 hj\u02ccu\u02d0m\u0250n\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp d\u02cc\u026as\u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292d j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "His Boys & Girls Club sees 2,000 children throughout the year and boasts a world-class junior tennis team.", "phonemes": "h\u026az b\u02c8\u0254\u026az \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0lz kl\u02c8\u028cb s\u02c8i\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028asts \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldkl\u02c8\u00e6s d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0nj\u025a t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as t\u02c8i\u02d0m."}, {"text": "It also has a basketball program (the Agassi Stars) and a rigorous system that encourages a mix of academics and athletics.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u0250z \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6sk\u026atb\u02cc\u0254\u02d0l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0250 m\u02c8\u026aks \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026aks \u00e6nd \u00e6\u03b8l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks."}, {"text": "In 2001, Agassi opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas, a tuition-free charter school for at-risk children in the area.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s, \u0250 tu\u02d0\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nf\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t\u0279\u02c8\u026ask t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "In 2009, the graduating class had a 100 percent graduation rate and expected a 100 percent college acceptance rate.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6dju\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8\u00e6s h\u00e6d \u0250 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u0250 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259ns \u0279\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Among other child-related programs that Agassi supports through his Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation is Clark County's only residential facility for abused and neglected children, Child Haven.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k k\u02c8a\u028antiz \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u1d7bd\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6nd n\u1d7b\u0261l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n, t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald h\u02c8e\u026av\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1997, Agassi donated funding to Child Haven for a six-room classroom building now named the Agassi Center for Education.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u028cnd\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald h\u02c8e\u026av\u0259n f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u0279u\u02d0m b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u028a n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "His foundation also provided $720,000 to assist in the building of the Andre Agassi Cottage for Medically Fragile Children.", "phonemes": "h\u026az fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ad\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026akli f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "This 20-bed facility opened in December 2001, and accommodates developmentally delayed or handicapped children and children quarantined for infectious diseases.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as tw\u02c8\u025bntib\u02c8\u025bd f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259d\u02cce\u026ats d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ak\u02cc\u00e6pt t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026anf\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259s d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In 2007, along with several other athletes, Agassi founded the charity Athletes for Hope, which helps professional athletes get involved in charitable causes and aims to inspire all people to volunteer and support their communities.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8li\u02d0ts, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8li\u02d0ts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8o\u028ap, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u025blps p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8li\u02d0ts \u0261\u025bt \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026amz t\u028a \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0259 v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "He created the Canyon-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund, now known as the Turner-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz f\u02c8\u028cnd, n\u02c8a\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz f\u02c8\u028cnd."}, {"text": "The Fund is an investment initiative for social change, focusing on the \"nationwide effort to move charters from stopgap buildings into permanent campuses.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028cnd \u026az \u0250n \u026anv\u02c8\u025bstm\u0259nt \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283i\u0259t\u02cc\u026av f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \"n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nw\u02cca\u026ad \u02c8\u025bf\u025at t\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az f\u0279\u028cm st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0261\u00e6p b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In September 2013, the Andre Agassi Foundation for Education formed a partnership with V20 Foods to launch Box Budd!es, a line of kids' healthy snacks.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8u\u02d0dz t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks b\u02c8\u028cd!\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv k\u02c8\u026adz h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i sn\u02c8\u00e6ks."}, {"text": "In February 2014, Agassi remodeled the vacant University of Phoenix building in Las Vegas as a new school, called the Doral Academy West through the Canyon-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259ld \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259nt j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv f\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026aks b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi w\u02c8\u025bst \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz f\u02c8\u028cnd."}, {"text": "The Fund purchased a 4.6-acre plot in Henderson, Nevada, to house the Somerset Academy of Las Vegas, which will relocate from its campus inside a church.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028cnd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026ast \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.s\u02c8\u026aks\u02c8e\u026ak\u025a pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u026an h\u02c8\u025bnd\u025as\u0259n, n\u1d7bv\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259, t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u0259s\u02cc\u025bt \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u026al \u0279\u1d7blo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026at f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats k\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259s \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "On April 2, 2023, Agassi participated with Michael Chang, Andy Roddick and John McEnroe in the first live airing of Pickleball on ESPN in the Million dollar Pickleball Slam at the Hard Rock Casino in Hollywood, Fla.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u014b, \u02c8\u00e6ndi \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n m\u0259k \u025bn\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv p\u02c8\u026akl\u026ab\u02cc\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u0254n \u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a p\u02c8\u026akl\u026ab\u02cc\u0254\u02d0l sl\u02c8\u00e6m \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k k\u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad, fl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0."}, {"text": "He is the 5th of 8 male players in history (after Budge, Perry, Laver and Emerson, and before Federer, Nadal and Djokovic) to achieve this.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u028cv \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8e\u026al pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u026an h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292, p\u02c8\u025b\u0279i, l\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bm\u025as\u0259n, \u00e6nd b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u025a, n\u02c8e\u026ad\u0259l \u00e6nd d\u0292\u0259k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ak t\u028a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u02c8\u026as."}, {"text": "These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis and in ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series since 1990.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025adz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8e\u026and \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as \u00e6nd \u026an \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti."}, {"text": "Considered by numerous sources to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time, Agassi has also been called one of the greatest service returners ever to play the game, and was described by the BBC upon his retirement as \"perhaps the biggest worldwide star in the sport's history\".", "phonemes": "k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad ba\u026a n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8a\u026am, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025az \u02c8\u025bv\u025a t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026am, \u00e6nd w\u028cz d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n h\u026az \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt \u00e6z \"p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u026ast w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i\"."}, {"text": "On July 9, 2011, Agassi was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame at a ceremony in Newport, Rhode Island.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si w\u028cz \u026and\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv f\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0po\u02d0\u0279t, \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Charlie Rose with Andre Agassi (May 7, 2001) Charlie Rose, Inc., DVD Release Date: August 15, 2006, Run Time: 57\u00a0minutes.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279li \u0279\u02c8o\u028az w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si m\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279li \u0279\u02c8o\u028az, \u02c8\u026a\u014bk., d\u02cci\u02d0v\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s d\u02c8e\u026at: \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, \u0279\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8a\u026am: f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats."}, {"text": "Andre Agassi Tennis for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Genesis, Game Gear, Master System]. and mobile phones", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u00e6si t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a n\u026ant\u02c8\u025bndo\u028a \u02cc\u025bnt\u025at\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bs\u02cc\u026as, \u0261\u02c8e\u026am \u0261\u02c8\u026a\u0279, m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m. \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l f\u02c8o\u028anz"}, {"text": "The Austroasiatic languages   are a large language family spoken throughout mainland Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "These languages are natively spoken by the majority of the population in Vietnam and Cambodia, and by minority populations scattered throughout parts of Thailand, Laos, India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Nepal, and southern China.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026avli sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u00e6nd k\u00e6mb\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259, \u00e6nd ba\u026a ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz sk\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025ad \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, l\u02c8a\u028az, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, mj\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nm\u0251\u02d0\u0279, m\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, b\u02cc\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u0250d\u02c8\u025b\u0283, n\u025bp\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259."}, {"text": "Approximately 117 million people speak an Austroasiatic language, of which more than two-thirds are Vietnamese speakers.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0250n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02cci\u02d0\u025btn\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0z sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az."}, {"text": "Of the Austroasiatic languages, only Vietnamese, Khmer, and Mon have lengthy, established presences in the  historical record.", "phonemes": "\u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u02c8o\u028anli v\u02cci\u02d0\u025btn\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0z, km\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8i, \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad."}, {"text": "Only two are presently considered to be the national languages of sovereign states: Vietnamese in Vietnam, and Khmer in Cambodia.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an st\u02c8e\u026ats: v\u02cci\u02d0\u025btn\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0z \u026an v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, \u00e6nd km\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an k\u00e6mb\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259."}, {"text": "The Mon language is a recognized indigenous language in Myanmar and Thailand, while  the Wa language is a 'recognized national language' in the de facto autonomous Wa State within Myanmar.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026an mj\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nm\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kto\u028a \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an mj\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nm\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "These form thirteen established families (plus perhaps Shompen, which is poorly attested, as a fourteenth), which have traditionally been grouped into two, as Mon\u2013Khmer, and Munda.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz pl\u02c8\u028cs p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az p\u02c8\u028a\u0279li \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd, \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n\u03b8, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6v t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li b\u02cc\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6z m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n km\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259."}, {"text": "However, one recent classification posits three groups (Munda, Mon-Khmer, and Khasi\u2013Khmuic), while another has abandoned Mon\u2013Khmer as a taxon altogether, making it synonymous with the larger family.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bkm\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0si k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ak, w\u02cca\u026al \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u0250z \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n km\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026at s\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026am\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali."}, {"text": "Austroasiatic languages appear to be the extant autochthonous languages in mainland Southeast Asia, with the neighboring Kra\u2013Dai, Hmong-Mien, Austronesian, and Sino-Tibetan languages having arrived via later migrations.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259bi \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u00e6nt \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028at\u0283\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259s l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026a, \u02c8e\u026at\u0283m\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261m\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a\u027e\u026ab\u02c8\u025bt\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a ma\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The name Austroasiatic was coined by Wilhelm Schmidt () based on , the Latin word for \"South\" (but idiosyncratically used by Schmidt to refer to the southeast), and \"Asia\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0254\u026and ba\u026a w\u02c8\u026alh\u025blm \u0283m\u02c8\u026at b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02c8\u0254n , \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8\" b\u02cc\u028ct \u02cc\u026ad\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u0283m\u02c8\u026at t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st, \u00e6nd \"\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259\"."}, {"text": "Despite the literal meaning of its name, only three Austroasiatic branches are actually spoken in South Asia: Khasic, Munda, and Nicobarese.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u026ats n\u02c8e\u026am, \u02c8o\u028anli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259: k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ak, m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259b\u02cc\u025b\u0279s."}, {"text": "Regarding word structure, Austroasiatic languages are well known for having an iambic \"sesquisyllabic\" pattern, with basic nouns and verbs consisting of an initial, unstressed, reduced minor syllable followed by a stressed, full syllable.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bl n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250n a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6mb\u026ak \"s\u02cc\u025bskw\u026az\u026al\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ak\" p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025an, w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak n\u02c8a\u028anz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u0259v\u0259n \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l, \u028cnst\u0279\u02c8\u025bst, \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u025bst, f\u02c8\u028al s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "This reduction of presyllables has led to a variety of phonological shapes of the same original Proto-Austroasiatic prefixes, such as the causative prefix, ranging from CVC syllables to consonant clusters to single consonants among the modern languages.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u026as\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259lz h\u0250z l\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0283\u02c8e\u026aps \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u0259t\u02cc\u026av p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks, \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm s\u02cci\u02d0v\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259lz t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt kl\u02c8\u028cst\u025az t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "As for word formation, most Austroasiatic languages have a variety of derivational prefixes, many have infixes, but suffixes are almost completely non-existent in most branches except Munda, and a few specialized exceptions in other Austroasiatic branches.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u00e6v \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv d\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz, m\u02c8\u025bni h\u00e6v \u026anf\u02c8\u026aks\u1d7bz, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259, \u00e6nd \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The Austroasiatic languages are further characterized as having unusually large vowel inventories and employing some sort of register contrast, either between modal (normal) voice and breathy (lax) voice or between modal voice and creaky voice.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u02c8\u026anv\u0259nt\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz \u00e6nd \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259l n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u03b8i l\u02c8\u00e6ks v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259l v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ki v\u02c8\u0254\u026as."}, {"text": "Languages in the Pearic branch and some in the Vietic branch can have a three- or even four-way voicing contrast.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259t\u02c8\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 k\u00e6n h\u00e6v \u0250 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279w\u02c8e\u026a v\u02c8\u0254\u026as\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st."}, {"text": "However, some Austroasiatic languages have lost the register contrast by evolving more diphthongs or in a few cases, such as Vietnamese, tonogenesis.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02cc\u028cm \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u0254st \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st ba\u026a \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u03b8\u0251\u02d0\u014bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z v\u02cci\u02d0\u025btn\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0z, t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bs\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "Vietnamese has been so heavily influenced by Chinese that its original Austroasiatic phonological quality is obscured and now resembles that of South Chinese languages, whereas Khmer, which had more influence from Sanskrit, has retained a more typically Austroasiatic structure.", "phonemes": "v\u02cci\u02d0\u025btn\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0z h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u02cco\u028a h\u02c8\u025bvili \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u026ats \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az \u0259bskj\u02c8\u028a\u0279d \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u028a \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z km\u02c8\u026a\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at, h\u0250z \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026and \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Much work has been done on the reconstruction of Proto-Mon\u2013Khmer in Harry L. Shorto's Mon\u2013Khmer Comparative Dictionary.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u02c8\u028cn \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n km\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u02c8\u025bl. \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027eo\u028az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n km\u02c8\u026a\u0279 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i."}, {"text": "With their demotion from a primary branch, Proto-Mon\u2013Khmer becomes synonymous with Proto-Austroasiatic.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283, p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n km\u02c8\u026a\u0279 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz s\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026am\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "This is identical to earlier reconstructions except for .   is better preserved in the Katuic languages, which Sidwell has specialized in.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 .   \u026az b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u00e6t\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl h\u0250z sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "Linguists traditionally recognize two primary divisions of Austroasiatic: the Mon\u2013Khmer languages of Southeast Asia, Northeast India and the Nicobar Islands, and the Munda languages of East and Central India and parts of Bangladesh and Nepal.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026asts t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak: \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n km\u02c8\u026a\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv b\u02cc\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u0250d\u02c8\u025b\u0283 \u00e6nd n\u025bp\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "In addition to the traditional classification, two recent proposals are given, neither of which accepts traditional \"Mon\u2013Khmer\" as a valid unit.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n, n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpts t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \"m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n km\u02c8\u026a\u0279\" \u00e6z \u0250 v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ad j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at."}, {"text": "However, little of the data used for competing classifications has ever been published, and therefore cannot be evaluated by peer review.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u0250z \u02c8\u025bv\u025a b\u02cc\u026an p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u026av\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "In addition, there are suggestions that additional branches of Austroasiatic might be preserved in substrata of Acehnese in Sumatra (Diffloth), the Chamic languages of Vietnam, and the Land Dayak languages of Borneo (Adelaar 1995).", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026an s\u028cbst\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 \u028cv \u0250se\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u026an su\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8\u026afl\u0251\u02d0\u03b8, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u02c8e\u026a\u00e6k l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u0250d\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Diffloth's widely cited original classification, now abandoned by Diffloth himself, is used in Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica and\u2014except for the breakup of Southern Mon\u2013Khmer\u2014in Ethnologue.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026afl\u0251\u02d0\u03b8z w\u02c8a\u026adli s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u028a \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd ba\u026a d\u02c8\u026afl\u0251\u02d0\u03b8 h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf, \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u025bns\u02cca\u026akl\u0259p\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259 b\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd\u2014\u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u028cp \u028cv s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n km\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u2014\u026an \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261."}, {"text": "This means that languages can appear to be more distantly related than they actually are due to language contact.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz k\u00e6n \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259bi m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ntli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "Indeed, when Sidwell (2009) replicated Peiros's study with languages known well enough to account for loans, he did not find the internal (branching) structure below.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d, w\u02cc\u025bn s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bpl\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028az\u1d7bz st\u02c8\u028cdi w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz n\u02c8o\u028an w\u02c8\u025bl \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028anz, hi\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Diffloth compares reconstructions of various clades, and attempts to classify them based on shared innovations, though like other classifications the evidence has not been published.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026afl\u0251\u02d0\u03b8 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s kl\u02c8e\u026adz, \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts t\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns h\u0259zn\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cc\u026an p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t."}, {"text": "Vietic: 10 languages of Vietnam and Laos, including Muong and Vietnamese, which has the most speakers of any Austroasiatic language.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259t\u02c8\u026ak: t\u02c8\u025bn l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u028az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u00e6nd v\u02cci\u02d0\u025btn\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0z, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Paul Sidwell (2009), in a lexicostatistical comparison of 36 languages which are well known enough to exclude loanwords, finds little evidence for internal branching, though he did find an area of increased contact between the Bahnaric and Katuic languages, such that languages of all branches apart from the geographically distant Munda and Nicobarese show greater similarity to Bahnaric and Katuic the closer they are to those branches, without any noticeable innovations common to Bahnaric and Katuic.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, \u026an \u0250 l\u02cc\u025bks\u026ak\u02cc\u0254st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bl n\u02c8o\u028an \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u028a \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d l\u02c8o\u028anw\u025c\u02d0dz, f\u02c8a\u026andz l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad f\u02c8a\u026and \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 b\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak \u00e6nd k\u00e6t\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026akli d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259 \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259b\u02cc\u025b\u0279s \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 b\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak \u00e6nd k\u00e6t\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u02cc\u025bni n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as\u0259b\u0259l \u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0259 b\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak \u00e6nd k\u00e6t\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ak."}, {"text": "He therefore takes the conservative view that the thirteen branches of Austroasiatic should be treated as equidistant on current evidence.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u02cci\u02d0kw\u026ad\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Sidwell & Blench (2011) discuss this proposal in more detail, and note that there is good evidence for a Khasi\u2013Palaungic node, which could also possibly be closely related to Khmuic.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u026an m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026al, \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u025a\u0279\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0si p\u00e6l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u026ak n\u02c8o\u028ad, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli bi\u02d0 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ak."}, {"text": "If this would the case, Sidwell & Blench suggest that Khasic may have been an early offshoot of Palaungic that had spread westward.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u026as w\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as, s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ak m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8\u0254f\u0283u\u02d0t \u028cv p\u00e6l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u026ak \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd w\u02c8\u025bstw\u025ad."}, {"text": "Sidwell & Blench (2011) suggest Shompen as an additional branch, and believe that a Vieto-Katuic connection is worth investigating.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250n \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283, \u00e6nd b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 v\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259t\u02c8o\u028ak\u00e6t\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ak k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In general, however, the family is thought to have diversified too quickly for a deeply nested structure to have developed, since Proto-Austroasiatic speakers are believed by Sidwell to have radiated out from the central Mekong river valley relatively quickly.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u026az \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 h\u00e6v da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u026akli f\u025a\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0pli n\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a t\u0259 h\u00e6v d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt, s\u02c8\u026ans p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8a\u028at f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a v\u02c8\u00e6li \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli kw\u02c8\u026akli."}, {"text": "Subsequently, Sidwell (2015a: 179) proposed that Nicobarese subgroups with Aslian, just as how Khasian and Palaungic subgroup with each other.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli, s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026a: w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259b\u02cc\u025b\u0279s s\u02c8\u028cb\u0261\u0279u\u02d0ps w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250sl\u02c8\u026a\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6z h\u02cca\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u00e6l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cb\u0261\u0279u\u02d0p w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "A subsequent computational phylogenetic analysis (Sidwell 2015b) suggests that Austroasiatic branches may have a loosely nested structure rather than a completely rake-like structure, with an east\u2013west division (consisting of Munda, Khasic, Palaungic, and Khmuic forming a western group as opposed to all of the other branches) occurring possibly as early as 7,000 years before present.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02cca\u026alo\u028ad\u0292n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n b\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0sli n\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u0279\u02c8e\u026akl\u02c8a\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u025bst d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ak, p\u00e6l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u026ak, \u00e6nd k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli \u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6z s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Integrating computational phylogenetic linguistics with recent archaeological findings, Paul Sidwell (2015c) further expanded his Mekong riverine hypothesis by proposing that Austroasiatic had ultimately expanded into Indochina from the Lingnan area of southern China, with the subsequent Mekong riverine dispersal taking place after the initial arrival of Neolithic farmers from southern China.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02cca\u026alo\u028ad\u0292n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014bz, p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd h\u026az m\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0n ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as ba\u026a p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak h\u00e6d \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02cc\u026ando\u028at\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bn\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt m\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0n d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259."}, {"text": "Sidwell (2015c) tentatively suggests that Austroasiatic may have begun to split up 5,000 years B.P. during the Neolithic transition era of mainland Southeast Asia, with all the major branches of Austroasiatic formed by 4,000 B.P. Austroasiatic would have had two possible dispersal routes from the western periphery of the Pearl River watershed of Lingnan, which would have been either a coastal route down the coast of Vietnam, or downstream through the Mekong River via Yunnan.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 spl\u02c8\u026at \u02cc\u028cp f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z b\u02c8i\u02d0.p\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02c8i\u02d0.p\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u028adh\u0250v h\u00e6d t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u028ats f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u025bd \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u014bn\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028adh\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u028at d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ast \u028cv v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8a\u028anst\u0279i\u02d0m \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 j\u02c8\u028cn\u0259n."}, {"text": "Both the reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Austroasiatic and the archaeological record clearly show that early Austroasiatic speakers around 4,000 B.P. cultivated rice and millet, kept livestock such as dogs, pigs, and chickens, and thrived mostly in estuarine rather than coastal environments.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02c8i\u02d0.p\u02c8i\u02d0. k\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8a\u026as \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026al\u026at, k\u02c8\u025bpt l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z, \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u026ak\u026anz, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd m\u02c8o\u028astli \u026an \u02c8\u025bstu\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279i\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "At 4,500 B.P., this \"Neolithic package\" suddenly arrived in Indochina from the Lingnan area without cereal grains and displaced the earlier pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherer cultures, with grain husks found in northern Indochina by 4,100 B.P. and in southern Indochina by 3,800 B.P.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02c8i\u02d0.p\u02c8i\u02d0., \u00f0\u02c8\u026as \"n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ad\u0292\" s\u02c8\u028cd\u0259nli \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u026an \u02cc\u026ando\u028at\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bn\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz \u00e6nd d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak h\u02c8\u028cnt\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026an h\u02c8\u028csks f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u02cc\u026ando\u028at\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 ba\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02c8i\u02d0.p\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00e6nd \u026an s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u02cc\u026ando\u028at\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 ba\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,\u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02c8i\u02d0.p\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "However, Sidwell (2015c) found that iron is not reconstructable in Proto-Austroasiatic, since each Austroasiatic branch has different terms for iron that had been borrowed relatively lately from Tai, Chinese, Tibetan, Malay, and other languages.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0259b\u0259l \u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 h\u0250z d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250db\u026an b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8e\u026atli f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8a\u026a, t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z, t\u026ab\u02c8\u025bt\u0259n, m\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "During the Iron Age about 2,500 B.P., relatively young Austroasiatic branches in Indochina such as Vietic, Katuic, Pearic, and Khmer were formed, while the more internally diverse Bahnaric branch (dating to about 3,000 B.P.) underwent more extensive internal diversification.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8u\u02d0,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02c8i\u02d0.p\u02c8i\u02d0., \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u026an \u02cc\u026ando\u028at\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z v\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259t\u02c8\u026ak, k\u00e6t\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ak, p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak, \u00e6nd km\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259li da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s b\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02c8i\u02d0.p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02cc\u028cnd\u025aw\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l da\u026av\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "By the Iron Age, all of the Austroasiatic branches were more or less in their present-day locations, with most of the diversification within Austroasiatic taking place during the Iron Age.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntd\u02c8e\u026a lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 da\u026av\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026as d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Paul Sidwell (2018) considers the Austroasiatic language family to have rapidly diversified around 4,000 years B.P. during the arrival of rice agriculture in Indochina, but notes that the origin of Proto-Austroasiatic itself is older than that date.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z b\u02c8i\u02d0.p\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv \u0279\u02c8a\u026as \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02cc\u026ando\u028at\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf \u026az \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The early stratum consists of basic lexicon including body parts, animal names, natural features, and pronouns, while the names of cultural items (agriculture terms and words for cultural artifacts, which are reconstructible in Proto-Austroasiatic) form part of the later stratum.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026amz, n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028anz, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02cc\u00e6kts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bb\u0259l \u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m."}, {"text": "Roger Blench (2017) suggests that vocabulary related to aquatic subsistence strategies (such as boats, waterways, river fauna, and fish capture techniques) can be reconstructed for Proto-Austroasiatic.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a bl\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t vo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6bj\u028al\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292iz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u02c8o\u028ats, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025aw\u02cce\u026az, \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n\u0259, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Blench (2017) finds widespread Austroasiatic roots for 'river, valley', 'boat', 'fish', 'catfish sp.', 'eel', 'prawn', 'shrimp' (Central Austroasiatic), 'crab', 'tortoise', 'turtle', 'otter', 'crocodile', 'heron, fishing bird', and 'fish trap'.", "phonemes": "bl\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n f\u02c8a\u026andz w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a, v\u02c8\u00e6li, b\u02c8o\u028at, f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, k\u02c8\u00e6tf\u026a\u0283 \u02cc\u025bsp\u02c8i\u02d0., \u02c8i\u02d0l, p\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n, \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u026amp s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6b, t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259s, t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a, k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259d\u02cca\u026al, h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259n, f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p."}, {"text": "Archaeological evidence for the presence of agriculture in northern Indochina (northern Vietnam, Laos, and other nearby areas) dates back to only about 4,000 years ago (2,000 BC), with agriculture ultimately being introduced from further up to the north in the Yangtze valley where it has been dated to 6,000 B.P.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u02cc\u026ando\u028at\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, l\u02c8a\u028az, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z d\u02c8e\u026ats b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014btsi v\u02c8\u00e6li w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02c8i\u02d0.p\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Sidwell (2022) proposes that the locus of Proto-Austroasiatic was in the Red River Delta area about 4,000-4,500 years before present, instead of the Middle Mekong as he had previously proposed.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u028cz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a d\u02c8\u025blt\u0259 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt, \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u00e6z hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd."}, {"text": "Khmuic, Palaungic, and Khasic resulted from a westward dispersal that ultimately came from the Red Valley valley.", "phonemes": "k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ak, p\u00e6l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u026ak, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ak \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 w\u02c8\u025bstw\u025ad d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli k\u02c8e\u026am f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd v\u02c8\u00e6li v\u02c8\u00e6li."}, {"text": "Based on their current distributions, about half of all Austroasiatic branches (including Nicobaric and Munda) can be traced to coastal maritime dispersals.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02cc\u026ak\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ast t\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026at\u02cca\u026am d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Hence, this points to a relatively late riverine dispersal of Austroasiatic as compared to Sino-Tibetan, whose speakers had a distinct non-riverine culture.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bns, \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants t\u028a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0n d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6z k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a\u027e\u026ab\u02c8\u025bt\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0z sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az h\u00e6d \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "In addition to living an aquatic-based lifestyle, early Austroasiatic speakers would have also had access to livestock, crops, and newer types of watercraft.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akb\u02c8e\u026ast l\u02c8a\u026afsta\u026al, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az w\u028adh\u0250v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6d \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k, k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps, \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ak\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "As early Austroasiatic speakers dispersed rapidly via waterways, they would have encountered speakers of older language families who were already settled in the area, such as Sino-Tibetan.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025aw\u02cce\u026az, \u00f0e\u026a w\u028adh\u0250v \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u028cv \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ld \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a\u027e\u026ab\u02c8\u025bt\u0259n."}, {"text": "Sidwell (2018) (quoted in Sidwell 2021) gives a more nested classification of Austroasiatic branches as suggested by his computational phylogenetic analysis of Austroasiatic languages using a 200-word list.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n kw\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6z s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u026az k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02cca\u026alo\u028ad\u0292n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adw\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d l\u02c8\u026ast."}, {"text": "Roger Blench (2009) also proposes that there might have been other primary branches of Austroasiatic that are now extinct, based on substrate evidence in modern-day languages.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a bl\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02cca\u026ath\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u028a \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0279e\u026at \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Chamic has various Austroasiatic loanwords that cannot be clearly traced to existing Austroasiatic branches (Sidwell 2006, 2007).", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak h\u0250z v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8o\u028anw\u025c\u02d0dz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ast t\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Larish (1999) also notes that Moklenic languages contain many Austroasiatic loanwords, some of which are similar to the ones found in Chamic.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u00e6t m\u0259kl\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8o\u028anw\u025c\u02d0dz, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnz f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak."}, {"text": "Acehnese has many basic words that are of Austroasiatic origin, suggesting that either Austronesian speakers have absorbed earlier Austroasiatic residents in northern Sumatra, or that words might have been borrowed from Austroasiatic languages in southern Vietnam \u2013 or perhaps a combination of both.", "phonemes": "\u0250se\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z h\u0250z m\u02c8\u025bni b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an, s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az h\u00e6v \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nts \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an su\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0279\u0259, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz m\u02cca\u026ath\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "Sidwell (2006) argues that Acehnese and Chamic had often borrowed Austroasiatic words independently of each other, while some Austroasiatic words can be traced back to Proto-Aceh-Chamic.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250se\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak h\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, w\u02cca\u026al s\u02cc\u028cm \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ast b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u0250s\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak."}, {"text": "Sidwell (2006) accepts that Acehnese and Chamic are related, but that they had separated from each other before Chamic had borrowed most of its Austroasiatic lexicon.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026adw\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250se\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak h\u00e6d b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u026ats \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n."}, {"text": "Blench cites Austroasiatic-origin words in modern-day Bornean branches such as Land Dayak (Bidayuh, Dayak Bakatiq, etc.), Dusunic (Central Dusun, Visayan, etc.), Kayan, and Kenyah, noting especially resemblances with Aslian.", "phonemes": "bl\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 s\u02c8a\u026ats \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z l\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u02c8e\u026a\u00e6k b\u02c8\u026ade\u026a\u02cc\u028c, d\u02c8e\u026a\u00e6k b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0250t\u02cc\u026ak, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259., du\u02d0sj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u028cn, v\u02c8\u026ase\u026a\u0259n, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259., k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0j\u0259n, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259, n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmbl\u0259ns\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250sl\u02c8\u026a\u0259n."}, {"text": "As further evidence for his proposal, Blench also cites ethnographic evidence such as musical instruments in Borneo shared in common with Austroasiatic-speaking groups in mainland Southeast Asia.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l, bl\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8a\u026ats \u02cc\u025b\u03b8n\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nts \u026an b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aksp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026an m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "Kaufman (2018) presents dozens of lexical comparisons showing similarities between various Bornean and Austroasiatic languages.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0fm\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nts d\u02c8\u028cz\u0259nz \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259nz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Many words of Austroasiatic origin have been noticed in Lepcha, suggesting a Sino-Tibetan superstrate laid over an Austroasiatic substrate.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an h\u0250vb\u026an n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026ast \u026an l\u02c8\u025bpt\u0283\u0259, s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a\u027e\u026ab\u02c8\u025bt\u0259n s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025ast\u0279\u02cce\u026at l\u02c8e\u026ad \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0279e\u026at."}, {"text": "Kerinci: van Reijn (1974) notes that Kerinci, a Malayic language of central Sumatra, shares many phonological similarities with Austroasiatic languages, such as sesquisyllabic word structure and vowel inventory.", "phonemes": "k\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u026ansa\u026a: v\u02c8\u00e6n \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u00e6t k\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u026ansa\u026a, \u0250 m\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l su\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0279\u0259, \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z m\u02c8\u025bni f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02cc\u025bskw\u026az\u026al\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u02c8\u026anv\u0259nt\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i."}, {"text": "John Peterson (2017) suggests that \"pre-Munda\" (\"proto-\" in regular terminology) languages may have once dominated the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain, and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025as\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259\"\"p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\" \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a t\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v w\u02c8\u028cns d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an \u02c8\u026ando\u028a\u0261\u00e6nd\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak pl\u02c8e\u026an, \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u026ando\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li d\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u02c8\u026ando\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u0259n sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u02c8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "Peterson notes that eastern Indo-Aryan languages display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of Munda languages, while western Indo-Aryan languages do not.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025as\u0259n n\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an \u02c8\u026ando\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u026ant\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, w\u02cca\u026al w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u02c8\u026ando\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz du\u02d0n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Other than Latin-based alphabets, many Austroasiatic languages are written with the Khmer, Thai, Lao, and Burmese alphabets.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026anb\u02c8e\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts, m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 km\u02c8\u026a\u0279, t\u02c8a\u026a, l\u02c8a\u028a, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts."}, {"text": "Austroasiatic is an integral part of the controversial Austric hypothesis, which also includes the Austronesian languages, and in some proposals also the Kra\u2013Dai languages and the Hmong\u2013Mien languages.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u026ak ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259lz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0283m\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261 m\u02c8i\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Several lexical resemblances are found between the Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic language families (Ratliff 2010), some of which had earlier been proposed by Haudricourt (1951).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmbl\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0283m\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6tl\u026af t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a b\u02cc\u026an p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u0279\u026ak\u02cco\u02d0\u0279t n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "According to Cai (et al. 2011), Hmong\u2013Mien people are genetically related to Austroasiatic speakers, and their languages were heavily influenced by Sino-Tibetan, especially Tibeto-Burman languages.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 k\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u00e6l. t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02c8e\u026at\u0283m\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261 m\u02c8i\u02d0n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bvili \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a\u027e\u026ab\u02c8\u025bt\u0259n, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li t\u026ab\u02c8\u025b\u027eo\u028ab\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "It is suggested that the Austroasiatic languages have some influence on Indo-Aryan languages including Sanskrit and middle Indo-Aryan languages.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u00e6v s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u026ando\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8\u026ando\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Indian linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji pointed that a specific number of substantives in languages such as Hindi, Punjabi and Bengali were borrowed from Munda languages.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026andi\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026ast sju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0\u027ei ku\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025ad\u0292i p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026avz \u026an l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z h\u02c8\u026andi, p\u028cnd\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bi \u00e6nd b\u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Additionally, French linguist Jean Przyluski suggested a similarity between the tales from the Austroasiatic realm and the Indian mythological stories of Matsyagandha (Satyavati from Mahabharata) and the N\u0101gas.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026ast d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279za\u026al\u02c8\u028cski s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026alz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u025blm \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n m\u02cc\u026a\u03b8\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279iz \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6ts\u026a\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u00e6ndh\u0259 s\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0250v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027ei f\u0279\u028cm m\u02cc\u00e6h\u0250bh\u0250\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259z."}, {"text": "Mitsuru Sakitani suggests that Haplogroup O1b1, which is common in Austroasiatic people and some other ethnic groups in southern China, and haplogroup O1b2, which is common in today's Japanese and Koreans, are the carriers of early rice agriculture from southern China.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026ats\u025a\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02cc\u00e6k\u026at\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u00e6pl\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0p \u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026an s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6pl\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0p \u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026az d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259nz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0279z \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0279\u02c8a\u026as \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259."}, {"text": "Another study suggests that the haplogroup O1b1 is the major Austroasiatic paternal lineage and O1b2 the \"para-Austroasiatic\" lineage of the Koreans and Yayoi people.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8\u028cdi s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6pl\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0p \u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u0259t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \"p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\" l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259nz \u00e6nd j\u02c8e\u026a\u0254\u026a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "A full genomic study by Lipson et al. (2018) identified a characteristic lineage that can be associated with the spread of Austroasiatic languages in Southeast Asia and which can be traced back to remains of Neolithic farmers from M\u00e1n B\u1ea1c (ca. 2000 BCE) in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam, and to closely related Ban Chiang and Vat Komnou remains in Thailand and Cambodia respectively.", "phonemes": "\u0250 f\u02c8\u028al d\u0292\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak st\u02c8\u028cdi ba\u026a l\u02c8\u026aps\u0259n \u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u00e6l. t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u0250 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ast b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n b\u02cci\u02d0l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02cc\u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0\u02cce\u026aw\u02cc\u028cns\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0. t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a d\u02c8\u025blt\u0259 \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, \u00e6nd t\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0283j\u02c8\u00e6\u014b \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u00e6t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mnu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u026an t\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u00e6nd k\u00e6mb\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "This Austroasiatic lineage can be modeled as a sister group of the Austronesian peoples with significant admixture (ca. 30%) from a deeply diverging eastern Eurasian source (modeled by the authors as sharing some genetic drift with the Onge, a modern Andamanese hunter-gatherer group) and which is ancestral to modern Austroasiatic-speaking groups of Southeast Asia such as the Mlabri and the Nicobarese, and partially to the Austroasiatic Munda-speaking groups of South Asia (e.g. the Juang).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259ld \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u0250dm\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0. \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 d\u02c8i\u02d0pli da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an ju\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259ld ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az \u00e6z \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak d\u0279\u02c8\u026aft w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292, \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02cc\u00e6nd\u0250m\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z h\u02c8\u028cnt\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00e6ns\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aksp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bml\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259b\u02cc\u025b\u0279s, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00f0\u0259 hw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261."}, {"text": "Significant levels of Austroasiatic ancestry were also found in Austronesian-speaking groups of Sumatra and Borneo.", "phonemes": "s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u0279i w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259nsp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv su\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u02cco\u028a."}, {"text": "Austroasiatic-speaking groups in southern China (such as the Wa and Blang in Yunnan) predominatly carry the same Mainland Southeast Asian Neolithic farmer ancestry, but with additional geneflow from northern and southern East Asian lineages that can be associated with the spread of Tibeto-Burman and Kra-Dai languages, respectively.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aksp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026an s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u00e6\u014b \u026an j\u02c8\u028cn\u0259n p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cc\u00e6tli k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u0279i, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026afl\u02cco\u028a f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv t\u026ab\u02c8\u025b\u027eo\u028ab\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "Larena et al. 2021 could reproduce the genetic evidence for the origin of Basal East Asians in Mainland Southeast Asia, which are estimated to have formed about 50kya years ago, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u025bn\u0259 \u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u00e6l. t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn k\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u026an m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8\u026afti k\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l ma\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8e\u026avz s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8w\u025adz \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u025adz."}, {"text": "Early Austroasiatic speakers are estimated to have originated from an lineage, which split from Ancestral East Asians between 25,000 and 15,000 years ago, and were among the first wave to replace distinct Australasian-related groups in Insular Southeast Asia.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u00e6n l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 spl\u02c8\u026at f\u0279\u028cm \u00e6ns\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8e\u026av t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u0250l\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026an \u02c8\u026ans\u0259l\u025a s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "East Asian-related ancestry became dominant in Insular Southeast Asia already between 15,000 years to 12,000 years ago, and may be associated with Austroasiatic groups, which however got again replaced by later Austronesian groups some 10,000 to 7,000 years ago.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u0279i b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u026an \u02c8\u026ans\u0259l\u025a s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025blv,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0261\u0251\u02d0t \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8\u025bn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Early Austroasiatic people were found to be best represented by the Mlabri people in modern-day Thailand.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259bi b\u02c8\u025bst \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bml\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279i p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Proposals for Austroasiatic substratum among later Austronesian languages in Western Indonesia, noteworthy among the Dayak languages, is strengthened by genetic data, suggesting Austroasiatic speakers were assimilated by Austronesian speakers.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak s\u028cbst\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u026ando\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259, n\u02c8o\u028atw\u025c\u02d0\u00f0i \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u00e6k l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8\u0259nd ba\u026a d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259, s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az."}, {"text": "According to Chaubey et al., \"Austro-Asiatic speakers in India today are derived from dispersal from Southeast Asia, followed by extensive sex-specific admixture with local Indian populations.\"", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0bi \u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u00e6l., \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026a\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u026an \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av s\u02c8\u025bkssp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0250dm\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz.\""}, {"text": "According to Riccio et al., the Munda peoples are likely descended from Austroasiatic migrants from Southeast Asia.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026aks\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u00e6l., \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026akli d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak m\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "According to Zhang et al., Austroasiatic migrations from Southeast Asia into India took place after the Last Glacial Maximum, circa 10,000 years ago.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0292\u02c8\u00e6\u014b \u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u00e6l., \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak ma\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u0261l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u0259m, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Arunkumar et al., suggest Austroasiatic migrations from Southeast Asia occurred into Northeast India 5.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6 kya and into East India 4.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 kya.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259\u014bkj\u02ccu\u02d0m\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u00e6l., s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak ma\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02cc\u026ant\u028a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av.t\u02c8u\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8a\u026a\u0259."}, {"text": "Systems of numeral classification in the Mon\u2013Khmer, Nicobarese and Aslian subfamilies of Austroasiatic.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259l kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n km\u02c8\u026a\u0279, n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259b\u02cc\u025b\u0279s \u00e6nd \u0250sl\u02c8\u026a\u0259n s\u02c8\u028cbf\u0250m\u02cc\u026aliz \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6nb\u025a\u0279\u0259, \u02c8e\u026a.s\u02c8i\u02d0.t\u02c8i\u02d0., \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259: d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt. \u028cv l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak st\u02c8\u028cdiz, \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "In N. J. Enfield & Bernard Comrie (eds.), Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: the state of the art.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u025bn. d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. \u02c8\u025bnfi\u02d0ld \u00e6nd b\u025c\u02d0n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0279i \u02c8\u025bdz., l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259: \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "\"Languages and Language Families in China \", in Rint Sybesma (ed.), Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics.", "phonemes": "\"l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 \", \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u026ant s\u02c8a\u026ab\u025bsm\u0259 \u02c8\u025bd., \u025bns\u02cca\u026aklo\u028ap\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259 \u028cv t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks."}, {"text": "Austroasiatic phylogeny and the Austroasiatic homeland in light of recent population genetic studies.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak fa\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bni \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak h\u02c8o\u028aml\u0259nd \u026an l\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak st\u02c8\u028cdiz."}, {"text": "(1966) Studies in Comparative Austroasiatic Linguistics, The Hague: Mouton (Indo-Iranian monographs, v. 5.).", "phonemes": "n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u026an k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8e\u026a\u0261: m\u02c8a\u028at\u0259n \u02c8\u026ando\u028a\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028a\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz, v\u02c8i\u02d0. f\u02c8a\u026av.."}, {"text": "Austro-Asiatic at the Linguist List MultiTree Project (not functional as of 2014): Genealogical trees attributed to Sebeok 1942, Pinnow 1959, Diffloth 2005, and Matisoff 2006", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026a\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026ast l\u02c8\u026ast m\u02c8\u028clta\u026a t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n: d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0n\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bb\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0k n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, p\u02c8\u026ano\u028a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an, d\u02c8\u026afl\u0251\u02d0\u03b8 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u0254f t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks"}, {"text": "The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic, sometimes Afrasian), also known as Hamito-Semitic or Semito-Hamitic, are a language family (or \"phylum\") of about 400 languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara and Sahel.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026a\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0250f\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z h\u00e6m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028as\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u025bm\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028ah\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"f\u02c8a\u026al\u0259m\"\u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u026an w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u0251\u02d0h\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "Over 500 million people are native speakers of an Afroasiatic language, constituting the fourth-largest language family after Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Niger\u2013Congo.", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u0259v\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026ando\u028aj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n, s\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a\u027e\u026ab\u02c8\u025bt\u0259n, \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261o\u028a."}, {"text": "Most linguists divide the family into six branches: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Semitic, and Omotic.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026asts d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02c8\u026aks b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz: b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "The vast majority of Afroasiatic languages are considered indigenous to the African continent, including all those not belonging to the Semitic branch.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6st m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0o\u028az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283."}, {"text": "Arabic, if counted as a single language, is by far the most widely spoken within the family, with around 300 million native speakers concentrated primarily in the Middle East and North Africa.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, \u026af k\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u026az ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adli sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, w\u026a\u00f0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Other major Afroasiatic languages include the Chadic Hausa language with over 34 million native speakers, the Semitic Amharic language with 34 million, the Cushitic Oromo language with 35 million, and the Cushitic Somali language with 22 million.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6mh\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u028amo\u028a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak s\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 w\u026a\u00f0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "Other Afroasiatic languages with millions of native speakers include the Cushitic Sidaama language, the Semitic Tigrinya language and the Omotic Wolaitta language, though most languages within the family are much smaller in size.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u026ad\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u00f0\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak ta\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026anj\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0le\u026a\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8o\u028ast l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u026an s\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "There are many well-attested Afroasiatic languages from antiquity that have since died or gone extinct, including Egyptian and the Semitic languages Akkadian, Biblical Hebrew, Phoenician, Amorite, and Ugaritic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni w\u02c8\u025bl\u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u026ans d\u02c8a\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0254n \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6k\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n, b\u02c8\u026abl\u026ak\u0259l h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0, fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6mo\u02d0\u0279\u02cca\u026at, \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "There is no consensus among historical linguists as to precisely where or when the common ancestor of all Afroasiatic languages, known as Proto-Afroasiatic, was originally spoken.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026asts \u00e6z t\u0259 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026asli w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n."}, {"text": "However, most agree that the Proto-Afroasiatic homeland was located somewhere in northeastern Africa, with specific proposals including the Horn of Africa, Egypt, the eastern Sahara.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak h\u02c8o\u028aml\u0259nd w\u028cz lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u028cmw\u025b\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st\u025an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The reconstructed timelines of when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken vary extensively, with dates ranging from 18,000 BC to 8,000 BC.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd t\u02c8a\u026amla\u026anz \u028cv w\u025bn p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u028cz sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026avli, w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8e\u026ats \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8e\u026at,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Even the latest plausible dating makes Afroasiatic the oldest language family accepted by contemporary linguists.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast pl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bb\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02cce\u026aks \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd ba\u026a k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026asts."}, {"text": "Comparative study of Afroasiatic is hindered by the massive disparities in textual attestation between its branches: while the Semitic and Egyptian branches are attested in writing as early as the fourth millennium BC, Berber, Cushitic, and Omotic languages were often not recorded until the 19th or 20th centuries.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u026az h\u02c8\u026and\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av d\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an t\u02c8\u025bkst\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0250\u027e\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u026ats b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz: w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 m\u026al\u02c8\u025bni\u0259m b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "While systematic sound laws have not yet been established to explain the relationships between the various branches of Afroasiatic, the languages share a number of common features.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8a\u028and l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8\u025bt b\u02cc\u026an \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Other widely shared features include a prefix m- which creates nouns from verbs, evidence for alternations between the vowel \"a\" and a high vowel in the forms of the verb, similar methods of marking gender and plurality, and some details of phonology such as the presence of pharyngeal fricatives.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8a\u026adli \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks \u02c8\u025bm w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026ats n\u02c8a\u028anz f\u0279\u028cm v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bz, \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254lt\u025an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \"\u02c8e\u026a\" \u00e6nd \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b, s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a \u00e6nd pl\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026alz \u028cv f\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026and\u0292\u02cci\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz."}, {"text": "Other features found in multiple branches include a specialized verb conjugation using suffixes (Egyptian, Semitic, Berber), a specialized verb conjugation using prefixes (Semitic, Berber, Cushitic), verbal prefixes deriving middle (t-), causative (s-), and passive (m-) verb forms (Semitic, Berber, Egyptian, Cushitic), and a suffix used to derive adjectives (Egyptian, Semitic).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks\u1d7bz \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l t\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u025bs, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av \u02c8\u025bm v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026avz \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "In current scholarship, the most common names for the family are Afroasiatic (or Afro-Asiatic), Hamito-Semitic, and Semito-Hamitic.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026amz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026a\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, h\u00e6m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028as\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd s\u025bm\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028ah\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Other proposed names that have yet to find widespread acceptance include Erythraic/Erythraean, Lisramic, Noahitic, and Lamekhite.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd n\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v j\u02c8\u025bt t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259ns \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u0259n, l\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak, no\u028ah\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026amkha\u026at."}, {"text": "The elements of the name were derived from the names of two sons of Noah as attested in the Book of Genesis's Table of Nations passage: \"Semitic\" from the first-born Shem, and \"Hamitic\" from the second-born Ham ().", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cnz \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028a\u028c \u00e6z \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bs\u02cc\u026as\u1d7bz t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292: \"s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\" f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0stb\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u0283\u02c8\u025bm, \u00e6nd \"h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\" f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndb\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n h\u02c8\u00e6m."}, {"text": "Within the Table of Nations, each of Noah's sons is presented as the common progenitor of various people groups deemed to be closely related: among others Shem was the father of the Jews, Assyrians, and Arameans, while Ham was the father of the Egyptians and Cushites.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0259v n\u02c8o\u028a\u028cz s\u02c8\u028cnz \u026az p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n p\u0279o\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps d\u02c8i\u02d0md t\u0259bi kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd: \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u0283\u02c8\u025bm w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0z, \u0250s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259m\u02c8i\u0259nz, w\u02cca\u026al h\u02c8\u00e6m w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028a\u0283a\u026ats."}, {"text": "This genealogy does not reflect the actual origins of these peoples' languages: for example, the Canaanites are descendants of Ham according to the Table, even though Hebrew is now classified as a Canaanite language, while the Elamites are ascribed to Shem despite their language being totally unrelated to Hebrew.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0n\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292i d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz: f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0n\u02cca\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6m \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0 \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0n\u02cca\u026at l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6ma\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250sk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025bm d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259li \u02cc\u028cn\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The term Semitic for the Semitic languages had already been coined in 1781 by August Ludwig von Schl\u00f6zer, following an earlier suggestion by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1710.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u00e6d \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi b\u02cc\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st l\u02c8\u028cdw\u026a\u0261 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0283l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z\u025a, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tf\u0279id w\u02c8\u026alh\u025blm l\u02c8e\u026abn\u026az \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "Hamitic was first used by Ernest Renan in 1855 to refer to languages that appeared similar to the Semitic languages, but were not themselves provably a part of the family.", "phonemes": "h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026ast \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8\u00e6n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259bli \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali."}, {"text": "The belief in a connection between Africans and the Biblical Ham, which had existed at least as far back as Isidore of Seville in the 6th century\u00a0AD, led scholars in the early 19th century to speak vaguely of \"Hamian\" or \"Hamitish\" languages.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u026an \u0250 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026abl\u026ak\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6k \u00e6z \u02c8\u026as\u026ad\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv s\u0259v\u02c8\u026al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0, l\u02c8\u025bd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i t\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261li \u028cv \"h\u02c8\u00e6mi\u0259n\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"h\u02c8\u00e6m\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283\" l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The term Hamito-Semitic has largely fallen out of favor among linguists writing in English, but is still frequently used in the scholarship of various other languages, such as German.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m h\u00e6m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028as\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak h\u0250z l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0259n \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026asts \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az st\u02c8\u026al f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n."}, {"text": "Several issues with the label Hamito-Semitic have led many scholars to abandon the term and criticize its continued use.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l h\u00e6m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028as\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u025bd m\u02c8\u025bni sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az t\u028a \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026az \u026ats k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d j\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "One common objection is that the Hamitic component inaccurately suggests that a monophyletic \"Hamitic\" branch exists alongside Semitic.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u026an\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259tli s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028afa\u026al\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \"h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\" b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "In addition, Joseph Greenberg has argued that Hamitic possesses racial connotations, and that \"Hamito-Semitic\" overstates the centrality of the Semitic languages within the family.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 h\u0250z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l k\u0251\u02d0n\u0259t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"h\u00e6m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028as\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\" \u02cco\u028av\u025ast\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 s\u025bnt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali."}, {"text": "By contrast, Victor Porkhomovsky suggests that the label is simply an inherited convention, and doesn't imply a duality of Semitic and \"Hamitic\" any more than Indo-European implies a duality of Indic and \"European\".", "phonemes": "ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a p\u02cco\u02d0\u0279kh\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u026az s\u02c8\u026ampli \u0250n \u026anh\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028cz\u0259nt \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a \u0250 du\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \"h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\" \u02cc\u025bni m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u026ando\u028aj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026az \u0250 du\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u026and\u026ak \u00e6nd \"j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "Because of its use by several important scholars and in the titles of significant works of scholarship, the total replacement of Hamito-Semitic is difficult.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0s ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u028cv s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt \u028cv h\u00e6m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028as\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt."}, {"text": "While Greenberg ultimately popularized the name \"Afroasiatic\" in 1960, it appears to have been coined originally by Maurice Delafosse, as French , in 1914.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \"\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\" \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti, \u026a\u027e \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6f\u0251\u02d0s, \u00e6z f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 , \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The name refers to the fact that it is the only major language family with large populations in both Africa and Asia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "Due to concerns that \"Afroasiatic\" could imply the inclusion of all languages spoken across Africa and Asia, the name \"Afrasian\" () was proposed by Igor Diakonoff in 1980.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\" k\u028ad \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \"\u0250f\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\" w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0254f \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "The names Lisramic\u2014based on the Afroasiastic root *lis- (\"tongue\") and the Egyptian word rm\u1e6f (\"person\")\u2014and Erythraean\u2014referring to the core area around which the languages are spoken, the Red Sea\u2014have also been proposed.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz l\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak\u2014b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask l\u02c8\u026as\"t\u02c8\u028c\u014b\"\u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u025bml\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cc\u026aks\u02c8\u025bf\"p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\"\u2014\u00e6nd \u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u0259n\u2014\u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd s\u02c8i\u02d0\u2014h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd."}, {"text": "The five that are universally agreed upon are Berber (also called \"Libyco-Berber\"), Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, and Semitic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259li \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"l\u026ab\u02c8\u026ako\u028ab\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a\", t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Due to the presumed distance of relationship between the various branches, many scholars prefer to refer to Afroasiatic as a \"linguistic phylum\" rather than a \"language family\".", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0md d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, m\u02c8\u025bni sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a \"l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak f\u02c8a\u026al\u0259m\" \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 \"l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali\"."}, {"text": "M. Victoria Almansa-Villatoro and Silvia \u0160tub\u0148ov\u00e1 Nigrelli write that there are about 400 languages in Afroasiatic; Ethnologue lists 375 languages.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bm. v\u026akt\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 \u0254lm\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259v\u02cc\u026al\u0250t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026alvi\u0259 st\u02cc\u028cbn\u0259v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 n\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bli \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak; \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261 l\u02c8\u026asts \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Many scholars estimate fewer languages; exact numbers vary depending on the definitions of \"language\" and \"dialect\".", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259t fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz; \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \"l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\" \u00e6nd \"d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u025bkt\"."}, {"text": "Other scholars, however, argue that they are a group of around twelve languages, about as different from each other as the Romance or Germanic languages.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and tw\u02c8\u025blv l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00e6z d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6ns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In the past, Berber languages were spoken throughout North Africa except in Egypt; since the 7th century CE, however, they have been heavily affected by Arabic and have been replaced by it in many places.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0 sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt; s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0e\u026a h\u0250vb\u026an h\u02c8\u025bvili \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u00e6nd h\u0250vb\u026an \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u026a\u027e \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The first is the Numidian language, represented by over a thousand short inscriptions in the Libyco-Berber alphabet, found throughout North Africa and dating from the 2nd century BCE onward.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026az \u00f0\u0259 nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u026adi\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u026ab\u02c8\u026ako\u028ab\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, f\u02c8a\u028and \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u025ad."}, {"text": "The second is the Guanche language, which was formerly spoken on the Canary Islands and went extinct in the 17th century CE.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0261w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025ali sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u00e6nd w\u025bnt \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The first longer written examples of modern Berber varieties only date from the 16th or 17th centuries CE.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u02c8o\u028anli d\u02c8e\u026at f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The Chadic languages are typically divided into three major branches, East Chadic, Central Chadic, and West Chadic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, \u02c8i\u02d0st t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak."}, {"text": "Hausa is the largest Chadic language by native speakers, and is spoken by a large number of people as a lingua franca in Northern Nigeria.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 ba\u026a n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az, \u00e6nd \u026az sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n ba\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259 \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an na\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259."}, {"text": "Eight other Chadic languages have around 100,000 speakers; other Chadic languages often have few speakers and may be endangered of going extinct.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u00e6v \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az; \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n h\u00e6v fj\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u025bnd\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025ad \u028cv \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt."}, {"text": "There are about 30 Cushitic languages,  more if Omotic is included, spoken around the Horn of Africa and in Sudan and Tanzania.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz,  m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026af \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u026az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd, sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd \u026an su\u02d0d\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0250n\u02c8i\u0259."}, {"text": "The Cushitic family is traditionally split into four branches: the single language of Beja (c. 3 million speakers), the Agaw languages, Eastern Cushitic, and Southern Cushitic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u026az t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li spl\u02c8\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz: \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv b\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6 s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0254\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Only one Cushitic language, Oromo, has more than 25 million speakers; other languages with more than a million speakers include Somali, Saho-Afar, Hadiyya, and Sidaama.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u028amo\u028a, h\u0250z m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az; \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li, s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ho\u028a\u0250f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, h\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ajj\u0259, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026ad\u0251\u02d0m\u0259."}, {"text": "Cushitic does not appear to be related to the written ancient languages known from its area, Meroitic or Old Nubian.", "phonemes": "k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259bi \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, m\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028ald n\u02c8u\u02d0bi\u0259n."}, {"text": "The oldest text in a Cushitic language probably dates from around 1770; written orthographies were only developed for a select number of Cushitic languages in early 20th century.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast t\u02c8\u025bkst \u026an \u0250 k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli d\u02c8e\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti; \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fiz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The Egyptian branch consists of a single language, Ancient Egyptian, which was historically spoken in the lower Nile Valley.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a n\u02c8a\u026al v\u02c8\u00e6li."}, {"text": "Egyptian is first attested in writing around 3000 BCE and finally went extinct around 1300 CE, making it the language with the longest written history in the world.", "phonemes": "\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li w\u025bnt \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Egyptian is usually divided into two major periods, Earlier Egyptian (c. 3000\u20131300 BCE), which is further subdivided into Old Egyptian and Middle Egyptian, and Later Egyptian (1300 BCE-1300 CE), which is further subdivided into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and Coptic.", "phonemes": "\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a s\u02cc\u028cbd\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8o\u028ald \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a s\u02cc\u028cbd\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a l\u02c8e\u026at \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak."}, {"text": "Coptic is the only stage written alphabetically to show vowels, whereas Egyptian was previously written in Egyptian hieroglyphs, which only represent consonants.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259\u0261l\u02cc\u026afz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts."}, {"text": "In the Coptic period, there is evidence for six major dialects, which presumably existed previously but are obscured by pre-Coptic writing; additionally, Middle Egyptian appears to be based on a different dialect than Old Egyptian, which in turn shows dialectal similarities to Late Egyptian.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u025bkts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259bli \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli b\u02cc\u028ct \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0259bskj\u02c8\u028a\u0279d ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b; \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259bi b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u025bkt \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8o\u028ald \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u0283\u02c8o\u028az d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u025bkt\u0259l s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz t\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Egyptian was replaced by Arabic as the spoken language of Egypt, but Coptic continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church.", "phonemes": "\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 l\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "Omotic is typically split into North Omotic (or Aroid) and South Omotic, with the latter more influenced by the Nilotic languages; it is unclear whether the Dizoid group of Omotic languages belongs to the Northern or Southern group.", "phonemes": "\u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli spl\u02c8\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0254\u026ad \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 na\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz; \u026a\u027e \u026az \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026az\u0254\u026ad \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "The two Omotic languages with the most speakers are Wolaitta and Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, with about 1.2 million speakers each.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0le\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mo\u028a\u0261\u02c8o\u028af\u0259d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279o\u028a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028cn.t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "Omotic was formerly considered part of the Cushitic branch; some scholars continue to consider it part of Cushitic.", "phonemes": "\u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025ali k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283; s\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Other scholars have questioned whether it is Afroasiatic at all, due its lack of several typical aspects of Afroasiatic morphology.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az h\u00e6v kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nd w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026ats l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak m\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Today, Semitic languages are spoken across North Africa, West Asia, and the Horn of Africa, as well as on the island of Malta, making them the sole Afroasiatic branch with members originating outside Africa.", "phonemes": "t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a, s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv m\u02c8\u0254lt\u0259, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Arabic, spoken in both Asia and Africa, is by far the most widely spoken Afroasiatic language today, with around 300 million native speakers, while the Ethiopian Amharic has around 25 million.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u026az ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adli sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8o\u028api\u0259n \u00e6mh\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak h\u0250z \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "Most authorities divide Semitic into two branches: East Semitic, which includes the extinct Akkadian language and West Semitic, which includes Arabic, Aramaic, the Canaanite languages (including Hebrew), as well as the Ethiopian Semitic languages such as Ge'ez and Amharic.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz: \u02c8i\u02d0st s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u00e6k\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0n\u02cca\u026at l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8o\u028api\u0259n s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u025bz \u00e6nd \u00e6mh\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak."}, {"text": "The oldest written attestations of Semitic languages come from Mesopotamia, Northern Syria, and Egypt and date as early as c. 3000 BCE.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u0250\u027e\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u028cm f\u0279\u028cm m\u02cc\u025bs\u0259p\u0259t\u02c8e\u026ami\u0259, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt \u00e6nd d\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6z s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Linguist H. Fleming proposed that the near-extinct Ongota language is a separate branch of Afroasiatic; however, this is only one of several competing theories.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026ast \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. fl\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz."}, {"text": "About half of current scholarly hypotheses on Ongota's origins align it with Afroasiatic in some way.", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025ali ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z \u02cc\u0254n \u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u0250l\u02c8a\u026an \u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Although an Afroasiatic connection is sometimes viewed as refuted, it continues to be defended by scholars such as Edward Lipi\u0144ski.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6z \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd, \u026at k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z t\u0259bi d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd ba\u026a sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad l\u026ap\u02c8\u026anski."}, {"text": "The Kujarge language is usually considered part of the Chadic languages; however, Roger Blench has proposed that it may be a separate branch of Afroasiatic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a bl\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 h\u0250z p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "There is no agreement on the relationships between and subgrouping of the different Afroasiatic branches.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cb\u0261\u0279u\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Whereas Marcel Cohen (1947) claimed he saw no evidence for internal subgroupings, numerous other scholars have made proposals, with Carsten Peust counting 27 as of 2012.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z m\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u025bl k\u02c8o\u028a\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n kl\u02c8e\u026amd hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cb\u0261\u0279u\u02d0p\u026a\u014bz, n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az h\u00e6v m\u02cce\u026ad p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259lz, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u0294n\u0329 pj\u02c8u\u02d0st k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "Common trends in proposals as of 2019 include using common or lacking grammatical features  to argue that Omotic was the first language to branch off, often followed by Chadic.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u026an p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259lz \u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u0250m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u02c8\u0254f, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak."}, {"text": "In contrast to scholars who argue for an early split of Chadic from Afroasiatic, scholars of the Russian school tend to argue that Chadic and Egyptian are closely related, and scholars who rely on percentage of shared lexicon often group Chadic with Berber.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li spl\u02c8\u026at \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n sk\u02c8u\u02d0l t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak \u00e6nd \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u0254n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a."}, {"text": "Three scholars who agree on an early split between Omotic and the other subbranches, but little else, are Harold Fleming (1983), Christopher Ehret (1995), and Lionel Bender (1997).", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li spl\u02c8\u026at b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u028cbb\u0279\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u025bls, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ld fl\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Additionally, the minority of scholars who favor an Asian origin of Afroasiatic tend to place Semitic as the first branch to split off.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u00f0\u0259 ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u0250n \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026as s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 t\u0259 spl\u02c8\u026at \u02c8\u0254f."}, {"text": "Disagreement on which features are innovative and which are inherited from Proto-Afroasiatic produces radically different trees, as can be seen by comparing the trees produced by Ehret and Igor Diakonoff.", "phonemes": "d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026an\u0259v\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026anh\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026akli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u00e6z k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0n ba\u026a k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026at \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0254f."}, {"text": "Responding to the above, Tom G\u00fcldemann criticizes attempts at finding subgroupings based on common or lacking morphology by arguing that the presence or absence of morphological features is not a useful way of discerning subgroupings in Afroasiatic, because it cannot be excluded that families currently lacking certain features had them in the past; this also means that the presence of morphological features cannot be taken as defining a subgroup.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0259b\u02c8\u028cv, t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u0261\u02c8u\u02d0ld\u1d7bm\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts \u00e6t f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028cb\u0261\u0279u\u02d0p\u026a\u014bz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b m\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i ba\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259ns \u028cv m\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv d\u026as\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028cb\u0261\u0279u\u02d0p\u026a\u014bz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli l\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az h\u02cc\u00e6d\u00f0\u025bm \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st; \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv m\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u00e6z d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cb\u0261\u0279u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "Peust notes that other factors that can obscure genetic relationships between languages include the poor state of present documentation and understanding of particular language families (historically with Egyptian, presently with Omotic).", "phonemes": "pj\u02c8u\u02d0st n\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n \u0259bskj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntli w\u026a\u00f0 \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Gene Gragg likewise argues that more needs to be known about Omotic still, and that Afroasiatic linguists have still not found convincing isoglosses on which to base genetic distinctions.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 l\u02c8a\u026akwa\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u0259bi n\u02c8o\u028an \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak st\u02c8\u026al, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026asts h\u00e6v st\u02c8\u026al n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8a\u028and k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ans\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u026as\u0259\u0261l\u02cc\u0254s\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "One way of avoiding the problem of determining which features are original and which are inherited is to use a computational methodology such as lexicostatistics, with one of the earliest attempts being Fleming 1983.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u028cv d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026anh\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026az t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z l\u02cc\u025bks\u026ak\u02cc\u0254st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b fl\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Fleming (2006) was a more recent attempt by Fleming, with a different result from Militarev and Starostin.", "phonemes": "fl\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks w\u028cz\u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt ba\u026a fl\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014b, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u026al\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279v \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259st\u02cc\u026an."}, {"text": "Hezekiah Bacovcin and David Wilson argue that this methodology is invalid for discerning linguistic sub-relationship.", "phonemes": "h\u02cc\u025bz\u026ak\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259vs\u02cc\u026an \u00e6nd d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad w\u02c8\u026als\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u026anv\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026as\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cb\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "They note the method's inability to detect various strong commonalities even between well-studied branches of AA.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a n\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u026an\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02c8\u025blst\u02c8\u028cdid b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "A relationship between Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic and the Berber languages was perceived as early as the 9th century CE by the Hebrew grammarian and physician Judah ibn Quraysh, who is regarded as a forerunner of Afroasiatic studies.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u028cz p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259 \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n kw\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u028cn\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak st\u02c8\u028cdiz."}, {"text": "The French orientalist Guillaume Postel had also pointed out similarities between Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic in 1538, and Hiob Ludolf noted similarities also to Ge'ez and Amharic in 1701.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02cco\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u0261i\u02d0j\u02c8o\u028am p\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l h\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd \u02c8a\u028at s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd h\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b l\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0251\u02d0lf n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u025bz \u00e6nd \u00e6mh\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "In 1844, Theodor Benfey first described the relationship between Semitic and the Egyptian language and connected both to the Berber and the Cushitic languages (which he called \"Ethiopic\").", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bnfi f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\"."}, {"text": "In the same year T.N. Newman suggested a relationship between Semitic and the Hausa language, an idea that was taken up by early scholars of Afroasiatic.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bn. n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u0250n a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u028cp ba\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "In 1855, Ernst Renan named these languages, related to Semitic but not Semitic, \"Hamitic,\" in 1860 Carl Lottner proposed that they belonged to a single language family, and in 1876 Friedrich M\u00fcller first described them as a \"Hamito-Semitic\" language family.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nst \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8\u00e6n n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0i\u02d0z l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \"h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak,\" \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tn\u025a p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bd t\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, \u00e6nd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8u\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a \"h\u00e6m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028as\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\" l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali."}, {"text": "M\u00fcller assumed that there existed a distinct \"Hamitic\" branch of the family that consisted of Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8u\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \"h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\" b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u028cv \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, \u00e6nd k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "He did not include the Chadic languages, though contemporary Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius argued for the relation of Hausa to the Berber languages.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad l\u02c8\u025bps\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Some scholars would continue to regard Hausa as related to the other Afroasiatic languages, but the idea was controversial: many scholars refused to admit that the largely unwritten, \"Negroid\" Chadic languages were in the same family as the \"Caucasian\" ancient civilizations of the Egyptians and Semites.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az w\u028ad k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u0259 \u00e6z \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 w\u028cz k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l: m\u02c8\u025bni sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u0250dm\u02c8\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u028cn\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329, \"n\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0254\u026ad\" t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \"k\u0254\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\" \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bma\u026ats."}, {"text": "An important development in the history of Afroasiatic scholarship \u2013 and the history of African linguistics \u2013 was the creation of the \"Hamitic theory\" or \"Hamitic hypothesis\" by Lepsius, fellow Egyptologist Christian Bunsen, and linguist Christian Bleek.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \"h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as\" ba\u026a l\u02c8\u025bps\u026a\u0259s, f\u02c8\u025blo\u028a \u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u028cns\u0259n, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026ast k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n bl\u02c8i\u02d0k."}, {"text": "This theory connected the \"Hamites\", the originators of Hamitic languages, with (supposedly culturally superior) \"Caucasians\", who were assumed to have migrated into Africa and intermixed with indigenous \"Negroid\" Africans in ancient times.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \"h\u02c8\u00e6ma\u026ats\", \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u028cv h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026adli k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li su\u02d0p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a \"k\u0254\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nz\", h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md t\u0259 h\u00e6v m\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8\u026akst w\u026a\u00f0 \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s \"n\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0254\u026ad\" \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026amz."}, {"text": "The \"Hamitic theory\" would serve as the basis for Carl Meinhof's highly influential classification of African languages in his 1912 book .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i\" w\u028ad s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l m\u02c8e\u026anh\u0251\u02d0fs h\u02c8a\u026ali \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv b\u02c8\u028ak ."}, {"text": "On one hand, the \"Hamitic\" classification was justified partially based on linguistic features: for example, Meinhof split the presently-understood Chadic family into \"Hamito-Chadic\", and an unrelated non-Hamitic \"Chadic\" based on which languages possessed grammatical gender.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00f0\u0259 \"h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\" kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az: f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, m\u02c8e\u026anh\u0251\u02d0f spl\u02c8\u026at \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntli\u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \"h\u00e6m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028at\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\", \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02cc\u028cn\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nh\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \"t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\" b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bst \u0261\u0279\u0250m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a."}, {"text": "On the other hand, the classification also relied on non-linguistic anthropological and culturally contingent features, such as skin color, hair type, and lifestyle.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nl\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026and\u0292\u0259nt f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z sk\u02c8\u026an k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a, h\u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026ap, \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026afsta\u026al."}, {"text": "Ultimately, Meinhof's classification of Hamitic proved to include languages from every presently-recognized language family within Africa.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli, m\u02c8e\u026anh\u0251\u02d0fs kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntli\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "The first scholar to question the existence of \"Hamitic languages\" was Marcel Cohen in  1924, with skepticism also expressed by A. Klingenheben and Dietrich Westermann during the 1920s and '30s.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a t\u0259 kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv \"h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz\" w\u028cz m\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u025bl k\u02c8o\u028a\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u026a\u00f0 sk\u02c8\u025bpt\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026a. kl\u02c8\u026and\u0292\u0259nh\u02cc\u025bb\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t\u0279\u026at\u0283 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025am\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti z \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z."}, {"text": "However, Meinhof's \"Hamitic\" classification remained prevalent throughout the early 20th century until it was definitively disproven by Joseph Greenberg in the 1940s, based on racial and anthropological data.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, m\u02c8e\u026anh\u0251\u02d0fs \"h\u00e6m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\" kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and p\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l\u0259nt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u026at w\u028cz d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u026an\u026at\u02cc\u026avli d\u026asp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei z, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "Instead, Greenberg proposed an Afroasiatic family consisting of five branches: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, and Semitic.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz: b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Reluctance among some scholars to recognize Chadic as a branch of Afroasiatic persisted as late as the 1980s.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u028ckt\u0259ns \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak \u00e6z \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u025as\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u00e6z l\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z."}, {"text": "In 1969, Harold Fleming proposed that a group of languages classified by Greenberg as Cushitic were in fact their own independent \"Omotic\" branch\u2014a proposal that has been widely, if not universally, accepted.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ld fl\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u00e6z k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \"\u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\" b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u2014\u0250 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u00f0\u0250th\u0250zb\u02cc\u026an w\u02c8a\u026adli, \u026af n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259li, \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Greenberg relied on his own method of mass comparison of vocabulary items rather than the comparative method of demonstrating regular sound correspondences to establish the family.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6s k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n \u028cv vo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6bj\u028al\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u028cv d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a s\u02c8a\u028and k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259ns\u1d7bz t\u028a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali."}, {"text": "An alternative classification, based on the pronominal and conjugation systems, was proposed by A.N. Tucker in 1967.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026a.\u02c8\u025bn. t\u02c8\u028ck\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "As of 2023, widely accepted sound correspondences between the different branches have not yet been firmly established.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02c8a\u026adli \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd s\u02c8a\u028and k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259ns\u1d7bz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8\u025bt b\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mli \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t."}, {"text": "Nevertheless, morphological traits attributable to the proto-language and the establishment of cognates throughout the family have confirmed its genetic validity.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, m\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261ne\u026ats \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali h\u00e6v k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \u026ats d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak v\u00e6l\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The absolute latest date for when Proto-Afroasiatic could have been extant is , after which Egyptian and the Semitic languages are firmly attested.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259l\u02ccu\u02d0t l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast d\u02c8e\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u025bn p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u02cc\u028ad\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u025bkst\u02c8\u00e6nt \u026az , \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mli \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The estimations offered by scholars as to when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken vary widely, ranging from 18,000BCE to 8,000BCE.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad ba\u026a sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u00e6z t\u0259 w\u025bn p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u028cz sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8a\u026adli, \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8e\u026at,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "An estimate at the youngest end of this range still makes Afroasiatic the oldest proven language family.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259t \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u026ast \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 st\u02c8\u026al m\u02cce\u026aks \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali."}, {"text": "Contrasting proposals of an early emergence, Tom G\u00fcldemann has argued that less time may have been required for the divergence than is usually assumed, as it is possible for a language to rapidly restructure due to areal contact, with the evolution of Chadic (and likely also Omotic) serving as pertinent examples.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259lz \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns, t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u0261\u02c8u\u02d0ld\u1d7bm\u0259n h\u0250z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8a\u026am m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns \u00f0\u0250n \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md, \u02cc\u00e6z\u026at\u02cc\u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u025a\u0279\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026akli \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00e6z p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u026an\u0259nt \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Roger Blench writes that the debate possesses \"a strong ideological flavor\", with associations between an Asian origin and \"high civilization\".", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a bl\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026at p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \"\u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l fl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\", w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250n \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u00e6nd \"h\u02c8a\u026a s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "An additional complicating factor is the lack of agreement on the subgroupings of Afroasiatic (see Further subdivisions) \u2013 this makes associating archaeological evidence with the spread of Afroasiatic particularly difficult.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cb\u0261\u0279u\u02d0p\u026a\u014bz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a s\u02cc\u028cbd\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u00f0\u026as m\u02cce\u026aks \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt."}, {"text": "Nevertheless, there is a long-accepted link between the speakers of Proto-Southern Cushitic languages and the East African Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (5000 years ago), and archaeological evidence associates the Proto-Cushitic speakers with economic transformations in the Sahara dating c. 8,500 ago, as well as the speakers of the Proto-Zenati variety of the Berber languages with an expansion across the Maghreb in the 5th century CE.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u00e6v\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u0259l n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak f\u02c8a\u026av \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028ak\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8e\u026at,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028az\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027ei v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u025bb \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "An origin somewhere on the African continent has broad scholarly support, and is seen as being well-supported by the linguistic data.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an s\u02c8\u028cmw\u025b\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt h\u0250z b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025ali s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00e6nd \u026az s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025bls\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "Most scholars more narrowly place the homeland near the geographic center of its present distribution, \"in the southeastern Sahara or adjacent Horn of Africa.\"", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028ali pl\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028aml\u0259nd n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \"\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st\u025an s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nt h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259.\""}, {"text": "The Afroasiatic languages spoken in Africa are not more closely related to each other than they are to Semitic, as one would expect if only Semitic had remained in an West Asian homeland while all other branches had spread from there.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn w\u028ad \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt \u026af \u02c8o\u028anli s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak h\u00e6d \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u026an \u00e6n w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n h\u02c8o\u028aml\u0259nd w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz h\u00e6d sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "Likewise, all Semitic languages are fairly similar to each other, whereas the African branches of Afroasiatic are very diverse; this suggests the rapid spread of Semitic out of Africa.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026akwa\u026az, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279li s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s; \u00f0\u026as s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ad sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Proponents of an origin of Afroasiatic within Africa assume the proto-language to have been spoken by pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherers, arguing that there is no evidence of words in Proto-Afroasiatic related to agriculture or animal husbandry.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak h\u02c8\u028cnt\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u025az, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd\u0279i."}, {"text": "Christopher Ehret, S.O. Y. Keita, and Paul Newman also argue that archaeology does not indicate a spread of migrating farmers into Africa, but rather a gradual incorporation of animal husbandry into indigenous foraging cultures.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026at, \u02c8\u025bs.\u02c8o\u028a. w\u02c8a\u026a. k\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u0250 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u026a\u014bk\u02cco\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd\u0279i \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Ehret, in a separate publication, argued that the two principles in linguistic approaches for determining the origin of languages which are the principles of fewest moves and greatest diversity had put \u201cbeyond reasonable doubt\u201d that the language family \u201chad originated in the Horn of Africa\u201d.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026at, \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u026an l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u028cv fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vz \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei h\u00e6d p\u02c8\u028at \u201cb\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259b\u0259l d\u02c8a\u028at\u201d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u201ch\u00e6d \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259\u201d."}, {"text": "A significant minority of scholars supports an Asian origin of Afroasiatic, most of whom are specialists in Semitic or Egyptian studies.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0250n \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v h\u02c8u\u02d0m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts \u026an s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8\u028cdiz."}, {"text": "The main proponent of an Asian origin is the linguist Alexander Militarev, who argues that Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken by early agriculturalists in the Levant and subsequently spread to Africa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026ast \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a m\u02c8\u026al\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279v, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u028cz sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n ba\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u0259v\u02c8\u00e6nt \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Militarev associates the speakers of Proto-Afroasiatic with the Levantine Post-Natufian Culture, arguing that the reconstructed lexicon of flora and fauna, as well as farming and pastoralist vocabulary indicates that Proto-AA must have been spoken in this area.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026al\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279v \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0n p\u02c8o\u028astn\u00e6t\u02c8u\u02d0fi\u0259n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n \u028cv fl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n\u0259, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6sto\u02d0\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast vo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6bj\u028al\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a m\u02c8\u028cst\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Scholar Jared Diamond and archaeologist Peter Bellwood have taken up Militarev's arguments as part of their general argument that the spread of linguistic macrofamilies (such as Indo-European, Bantu, and Austro-Asiatic) can be associated with the development of agriculture; they argue that there is clear archaeological support for farming spreading from the Levant into Africa via the Nile valley.", "phonemes": "sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259d d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259m\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u025blw\u028ad h\u00e6v t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u028cp m\u02c8\u026al\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279vz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259f\u02cc\u00e6m\u026aliz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u026ando\u028aj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n, b\u02c8\u00e6ntu\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026a\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a; \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u0259v\u02c8\u00e6nt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026al v\u02c8\u00e6li."}, {"text": "Egyptian, Cushitic, Berber, Omotic, and most languages in the Semitic branch all require a syllable to begin with a consonant (with the exception of some grammatical prefixes).", "phonemes": "\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0250 s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u0250m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Some Chadic languages allow a syllable to begin with a vowel; however, in many Chadic languages verbs must begin with a consonant.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bz m\u02c8\u028cst b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In Cushitic and Chadic languages, a glottal stop or glottal fricative may be inserted to prevent a word from beginning with a vowel.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u0250 \u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0259t\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0279\u028cm b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l."}, {"text": "With the exception of some Chadic languages, all Afroasiatic languages allow both closed and open syllables; many Chadic languages do not allow a syllable to end in a consonant.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 kl\u02c8o\u028azd \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259lz; m\u02c8\u025bni t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnd \u026an \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Diakonoff argues that proto-Afroasiatic syllables disallowed consonant clusters or vowels at the end of a syllable.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0254f \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259lz d\u02cc\u026as\u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt kl\u02c8\u028cst\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "Syllable weight plays an important role in AA, especially in Chadic; it can affect the form of affixes attached to a word.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026at pl\u02c8e\u026az \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak; \u026at k\u00e6n \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u0250f\u02c8\u026aks\u1d7bz \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u028a \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Several Afroasiatic languages have large consonant inventories, and it is likely that this is inherited from proto-Afroasiatic.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt \u02c8\u026anv\u0259nt\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz, \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akli \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u026anh\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "All Afroasiatic languages contain stops and fricatives; some branches have additional types of consonants such as affricates and lateral consonants.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz; s\u02cc\u028cm b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz h\u00e6v \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250f\u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts."}, {"text": "AA languages tend to have pharyngeal fricative consonants, with Egyptian, Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic sharing  and .", "phonemes": "\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 h\u00e6v f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026and\u0292\u02cci\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts, w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, \u00e6nd k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd ."}, {"text": "In all AA languages, consonants can be bilabial, alveolar, velar, and glottal, with additional places of articulation found in some branches or languages.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 ba\u026al\u02c8e\u026ab\u026a\u0259l, \u02cc\u00e6lv\u026a\u02c8o\u028al\u025a, v\u02c8\u025bl\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02cc\u026akj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Additionally, the glottal stop  usually exists as a phoneme, and there tends to be no phonemic contrast between  and  or  and .", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259bi n\u02c8o\u028a f\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd ."}, {"text": "In Cushitic, the Ethiopian Semitic language Tigrinya, and some Chadic languages, there is no underlying phoneme  at all.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8o\u028api\u0259n s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 ta\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026anj\u0259, \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025al\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0m \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Most, if not all, branches of Afroasiatic distinguish between voiceless, voiced, and \"emphatic\" consonants.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast, \u026af n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n v\u02c8\u0254\u026asl\u0259s, v\u02c8\u0254\u026ast, \u00e6nd \"\u025bmf\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\" k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts."}, {"text": "The emphatic consonants are typically formed deeper in the throat than the others; they can be realized variously as glottalized, pharyngealized, uvularized, ejective, and/or implosive consonants in the different branches.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025bmf\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md d\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az; \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026azd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259sli \u00e6z \u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026and\u0292\u02cci\u0259la\u026azd, j\u02c8u\u02d0vj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd, \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av, \u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ampl\u02c8o\u028as\u026av k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "It is generally agreed that only the obstruents had a contrast between voiceless and voiced forms in Proto-Afroasiatic, whereas continuants were voiceless.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u026a \u0259bst\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0nts h\u00e6d \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n v\u02c8\u0254\u026asl\u0259s \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u0254\u026ast f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0 v\u02c8\u0254\u026asl\u0259s."}, {"text": "A form of long-distance consonant assimilation known as consonant harmony is attested in Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, and Semitic: it usually affects features such as pharyngealization, palatalization, and labialization.", "phonemes": "\u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u014bd\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt \u0250s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ni \u026az \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak: \u026at j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkts f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026and\u0292\u02cci\u02d0l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, p\u02cc\u00e6l\u0250\u027e\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd l\u02cce\u026ab\u026a\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Several Omotic languages have \"sibilant harmony\", meaning that all sibilants (s, sh, z, ts, etc.) in a word must match.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u02c8\u00e6v \"s\u02c8\u026ab\u026al\u0259nt h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ni\", m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u026ab\u026al\u0259nts \u02c8\u025bs, \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, z\u02c8i\u02d0, t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259.\u026an \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d m\u02c8\u028cst m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283."}, {"text": "Restrictions against the co-occurrence of certain, usually similar, consonants in verbal roots can be found in all Afroasiatic branches, though they are only weakly attested in Chadic and Omotic.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028a\u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts \u026an v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8i\u02d0kli \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "The most widespread constraint is against two different labial consonants (other than w) occurring together in a root, a constraint which can be found in all branches but Omotic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ant \u026az \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8e\u026ab\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t, \u0250 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ant w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz b\u02cc\u028ct \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Another widespread constraint is against two non-identical lateral obstruents, which can be found in Egyptian, Chadic, Semitic, and probably Cushitic.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ant \u026az \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst t\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0na\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0259bst\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0nts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Such rules do not always apply for nouns, numerals, or denominal verbs, and do not affect prefixes or suffixes added to the root.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u028anz, n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259lz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bz, \u00e6nd du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks\u1d7bz \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Roots that may have contained sequences that were possible in Proto-Afroasiatic but are disallowed in the daughter languages are assumed to have undergone consonant dissimilation or assimilation.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u02cc\u028ct \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt d\u026as\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "A set of constraints, developed originally by Joseph Greenberg on the basis of Arabic, has been claimed to be typical for Afroasiatic languages.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ants, d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n kl\u02c8e\u026amd t\u0259bi t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Greenberg divided Semitic consonants into four types: \"back consonants\" (glottal, pharyngeal, uvular, laryngeal, and velar consonants), \"front consonants\" (dental or alveolar consonants), liquid consonants, and labial consonants.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026aps: \"b\u02c8\u00e6k k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts\" \u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026and\u0292\u02cci\u0259l, j\u02c8u\u02d0vj\u028al\u025a, l\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026and\u0292\u02cci\u0259l, \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025bl\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts, \"f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts\" d\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6lv\u026a\u02c8o\u028al\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts, l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026ab\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts."}, {"text": "He showed that, generally, any consonant from one of these groups could combine with consonants from any other group, but could not be used together with consonants from the same group.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li, \u02cc\u025bni k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps k\u028ad k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "Additionally, he showed that Proto-Semitic restricted a sequence of two identical consonants in the first and second position of the triliteral root.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, hi\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t."}, {"text": "dental consonants can co-occur with sibilants; However, there are no Proto-Semitic verbal roots with \u1e0d and a sibilant, and roots with d and a sibilant are uncommon.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts k\u00e6n k\u02c8o\u028a\u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026ab\u026al\u0259nts; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028ad\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ab\u026al\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ab\u026al\u0259nt \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n."}, {"text": "In all attested cases of a dental and a sibilant, the sibilant occurs in first position and the dental in second.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u0259v\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ab\u026al\u0259nt, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ab\u026al\u0259nt \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u026an f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u026an s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Similar exceptions can be demonstrated for the other AA branches that have these restrictions to their root formation.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "James P. Allen has demonstrated that slightly different rules apply to Egyptian: for instance, Egyptian allows two identical consonants in some roots, and disallows velars from occurring with pharyngeals.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz p\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n h\u0250z d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t sl\u02c8a\u026atli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026a t\u028a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n: f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az t\u02c8u\u02d0 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts, \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u026as\u0250l\u02c8a\u028az v\u02c8\u025bl\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026and\u0292\u02cci\u0259lz."}, {"text": "There is a large variety of vocalic systems in AA, and attempts to reconstruct the vocalic system of Proto-Afroasiatic vary considerably.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv vo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u026an \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt \u00f0\u0259 vo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259bli."}, {"text": "All branches of Afroasiatic have a limited number of underlying vowels (between two and seven), but the number of phonetic vowels can be much larger.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak h\u00e6v \u0250 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u028cnd\u025al\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a."}, {"text": "The quality of the underlying vowels varies considerably by language; the most common vowel throughout AA is schwa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025al\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259bli ba\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292; \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a \u026az \u0283w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0."}, {"text": "In the different languages, central vowels are often inserted to break up consonant clusters (a form of epenthesis).", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak \u02cc\u028cp k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt kl\u02c8\u028cst\u025az \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u02c8\u025bp\u0259n\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "Various Semitic, Cushitic, Berber, and Chadic languages, including Arabic, Amharic, Berber, Somali, and East Dangla, also exhibit various types of vowel harmony.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, \u00e6mh\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, s\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st d\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u0259, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026at v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ni."}, {"text": "The majority of AA languages are tonal languages: phonemic tonality is found in Omotic, Chadic, and Cushitic languages, but absent in Berber and Semitic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8o\u028an\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz: f\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak to\u028an\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, \u00e6nd k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259nt \u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a \u00e6nd s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "In contemporary Omotic, Chadic, and Cushitic languages, tone is primarily a grammatical feature: it encodes various grammatical functions, only differentiating lexical roots in a few cases.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, \u00e6nd k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, t\u02c8o\u028an \u026az p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u0250m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a: \u026a\u027e \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028adz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u0261\u0279\u0250m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz, \u02c8o\u028anli d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u026an \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In some Chadic and some Omotic languages every syllable has to have a tone, whereas in most Cushitic languages this is not the case.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l h\u0250z t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028an, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026as \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Some scholars postulate that Proto-Afroasiatic may have had tone, while others believe it arose later from a pitch accent.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az p\u02c8\u0254st\u0283\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v h\u00e6d t\u02c8o\u028an, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u026a\u027e \u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u028az l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 p\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259nt."}, {"text": "At present, there is no generally accepted reconstruction of Proto-Afroasiatic grammar, syntax, or morphology, nor one for any of the sub-branches besides Egyptian.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a, s\u02c8\u026ant\u00e6ks, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbb\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz b\u1d7bs\u02cca\u026adz \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "This means that it is difficult to know which features in Afroasiatic languages are retentions, and which are innovations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u026an \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Moreover, all Afroasiatic languages have long been in contact with other language families and with each other, leading to the possibility of widespread borrowing both within Afroasiatic and from unrelated languages.", "phonemes": "mo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u028av\u025a, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02cc\u026an \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u028cn\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "There are nevertheless a number of commonly observed features in Afroasiatic morphology and derivation, including, the use of suffixes, infixes, vowel lengthening and shortening as a morphological change, as well as the use of tone changes to indicate morphology.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u026an \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak m\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks\u1d7bz, \u026anf\u02c8\u026aks\u1d7bz, v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0294n\u0329\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv t\u02c8o\u028an t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz t\u028a \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at m\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "A widely attested feature in AA languages is a consonantal structure into which various vocalic \"templates\" are placed.", "phonemes": "\u0250 w\u02c8a\u026adli \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u02cc\u00e6nt\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s vo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak \"t\u02c8\u025bmpl\u0259ts\" \u0251\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8e\u026ast."}, {"text": "Besides for Semitic, vocalic templates are well attested for Cushitic and Berber, where, along with Chadic, it is less productive; it is absent in Omotic.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bs\u02cca\u026adz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, vo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bmpl\u0259ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bl \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, \u026a\u027e \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av; \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259nt \u026an \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "In Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, verbs have no inherent vowels at all; the vowels found in a given stem are dependent on the vocalic template.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bz h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a \u026anh\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259nt v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l; \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n st\u02c8\u025bm \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 vo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bmpl\u0259t."}, {"text": "Most Semitic verbs are triliteral (have three consonants), whereas most Chadic, Omotic, and Cushitic verbs are biliteral (having two consonants).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u00e6v \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z m\u02c8o\u028ast t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts."}, {"text": "It may have originally been mostly biconsonantal, to which various affixes (such as verbal extensions) were then added and lexicalized.", "phonemes": "\u026at m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li b\u02cc\u026an m\u02c8o\u028astli ba\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u02cc\u00e6nt\u0259l, t\u0259 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u0250f\u02c8\u026aks\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd."}, {"text": "Although any root could theoretically be used to create a noun or a verb, there is evidence for the existence of distinct noun and verb roots, which behave in different ways.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u025bni \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t k\u028ad \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 n\u02c8a\u028an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt n\u02c8a\u028an \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026av \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt w\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "As part of these templates, the alternation (apophony) between high vowels (e.g. i, u) and a low vowel (a) in verbal forms is usually described as one of the main characteristics of AA languages: this change codes a variety of different functions.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8\u025bmpl\u0259ts, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254lt\u025an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259ni b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n h\u02c8a\u026a v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8a\u026a, j\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u0250 \u026an v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u028cv \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz: \u00f0\u026as t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 k\u02c8o\u028adz \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "It is unclear whether this system is a common AA trait; the Chadic examples, for instance, show signs of originally deriving from affixes, which could explain the origins of the alterations in other languages as well.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a t\u0279\u02c8e\u026at; \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, \u0283\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8a\u026anz \u028cv \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u0250f\u02c8\u026aks\u1d7bz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254lt\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "Berber, Egyptian, and most Semitic languages are verb-initial languages, whereas Cushitic, Omotic and some Semitic subgroups are verb-final languages.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cb\u0261\u0279u\u02d0ps \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bf\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Proto-Chadic is reconstructed as having verb-initial word order, but most Chadic languages have subject-verb-object word order.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028at\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak \u026az \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8o\u028ast t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bktv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "Afroasiatic Languages use the processes of reduplication and gemination (which often overlap in meaning) to derive nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs throughout the AA language family.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bd\u02ccu\u02d0pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cc\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u00e6p \u026an m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b t\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av n\u02c8a\u028anz, v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bz, \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026avz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025c\u02d0bz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali."}, {"text": "Full or partial reduplication of the verb is often used to derive forms showing repeated action (pluractionality), though it is unclear if this is an inherited feature or has been widely borrowed.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u028al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bd\u02ccu\u02d0pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n pl\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0250k\u0283\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u026a\u027e \u026az \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026af \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u0250n \u026anh\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n w\u02c8a\u026adli b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad."}, {"text": "The assignment of nouns and pronouns to either masculine or feminine gender is present in all branches \u2013 but not all languages \u2013 of the Afroasiatic family.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt \u028cv n\u02c8a\u028anz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028anz t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6skj\u028al\u02cc\u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cc\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279 \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali."}, {"text": "Additionally, even when nouns are not cognates, they tend to have the same gender throughout Afroasiatic (\"gender stability\").", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u025bn n\u02c8a\u028anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261ne\u026ats, \u00f0e\u026a t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\"d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei\"."}, {"text": "In Egyptian, Semitic, and Berber, a feminine suffix -t is attested to mark feminine nouns; in some Cushitic and Chadic languages, a feminine -t suffix or prefix (lexicalized from a demonstrative) is used to mark definiteness.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, \u0250 f\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cc\u026an s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k f\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cc\u026an n\u02c8a\u028anz; \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u0250 f\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cc\u026an t\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 d\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k d\u02c8\u025bf\u026an\u0259tn\u0259s."}, {"text": "In addition to these uses, -t also functions as a diminutive, pejorative, and/or singulative marker in some languages.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0i\u02d0z j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz, t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6z \u0250 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av, p\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, \u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u0259t\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025a\u0279 \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Afroasiatic languages have a variety of ways of marking plurals; in some branches, nouns change gender from singular to plural (gender polarity), while in others, plural forms are ungendered.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u00e6v \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv w\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259lz; \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, n\u02c8a\u028anz t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u025a t\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a po\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, w\u02cca\u026al \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cnd\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025ad."}, {"text": "In addition to marking plurals via a number of affixes (with the suffixes -*uu/-*w and -*n(a) widely attested), several AA languages make use of internal vowel change (apophony) and/or insertion (epenthesis).", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259lz v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u0279 \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250f\u02c8\u026aks\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks\u1d7bz \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask \u02c8u\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0250st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask \u02c8\u025bn \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026adli \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz m\u02cce\u026ak j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259ni \u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bp\u0259n\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "These so-called \"internal a\" or \"broken\" plurals are securely attested in Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, and Chadic, although it is unclear if the Chadic examples are an independent development.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n\" pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279li \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026a\u027e \u026az \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026af \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "A common pattern in AA languages with case is for the nominative to be marked by -u or -i, and the accusative to be marked by -a.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025an \u026an \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8e\u026as \u026az f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u0259bi m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt ba\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u0259bi m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Some languages in AA have a marked nominative alignment, a feature which may date back to Proto-Afroasiatic.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a h\u00e6v \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0250l\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt, \u0250 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Zygmont Frajzyngier states that a general characteristic of case marking in AA languages is that it tends to mark roles such as genitive, dative, locative, etc. rather than the subject and object.", "phonemes": "z\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0254nt f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292z\u026a\u014bi\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u028cv k\u02c8e\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026az \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0279\u02c8o\u028alz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av, d\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026av, lo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026av, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259. \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt."}, {"text": "The construct state is a special, usually reduced form of a noun, which is used when the noun is possessed by another noun (Semitic) or is modified by an adjective or relative clause (Cushitic).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0279\u028ckt st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8a\u028an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u028an \u026az p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8a\u028an s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026av \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Edward Lipi\u0144ski refers to Semitic nouns as having four states: absolute (free/indeterminate), construct, determinate, and predicate.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad l\u026ap\u02c8\u026anski \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak n\u02c8a\u028anz \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026ats: \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259l\u02ccu\u02d0t f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cc\u026and\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u0259t, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0279\u028ckt, d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "Coptic and Egyptian grammar also refers to nouns having a \"free\" (absolute) state, a \"construct state,\" and a \"pronominal state.\"", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak \u00e6nd \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u028anz h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026a \"f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\" \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259l\u02ccu\u02d0t st\u02c8e\u026at, \u02c8e\u026a \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0279\u028ckt st\u02c8e\u026at,\" \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026a \"p\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at.\""}, {"text": "The construct state is used when a noun becomes unstressed as the first element of a compound, whereas the pronominal state is used when the noun has a suffixed possessive pronoun.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0279\u028ckt st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u025bn \u0250 n\u02c8a\u028an b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz \u028cnst\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028and, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u028an h\u0250z \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cf\u026akst p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs\u026av p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028an."}, {"text": "Berber instead contrasts between the \"free state\" and the \"annexed state,\" the latter of which is used for a variety of purposes, including for subjects placed after a verb and after certain prepositions.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a\u0279 \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6sts b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 \"f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026at\" \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8\u00e6n\u025bkst st\u02c8e\u026at,\" \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u0279\u0259 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkts pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "All branches of Afroasiatic have a lexical category of adjectives except for Chadic; some Chadic languages do have adjectives, however.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak h\u00e6v \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026avz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak; s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz d\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u00e6v \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026avz, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a."}, {"text": "In Berber languages, adjectives are rare and are mostly replaced by nouns of quality and stative verbs.", "phonemes": "\u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026avz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028astli \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a n\u02c8a\u028anz \u028cv kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026av v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bz."}, {"text": "In those languages that have adjectives, they can take gender and number markings, which, in some cases, agree with the gender and number of the noun they are modifying.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0o\u028az l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026avz, \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n t\u02c8e\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014bz, w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u028an \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "However, in Omotic, adjectives do not  agree with nouns: sometimes, they only but take gender and number marking only when they are used as nouns, in other cases, they take gender and number marking only when they follow the noun (the noun then receives no marking).", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026an \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak, \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026avz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8a\u028anz: s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz, \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli b\u02cc\u028ct t\u02c8e\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b \u02c8o\u028anli w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z n\u02c8a\u028anz, \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00f0e\u026a t\u02c8e\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b \u02c8o\u028anli w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u028an \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u028an \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vz n\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "A widespread pattern of gender and number marking in Afroasiatic, found on demonstratives, articles, adjectives, and relative markers, is a consonant N for masculine, T for feminine, and N for plural.", "phonemes": "\u0250 w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025an \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, f\u02c8a\u028and \u02cc\u0254n d\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz, \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026avz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025az, \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6skj\u028al\u02cc\u026an, t\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cc\u026an, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l."}, {"text": "A system K (masculine), T (feminine), and H (plural) can be found in Cushitic, Chadic, with masculine K also appearing in Omotic.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m k\u02c8e\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6skj\u028al\u02cc\u026an, t\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cc\u026an, \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u00e6skj\u028al\u02cc\u026an k\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Most grammars of AA posit a distinction between perfective and imperfective verbal aspects, which can be found in Cushitic, Berber, Semitic, most Chadic languages, and some Omotic languages.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u025az \u028cv \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n p\u025af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u00e6nd \u026amp\u025af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, m\u02c8o\u028ast t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Additionally, it is common in Afroasiatic languages for the present/imperfective form to be a derived (marked) form of the verb, whereas in most other languages and language families the present tense is the default form of the verb.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u026a\u027e \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u026amp\u025af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m t\u0259bi \u0250 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt t\u02c8\u025bns \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254lt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b."}, {"text": "These prefixes are clearly cognate across the branches, although their use within the verbal systems of the individual languages varies.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261ne\u026at \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz."}, {"text": "There is a general pattern in which n- is used for the first person plural, whereas t- is used for all forms of the second person regardless of plurality or gender, as well as feminine singular.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025an \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u025bn \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dl\u0259s \u028cv pl\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z f\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cc\u026an s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u025a."}, {"text": "Prefixes of \u0294- (glottal stop) for the first person singular and y- for the third person masculine can also be reconstructed.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294\u0259lst\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p \u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8a\u026a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6skj\u028al\u02cc\u026an k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "As there is no evidence for the \"prefix conjugation\" in Omotic, Chadic, or Egyptian, it is unclear whether this was a Proto-Afroasiatic feature that has been lost in those branches or is a shared innovation among Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \"p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\" \u026an \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u026as w\u028cz\u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u0250th\u0250zb\u02cc\u026an l\u02c8\u0254st \u026an \u00f0o\u028az b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026az \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, \u00e6nd k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Some AA branches have what is called a \"suffix conjugation\", formed by adding pronominal suffixes to indicate person, gender, and number to a verbal adjective.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz h\u00e6v w\u028ct \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8e\u026a \"s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks\u1d7bz t\u028a \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a t\u028a \u0250 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026av."}, {"text": "In Akkadian, Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic this forms a \"stative conjugation\", used to express the state or result of an action; the same endings as in Akkadian and Egyptian are also present in the West Semitic perfective verb form.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00e6k\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n, \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, \u00e6nd k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u02c8e\u026a \"st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026av k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n; \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014bz \u00e6z \u026an \u00e6k\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak p\u025af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "In Akkadian and Egyptian, the suffixes appear to be reduced forms of the independent pronouns (see Pronouns); the obvious correspondence between the endings in the two branches has been argued to show that Egyptian and Semitic are closely related.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00e6k\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks\u1d7bz \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259bi \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028anz s\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028anz; \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bvi\u0259s k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u0251\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "While some scholars posit an AA origin for this form, it is possible that the Berber and Cushitic forms are independent developments, as they show significant differences from the Egyptian and Semitic forms.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al s\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at \u0250n \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u026a\u027e \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a \u00e6nd k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nts, \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0283\u02c8o\u028a s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "A prefix in m- is the most widely attested affix in AA that is used to derive nouns, and is one the features Joseph Greenberg used to diagnose membership in the family.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks \u026an \u02c8\u025bm \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adli \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u0250f\u02c8\u026aks \u026an \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av n\u02c8a\u028anz, \u00e6nd \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261n\u02c8o\u028az m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali."}, {"text": "Omotic, meanwhile, shows evidence for a non-productive prefix mV- associated with the feminine gender.", "phonemes": "\u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak, m\u02c8i\u02d0nwa\u026al, \u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u025a\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0np\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks \u02c8\u025bm v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cc\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a."}, {"text": "Christopher Ehret has argued that this prefix is a later development that was not present in Proto-Afro-Asiatic, but rather derived from a PAA indefinite pronoun *m-.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026at h\u0250z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks \u026az \u0250 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02c8\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026a\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u025bf\u026an\u0259t p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028an \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask \u02c8\u025bm."}, {"text": "Such an etymology is rejected by A. Zaborski and G\u00e1bor Tak\u00e1cs, the latter of whom argues for a PAA *ma- that unites all or some of the meanings in the modern languages.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250n \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026a. z\u00e6b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ski \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6b\u025a t\u00e6k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv h\u02c8u\u02d0m \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Many AA languages use prefixes or suffixes (verbal extensions) to encode various pieces of information about the verb.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz j\u02c8u\u02d0s p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks\u1d7bz v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz t\u028a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b."}, {"text": "'middle voice' or 'reflexive', and *n- 'passive'; the prefixes appear with various related meanings in the individual daughter languages and branches.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bks\u026av, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask \u02c8\u025bn p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av; \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Christopher Ehret has proposed that Proto-Afroasiatic originally had as many as thirty-seven separate verbal extensions, many of which then became fossilized as third consonants.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026at h\u0250z p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li h\u00e6d \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bni \u00e6z \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027eis\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz, m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts."}, {"text": "This theory has been criticized by some, such as Andrzej Zaborski and Alan Kaye, as being too many extensions to be realistic, though Zygmont Frajzyngier and Erin Shay note that some Chadic languages have as many as twelve extensions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259z\u02cc\u025bd\u0292 z\u00e6b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ski \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n k\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u025bni \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259bi \u0279i\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a z\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0254nt f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292z\u026a\u014bi\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026an \u0283\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u00e6v \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bni \u00e6z tw\u02c8\u025blv \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The so-called \"Nisba\" is a suffix used to derive adjectives from nouns and, in Egyptian, also from prepositions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cco\u028ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"n\u02c8\u026asb\u0259\" \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026avz f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u028anz \u00e6nd, \u026an \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The suffix has the same basic form in Egyptian and Semitic, taking the form -i(y) in Semitic and being written -j in Egyptian.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u026an \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8a\u026a w\u02c8a\u026a \u026an s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a \u026an \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Due to its presence in the oldest attested and best-known AA branches, nisba derivation is often thought of as a \"quintessentially Afroasiatic feature\".", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bstn\u02c8o\u028an \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, n\u02c8\u026asb\u0259 d\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u028cv \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a \"kw\u02cc\u026ant\u026as\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\"."}, {"text": "Christopher Ehret argues for its presence in Proto-Afroasiatic and for its attestation in some form in all branches, with a shape -*ay in addition to -*iy in some cases.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats \u0250\u027e\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask \u02c8a\u026a \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask \u02c8\u026ai \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The forms of the pronouns are very stable throughout Afroasiatic (excluding Omotic), and they have been used as one of the chief tools for determining whether a language belongs to the family.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a h\u0250vb\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f t\u02c8u\u02d0lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali."}, {"text": "However, there is no consensus on what the reconstructed set of Afroasiatic pronouns might have looked like.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n w\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028anz m\u02cca\u026ath\u0250v l\u02c8\u028akt l\u02c8a\u026ak."}, {"text": "A common characteristic of AA languages is the existence of a special set of \"independent\" pronouns, which are distinct from subject pronouns.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u028cv \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv \"\u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt\" p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028anz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028anz."}, {"text": "For most branches, the first person pronouns contain a nasal consonant (n, m), whereas the third person displays a sibilant consonant (s, sh).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028anz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026az\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bn, \u02c8\u025bm, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ab\u026al\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bs, \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026at\u0283."}, {"text": "Other commonalities are masculine and feminine forms used in both the second and third persons, except in Cushitic and Omotic.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6skj\u028al\u02cc\u026an \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u026an k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "The Omotic forms of the personal pronouns differ from the others, with only the plural forms in North Omotic appearing potentially to be cognate.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028anz d\u02c8\u026af\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li t\u0259bi k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261ne\u026at."}, {"text": "Unlike in the Indo-European or Austronesian language families, numerals in AA languages cannot be traced to a proto-system.", "phonemes": "\u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ando\u028aj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0st\u0279o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz, n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259lz \u026an \u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ast t\u028a \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "Thus, it is possible that the numerals in Egyptian, Berber, and Semitic are more closely related, whereas the Cushitic and Chadic numerals are more closely related to each other.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u026a\u027e \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259lz \u026an \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a, \u00e6nd s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "Modern Chadic numeral systems are sometimes decimal, having separate names for the numbers 1\u201310, and sometimes base-5, deriving the numbers 6\u20139 from the numbers 1\u20135 in some way.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t n\u02c8e\u026amz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8\u025bn, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz b\u02c8e\u026as f\u02c8a\u026av, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az s\u02c8\u026aks n\u02c8a\u026an f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8a\u026av \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Some families show more than one word for a numeral: Chadic, Semitic, and Berber each have two words for two, and Semitic has four words for one.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u025a\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259l: t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak, s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 h\u00e6v t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak h\u0250z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Andrzej Zaborski further notes that the numbers \"one\", \"two\", and \"five\" are particularly susceptible to replacement by new words, with \"five\" often based on a word meaning \"hand\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259z\u02cc\u025bd\u0292 z\u00e6b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ski f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \"w\u02cc\u028cn\", \"t\u02c8u\u02d0\", \u00e6nd \"f\u02c8a\u026av\" \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali s\u0259s\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt ba\u026a n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, w\u026a\u00f0 \"f\u02c8a\u026av\" \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"h\u02c8\u00e6nd\"."}, {"text": "Only some Berber languages maintain the native Berber numeral system, with many using Arabic loans for higher numbers and some from any numeral beyond two.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028anli s\u02cc\u028cm b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bni j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak l\u02c8o\u028anz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u025bni n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Some South Cushitic numerals are borrowed from Nilotic languages, other Cushitic numerals have been borrowed from Ethiopian Semitic languages.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad f\u0279\u028cm na\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u028a\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259lz h\u0250vb\u026an b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad f\u0279\u028cm \u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8o\u028api\u0259n s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Writing in 2004, John Huehnergard notes the great difficulty in establishing cognate sets across the family.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n hj\u02c8u\u02d0hn\u025a\u0261\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d n\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti \u026an \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261ne\u026at s\u02c8\u025bts \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali."}, {"text": "Identifying cognates is difficult because the languages in question are often separated by thousands of years of development and many languages within the family have long been in contact with each other, raising the possibility of loanwords.", "phonemes": "a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261ne\u026ats \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02cc\u026an \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, \u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8o\u028anw\u025c\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "There are two etymological dictionaries of Afroasiatic, one by Christopher Ehret, and one by Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova, both from 1995.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026at, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a vl\u02c8\u00e6d\u026am\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0261\u0259 st\u0259lb\u02c8o\u028av\u0259, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Both works provide highly divergent reconstructions and have been heavily criticized by other scholars.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad h\u02c8a\u026ali da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nt \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd h\u0250vb\u026an h\u02c8\u025bvili k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az."}, {"text": "Andrzej Zaborski refers to Orel and Stolbova's reconstructions as \"controversial\", and Ehret's as \"not acceptable to many scholars\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259z\u02cc\u025bd\u0292 z\u00e6b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ski \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd st\u0259lb\u02c8o\u028av\u0259z \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6z \"k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l\", \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026ats \u00e6z \"n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az\"."}, {"text": "Tom G\u00fcldemann argues that much comparative work in Afroasiatic suffers from not attempting first to reconstruct smaller units within the individual branches, but instead comparing words in the individual languages.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u0261\u02c8u\u02d0ld\u1d7bm\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026an \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cf\u025az f\u0279\u028cm n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Genealogical trees attributed to Delafosse 1914, Greenberg 1950\u20131955, Greenberg 1963, Fleming 1976, Hodge 1976, Orel & Stolbova 1995, Diakonoff 1996\u20131998, Ehret 1995\u20132000, Hayward 2000, Militarev 2005, Blench 2006, and Fleming 2006", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0n\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6f\u0251\u02d0s n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, fl\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd st\u0259lb\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0254f n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at, \u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, h\u02c8e\u026aw\u025ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, m\u02c8\u026al\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279v t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av, bl\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6nd fl\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks"}, {"text": "Afro-Asiatic and Semitic genealogical trees, presented by Alexander Militarev at his talk \"Genealogical classification of Afro-Asiatic languages according to the latest data\" at the conference on the 70th anniversary of V.M. Illich-Svitych, Moscow, 2004; short annotations of the talks given there", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026a\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0n\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z, p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a m\u02c8\u026al\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279v \u00e6t h\u026az t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k \"d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0n\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026a\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259\" \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u0259\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i \u028cv v\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bm. \u026al\u02c8\u026ax\u02c8\u025bsv\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026at\u0283, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279; \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u02cc\u00e6n\u0259t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ks \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279"}, {"text": "Root Extension And Root Formation In Semitic And Afrasian, by Alexander Militarev in \"Proceedings of the Barcelona Symposium on comparative Semitic\", 19-20/11/2004.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0250f\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n, ba\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a m\u02c8\u026al\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279v \u02c8\u026an \"p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026al\u02c8o\u028an\u0259 s\u026amp\u02c8o\u028asi\u0259m \u02cc\u0254n k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\", n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 tw\u02c8\u025bnti sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Akkadian-Egyptian lexical matches, by Alexander Militarev in \"Papers on Semitic and Afroasiatic Linguistics in Honor of Gene B. Gragg.\"", "phonemes": "\u00e6k\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz, ba\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a m\u02c8\u026al\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279v \u02c8\u026an \"p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025az \u02cc\u0254n s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u02cce\u026as\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n b\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261.\""}, {"text": "Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked country and microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u026ans\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an l\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u0251\u02d0kt k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028ast\u02cce\u026at \u0254n\u00f0\u026a a\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259, \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an p\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z, b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026an t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988, when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u026am\u02cc\u00e6\u0261ni, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ld ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, w\u02cc\u025bn \u026at w\u028cz t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak d\u026ao\u028as\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl."}, {"text": "It is currently headed by two co-princes: the bishop of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain and the president of France.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli h\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bd ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz: \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl \u026an k\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259, sp\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns."}, {"text": "Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, at an elevation of  above sea level.", "phonemes": "\u026ats k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 v\u02c8\u025bl\u0259, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u02cc\u025bl\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l."}, {"text": "The oldest is one put forward by the Greek historian Polybius (The Histories III, 35, 1), who describes the Andosins, an Iberian Pre-Roman tribe, as historically located in the valleys of Andorra and facing the Carthaginian army in its passage through the Pyrenees during the Punic Wars.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02cc\u028at f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n p\u0251\u02d0l\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u0259s \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279iz \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, w\u02c8\u028cn, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259s\u02cc\u026anz, \u0250n a\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab, \u00e6z h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u026an \u026ats p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 pj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z."}, {"text": "Another theory suggests that the word Andorra may derive from the old word Anorra that contains the Basque word  (\"water\").", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6n\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6sk w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\"w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\"."}, {"text": "Another theory suggests that Andorra may derive from Arabic  (), indicating a vast land which is located among mountains or a thickly wooded place (with  being the definite article).", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 v\u02c8\u00e6st l\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u026akli w\u02c8\u028ad\u1d7bd pl\u02c8e\u026as w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bf\u026an\u0259t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l."}, {"text": "When the  Moors conquered the Iberian Peninsula, the valleys of the High Pyrenees were covered by large tracts of forest.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028a\u0279z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u025ad \u00f0\u026a a\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a p\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kts \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast."}, {"text": "Other theories suggest that the term derives from the Navarro-Aragonese \"andurrial\", which means \"land covered with bushes\" or \"scrubland\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u00e6v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279o\u028a\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250\u0261\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z \"\u00e6nd\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \"l\u02c8\u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u1d7bz\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"sk\u0279\u02c8\u028cbl\u0259nd\"."}, {"text": "The folk etymology holds that Charlemagne had named the region as a reference to the Biblical Canaanite valley of Endor or Andor (where the Midianites had been defeated), a name bestowed by his heir and son Louis the Pious after defeating the Moors in the \"wild valleys of Hell\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u026am\u02cc\u00e6\u0261ni h\u00e6d n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026abl\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0n\u02cca\u026at v\u02c8\u00e6li \u028cv \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ndo\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u026ad\u026a\u02c8\u00e6na\u026ats h\u0250db\u026an d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd, \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026am b\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u028ad ba\u026a h\u026az \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8u\u02d0i \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028a\u0279z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \"w\u02c8a\u026ald v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bl\"."}, {"text": "La Balma de la Margineda, found by archaeologists at Sant Juli\u00e0 de L\u00f2ria, was settled in 9,500 BCE as a passing place between the two sides of the Pyrenees.", "phonemes": "l\u02cc\u00e6 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026an\u02cc\u025bd\u0259, f\u02c8a\u028and ba\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6t s\u02c8\u00e6nt d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u02cc\u00e6 d\u0259 l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259, w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ld \u026an n\u02c8a\u026an,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6z \u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026as b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u026adz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The seasonal camp was perfectly located for hunting and fishing by the groups of hunter-gatherers from Ariege and Segre.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6mp w\u028cz p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u025bktli lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u028cnt\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv h\u02c8\u028cnt\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u02d0d\u0292 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u025a."}, {"text": "During the Neolithic Age, a group of people moved to the Valley of Madriu (the present-day Natural Park located in Escaldes-Engordany declared UNESCO World Heritage Site) as a permanent camp in 6640 BCE.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6li \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0279\u026a\u02ccu\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntd\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8\u025bsk\u00e6ld\u0259z\u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259ni d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u028cn\u02c8\u025bsko\u028a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 s\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6z \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6mp \u026an s\u02c8\u026aks \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The population of the valley grew cereals, raised domestic livestock, and developed a commercial trade with people from the Segre and Occitania.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6li \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259lz, \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u026ak l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k, \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u025a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026at\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259."}, {"text": "Other archaeological deposits include the Tombs of Segudet (Ordino) and Feixa del Moro (Sant Juli\u00e0 de L\u00f2ria), both dated in 4900\u20134300 BCE as an example of the Urn culture in Andorra.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0mz \u028cv s\u02c8\u025b\u0261ju\u02d0d\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026aks\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bl m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279o\u028a s\u02c8\u00e6nt d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u02cc\u00e6 d\u0259 l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6z \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Metallurgical items of iron, ancient coins, and reliquaries can be found in the ancient sanctuaries scattered around the country.", "phonemes": "m\u025b\u027e\u0250l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz \u028cv \u02c8a\u026a\u025an, \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0254\u026anz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026akw\u025b\u0279iz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz sk\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025ad \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "The sanctuary of Roc de les Bruixes (Stone of the Witches) is perhaps the most important archeological complex of this age in Andorra, located in the parish of Canillo, about the rituals of funerals, ancient scripture and engraved stone murals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k d\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bs b\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u026aks\u1d7bz st\u02c8o\u028an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u1d7bz \u026az p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283 \u028cv k\u00e6n\u02c8\u026alo\u028a, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259lz \u028cv fj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u0259lz, \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u025b\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026avd st\u02c8o\u028an mj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The inhabitants of the valleys were traditionally associated with the Iberians and historically located in Andorra as the Iberian tribe Andosins or Andosini () during the 7th and 2nd centuries BC.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a a\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz \u00e6nd h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a a\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259s\u02cc\u026anz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0ni d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Influenced by the Aquitanian, Basque and Iberian languages, the locals developed some current toponyms.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6kw\u026at\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n, b\u02c8\u00e6sk \u00e6nd a\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259lz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259n\u02cc\u026amz."}, {"text": "Early writings and documents relating to this group of people goes back to the second century BC by the Greek writer Polybius in his Histories during the Punic Wars.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0261o\u028az b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a p\u0251\u02d0l\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u0259s \u026an h\u026az h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279iz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 pj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z."}, {"text": "Some of the most significant remains of this era are the Castle of the Roc d'Enclar (part of the early Marca Hispanica), l'Anxiu in Les Escaldes and Roc de L'Oral in Encamp.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k d\u025b\u014bkl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259 h\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259, \u02c8\u025bl\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks\u026a\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026an l\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u025bsk\u00e6ld\u0259z \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k d\u0259 \u02c8\u025bl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u026an \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6mp."}, {"text": "The places with the most Roman presence are in Camp Vermell (Red Field) in Sant Juli\u00e0 de L\u00f2ria, and in some places in Encamp, as well as in the Roc d'Enclar.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6mp v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u025bl \u0279\u02c8\u025bd f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026an s\u02c8\u00e6nt d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u02cc\u00e6 d\u0259 l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259, \u00e6nd \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6mp, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k d\u025b\u014bkl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "People continued trading, mainly with wine and cereals, with the Roman cities of Urgellet (the present-day La Seu d'Urgell) and all across Segre through the via romana Strata Ceretana (also known as Strata Confluetana).", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b, m\u02c8e\u026anli w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259lz, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026al\u02cc\u026at \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntd\u02c8e\u026a l\u02cc\u00e6 sj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s s\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 s\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nflu\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259."}, {"text": "After the fall of the Roman Empire, Andorra came under the influence of the Visigoths, the Kingdom of Toledo, and the Diocese of Urgell.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026am \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0261\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u03b8s, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m \u028cv t\u0251\u02d0l\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ao\u028as\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl."}, {"text": "When the Muslim Empire of Al-Andalus replaced the ruling Visigoths in most of the Iberian Peninsula, Andorra was sheltered from these Arab invaders by the Franks.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u00e6l\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u0261\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u03b8s \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u026a a\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 w\u028cz \u0283\u02c8\u025blt\u025ad f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b \u026anv\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks."}, {"text": "Tradition holds that Charles the Great (Charlemagne) granted a charter to the Andorran people for a contingent of 5,000 soldiers under the command of Marc Almugaver, in return for fighting against the Moors near Port\u00e9-Puymorens (Cerdanya).", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u026am\u02cc\u00e6\u0261ni \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u025a\u0279\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026and\u0292\u0259nt \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u02c8\u0254lmju\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026av\u025a, \u026an \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028a\u0279z n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 po\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026ap\u02c8a\u026am\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nz s\u025c\u02d0d\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259."}, {"text": "Andorra remained part of the Frankish Marca Hispanica, the buffer zone between the Frankish Empire and the Muslim territories, Andorra being part of the territory ruled by the Count of Urgell and eventually the bishop of the Diocese of Urgell.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u025a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259 h\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028cf\u025a z\u02c8o\u028an b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ld ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl \u00e6nd \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u026ao\u028as\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl."}, {"text": "Tradition also holds that it was guaranteed by the son of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, writing the Carta de Poblament or a local municipal charter .", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz \u0261\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt\u02c8i\u02d0d ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u026am\u02cc\u00e6\u0261ni, l\u02c8u\u02d0i \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259 d\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a ."}, {"text": "In 988, Count Borrell II of Urgell gave the Andorran valleys to the Diocese of Urgell in exchange for land in Cerdanya.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, k\u02c8a\u028ant b\u02c8\u0254\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ao\u028as\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl \u026an \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026an s\u025c\u02d0d\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259."}, {"text": "i Dotaci\u00f3 de la Catedral de la Seu d'Urgell (Deed of Consecration and Endowment of the Cathedral of La Seu d'Urgell).", "phonemes": "\u02c8a\u026a d\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u02cco\u028a d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025bd\u0279\u0259l d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 sj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl d\u02c8i\u02d0d \u028cv k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u026ak\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u025bnd\u02c8a\u028am\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0250\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259l \u028cv l\u02cc\u00e6 sj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl."}, {"text": "The document, dated 839, depicts the six old parishes of the Andorran valleys that made up the country's administrative division.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt, d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akts \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8o\u028ald p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Before 1095, Andorra had no military protection, and the bishop of Urgell, who knew that the count of Urgell wanted to reclaim the Andorran valleys, asked the Lord of Caboet for help and protection.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 h\u00e6d n\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl, h\u02ccu\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az, \u02c8\u00e6skt \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6bo\u028at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025blp \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1095, the lord of Caboet and the bishop of Urgell signed under oath a declaration of their co-sovereignty over Andorra.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6bo\u028at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl s\u02c8a\u026and \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250 d\u02cc\u025bkl\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026anti \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "In the 13th century, a military dispute arose between the bishop of Urgell and the count of Foix as aftermath of the Cathar Crusade.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u0250 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0t \u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u028az b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv fw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025am\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279u\u02d0s\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "The conflict was resolved in 1278 with the mediation of the king of Aragon, Peter III, between the bishop and the count, by the signing of the first par\u00e9age, which provided that Andorra's sovereignty be shared between the count of Foix (whose title would ultimately transfer to the French head of state) and the bishop of Urgell, in Catalonia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cci\u02d0d\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6\u0261\u0259n, p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ant, ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279e\u026a\u026ad\u0292, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259z s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026anti bi\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv fw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 h\u02ccu\u02d0z t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l w\u028ad \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl, \u026an k\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259."}, {"text": "A second par\u00e9age was signed in 1288 after a dispute when the count of Foix ordered the construction of a castle in Roc d'Enclar.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279e\u026a\u026ad\u0292 w\u028cz s\u02c8a\u026and \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0t w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv fw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259l \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k d\u025b\u014bkl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The document was ratified by the noble notary Jaume Orig of Puigcerd\u00e0, and construction of military structures in the country was prohibited.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279i d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0261 \u028cv pj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u0261s\u025ad\u02cc\u00e6, \u00e6nd k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259h\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "In 1364, the political organization of the country named the figure of the syndic (now spokesman and president of the parliament) as representative of the Andorrans to their co-princes, making possible the creation of local departments (comuns, quarts and ve\u00efnats).", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak n\u02c8a\u028a sp\u02c8o\u028aksm\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259m\u0259nt \u00e6z \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nts k\u0259m\u02c8\u028cnz, kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025bi\u02d0n\u02cc\u00e6ts."}, {"text": "After being ratified by Bishop Francesc Tovia and Count John I, the Consell de la Terra or Consell General de les Valls (General Council of the Valleys) was founded in 1419, the second oldest parliament in Europe.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u025bsk t\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259 \u00e6nd k\u02c8a\u028ant d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8a\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bl d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bl d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bs v\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259m\u0259nt \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "The syndic Andreu d'Al\u00e0s and the General Council organized the creation of the Justice Courts (La Cort de Justicia) in 1433 with the co-princes and the collection of taxes like foc i lloc (literally \"fire and site\", a national tax active since then).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279u\u02d0 d\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts l\u02cc\u00e6 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t d\u0259 d\u0292\u028cst\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz l\u02c8a\u026ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259li \"f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026at\", \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "Although there are remains of ecclesiastical works dating before the 9th century (Sant Vicen\u00e7 d'Enclar or Esgl\u00e9sia de Santa Coloma), Andorra developed exquisite Romanesque Art during the 9th through 14th centuries, particularly in the construction of churches, bridges, religious murals and statues of the Virgin and Child (Our Lady of Meritxell being the most important).", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv \u1d7bkl\u02cci\u02d0z\u026a\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u00e6nt v\u02c8a\u026as\u0259ns d\u025b\u014bkl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bs\u0261l\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 d\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028am\u0259, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u025bkskw\u02c8\u026as\u026at \u0279\u02cco\u028ame\u026an\u02c8\u025bsk \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz, b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s mj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259lz \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026an \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald \u02cca\u028a\u025a l\u02c8e\u026adi \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026atks\u02cc\u025bl b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Nowadays, the Romanesque buildings that form part of Andorra's cultural heritage stand out in a remarkable way, with an emphasis on Esgl\u00e9sia de Sant Esteve, Sant Joan de Caselles, Esgl\u00e9sia de Sant Miquel d'Engolasters, Sant Mart\u00ed de la Cortinada and the medieval bridges of Margineda and Escalls among many others.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8a\u028a\u0259d\u02cce\u026az, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cco\u028ame\u026an\u02c8\u025bsk b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259z k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 st\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8a\u028at \u026an \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259b\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u025bs\u0261l\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 d\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nt \u02c8\u025bsti\u02d0v, s\u02c8\u00e6nt d\u0292\u02c8o\u028an d\u0259 ke\u026as\u02c8\u025blz, \u025bs\u0261l\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 d\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nt m\u02c8\u026akw\u0259l d\u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u00e6st\u025az, s\u02c8\u00e6nt m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026an\u02cc\u025bd\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bsk\u0254\u02d0lz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Andorra was influenced by this language, which was adopted locally decades before it expanded to the rest of the Crown of Aragon.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 w\u028cz \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259li d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u027e \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6\u0261\u0259n."}, {"text": "Later, at the end of the 11th century, the first iron foundries began to appear in Northern Parishes like Ordino, much appreciated by the master artisans who developed the art of the forges, an important economic activity in the country from the 15th century.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8a\u026a\u025an f\u02c8a\u028and\u0279iz b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a, m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026as\u0259nz h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u1d7bz, \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "In 1601 the Tribunal de Corts (High Court of Justice) was created as a result of Huguenot rebellions in France, Inquisition courts coming from Spain and witchcraft-related beliefs native to the area, in the context of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279a\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259l d\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts h\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as w\u028cz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bli\u0259nz \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u02cc\u026a\u014bkw\u026as\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts k\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm sp\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026at\u0283k\u0279\u00e6ft\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a\u0279\u1d7bfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "After Henry III of Navarre became king of France, he issued an edict in 1607 that established the head of the French state and the bishop of Urgell as co-princes of Andorra, a political arrangement that still holds.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6v\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0d\u026akt \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl \u00e6z k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, \u0250 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292m\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8\u026al h\u02c8o\u028aldz."}, {"text": "During 1617, communal councils form the sometent (popular militia or army) to deal with the rise of bandolerisme (brigandage) and the Consell de la Terra was defined and structured in terms of its composition, organization and competences current today.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259lz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cmt\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a m\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi t\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv b\u02c8\u00e6ndo\u028al\u0279\u02cc\u026asmi b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u00e6nd\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bl d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259 w\u028cz d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025ad \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv \u026ats k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u026at\u0259ns\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Andorra continued with the same economic system that it had during the 12th\u201314th centuries with a large production of metallurgy (fargues, a system similar to Farga Catalana) and with the introduction of tobacco circa 1692 and import trade.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at h\u00e6d d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025blf\u03b8 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u025bt\u02c8\u00e6l\u025c\u02d0d\u0292i f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261z, \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6ko\u028a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "In 1371 and 1448, the co-princes ratified the fair of Andorra la Vella, the most important annual national festival commercially ever since.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 v\u02c8\u025bl\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li \u02c8\u025bv\u025a s\u02c8\u026ans."}, {"text": "The country had a unique and experienced guild of weavers, Confraria de Paraires i Teixidors, in Escaldes-Engordany.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i h\u00e6d \u0250 ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259nst \u0261\u02c8\u026ald \u028cv w\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025az, k\u0259nf\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 d\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259\u02cca\u026a\u025az \u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8e\u026aks\u026ad\u02cco\u02d0\u0279z, \u026an \u02c8\u025bsk\u00e6ld\u0259z\u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259ni."}, {"text": "By this time, the country was characterized by the social system of prohoms (wealthy society) and casalers (rest of the population with smaller economic acquisition), deriving from the tradition of pubilla and hereu.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i w\u028cz k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ah\u0259mz w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u00e6nd k\u02c8e\u026aze\u026al\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0250kw\u026as\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv pju\u02d0b\u02c8\u026al\u0259 \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026a\u0279u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Three centuries after its foundation, the Consell de la Terra located its headquarters and the Tribunal de Corts in Casa de la Vall in 1702.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026ats fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bl d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026ats h\u025bdkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279a\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259l d\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259 d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 v\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Inside the parliament was placed the Closet of the six keys (Armari de les sis claus), representative of each Andorran parish, where the Andorran constitution and other documents and laws were later kept.", "phonemes": "\u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259m\u0259nt w\u028cz pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279i d\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u026as kl\u02c8a\u028as, \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u025bpt."}, {"text": "In both the Reapers' War and the War of the Spanish Succession, the Andorran people (while professing to be a neutral country) supported the Catalans who saw their rights reduced in 1716.", "phonemes": "\u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025az w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u02cca\u026al p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b t\u0259bi \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6nz h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The reaction was the promotion of Catalan writings in Andorra, with cultural works such as the Book of Privileges (Llibre de Privilegis de 1674), Manual Digest (1748) by Antoni Fiter i Rossell or the Polit\u00e0 andorr\u00e0 (1763) by Antoni Puig.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u1d7bl\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a d\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ava\u026al\u0261\u026az d\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l da\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bst w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at ba\u026a \u00e6nt\u02c8o\u028ani f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u0254s\u025bl \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02cc\u00e6 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u02cc\u00e6 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026a \u00e6nt\u02c8o\u028ani pj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u0261."}, {"text": "After the French Revolution, Napoleon I reestablished the Co-Principate in 1809 and removed the French medieval title.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n a\u026a \u0279i\u02d0\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "In 1812\u20131813, the First French Empire annexed Catalonia during the Peninsular War () and divided the region into four d\u00e9partements, with Andorra as a part of the district of Puigcerd\u00e0.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025bkst k\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u025a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026ap\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nts, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u00e6z \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt \u028cv pj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u0261s\u025ad\u02cc\u00e6."}, {"text": "During this period, Andorra's late medieval institutions and rural culture remained largely unchanged.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259z l\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u028cnt\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d."}, {"text": "In 1866, the syndic Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit led the reformist group in a Council General of 24 members elected by suffrage limited to heads of families.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak \u0261\u02c8\u026al\u0259m d\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u025bnipl\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259l\u02cc\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u026ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026an \u0250 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u028cf\u0279\u026ad\u0292 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bdz \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz."}, {"text": "The New Reform () began after ratification by both Co-Princes and established the basis of the constitution and symbolssuch as the tricolour flagof Andorra.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259ls\u02cc\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak\u028cl\u025a fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0f \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "A new service economy arose as a demand of the valley inhabitants and began to build infrastructure such as hotels, spa resorts, roads and telegraph lines.", "phonemes": "\u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u00e6z \u0250 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6li \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u0259nts \u00e6nd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z ho\u028at\u02c8\u025blz, sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts, \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f l\u02c8a\u026anz."}, {"text": "The ban resulted in an economic conflict and the Revolution of 1881, which began when revolutionaries assaulted the house of the syndic on 8 December 1880, and established the Provisional Revolutionary Council led by Joan Pla i Calvo and Pere Bar\u00f3 i Mas.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6n \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250n \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n w\u025bn \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz \u0250s\u02c8\u0254lt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026at d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028an pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6lvo\u028a \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a \u02c8a\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "The Provisional Revolutionary Council allowed for the construction of casinos and spas by foreign companies.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028az \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz."}, {"text": "From 7 to 9 June 1881, the loyalists of Canillo and Encamp reconquered the parishes of Ordino and La Massana by establishing contact with the revolutionary forces in Escaldes-Engordany.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts \u028cv k\u00e6n\u02c8\u026alo\u028a \u00e6nd \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6mp \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u00e6nd l\u02cc\u00e6 m\u00e6s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 ba\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u026an \u02c8\u025bsk\u00e6ld\u0259z\u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259ni."}, {"text": "The economic situation worsened, as the populace was divided over the \u00a0\u2013 the \"Andorran Question\" in relation to the Eastern Question.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nd, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u0259s w\u028cz d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02c8o\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n\" \u026an \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The struggles continued between pro-bishops, pro-French, and nationalists based on the troubles of Canillo in 1882 and 1885.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259lz k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ab\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259ps, p\u0279\u02c8o\u028af\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lz \u028cv k\u00e6n\u02c8\u026alo\u028a \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Between 1882 and 1887, the first academic schools were formed where trilingualism coexisted with the official language, Catalan.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014b\u0261j\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m k\u02cco\u028a\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n."}, {"text": "Romantic authors from France and Spain reported the awakening of the national consciousness of the country.", "phonemes": "\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az f\u0279\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sn\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "Jacint Verdaguer lived in Ordino during the 1880s where he wrote and shared works related to the Renaixen\u00e7a with writer and photographer Joaquim de Riba.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ant v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0de\u026a\u0261\u025a l\u02c8\u026avd \u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026aks\u025bns\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd f\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028akw\u026am d\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0259."}, {"text": "In 1848, Fromental Hal\u00e9vy had premiered the opera Le Val d'Andorre to great success in Europe, where the national consciousness of the valleys was exposed in the romantic work during the Peninsular War.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, f\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6le\u026avi h\u00e6d p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259 l\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6l d\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sn\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az w\u028cz \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028azd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u025a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "In 1933 France occupied Andorra following social unrest which occurred before elections due to the Revolution of 1933 and the FHASA strikes (Vagues de FHASA); the revolt led by Joves Andorrans (a labour union group related to the Spanish CNT and FAI) called for political reforms, the universal suffrage vote of all Andorrans and acted in defense of the rights of local and foreign workers during the construction of FHASA's hydroelectric power station in Encamp.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u028cn\u0279\u02c8\u025bst w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bfh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8a\u026aks v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261z d\u0259 \u02c8\u025bfh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259; \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028alt l\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028avz \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259nz \u0250 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bnt\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bf\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cf\u0279\u026ad\u0292 v\u02c8o\u028at \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u026an d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u028cv l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u025bfh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259 h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279o\u028a\u026al\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6mp."}, {"text": "These actions were preceded by the arrival of Colonel Ren\u00e9-Jules Baulard with 50 gendarmes and the mobilization of 200 local militias or sometent led by the S\u00edndic Francesc Cairat.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0lz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0251\u02d0\u0279d w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u026afti d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cco\u028ab\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l m\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmt\u0259nt l\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u025bsk k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6t."}, {"text": "On 6 July 1934, adventurer and nobleman Boris Skossyreff, with his promise of freedoms and modernization of the country and wealth through the establishment of a tax haven and foreign investments, received the support of the members of the General Council to proclaim himself the sovereign of Andorra.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u026aks d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259lm\u0259n b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u026a\u0279\u02cc\u025bf, w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259mz \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u025an\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u0259v\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6ks h\u02c8e\u026av\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8\u025bstm\u0259nts, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8e\u026am h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "On 8 July 1934 Boris issued a proclamation in Urgell, declaring himself Boris I, King of Andorra, simultaneously declaring war on the Bishop of Urgell and approving the King's constitution on 10 July.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026at d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u0250 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kl\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl, d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as \u02c8a\u026a, k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, s\u02cca\u026am\u0259lt\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259sli d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl \u00e6nd \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014bz k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u025bn d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "He was arrested by the Co-Prince and Bishop Just\u00ed Guitart i Vilardeb\u00f3 and their authorities on 20 July and ultimately expelled from Spain.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p d\u0292\u02c8\u028csti \u0261\u026at\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8a\u026a v\u02cc\u026al\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u028a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bld f\u0279\u028cm sp\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "From 1936 until 1940, a French military detachment of Garde Mobile led by well-known Colonel Ren\u00e9-Jules Baulard was garrisoned in Andorra to secure the principality against disruption from the Spanish Civil War and Francoist Spain and also face the rise of Republicanism in the aftermath of the 1933 Revolution.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u026at\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283m\u0259nt \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u025bln\u02c8o\u028an k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0lz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0251\u02d0\u0279d w\u028cz \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259nd \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 t\u0259 s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u026ans\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bko\u028a\u02cc\u026ast sp\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025am\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "During the Spanish Civil War, the inhabitants of Andorra welcomed refugees from both sides, and many of them settled permanently in the country thus contributing to the subsequent economic boom and the entry into the capitalist era of Andorra.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u026a \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u0259nts \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 w\u02c8\u025blk\u028cmd \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8a\u026adz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ld p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259ntli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak b\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "During World War II, Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling route between Vichy France and Francoist Spain.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u025a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt sm\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u028at b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n v\u02c8\u026at\u0283i f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bko\u028a\u02cc\u026ast sp\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Many Andorrans criticized the passivity of the General Council for impeding both the entry and expulsion of foreigners and refugees, committing economic crimes, reducing the rights of citizens and sympathy with Francoism.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259nz k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 p\u00e6s\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n\u025az \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0z, k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8a\u026amz, \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u028cv s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u03b8i w\u026a\u00f0 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bko\u028a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "General Council members justified the council's political and diplomatic actions as necessary for Andorra's survival and the protection of its sovereignty.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259lz p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u026apl\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6z n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259z s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026ats s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026anti."}, {"text": "Certain groups formed to help victims of oppression in Nazi-occupied countries, while participating in smuggling to help Andorra survive.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp v\u02c8\u026akt\u026amz \u028cv \u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, w\u02cca\u026al p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an sm\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Among the most prominent was the Hostal Palanques Evasion Network Command, which, in contact with the British MI6, helped almost 400 fugitives, among whom were Allied military personnel.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6l\u00e6\u014bks \u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd, w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8\u026aks, h\u02c8\u025blpt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad fj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026avz, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b h\u02c8u\u02d0m w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6la\u026ad m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "The Command remained active between 1941 and 1944, although there were struggles with pro-Axis informers and Gestapo agents in Andorra.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026as \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u00e6nd d\u0292\u025bst\u02c8\u0251\u02d0po\u028a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "In the capital city there was a smuggling black market of propaganda, culture and cinematic art not favorable to totalitarian regimes, promulgated in such places as the Hotel Mirador or the Casino Hotel, as a meeting place for Free French forces and a route for escorting crashed Allied pilots out of Europe.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 sm\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u026a\u014b bl\u02c8\u00e6k m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at \u028cv p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259, k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 to\u028at\u02cc\u00e6l\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n \u0279e\u026a\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0mz, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259l\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0250d\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl, \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u028at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bsk\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283t \u02c8\u00e6la\u026ad p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ts \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "The network was maintained after the war, when film societies were formed, where movies, music and books censored in Franco's Spain were imported, becoming an anti-censorship attraction for the Catalan or foreign public even within Andorra.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k w\u028cz me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u025bn f\u02c8\u026alm s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az, mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u028aks s\u02c8\u025bns\u025ad \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bko\u028az sp\u02c8e\u026an w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd, b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026as\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Andorran Group (Agrupament Andorr\u00e0), an anti-fascist organization linked to the Occitanie's French Resistance, accused the French representative (veguer) of collaboration with Nazism.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279u\u02d0p\u0259m\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u02cc\u00e6, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026af\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u026ast \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026at\u0259niz f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns, \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av v\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u025a \u028cv k\u0259l\u02cc\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8e\u026az\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "The Andorran opening to the capitalist economy resulted in two axes: mass tourism and the country's tax exemption.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz: m\u02c8\u00e6s t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bmp\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The first steps toward the capitalist boom date from the 1930s, with the construction of FHASA and the creation of professional banking with Banc Agr\u00edcol (1930) and Cr\u00e8dit Andorr\u00e0 (1949), later with Banca Mora (1952), Banca Cassany (1958) and SOBANCA (1960).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8\u025bps t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast b\u02c8u\u02d0m d\u02c8e\u026at f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u025bfh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026at \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u02cc\u00e6 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0, b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259ni n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd so\u028ab\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti."}, {"text": "Shortly after activities such as skiing and shopping become a tourist attraction, with the inauguration of ski resorts and cultural entities in the late 1930s.", "phonemes": "\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z sk\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ast \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv sk\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z."}, {"text": "The Andorran government necessarily involved planning, projection and forecasts for the future: with the official visit of the French co-prince Charles de Gaulle in 1967 and 1969, it was given approval for the economic boom and national demands within the framework of human rights and international openness.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt n\u02cc\u025bs\u026as\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b, p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u00e6sts f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a: w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l v\u02c8\u026az\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz d\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u026at w\u028cz \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak b\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amw\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nn\u0259s."}, {"text": "Andorra lived an era commonly known as \"Andorran dream\" (in relation to the American dream) along with the Trente Glorieuses: the mass culture rooted the country experiencing radical changes in the economy and culture.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 l\u02c8\u026avd \u0250n \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \"\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\" \u026an \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt \u0261l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026aj\u02ccu\u02d0s\u1d7bz: \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Proof of this was R\u00e0dio Andorra, the top musical radio station in Europe in this period, with guests and speakers of great importance promoting musical hits of chanson fran\u00e7aise, swing, rhythm & blues, jazz, rock and roll and American country music.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f \u028cv \u00f0\u026as w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u026an \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8\u025bsts \u00e6nd sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ats \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259n f\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8e\u026az, sw\u02c8\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u00f0\u0259m \u00e6nd bl\u02c8u\u02d0z, d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6z, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6nd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak."}, {"text": "During this period Andorra achieved a GDP per capita and a life expectancy higher than the most standard countries of the current economy.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0250 d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026af \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259nsi h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Given its relative isolation, Andorra has existed outside the mainstream of European history, with few ties to countries other than France, Spain and Portugal.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u026ats \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02cca\u026as\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 h\u0250z \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026anst\u0279i\u02d0m \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, w\u026a\u00f0 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, sp\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u0259\u0261\u0259l."}, {"text": "But in recent times its thriving tourist industry along with developments in transport and communications have removed the country from its isolation.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026amz \u026ats \u03b8\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ast \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nts \u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats \u02cca\u026as\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Since 1976 the country has seen the need to reform Andorran institutions due to anachronisms in sovereignty, human rights and the balance of powers as well as the need to adapt legislation to modern demands.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i h\u0250z s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u00e6n\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u026an s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026anti, hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns \u028cv p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz."}, {"text": "In 1982 a first separation of powers took place when instituting the Govern d'Andorra, under the name of Executive Board (Consell Executiu), chaired by the first prime minister \u00d2scar Ribas Reig with the co-princes' approval.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as w\u025bn \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an d\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bl \u025b\u0261z\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u02ccu\u02d0, t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0259z \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0261 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l."}, {"text": "In 1989 the Principality signed an agreement with the European Economic Community to regularize trade relations.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u026ans\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei s\u02c8a\u026and \u0250n \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Its political system was modernized in 1993 after the Andorran constitutional referendum, when the constitution was drafted by the co-princes and the General Council and approved on 14 March by 74.2% of voters, with a 76% turnout.", "phonemes": "\u026ats p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m w\u028cz m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an\u02cca\u026azd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bf\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259m, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0na\u028at."}, {"text": "Andorra formalized diplomatic relations with the United States in 1996, participating in the 51st UN General Assembly.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd d\u02cc\u026apl\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks, p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli."}, {"text": "First General Syndic Marc Forn\u00e9 took part on a speech in Catalan in the General Assembly to defend the reform of the organization, and after three days he took part in the parliamentary assembly of the Council of Europe to defend Andorra's linguistic rights and economy.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k f\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8\u028ak p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli t\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028ak p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u028cv j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p t\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259z l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u00e6nd \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "In 2006 a monetary agreement with the European Union was formalized that allows Andorra to use the Euro in an official way, as well as minting its own Euro coins.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a \u026an \u0250n \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z m\u02c8\u026ant\u026a\u014b \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u026anz."}, {"text": "Andorra is a parliamentary co-principality with the Bishop of Urgell and the president of France as co-princes.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u026az \u0250 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02cc\u026ans\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6z k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "This peculiarity makes the president of France, in his capacity as prince of Andorra, an elected monarch, although he is not elected by a popular vote of the Andorran people.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as p\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0li\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei m\u02cce\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u026an h\u026az k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025ak, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a hi\u02d0 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a v\u02c8o\u028at \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "The politics of Andorra take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democracy with a unicameral legislature, and of a pluriform multi-party system.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amw\u025c\u02d0k \u0259v\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak\u02cc\u00e6m\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0259v\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279m m\u02c8\u028clta\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The councillors serve for four-year terms, and elections are held between the 30th and 40th days following the dissolution of the previous Council.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u026al\u025az s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bld b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei\u0259\u03b8 \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei\u0259\u03b8 d\u02c8e\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026as\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l."}, {"text": "Half are elected in equal numbers by each of the seven administrative parishes, and the other half of the councillors are elected in a single national constituency.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u00e6f \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az ba\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u026al\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nsi."}, {"text": "During this session, the General Syndic, who is the head of the General Council, and the Subsyndic General, his assistant, are elected.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026and\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, h\u026az \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The Syndic General then notifies the co-princes, who in turn appoint the elected candidate as the prime minister of Andorra.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Bills may be presented to the council as Private Members' Bills by three of the local Parish Councils jointly or by at least one tenth of the citizens of Andorra.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u026alz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az b\u02c8\u026alz ba\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259lz d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026antli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The government must submit the proposed budget for parliamentary approval at least two months before the previous budget expires.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt m\u02c8\u028cst s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026at \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u025bksp\u02c8a\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "If the budget is not approved by the first day of the next year, the previous budget is extended until a new one is approved.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u026az \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u026az \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd."}, {"text": "Once any bill is approved, the Syndic General is responsible for presenting it to the co-princes so that they may sign and enact it.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cns \u02cc\u025bni b\u02c8\u026al \u026az \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u026az \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u026at t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd \u025bn\u02c8\u00e6kt \u026at."}, {"text": "If the prime minister is not satisfied with the council, he may request that the co-princes dissolve the council and order new elections.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025a\u0279 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l, hi\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "After a motion of censure is approved by at least one-fifth of the councillors, the council will vote and if it receives the absolute majority of votes, the prime minister is removed.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cnf\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u026al\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l w\u026al v\u02c8o\u028at \u00e6nd \u026af \u026at \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259l\u02ccu\u02d0t m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv v\u02c8o\u028ats, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd."}, {"text": "The judiciary is composed of the Magistrates Court, the Criminal Law Court, the High Court of Andorra, and the Constitutional Court.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026ats k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "The High Court of Justice is composed of five judges: one appointed by the prime minister, one each by the co-princes, one by the Syndic General, and one by the judges and magistrates.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz: w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025a, w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz, w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026ats."}, {"text": "It is presided over by the member appointed by the Syndic General and the judges hold office for six-year terms.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az p\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026and\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz h\u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026aksj\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz."}, {"text": "The magistrates and judges are appointed by the High Court, as is the president of the Criminal Law Court.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u02cc\u00e6z\u02cc\u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "The Constitutional Court is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and reviewing all appeals of unconstitutionality against laws and treaties.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026az \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u028cv \u028c\u014bk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eiz."}, {"text": "It is composed of four judges, one appointed by each of the co-princes and two by the General Council.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz, w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l."}, {"text": "The Court is presided over by one of the judges on a two-year rotation so that each judge at one point will preside over the Court.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026az p\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 \u00e6t w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant w\u026al p\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "However, in case of emergencies or natural disasters, the Sometent (an alarm) is called and all able-bodied men between 21 and 60 of Andorran nationality must serve.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026an k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsiz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cmt\u0259nt \u0250n \u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0did m\u02c8\u025bn b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aksti \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n n\u02cc\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei m\u02c8\u028cst s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v."}, {"text": "This is why all Andorrans, and especially the head of each house (usually the eldest able-bodied man of a house) should, by law, keep a rifle, even though the law also states that the police will offer a firearm in case of need.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az w\u02cca\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 h\u02c8a\u028as j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bld\u026ast \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0did m\u02c8\u00e6n \u0259v\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as \u0283\u02c8\u028ad, ba\u026a l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u026af\u0259l, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s w\u026al \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279 \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u026an k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv n\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Andorra is a full member of the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and has a special agreement with the European Union (EU).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8\u028al m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u028a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u02c8\u0251\u02d0s, \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "After the constitution was ratified, Andorra would later establish diplomatic relations with their major allies aside from neighbours France and Spain such as the United Kingdom in 1994 and the United States in 1995.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 w\u028ad l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283 d\u02cc\u026apl\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6la\u026az \u0250s\u02c8a\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025az f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "On 16 October 2020, Andorra became the 190th member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u0259\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8\u028cnd \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bf, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n p\u00e6nd\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak."}, {"text": "Andorra has a small army, which has historically been raised or reconstituted at various dates, but has never in modern times amounted to a standing army.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 h\u0250z \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli b\u02cc\u026an \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6t v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s d\u02c8e\u026ats, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u0250z n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u02c8a\u026amz \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi."}, {"text": "The basic principle of Andorran defence is that all able-bodied men are available to fight if called upon by the summoning of the Sometent (a civil defense organization of Andorra, made up of the heads of households).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0did m\u02c8\u025bn \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at \u026af k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cmt\u0259nt \u0250 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u028cp \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bdz \u028cv h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028aldz."}, {"text": "Before World War I, Andorra maintained an armed militia force of about 600 part-time militiamen under the supervision of a Captain (Capit\u00e0 or Cap de Sometent) and a Lieutenant (Desener or Lloctinent del Capit\u00e0).", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md m\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tt\u02c8a\u026am m\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u0283\u02cc\u026ae\u026am\u02cc\u025bn \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u025av\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026at\u02cc\u00e6 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6p d\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cmt\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0250 lu\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bn\u0259nt di\u02d0s\u02c8\u025bn\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u026an\u0259nt d\u02c8\u025bl k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026at\u02cc\u00e6."}, {"text": "This body was not liable for service outside the principality and was commanded by two officials (veguers) appointed by France and the Bishop of Urgell.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u026ans\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd w\u028cz k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259lz v\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u025az \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl."}, {"text": "In the modern era, the army has consisted of a very small body of volunteers willing to undertake ceremonial duties.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi h\u0250z k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u0259v\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u028cv v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025at\u02c8e\u026ak s\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Uniforms and weaponry were handed down from generation to generation within families and communities.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bp\u0259n\u0279i w\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd d\u02cca\u028an f\u0279\u028cm d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz \u00e6nd k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "The army's role in internal security was largely taken over by the formation of the Police Corps of Andorra in 1931.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279miz \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei w\u028cz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025a ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Brief civil disorder associated with the elections of 1933 led to assistance being sought from the French National Gendarmerie, with a detachment resident in Andorra for two months under the command of Ren\u00e9-Jules Baulard.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l d\u026as\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u0292\u025bnd\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279i, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u026at\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283m\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nt \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0lz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0251\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "The Andorran Police was reformed in the following year, with eleven soldiers appointed to supervisory roles.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, w\u026a\u00f0 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025av\u02c8\u026as\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02c8o\u028alz."}, {"text": "The force consisted of six Corporals, one for each parish (although there are currently seven parishes, there were only six until 1978), plus four junior staff officers to co-ordinate action, and a commander with the rank of major.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0279\u0259lz, w\u02c8\u028cn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283 \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli s\u02c8\u026aks \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at, pl\u02c8\u028cs f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0nj\u025a st\u02c8\u00e6f \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u025az t\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u0259t \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u028cv m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a."}, {"text": "It was the responsibility of the six corporals, each in his own parish, to be able to raise a fighting force from among the able-bodied men of the parish.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0279\u0259lz, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283, t\u0259bi \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s f\u0279\u028cm \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0did m\u02c8\u025bn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "However, all able-bodied men are technically available for military service, with a requirement for each family to have access to a firearm.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0did m\u02c8\u025bn \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026akli \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u028a \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "An area weapon such as a shotgun per household is unregulated, however ranged weapons such as pistols and rifles require a license.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bp\u0259n s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0261\u028cn p\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028ald \u026az \u02cc\u028cn\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d w\u02c8\u025bp\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02c8\u026ast\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026af\u0259lz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026as\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The army has not fought for more than 700 years, and its main responsibility is to present the flag of Andorra at official ceremonial functions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi h\u0259zn\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00e6nd \u026ats m\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az t\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u00e6\u027e \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l s\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "According to Marc Forn\u00e9 Moln\u00e9, Andorra's military budget is strictly from voluntary donations, and the availability of full-time volunteers.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k f\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8e\u026a m\u0259ln\u02c8e\u026a, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259z m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u026aktli f\u0279\u028cm v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250v\u02cce\u026al\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv f\u02c8\u028alt\u02c8a\u026am v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "In more recent times there has only been a general emergency call to the popular army of Sometent during the floods of 1982 in the Catalan Pyrenees, where 12 citizens perished in Andorra, to help the population and establish a public order along with the Local Police units.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u0250z \u02c8o\u028anli b\u02cc\u026an \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u028cv s\u02c8\u028cmt\u0259nt d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u028cdz \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n p\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 tw\u02c8\u025blv s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0283t \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283 \u0250 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats."}, {"text": "Andorra maintains a small but modern and well-equipped internal police force, with around 240 police officers supported by civilian assistants.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bl\u026akw\u02c8\u026apt \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s, w\u026a\u00f0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u025az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nts."}, {"text": "The principal services supplied by the corps are uniformed community policing, criminal detection, border control, and traffic policing.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279md k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b, k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l d\u026at\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al, \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "There are also small specialist units including police dogs, mountain rescue, and a bomb disposal team.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bskju\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m d\u026asp\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l t\u02c8i\u02d0m."}, {"text": "The Grup d'Intervenci\u00f3 Policia d'Andorra (GIPA) is a small special forces squad trained in counter-terrorism, and hostage recovery tasks.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u028cp d\u02cc\u026ant\u025av\u02c8\u025bns\u026a\u02cco\u028a p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259 d\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259 \u026az \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz skw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d t\u0279\u02c8e\u026and \u026an k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i t\u02c8\u00e6sks."}, {"text": "Although it is the closest in style to an active military force, it is part of the Police Corps, and not the army.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028as\u026ast \u026an st\u02c8a\u026al t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s, \u026a\u027e \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi."}, {"text": "As terrorist and hostage situations are a rare threat to the country, the GIPA is commonly assigned to prisoner escort duties, and at other times to routine policing.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u026ad\u0292 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025bt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259 \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bsk\u0254\u02d0\u0279t d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eiz, \u00e6nd \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026amz t\u0259 \u0279u\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0n p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The Andorran Fire Brigade, with headquarters at Santa Coloma, operates from four modern fire stations, and has a staff of around 120 firefighters.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a b\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad, w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025bdkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u00e6t s\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028am\u0259, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026a\u025afa\u026a\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "The service is equipped with 16 heavy appliances (fire tenders, turntable ladders, and specialist four-wheel drive vehicles), four light support vehicles (cars and vans) and four ambulances.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u026az \u026akw\u02c8\u026apt w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n h\u02c8\u025bvi \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u02c8\u025bnd\u025az, t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nte\u026ab\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6d\u025az, \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279w\u02c8i\u02d0l d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259lz, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026at s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259lz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u00e6nz \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6mbj\u028al\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Historically, the families of the six ancient parishes of Andorra maintained local arrangements to assist each other in fighting fires.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292m\u0259nts t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026an f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "Serious fires which lasted for two days in December 1959 led to calls for a permanent fire service, and the Andorran Fire Brigade was formed on 21 April 1961.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s f\u02c8a\u026a\u025az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u00e6st\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az \u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a b\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The fire service maintains full-time cover with five fire crews on duty at any time: two at the brigade's headquarters in Santa Coloma, and one crew at each of the other three fire stations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026anz f\u02c8\u028alt\u02c8a\u026am k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8a\u026av f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02cc\u0254n d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei \u00e6\u027e \u02cc\u025bni t\u02c8a\u026am: t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026adz h\u025bdkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u026an s\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028am\u0259, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Due to its location in the eastern Pyrenees mountain range, Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains, the highest being the Coma Pedrosa at , and the average elevation of Andorra is .", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an p\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u1d7bd m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028am\u0259 p\u025bd\u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u0259 \u00e6t , \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02cc\u025bl\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u026az ."}, {"text": "These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape that combine into one as the main stream, the Gran Valira river, leaves the country for Spain (at Andorra's lowest point of ).", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8a\u026as\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az \u026an \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026a \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n v\u00e6l\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a, l\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259z l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u028cv."}, {"text": "Phytogeographically, Andorra belongs to the Atlantic European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom.", "phonemes": "f\u02cca\u026a\u027eo\u028ad\u0292\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026akli, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259mb\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259l k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m."}, {"text": "According to the WWF, the territory of Andorra belongs to the ecoregion of Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0d\u02cc\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bko\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259n \u028cv p\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u0259n\u02c8\u026af\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026akst f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts."}, {"text": "Andorra had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.45/10, ranking it 127th globally out of 172 countries.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 h\u00e6d \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast l\u02c8\u00e6ndske\u026ap \u026ant\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u026and\u025bks m\u02c8i\u02d0n sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u02c8\u025bn, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u026at w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259li \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "The whole country has been recognised as a single Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, because it is important for forest and mountain birds and supports populations of red-billed choughs, citril finches and rock buntings.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u02cca\u026ab\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a ba\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d l\u02c8a\u026af \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u026az \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u00e6nd s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u025bdb\u02c8\u026ald t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az, s\u02c8\u026at\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u026ant\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k b\u02c8\u028cnt\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Its higher elevation means there is, on average, more snow in winter and it is slightly cooler in summer.", "phonemes": "\u026ats h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bl\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u026az, \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sn\u02c8o\u028a \u026an w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az sl\u02c8a\u026atli k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u026an s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a."}, {"text": "The diversity of landmarks, the different orientation of the valleys and the irregularity relief typical of the Mediterranean climates make the country have a great diversity of microclimates that hinder the general dominance of the high mountain climate.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02cco\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259ts m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i h\u00e6v \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028akl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259ts \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u026and\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t."}, {"text": "The great differences of altitude in the minimum and maximum points, together with the influence of a Mediterranean climate, develop the climate of the Andorran Pyrenees.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lt\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u0259m p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants, t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t, d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n p\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "When in precipitation, a global model characterized by convective and abundant rains can be defined during spring and summer, which can last until autumn (May, June and August are usually the rainiest months).", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u026an p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u00e6nd \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8e\u026anz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n l\u02c8\u00e6st \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u028cm m\u02c8e\u026a, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u026ast m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s."}, {"text": "In winter, however, it is less rainy, except in the highlands, subject to the influence of fronts from the Atlantic, which explains the great amount of snowfall in the Andorran mountains.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026a\u027e \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u02c8e\u026ani, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz, s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnts f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv sn\u02c8o\u028af\u0254\u02d0l \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz."}, {"text": "The temperature regime is characterized, broadly, by a temperate summer and a long and cold winter, in accordance with the mountainous condition of the Principality.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u0279e\u026a\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0m \u026az k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd, b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dli, ba\u026a \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u0259t s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a, \u026an \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an\u0259s k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u026ans\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "An estimated 10.2\u00a0million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its summer and winter resorts.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u025bn.t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asts v\u02c8\u026az\u026at \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li, \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259z d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u00e6nd ba\u026a \u026ats s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "One of the main sources of income in Andorra is tourism from ski resorts which total over  of ski ground.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u026az t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm sk\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv sk\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "The sport brings in over 7 million visitors annually and an estimated 340 million euros per year, sustaining 2,000 direct and 10,000 indirect jobs at present since 2007.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u025az \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028az p\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz \u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "The banking sector, with its tax haven status, also contributes substantially to the economy with revenues raised exclusively through import tariffs (the financial and insurance sector accounts for approximately 19% of GDP).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats t\u02c8\u00e6ks h\u02c8e\u026av\u0259n st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0ts s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259li t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026avli \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026afs \u00f0\u0259 fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026an\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259ns s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "However, during the European sovereign-debt crisis of the 21st century, the tourist industry suffered a decline, partly caused by a drop in the prices of goods in Spain, undercutting duty-free shopping and increasing unemployment.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026and\u02c8\u025bt k\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ast \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i s\u02c8\u028cf\u025ad \u0250 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026an, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u0250 d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028adz \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026an, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ak\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u028cn\u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "On 1 January 2012, a business tax of 10% was introduced, followed by a sales tax of 2% a year later, which raised just over 14 million euros in its first quarter.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u028cn d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u0250 b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u028cz \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8e\u026alz t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u02cco\u028av\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028az \u026an \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Agricultural production is limited; only 1.7% of the land is arable, and most food has to be imported.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026az l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd; \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026az \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u0259l, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8u\u02d0d h\u0250z t\u0259bi \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Andorra is not a member of the European Union, but enjoys a special relationship with it, such as being treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u025bnd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026az \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 \u026at, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250n \u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u026an m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025ad \u0261\u02c8\u028adz n\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026afs \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts."}, {"text": "Andorra lacked a currency of its own and used both the French franc and the Spanish peseta in banking transactions until 31 December 1999, when both currencies were replaced by the EU's single currency, the euro.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0250 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nsi \u028cv \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 p\u02c8\u025bs\u025b\u027e\u0259 \u026an b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, w\u02cc\u025bn b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nsiz w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0z s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nsi, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "Coins and notes of both the franc and the peseta remained legal tender in Andorra until 31 December 2002.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0254\u026anz \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028ats \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bs\u025b\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "On 31 May 2013, it was announced that Andorra intended to legislate for the introduction of an income tax by the end of June, against a background of increasing dissatisfaction with the existence of tax havens among EU members.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u026at w\u028cz \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02cce\u026at f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm t\u02c8\u00e6ks ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and \u028cv \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b d\u026as\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv t\u02c8\u00e6ks h\u02c8e\u026av\u0259nz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az."}, {"text": "The announcement was made following a meeting in Paris between the Prime Minister Antoni Mart\u00ed and the French President and Prince of Andorra Fran\u00e7ois Hollande.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8a\u028ansm\u0259nt w\u028cz m\u02cce\u026ad f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nt\u02c8o\u028ani m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsw\u0251\u02d0 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Hollande welcomed the move as part of a process of Andorra \"bringing its taxation in line with international standards\".", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nd w\u02c8\u025blk\u028cmd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \"b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b \u026ats t\u00e6ks\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an l\u02c8a\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz\"."}, {"text": "By the mid-2010s, the financial system comprised five banking groups, one specialised credit entity, eight investment undertaking management entities, three asset management companies, and 29 insurance companies, 14 of which are branches of foreign insurance companies authorised to operate in the principality.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn z, \u00f0\u0259 fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026azd f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, w\u02c8\u028cn sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026at \u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7b\u027ei, \u02c8e\u026at \u026anv\u02c8\u025bstm\u0259nt \u02cc\u028cnd\u025at\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6s\u025bt m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz, \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an \u026an\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259ns k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u026an\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259ns k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u026ans\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The last mergers between banks took place in 2022, bringing the Andorran financial sector to currently have 3 active banking groups.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025az b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a t\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli h\u00e6v \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "Two-thirds of residents lack Andorran nationality and do not have the right to vote in communal elections.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nts l\u02c8\u00e6k \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n n\u02cc\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 v\u02c8o\u028at \u026an k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Moreover, they are not allowed to be elected as prime minister or to own more than 33% of the capital stock of a privately held company.", "phonemes": "mo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u028av\u025a, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad t\u0259bi \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u02c8o\u028an m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259tli h\u02c8\u025bld k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni."}, {"text": "It funds a Commission for Catalan Toponymy in Andorra (Catalan: ), and provides free Catalan classes to assist immigrants.", "phonemes": "\u026at f\u02c8\u028cndz \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259n\u02cc\u026ami \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n:, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Because of immigration, historical links, and close geographic proximity, Spanish, Portuguese and French are commonly spoken.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u02cc\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u014bks, \u00e6nd kl\u02c8o\u028as d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak p\u0279\u0251\u02d0ks\u02c8\u026am\u1d7b\u027ei, sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283, p\u02cco\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u0259\u0261\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n."}, {"text": "English is less commonly spoken among the general population, though it is understood to varying degrees in the major tourist resorts.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ast \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Andorra is one of only four European countries (together with France, Monaco, and Turkey) that have never signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on National Minorities.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259k\u02cco\u028a, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ki \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a s\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u028cv j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amw\u025c\u02d0k k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Few official statistics are available on religion; estimates of the Catholic population in 2020 range from 89.5% and 99.21%.", "phonemes": "fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n; \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an.tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "There are also members of various Protestant denominations and small numbers of Hindus, and Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, In 2022 there were approximately 2000 Muslims and roughly 100  Jews.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast\u0259nt d\u1d7bn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u028cv h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0z, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6h\u00e6iz, \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd m\u02c8\u028azl\u026amz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "There are three systems of school, Andorran, French and Spanish, which use Catalan, French and Spanish languages respectively, as the main language of instruction.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u028cv sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0z k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "All schools are built and maintained by Andorran authorities, but teachers in the French and Spanish schools are paid for the most part by France and Spain.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u026alt \u00e6nd me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz, b\u02cc\u028ct t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8e\u026ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "39% of Andorran children attend Andorran schools, 33% attend French schools, and 28% Spanish schools.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "The Universitat d'Andorra (UdA) is the state public university and is the only university in Andorra.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026av\u025as\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u00e6t d\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u02c8\u028cd \u0250 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The university provides first-level degrees in nursing, computer science, business administration, and educational sciences, in addition to higher professional education courses.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0stl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u026an n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026a\u014b, k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The only two graduate schools in Andorra are the Nursing School and the School of Computer Science, the latter having a PhD programme.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259t sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 d\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m."}, {"text": "The geographical complexity of the country as well as the small number of students prevents the University of Andorra from developing a full academic programme, and it serves principally as a centre for virtual studies, connected to Spanish and French universities.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259mpl\u02c8\u025bks\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnts \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u02c8\u028al \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m, \u00e6nd \u026at s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259li \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdiz, k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "The Virtual Studies Centre (Centre d'Estudis Virtuals) at the university runs approximately 20 different academic degrees at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels in fields including tourism, law, Catalan philology, humanities, psychology, political sciences, audiovisual communication, telecommunications engineering, and East Asia studies.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdiz s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a d\u025bst\u02c8u\u02d0diz v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259lz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u0279\u02c8\u028cnz \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli tw\u02c8\u025bnti d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6t b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259t \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028ast\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u0292\u02ccu\u02d0e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m, l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027eiz, sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028av\u026a\u0292\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bk\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdiz."}, {"text": "The centre also runs various postgraduate programmes and continuing-education courses for professionals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u028cnz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s p\u02c8o\u028ast\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u0292\u02ccu\u02d0e\u026at p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Until the 20th century, Andorra had very limited transport links to the outside world, and development of the country was affected by its physical isolation.", "phonemes": "\u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 h\u00e6d v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bks t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i w\u028cz \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u026ats f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u02cca\u026as\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Even now, the nearest major airports at Toulouse and Barcelona are both three hours' drive from Andorra.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n n\u02c8a\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026ast m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6t tu\u02d0l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00e6nd b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026al\u02c8o\u028an\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The two main roads out of Andorra la Vella are the CG-1 to the Spanish border near Sant Juli\u00e0 de L\u00f2ria, and the CG-2 to the French border via the Envalira Tunnel near El Pas de la Casa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 v\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 s\u02c8\u00e6nt d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u02cc\u00e6 d\u0259 l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u0250l\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bl p\u02c8\u00e6s d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259."}, {"text": "Bus services cover all metropolitan areas and many rural communities, with services on most major routes running half-hourly or more frequently during peak travel times.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u028cs s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8o\u028ast m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u028ats \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6f\u02c8a\u028a\u025ali \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026amz."}, {"text": "There are frequent long-distance bus services from Andorra to Barcelona and Toulouse, plus a daily tour from the former city.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nt l\u02c8\u0254\u014bd\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns b\u02c8\u028cs s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 t\u0259 b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026al\u02c8o\u028an\u0259 \u00e6nd tu\u02d0l\u02c8u\u02d0z, pl\u02c8\u028cs \u0250 d\u02c8e\u026ali t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "Bus services mostly are run by private companies, but some local ones are operated by the government.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u028cs s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz m\u02c8o\u028astli \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cnz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "There are no airports for fixed-wing aircraft within Andorra's borders but there are, however, heliports in La Massana (Cam\u00ed Heliport), Arinsal and Escaldes-Engordany with commercial helicopter services and an airport located in the neighbouring Spanish comarca of Alt Urgell,  south of the Andorran-Spanish border.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279ts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026akstw\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259z b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025az b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, h\u02c8\u025bl\u026ap\u02cco\u02d0\u0279ts \u026an l\u02cc\u00e6 m\u00e6s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi h\u02c8\u025bl\u026ap\u02cco\u02d0\u0279t, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ans\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bsk\u00e6ld\u0259z\u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259ni w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pt\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279t lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 k\u02c8o\u028am\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259 \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0lt \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl,  s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259nsp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "Since July 2015, Andorra\u2013La Seu d'Urgell Airport has operated commercial flights to Madrid and Palma de Mallorca, and is the main hub for Andorra Airlines.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 sj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279t h\u0250z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l fl\u02c8a\u026ats t\u0259 m\u0259d\u0279\u02c8\u026ad \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00e6l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u0259, \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an h\u02c8\u028cb f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u02c8\u025b\u0279la\u026anz."}, {"text": "Nearby airports located in Spain and France provide access to international flights for the principality.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279ts lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l fl\u02c8a\u026ats f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u026ans\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The largest nearby airports are at Toulouse, France ( from Andorra) and Barcelona, Spain ( from Andorra).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t tu\u02d0l\u02c8u\u02d0z, f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026al\u02c8o\u028an\u0259, sp\u02c8e\u026an f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The nearest railway station is Andorre-L'Hospitalet station  east of Andorra which is on the -gauge line from Latour-de-Carol () southeast of Andorra, to Toulouse and on to Paris by the French high-speed trains.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026ast \u0279\u02c8e\u026alwe\u026a st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259\u02c8\u025blh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026at\u02cc\u00e6l\u026at st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 l\u02c8a\u026an f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u028a\u0279d\u0259k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, t\u0259 tu\u02d0l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254n t\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 h\u02c8a\u026asp\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "Latour-de-Carol has a scenic  trainline to Villefranche-de-Conflent, as well as the SNCF's  gauge line connecting to Perpignan, and the Renfe's  -gauge line to Barcelona.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u028a\u0279d\u0259k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l h\u0250z \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026ak t\u0279\u02c8e\u026anla\u026an t\u0259 v\u02c8\u026al\u026af\u0279\u02cc\u00e6nt\u0283d\u0259k\u0259nfl\u02c8\u025bnt, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bns\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf \u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 l\u02c8a\u026an k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b t\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u026a\u0261n\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bnfs \u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 l\u02c8a\u026an t\u0259 b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026al\u02c8o\u028an\u0259."}, {"text": "There are also direct Intercit\u00e9s de Nuit trains between L'Hospitalet-pr\u00e8s-l'Andorre and Paris on certain dates.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02cc\u026ant\u025as\u026at\u02c8e\u026az d\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0\u026at t\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u025blh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026at\u02cc\u00e6l\u026atp\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u02c8\u025bl\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 d\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "In Andorra, mobile and fixed telephone and internet services are operated exclusively by the Andorran national telecommunications company, SOM, also known as Andorra Telecom (STA).", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026akst t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u02cco\u028an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ant\u025an\u02cc\u025bt s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026avli ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bk\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni, s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m \u02cc\u025bst\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The same company also manages the technical infrastructure for national broadcasting of digital television and radio.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st\u026a\u014b \u028cv d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a."}, {"text": "In 2010 Andorra became the first country to provide a direct optical fiber link to all homes (FTTH) and businesses.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026ab\u025a l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u02c8o\u028amz \u02cc\u025bft\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The first commercial radio station to broadcast was Radio Andorra, which was active from 1939 to 1981.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "On 12 October 1989, the General Council established radio and television as essential public services creating and managing the entity ORTA, becoming on 13 April 2000, in the public company R\u00e0dio i Televisi\u00f3 d'Andorra (RTVA).", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025blv \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00e6z \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259, b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u02c8a\u026a t\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u02cco\u028a d\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "As an autochthonous television channel, there is only the national public television network Andorra Televisi\u00f3, created in 1995.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028at\u0283\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259s t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u02cco\u028a, k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Additional TV and radio stations from Spain and France are available via digital terrestrial television and IPTV.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm sp\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02cca\u026ap\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "There are three national newspapers, Diari d'Andorra, El Peri\u00f2dic d'Andorra, and Bondia as well as several local newspapers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025az, d\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279i d\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, \u02cc\u025bl p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak d\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndi\u0259 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025az."}, {"text": "The history of the Andorran press begins in the period between 1917 and 1937 with the appearance of several periodicals papers such as Les Valls d'Andorra (1917), Nova Andorra (1932) and Andorra Agr\u00edcola (1933).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026anz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak\u0259lz p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z l\u02c8\u025bs v\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz d\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8o\u028al\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Andorra is home to folk dances like the contrap\u00e0s and marratxa, which survive in Sant Juli\u00e0 de L\u00f2ria especially.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u026az h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak d\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6tks\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av \u026an s\u02c8\u00e6nt d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u02cc\u00e6 d\u0259 l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li."}, {"text": "Andorran folk music has similarities to the music of its neighbours, but is especially Catalan in character, especially in the presence of dances such as the sardana.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n f\u02c8o\u028ak mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak h\u0250z s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u028cv \u026ats n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025az, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv d\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259."}, {"text": "Other Andorran folk dances include contrap\u00e0s in Andorra la Vella and Saint Anne's dance in Escaldes-Engordany.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n f\u02c8o\u028ak d\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 v\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02c8e\u026ant \u02c8\u00e6nz d\u02c8\u00e6ns \u026an \u02c8\u025bsk\u00e6ld\u0259z\u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259ni."}, {"text": "Among the more important festivals and traditions are the Can\u00f3lich Gathering in May, the Roser d'Ordino in July, the Meritxell Day (National Day of Andorra), the Andorra la Vella Fair, the Sant Jordi Day, the Santa Ll\u00facia Fair, the Festivity from La Candelera to Canillo, the Carnival of Encamp, the sung of caramelles, the Festivity of Sant Esteve and the Festa del Poble.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259lz \u00e6nd t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ax \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026an m\u02c8e\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u025a d\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026atks\u02cc\u025bl d\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 v\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nt d\u0292\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279di d\u02c8e\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 f\u025bst\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0279\u028cm l\u02cc\u00e6 k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026al\u025a\u0279\u0259 t\u0259 k\u00e6n\u02c8\u026alo\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u026av\u0259l \u028cv \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6mp, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u028cv k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025blz, \u00f0\u0259 f\u025bst\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6nt \u02c8\u025bsti\u02d0v \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bst\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bl p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259l."}, {"text": "Andorra participated regularly in the Eurovision Song Contest between 2004 and 2009, being the only participating country presenting songs in Catalan.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028av\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u0254\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bst b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n."}, {"text": "In popular folklore, the best-known Andorran legends are the legend of Charlemagne, according to which this Frankish King would have founded the country, the White Lady of Auviny\u00e0, the Buner d'Ordino, the legend of Engolasters Lake and the legend of Our Lady of Meritxell.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a f\u02c8o\u028aklo\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bstn\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259ndz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259nd \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u026am\u02cc\u00e6\u0261ni, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026as f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u0283 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b w\u028adh\u0250v f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at l\u02c8e\u026adi \u028cv \u02c8o\u028av\u026an\u026a\u02cc\u00e6, \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a d\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259nd \u028cv \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u00e6st\u025az l\u02c8e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259nd \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a l\u02c8e\u026adi \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026atks\u02cc\u025bl."}, {"text": "Andorran gastronomy is mainly Catalan, although it has also adopted other elements of French and Italian cuisines.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n \u0261\u00e6st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026az m\u02c8e\u026anli k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026at h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u00e6nd \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n kw\u1d7bz\u02c8i\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "The cuisine of the country has similar characteristics with the neighbours of Cerdanya and Alt Urgell, with whom it has strong cultural ties.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kw\u1d7bz\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i h\u0250z s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025az \u028cv s\u025c\u02d0d\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0lt \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bl, w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8u\u02d0m \u026at h\u0250z st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "Typical dishes of the country are quince all-i-oli, duck with winter pear, roast lamb with nuts, pork civet, massegada cake, escarole with pears, duck confit and mushrooms, escudella, spinach with raisins and pine nuts, jelly marmalade, stuffed murgues (mushrooms) with pork, dandelion salad, and Andorran river trout.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u0251\u02d0\u0279 kw\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8o\u028ali, d\u02c8\u028ck w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a p\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u0279\u02c8o\u028ast l\u02c8\u00e6m w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u028cts, p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t, m\u02cc\u00e6s\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026ak, \u02c8\u025bsk\u025a\u0279\u02cco\u028al w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z, d\u02c8\u028ck k\u0259nf\u02c8\u026at \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0279u\u02d0mz, \u02cc\u025bskju\u02d0d\u02c8\u025bl\u0259, sp\u02c8\u026an\u026at\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u0259nz \u00e6nd p\u02c8a\u026an n\u02c8\u028cts, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bli m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0250l\u02cce\u026ad, st\u02c8\u028cft m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261z m\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0279u\u02d0mz w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279k, d\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bl\u02cca\u026a\u0259n s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a t\u0279\u02c8a\u028at."}, {"text": "Some of the dishes are very common in the mountainous regions of Catalonia, such as trinxat, embotits, cooked snails, rice with mushrooms, mountain rice and mat\u00f3.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an\u0259s \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv k\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bks\u00e6t, \u025bmb\u0259t\u02c8i\u02d0ts, k\u02c8\u028akt sn\u02c8e\u026alz, \u0279\u02c8a\u026as w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0279u\u02d0mz, m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026as \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a."}, {"text": "Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art are one of the most important artistic manifestations and characteristics of the Principality.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0279\u02cco\u028ame\u026an\u02c8\u025bsk \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cco\u028ame\u026an\u02c8\u025bsk \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak m\u02cc\u00e6n\u026af\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u026ans\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The Romanesque one allows to know the formation of the parochial communities, the relations of (social and political) power and the national culture.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cco\u028ame\u026an\u02c8\u025bsk w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u00e6\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "There are a total of forty Romanesque churches that stand out as being small austere ornamentation constructions, as well as bridges, fortresses and manor houses of the same period.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u0279\u02cco\u028ame\u026an\u02c8\u025bsk t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8a\u028at \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0254\u02d0st\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u0259m\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u0259s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a h\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "Summer solstice fire festivals in the Pyrenees was included as UNESCO Intangible cultural heritage in 2015.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lst\u026as f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u028cz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u028cn\u02c8\u025bsko\u028a \u026ant\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u026ab\u0259l k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Also the Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley became Andorra's first, and to date its only, UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, with a small extension in 2006.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0279\u026a\u02ccu\u02d0p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u0250f\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u025a v\u02c8\u00e6li b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259z f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, \u00e6nd t\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026at \u026ats \u02c8o\u028anli, \u028cn\u02c8\u025bsko\u028a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 s\u02c8a\u026at \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Andorra has the largest territory of ski slopes in the Pyrenees (3100 hectares and about 350\u00a0km of slopes) and two ski resorts.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv sk\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8o\u028aps \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025b\u0279z \u00e6nd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bm \u028cv sl\u02c8o\u028aps \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 sk\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "The team gained its first competitive win in a European Championship qualifier on 11 October 2019, against Moldova.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0261\u02c8e\u026and \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av w\u02c8\u026an \u026an \u0250 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap kw\u02c8\u0254l\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst mo\u028ald\u02c8o\u028av\u0259."}, {"text": "Football is governed in Andorra by the Andorran Football Federation \u2013 founded in 1994, it organizes the national competitions of association football (Primera Divisi\u00f3, Copa Constituci\u00f3 and Supercopa) and futsal.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l \u026az \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025and \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l f\u02cc\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u0279\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u02cco\u028a, k\u02c8o\u028ap\u0259 k\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025ak\u02c8o\u028ap\u0259 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u028cts\u0259l."}, {"text": "FC Andorra, a club based in Andorra la Vella founded in 1942, compete in the Spanish football league system.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, \u0250 kl\u02c8\u028cb b\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 v\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The Andorra national rugby union team, nicknamed Els Isards, plays on the international stage in rugby union and rugby sevens.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261bi j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n t\u02c8i\u02d0m, n\u02c8\u026akne\u026amd \u02c8\u025blz \u02c8\u026as\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz, pl\u02c8e\u026az \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261bi j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261bi s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nz."}, {"text": "VPC Andorra XV is a rugby team based in Andorra la Vella, which actually plays in the French championship.", "phonemes": "v\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u025a \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261bi t\u02c8i\u02d0m b\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 v\u02c8\u025bl\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li pl\u02c8e\u026az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "Basketball popularity has increased in the country since the 1990s, when the Andorran team BC Andorra played in the top league of Spain (Liga ACB).", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u00e6sk\u026atb\u02cc\u0254\u02d0l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei h\u0250z \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259n t\u02c8i\u02d0m b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026an l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259 \u02cce\u026as\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Other sports practised in Andorra include cycling, volleyball, judo, Australian Rules football, handball, swimming, gymnastics, tennis, and motorsports.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast \u026an \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u02c8a\u026akl\u026a\u014b, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ab\u02cc\u0254\u02d0l, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028a, \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l, h\u02c8\u00e6ndb\u0254\u02d0l, sw\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u014b, d\u0292\u026amn\u02c8\u00e6st\u026aks, t\u02c8\u025bn\u026as, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025asp\u02cco\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "In 2012, Andorra raised its first national cricket team and played a home match against the Dutch Fellowship of Fairly Odd Places Cricket Club, the first match played in the history of Andorra at an altitude of .", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u026at t\u02c8i\u02d0m \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250 h\u02c8o\u028am m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 f\u02c8\u025blo\u028a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv f\u02c8\u025b\u0279li \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz k\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u026at kl\u02c8\u028cb, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lt\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u028cv ."}, {"text": "Andorra competes in the Games of the Small States of Europe, being twice the host country, in 1991 and 2005.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b tw\u02c8a\u026as \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "As one of the Catalan Countries, Andorra is home to a team of castellers, or Catalan human tower builders.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259 \u026az h\u02c8o\u028am t\u028a \u0250 t\u02c8i\u02d0m \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6s\u025bl\u025az, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u00e6n hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n t\u02c8a\u028a\u025a b\u02c8\u026ald\u025az."}, {"text": "The , based in the town of Santa Coloma d'Andorra, are recognized by the , the governing body of castells.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 , b\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u028an \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028am\u0259 d\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0254\u0279\u0259, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 , \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6s\u025blz."}, {"text": "In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean ( ), arithmetic average, or just the mean or average (when the context is clear) is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst \u026az kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The term \"arithmetic mean\" is preferred in some mathematics and statistics contexts because it helps distinguish it from other types of means, such as geometric and harmonic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n\" \u026az p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at h\u02c8\u025blps d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 \u026at f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028am\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak \u00e6nd h\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak."}, {"text": "In addition to mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean is frequently used in economics, anthropology, history, and almost every academic field to some extent.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026az f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks, \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak f\u02c8i\u02d0ld t\u0259 s\u02cc\u028cm \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "While the arithmetic mean is often used to report central tendencies, it is not a robust statistic: it is greatly influenced by outliers (values much larger or smaller than most others).", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsiz, \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u028cst st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak: \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u02c8a\u028atl\u02cca\u026a\u025az v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a \u00f0\u0250n m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "For skewed distributions, such as the distribution of income for which a few people's incomes are substantially higher than most people's, the arithmetic mean may not coincide with one's notion of \"middle\".", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 skj\u02c8u\u02d0d d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cmz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259li h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz, \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02cco\u028a\u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cnz n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \"m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "In that case, robust statistics, such as the median, may provide a better description of central tendency.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8e\u026as, \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u028cst st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259n, m\u02c8e\u026a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi."}, {"text": "Given a data set , the arithmetic mean (also mean or average), denoted  (read  bar), is the mean of the  values .", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u0250 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bt , \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292, d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z ."}, {"text": "The arithmetic mean is a data set's most commonly used and readily understood measure of central tendency.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026az \u0250 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bts m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi."}, {"text": "The arithmetic mean of a set of observed data is equal to the sum of the numerical values of each observation, divided by the total number of observations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Symbolically, for a data set consisting of the values , the arithmetic mean is defined by the formula:", "phonemes": "s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akli, f\u025a\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bt k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z , \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259:"}, {"text": "If the data set is a statistical population (i.e., consists of every possible observation and not just a subset of them), then the mean of that population is called the population mean and denoted by the Greek letter .", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bt \u026az \u0250 st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u025bt \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6nd d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a ."}, {"text": "If the data set is a statistical sample (a subset of the population), it is called the sample mean (which for a data set  is denoted as ).", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bt \u026az \u0250 st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u025bt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026a\u027e \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u025a\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bt \u026az d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z."}, {"text": "The arithmetic mean can be similarly defined for vectors in multiple dimensions, not only scalar values; this is often referred to as a centroid.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az \u026an m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli sk\u02c8e\u026al\u025a v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z; \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0254\u026ad."}, {"text": "More generally, because the arithmetic mean is a convex combination (meaning its coefficients sum to ), it can be defined on a convex space, not only a vector space.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026az \u0250 k\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8\u025bks k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u026ats k\u02cco\u028a\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nts s\u02c8\u028cm t\u028a, \u026at k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 k\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8\u025bks sp\u02c8e\u026as, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 v\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "The arithmetic mean has several properties that make it interesting, especially as a measure of central tendency.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n h\u0250z s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cce\u026ak \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst\u026a\u014b, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi."}, {"text": "Since  is the distance from a given number to the mean, one way to interpret this property is by saying that the numbers to the left of the mean are balanced by the numbers to the right.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n, w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8e\u026a t\u028a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at \u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u026az ba\u026a s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bft \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "This can also be interpreted as saying that the mean is translationally invariant in the sense that for any real number , .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026az t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u026anv\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a , ."}, {"text": "If it is required to use a single number as a \"typical\" value for a set of known numbers , then the arithmetic mean of the numbers does this best since it minimizes the sum of squared deviations from the typical value: the sum of .", "phonemes": "\u026af \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a \"t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l\" v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028an n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az , \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az d\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026as b\u02c8\u025bst s\u02c8\u026ans \u026at m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm \u028cv skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279d d\u02cci\u02d0v\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0: \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm \u028cv ."}, {"text": "If the arithmetic mean of a population of numbers is desired, then the estimate of it that is unbiased is the arithmetic mean of a sample drawn from the population.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0259v\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u026az d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259t \u028cv \u026at \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u028cnb\u02c8a\u026a\u0259st \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The arithmetic mean is independent of scale of the units of measurement, in the sense that   So, for example, calculating a mean of liters and then converting to gallons is the same as converting to gallons first and then calculating the mean.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026az \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u028cv sk\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025am\u0259nt, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8o\u028a, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv l\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nz \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6z k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The arithmetic mean of any amount of equal-sized number groups together is the arithmetic mean of the arithmetic means of each group.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ls\u02c8a\u026azd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "The median is defined such that no more than half the values are larger, and no more than half are smaller than it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259n \u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8o\u028am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n h\u02c8\u00e6f \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a, \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n h\u02c8\u00e6f \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026at."}, {"text": "If elements in the data increase arithmetically when placed in some order, then the median and arithmetic average are equal.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u03b8m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli w\u025bn pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259n \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l."}, {"text": "However, when we consider a sample that cannot be arranged to increase arithmetically, such as , the median and arithmetic average can differ significantly.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, w\u02cc\u025bn wi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u03b8m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z , \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259n \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 k\u00e6n d\u02c8\u026af\u025a s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "The average value can vary considerably from most values in the sample and can be larger or smaller than most.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 k\u00e6n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259bli f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8o\u028ast v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a \u00f0\u0250n m\u02c8o\u028ast."}, {"text": "For example, since the 1980s, the median income in the United States has increased more slowly than the arithmetic average of income.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats h\u0250z \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8o\u028ali \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm."}, {"text": "A weighted average, or weighted mean, is an average in which some data points count more heavily than others in that they are given more weight in the calculation.", "phonemes": "\u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02cc\u028cm d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants k\u02c8a\u028ant m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bvili \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u026an \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In contrast, a weighted mean in which the first number receives, for example, twice as much weight as the second (perhaps because it is assumed to appear twice as often in the general population from which these numbers were sampled) would be calculated as .", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, tw\u02c8a\u026as \u00e6z m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 w\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 tw\u02c8a\u026as \u00e6z \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0i\u02d0z n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259ld w\u028ad bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z ."}, {"text": "The arithmetic mean (sometimes called the \"unweighted average\" or \"equally weighted average\") can be interpreted as a special case of a weighted average in which all weights are equal to the same number ( in the above example and  in a situation with  numbers being averaged).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 \"\u028cnw\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292\"k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u02c8e\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026an \u0250 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292d."}, {"text": "If a numerical property, and any sample of data from it, can take on any value from a continuous range instead of, for example, just integers, then the probability of a number falling into some range of possible values can be described by integrating a continuous probability distribution across this range, even when the naive probability for a sample number taking one certain value from infinitely many is zero.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u0250 nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bni s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm \u026at, k\u00e6n t\u02c8e\u026ak \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u025bni v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u02c8\u026ant\u026ad\u0292\u025az, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd ba\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 na\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0v p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u026anf\u026an\u0259tli m\u02c8\u025bni \u026az z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "In this context, the analog of a weighted average, in which there are infinitely many possibilities for the precise value of the variable in each range, is called the mean of the probability distribution.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anf\u026an\u0259tli m\u02c8\u025bni p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026as v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The most widely encountered probability distribution is called the normal distribution; it has the property that all measures of its central tendency, including not just the mean", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adli \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n; \u026at h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az \u028cv \u026ats s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n"}, {"text": "This equality does not hold for other probability distributions, as illustrated for the log-normal distribution here.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u02c8o\u028ald f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6z \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Firstly, angle measurements are only defined up to an additive constant of 360\u00b0 ( or , if measuring in radians).", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0stli, \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025am\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 , \u026af m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0279\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Thus, these could easily be called 1\u00b0 and -1\u00b0, or 361\u00b0 and 719\u00b0, since each one of them produces a different average.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u028ad \u02c8i\u02d0zili bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u028cn d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z, s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Secondly, in this situation, 0\u00b0 (or 360\u00b0) is geometrically a better average value: there is lower dispersion about it (the points are both 1\u00b0 from it and 179\u00b0 from 180\u00b0, the putative average).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndli, \u026an \u00f0\u026as s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u026az d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028am\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026akli \u0250 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0: \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u026at \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 w\u02c8\u028cn d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm \u026at \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 pj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "In general application, such an oversight will lead to the average value artificially moving towards the middle of the numerical range.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250n \u02c8o\u028av\u025as\u02cca\u026at w\u026al l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292."}, {"text": "A solution to this problem is to use the optimization formulation (that is, define the mean as the central point: the point about which one has the lowest dispersion) and redefine the difference as a modular distance (i.e., the distance on the circle: so the modular distance between 1\u00b0 and 359\u00b0 is 2\u00b0, not 358\u00b0).", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u026az t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0pt\u026am\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant: \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l\u025a d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l: s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l\u025a d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u026az t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "For example, the HTML symbol \"x\u0304\" combines two codes \u2014 the base letter \"x\" plus a code for the line above (\u0304 or \u00af).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026at\u0283t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bl s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l \"ks\" k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026anz t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u028adz \u2014 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \"\u02c8\u025bks\" pl\u02c8\u028cs \u0250 k\u02c8o\u028ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "In some document formats (such as PDF), the symbol may be replaced by a \"\u00a2\" (cent) symbol when copied to a text processor such as Microsoft Word.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6ts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026a \"s\u02c8\u025bnts\" s\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l w\u025bn k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ad t\u028a \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bkst p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u025a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ft w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d."}, {"text": "The American Football Conference (AFC) is one of the two conferences of the National Football League (NFL), the highest professional level of American football in the United States.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "The AFC and its counterpart, the National Football Conference (NFC), each contain 16 teams with 4 divisions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u026ats k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ap\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n t\u02c8i\u02d0mz w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Both conferences were created as part of the 1970 merger between the National Football League, and the American Football League (AFL).", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "All ten of the AFL teams, and three NFL teams, became members of the new AFC, with the remaining thirteen NFL teams forming the NFC.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8\u025bn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl t\u02c8i\u02d0mz, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl t\u02c8i\u02d0mz, b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl t\u02c8i\u02d0mz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "A series of league expansions and division realignments have occurred since the merger, thus making the current total of 16 teams in each conference.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0250l\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nts h\u00e6v \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025a, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n t\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The current AFC champions are the Kansas City Chiefs, who defeated the Cincinnati Bengals in the 2022 season's AFC Championship Game for their third conference championship.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0fs, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026ans\u026an\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei b\u02cc\u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u0261\u02c8e\u026am f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "Like the NFC, the conference has 16 teams organized into four divisions each with four teams: East, North, South and West.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns h\u0250z s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n t\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8i\u02d0mz: \u02c8i\u02d0st, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "Thus, in 2023, the Chiefs will play two games against each of its division rivals (highlighted in light blue), one game against each team in the AFC East and NFC North (highlighted in yellow), and one game each against the first-place finishers in the AFC North, AFC South (highlighted in orange) and NFC East (highlighted in pink).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0fs w\u026al pl\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0259v \u026ats d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259lz h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an l\u02c8a\u026at bl\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02c8\u028cn \u0261\u02c8e\u026am \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u02c8i\u02d0m \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an j\u02c8\u025blo\u028a, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u0261\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0stpl\u02c8e\u026as f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8, \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u0279\u026and\u0292 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0st h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an p\u02c8\u026a\u014bk."}, {"text": "Currently, the fourteen opponents each team faces over the 17-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula:", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u02c8i\u02d0m f\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bt j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259:"}, {"text": "Each AFC team plays the other teams in their respective division twice (home and away) during the regular season, in addition to eleven other games assigned to their schedule by the NFL: three games are assigned on the basis of a particular team's final divisional standing from the previous season, and the remaining eight games are split between the roster of two other NFL divisions.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8i\u02d0m pl\u02c8e\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n tw\u02c8a\u026as h\u02c8o\u028am \u00e6nd \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0l ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl: \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u0259v\u0259 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a t\u02c8i\u02d0mz f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026at \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 spl\u02c8\u026at b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Using the 2023 regular season schedule as an example, each team in the AFC West plays against every team in the AFC East and NFC North.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0l \u00e6z \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u02c8i\u02d0m \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025bst pl\u02c8e\u026az \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i t\u02c8i\u02d0m \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8."}, {"text": "In this way, non-divisional competition will be mostly among common opponents \u2013 the exception being the three games assigned based on the team's prior-season divisional standing.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8e\u026a, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026al bi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028astli \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0mz p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "At the end of each season, the four division winners and three wild cards (non-division winners with best regular season record) in the AFC qualify for the playoffs.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u026an\u025az \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8a\u026ald k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u026an\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u025bst \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0254fs."}, {"text": "The AFC playoffs culminate in the AFC Championship Game, with the winner receiving the Lamar Hunt Trophy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0254fs k\u02c8\u028clm\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u0261\u02c8e\u026am, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u0250m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u028cnt t\u0279\u02c8o\u028afi."}, {"text": "Both the AFC and the NFC were created after the NFL merged with the American Football League (AFL) in 1970.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti."}, {"text": "The AFL began play in 1960 with eight teams, and added two more expansion clubs (the Miami Dolphins in 1966 and the Cincinnati Bengals in 1968) before the merger.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n pl\u02c8e\u026a \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8i\u02d0mz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n kl\u02c8\u028cbz \u00f0\u0259 ma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6mi d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lf\u026anz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026ans\u026an\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei b\u02cc\u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025a."}, {"text": "In order to equalize the number of teams in each conference, three NFL teams that predated the AFL's launch (the Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers, and the then-Baltimore Colts) joined the ten former AFL teams to form the AFC.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl t\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025blz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8i\u02d0vl\u0259nd b\u0279\u02c8a\u028anz, p\u02c8\u026atsb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 st\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025az, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bnb\u02c8\u0254lt\u026am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028alts d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl t\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The two AFL divisions AFL East and AFL West were more or less intact, while the NFL's Century Division, in which the Browns and the Steelers had played since 1967, was moved from the NFL to become the new AFC Central.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl w\u02c8\u025bst w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs \u026ant\u02c8\u00e6kt, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025blz s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8a\u028anz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025az h\u00e6d pl\u02c8e\u026ad s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u028cz m\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l."}, {"text": "Upon the completion of the merger of the AFL and NFL in 1970, the newly minted American Football Conference had already agreed upon their divisional setup along mostly geographical lines for the 1970 season; the National Football Conference, however, could not agree upon their setup, and one was chosen from a fishbowl on January 16, 1970.", "phonemes": "\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li m\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns h\u00e6d \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u028cp \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b m\u02c8o\u028astli d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026anz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n; \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u028cp, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn w\u028cz t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283bo\u028al \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti."}, {"text": "Since the merger, five expansion teams have joined the AFC and two have left, thus making the current total 16.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025a, f\u02c8a\u026av \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8i\u02d0mz h\u00e6v d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u025bft, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "When the Seattle Seahawks and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers joined the league in 1976, they were temporarily placed in the NFC and AFC respectively.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 si\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0h\u0254\u02d0ks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026a b\u02cc\u028ck\u0250n\u02c8\u026a\u0279z d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 t\u02cc\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "In 1995, the Cleveland Browns had attempted to move to Baltimore; the resulting dispute between Cleveland and the team led to Modell establishing the Baltimore Ravens with the players and personnel from the Browns, while the Browns were placed in suspended operations before they were reinstated by the NFL.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8i\u02d0vl\u0259nd b\u0279\u02c8a\u028anz h\u00e6d \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254lt\u026am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279; \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0t b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n kl\u02c8i\u02d0vl\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0m l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025bl \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254lt\u026am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8e\u026av\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8a\u028anz, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8a\u028anz w\u025c\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anst\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "In California, the Oakland Raiders relocated to Los Angeles in 1982, back to Oakland in 1995, and then to Las Vegas in 2020, while the San Diego Chargers returned to Los Angeles in 2017 after 56 years in San Diego.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028akl\u0259nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az \u0279\u1d7blo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u02c8o\u028akl\u0259nd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn t\u0259 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u00e6n d\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025az \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an s\u02cc\u00e6n d\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a."}, {"text": "With the exception of the aforementioned relocations since that time, the divisional setup has remained static ever since.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd \u0279\u1d7blo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u028cp h\u0250z \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u025bv\u025a s\u02c8\u026ans."}, {"text": "Between 1995 and 2022, the AFC has sent only 9 of its 16 teams to the Super Bowl: New England Patriots (10 times), Pittsburgh Steelers (4 times), Denver Broncos (4 times), Baltimore Ravens (2 times), Indianapolis Colts (2 times), Kansas City Chiefs (3 times), Cincinnati Bengals (1 time), Las Vegas Raiders (1 time), Tennessee Titans (1 time).", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u0250z s\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8o\u028anli n\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv \u026ats s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n t\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a b\u02c8o\u028al: n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd p\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026a\u0259ts t\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8a\u026amz, p\u02c8\u026atsb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 st\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025az f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026amz, d\u02c8\u025bnv\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bko\u028az f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026amz, b\u02c8\u0254lt\u026am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8e\u026av\u0259nz t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u02cc\u026andi\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l\u02cc\u026as k\u02c8o\u028alts t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz, k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz, s\u02cc\u026ans\u026an\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei b\u02cc\u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8a\u026am, l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259s \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8a\u026am, t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026at\u0259nz w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "By contrast, the NFC has sent 13 of the 16 NFC teams during that same time frame with only the Detroit Lions, Minnesota Vikings, and Washington Commanders missing out on an appearance in the Super Bowl.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u0250z s\u02c8\u025bnt \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8i\u02d0mz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 d\u026at\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026at l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nz, m\u02cc\u026an\u026as\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259 v\u02c8a\u026ak\u026a\u014bz, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az m\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a b\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "17 of the 19 AFC champions from 2001 to 2019 have started one of just three quarterbacks - Tom Brady, Peyton Manning and Ben Roethlisberger - in the Super Bowl.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n h\u00e6v st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025ab\u02cc\u00e6ks t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m b\u0279\u02c8e\u026adi, p\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8l\u026asb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u025a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a b\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "The merged league created a new logo for the AFC that took elements of the old AFL logo, specifically the \"A\" and the six stars surrounding it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a, sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli \u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8e\u026a\" \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u026at."}, {"text": "The NFC also adopted a logo in 1970 which like the AFL and AFC logos also contained only the first letter as opposed to a full abbreviation, but with only three stars (to represent the then-three divisions of the Conference).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u028a \u0250 f\u02c8\u028al \u0250b\u0279\u02cci\u02d0v\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8o\u028anli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The 2010 NFL season introduced an updated AFC logo, with the most notable revision being the removal of two stars (leaving four representing the four divisions of the AFC), and moving the stars inside the letter, similar to the NFC logo, which itself was updated at the same time to add a fourth star.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bl s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0250n \u028cpd\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a, s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf w\u028cz \u028cpd\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6d \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "From 1998 to 2013, CBS was the primary broadcast rightsholder to the AFC; in those years, all interconference games in which the AFC team was the visiting team were broadcast on either NBC or CBS.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, s\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u0279\u02c8a\u026atsho\u028ald\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0; \u026an \u00f0o\u028az j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8i\u02d0m w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u02c8i\u02d0m w\u025c\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bnb\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Since 2014, the cross-flex policy allows select AFC games (that involve them playing an NFC team at home or intraconference games) to be moved from CBS to Fox.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254sfl\u02c8\u025bks p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm pl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8i\u02d0m \u00e6t h\u02c8o\u028am \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nf\u025a\u0279\u0259ns \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz t\u0259bi m\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm s\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "Animal Farm is a beast fable, in the form of a satirical allegorical novella, by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u026az \u0250 b\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0259v\u0259 s\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l n\u0251\u02d0v\u02c8\u025bl\u0259, ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "It tells the story of a group of anthropomorphic farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy.", "phonemes": "\u026at t\u02c8\u025blz \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u0259v\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u026ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bl \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u025b\u0279 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a, h\u02c8o\u028ap\u026a\u014b t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l, f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6pi."}, {"text": "Ultimately, the rebellion is betrayed and, under the dictatorship of a pig named Napoleon, the farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bli\u0259n \u026az b\u1d7bt\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6nd, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u026akt\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261 n\u02c8e\u026amd n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u025bndz \u02cc\u028cp \u026an \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z b\u02c8\u00e6d \u00e6z \u026at w\u028cz b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "According to Orwell, Animal Farm reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union, a period of time when Russia lived under the communist ideology made by Joseph Stalin.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkts \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, \u0250 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am w\u025bn \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 l\u02c8\u026avd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an."}, {"text": "Orwell, a democratic socialist, was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism, an attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during the Barcelona May Days conflicts between the POUM and Stalinist forces during the Spanish Civil War.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl, \u0250 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast, w\u028cz\u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028ad\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026akli \u0283\u02c8e\u026apt ba\u026a h\u026az \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026al\u02c8o\u028an\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8e\u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akts b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028am \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\u02cc\u026ast f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin (\"\"), and in his essay \"Why I Write\" (1946), wrote that Animal Farm was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, \"to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole\".", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u028a \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n d\u02c8\u00e6v\u026at, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6z \u0250 s\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8e\u026al \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\"\", \u00e6nd \u026an h\u026az \u02c8\u025bse\u026a \"w\u02cca\u026a a\u026a \u0279\u02c8a\u026at\" n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u02c8\u028ak \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad, w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u028al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sn\u0259s \u028cv w\u028ct hi\u02d0 w\u028cz d\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b, \"t\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0z p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8o\u028al\"."}, {"text": "The original title was Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, but US publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, and only one of the translations during Orwell's lifetime, the Telugu version, kept it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m: \u0250 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279i st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i, b\u02cc\u028ct j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u025az d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbta\u026a\u027e\u0259l w\u025bn \u026at w\u028cz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz l\u02c8a\u026afta\u026am, \u00f0\u0259 t\u025bl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, k\u02c8\u025bpt \u026at."}, {"text": "Orwell suggested the title  for the French translation, which abbreviates to URSA, the Latin word for \"bear\", a symbol of Russia.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u02cce\u026ats t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\", \u0250 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259."}, {"text": "Orwell wrote the book between November 1943 and February 1944, when the United Kingdom was in its wartime alliance with the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany, and the British intelligentsia held Stalin in high esteem, a phenomenon Orwell hated.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m w\u028cz \u026an \u026ats w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ta\u026am \u0250l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tsi d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u026ant\u02cc\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bntsi\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bld st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an \u026an h\u02c8a\u026a \u025bst\u02c8i\u02d0m, \u0250 f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl h\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The manuscript was initially rejected by several British and American publishers, including one of Orwell's own, Victor Gollancz, which delayed its publication.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apt w\u028cz \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u025az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz \u02c8o\u028an, v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u00e6\u014bkz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ad \u026ats p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "It became a great commercial success when it did appear as international relations and public opinion were transformed as the wartime alliance gave way to the Cold War.", "phonemes": "\u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs w\u025bn \u026at d\u02c8\u026ad \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6z \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ta\u026am \u0250l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u0261\u02c8e\u026av w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Time magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005); it also featured at number 31 on the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels, and number 46 on the BBC's The Big Read poll.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8a\u026am m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av; \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025ad \u00e6t n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv b\u02c8\u025bst tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0261 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d p\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 and is included in the Great Books of the Western World selection.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av hj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261o\u028a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u026az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u028aks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The animal populace of the poorly run Manor Farm near Willingdon, England, is ripened for rebellion by neglect at the hands of the irresponsible and alcoholic farmer, Mr. Jones.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279li \u0279\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014bd\u0259n, \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd, \u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026ap\u0259nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bli\u0259n ba\u026a n\u1d7b\u0261l\u02c8\u025bkt \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026a\u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a, m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz."}, {"text": "One night, the exalted boar, Old Major, holds a conference, at which he calls for the overthrow of humans and teaches the animals a revolutionary song called \"Beasts of England\".", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8a\u026at, \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lt\u1d7bd b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a, h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns, \u00e6t w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u00e6nd t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u0254\u014b k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"b\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd\"."}, {"text": "When Old Major dies, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and stage a revolt, driving Mr. Jones off the farm and renaming the property \"Animal Farm\".", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a d\u02c8a\u026az, t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z, sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6nd n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n, \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0m k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028alt, d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \"\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\"."}, {"text": "They adopt the Seven Commandments of Animalism, the most important of which is, \"All animals are equal\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0259nts \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026az, \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "Snowball teaches the animals to read and write, while Napoleon educates young puppies on the principles of Animalism.", "phonemes": "sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026at, w\u02cca\u026al n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026ats j\u02c8\u028c\u014b p\u02c8\u028cp\u026az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their health.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z \u02c8\u025bl\u026av\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz t\u0259 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bt \u0250s\u02c8a\u026ad sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz, \u0251\u02d0st\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bbli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8."}, {"text": "Following an unsuccessful attempt by Mr. Jones and his associates to retake the farm (later dubbed the \"Battle of the Cowshed\"), Snowball announces his plans to modernise the farm by building a windmill.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u028cns\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt ba\u026a m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz \u00e6nd h\u026az \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026ats t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u02c8\u028cbd \u00f0\u0259 \"b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028a\u0283\u025bd\", sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l \u0250n\u02c8a\u028ans\u1d7bz h\u026az pl\u02c8\u00e6nz t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m ba\u026a b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u02c8\u026andm\u026al."}, {"text": "Napoleon disputes this idea, and matters come to a head, which culminates in Napoleon's dogs chasing Snowball away and Napoleon effectively declaring himself supreme commander.", "phonemes": "n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u00f0\u026as a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025az k\u02c8\u028cm t\u028a \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bd, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u028clm\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026ats \u026an n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z t\u0283\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a."}, {"text": "Napoleon enacts changes to the governance structure of the farm, replacing meetings with a committee of pigs who will run the farm.", "phonemes": "n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u025bn\u02c8\u00e6kts t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u0259ns st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014bz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Through a young porker named Squealer, Napoleon claims credit for the windmill idea, claiming that Snowball was only trying to win animals to his side.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279k\u025a n\u02c8e\u026amd skw\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a, n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n kl\u02c8e\u026amz k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026at f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026andm\u026al a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259, kl\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l w\u028cz \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz t\u0259 h\u026az s\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "When the animals find the windmill collapsed after a violent storm, Napoleon and Squealer persuade the animals that Snowball is trying to sabotage their project, and begin to purge the farm of animals accused by Napoleon of consorting with his old rival.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz f\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026andm\u026al k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6pst \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m, n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd skw\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l \u026az t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0292 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt, \u00e6nd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an t\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u028cv k\u0259ns\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u02c8o\u028ald \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l."}, {"text": "When some animals recall the Battle of the Cowshed, Napoleon (who was nowhere to be found during the battle) gradually smears Snowball to the point of saying he is a collaborator of Mr. Jones, even dismissing the fact that Snowball was given an award of courage while falsely representing himself as the main hero of the battle.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028a\u0283\u025bd, n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028aw\u025b\u0279 t\u0259bi f\u02c8a\u028and d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li sm\u02c8\u026a\u0279z sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u028cv s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b hi\u02d0 \u026az \u0250 k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6bo\u02d0\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u026asm\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l w\u028cz \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u0250n \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 w\u02cca\u026al f\u02c8\u0254lsli \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "\"Beasts of England\" is replaced with \"Animal Farm\", while an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who is presumably adopting the lifestyle of a man (\"Comrade Napoleon\"), is composed and sung.", "phonemes": "\"b\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd\" \u026az \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0 \"\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\", w\u02cca\u026al \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259m \u0261l\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259bli \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026afsta\u026al \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0279\u00e6d n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n\", \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028c\u014b."}, {"text": "Napoleon then conducts a second purge, during which many animals who are alleged to be helping Snowball in plots are executed by Napoleon's dogs, which troubles the rest of the animals.", "phonemes": "n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckts \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292d t\u0259bi h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l \u026an pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bks\u1d7bkj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Despite their hardships, the animals are easily placated by Napoleon's retort that they are better off than they were under Mr. Jones, as well as by the sheep's continual bleating of \"four legs good, two legs bad\".", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0283\u026aps, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0zili pl\u02c8e\u026ake\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ps k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259l bl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv \"f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0261\u02c8\u028ad, t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z b\u02c8\u00e6d\"."}, {"text": "Mr. Frederick, a neighbouring farmer, attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak, \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a, \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b bl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b p\u02c8a\u028ad\u025a t\u0259 bl\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d w\u02c8\u026andm\u026al."}, {"text": "Although the animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as many, including Boxer the workhorse, are wounded.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz w\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l, \u00f0e\u026a d\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02cco\u028a \u00e6t \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8\u0254st, \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bni, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kh\u0254\u02d0\u0279s, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8u\u02d0nd\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Although he recovers from this, Boxer eventually collapses while working on the windmill (being almost 12 years old at that point).", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6ps\u1d7bz w\u02cca\u026al w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026andm\u026al b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast tw\u02c8\u025blv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8o\u028ald \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant."}, {"text": "He is taken away in a knacker's van and a donkey called Benjamin alerts the animals of this, but Squealer quickly waves off their alarm by persuading the animals that the van had been purchased from the knacker by an animal hospital and that the previous owner's signboard had not been repainted.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u026an \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6k\u025az v\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd \u0250 d\u02c8\u0254\u014bki k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld b\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259m\u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ts \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, b\u02cc\u028ct skw\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a kw\u02c8\u026akli w\u02c8e\u026avz \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m ba\u026a p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6n h\u0250db\u026an p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026ast f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6k\u025a ba\u026a \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s \u02c8o\u028an\u025az s\u02c8a\u026anbo\u02d0\u0279d h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cc\u026an \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8e\u026ant\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "In truth, Napoleon had engineered the sale of Boxer to the knacker, allowing him and his inner circle to acquire money to buy whisky for themselves.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8, n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n h\u00e6d \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6k\u025a, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6nd h\u026az \u02c8\u026an\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l t\u028a \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a m\u02c8\u028cni t\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026a w\u02c8\u026aski f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz."}, {"text": "Years pass, the windmill is rebuilt and another windmill is constructed, which makes the farm a good amount of income.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z p\u02c8\u00e6s, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026andm\u026al \u026az \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026alt \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u026andm\u026al \u026az k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm."}, {"text": "However, the ideals that Snowball discussed, including stalls with electric lighting, heating, and running water, are forgotten, with Napoleon advocating that the happiest animals live simple lives.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz w\u026a\u00f0 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329, w\u026a\u00f0 n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz l\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026avz."}, {"text": "Mr. Jones is also now known to be dead, having \"died in an inebriates' home in another part of the country\".", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8a\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259bi d\u02c8\u025bd, h\u02c8\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \"d\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an \u0250n \u026an\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279\u026a\u02cce\u026ats h\u02c8o\u028am \u026an \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i\"."}, {"text": "The pigs start to resemble humans, as they walk upright, carry whips, drink alcohol, and wear clothes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz, \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k \u02c8\u028cp\u0279a\u026at, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i w\u02c8\u026aps, d\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025b\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028a\u00f0z."}, {"text": "The Seven Commandments are abridged to just one phrase: \"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292d t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst w\u02c8\u028cn f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az: \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az\"."}, {"text": "Other changes include the Hoof and Horn flag being replaced with a plain green banner and Old Major's skull, which was previously put on display, being reburied.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8u\u02d0f \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n b\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025az sk\u02c8\u028cl, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli p\u02cc\u028at \u02cc\u0254n d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025b\u0279id."}, {"text": "Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and local farmers, with whom he celebrates a new alliance.", "phonemes": "n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u0250 d\u02c8\u026an\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az, w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8u\u02d0m hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Both Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington, one of the farmers, play the Ace of Spades at the same time and both sides begin fighting loudly over who cheated first.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. p\u02c8\u026alk\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az, pl\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026as \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026adz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8a\u026adz b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u028adli \u02cco\u028av\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st."}, {"text": "He is an allegorical combination of Karl Marx, one of the creators of communism, and Vladimir Lenin, the communist leader of the Russian Revolution and the early Soviet nation, in that he draws up the principles of the revolution.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025az \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd vl\u02c8\u00e6d\u026am\u02cc\u026a\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bn\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026an \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "His skull being put on revered public display recalls Lenin, whose embalmed body was left in indefinite repose.", "phonemes": "h\u026az sk\u02c8\u028cl b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u02cc\u028at \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279d p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0254\u02d0lz l\u02c8\u025bn\u026an, h\u02ccu\u02d0z \u025bmb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0md b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di w\u028cz l\u02c8\u025bft \u026an \u026and\u02c8\u025bf\u026an\u0259t \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u028az."}, {"text": "Napoleon\u00a0\u2013 \"A large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way\".", "phonemes": "n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \"\u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u026a\u0279sl\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0283\u025a b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0259v\u0259 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an w\u02c8e\u026a\"."}, {"text": "His life parallels that of Leon Trotsky, although there is no reference to Snowball having been murdered (as Trotsky was); he may also combine some elements from Lenin.", "phonemes": "h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025blz \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0251\u02d0n t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tski, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u026an m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025ad \u00e6z t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tski w\u028cz; hi\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u025bn\u026an."}, {"text": "Squealer\u00a0\u2013 A small, white, fat porker who serves as Napoleon's second-in-command and minister of propaganda, is a collective portrait of the Soviet nomenklatura and journalists, such as of the national daily Pravda (The Truth), able to justify every twist and turn in Stalin's policy.", "phonemes": "skw\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, w\u02c8a\u026at, f\u02c8\u00e6t p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279k\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u026a\u014bk\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259, \u026az \u0250 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t n\u02c8o\u028am\u0259\u014bkl\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026ali p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6vd\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8, \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i tw\u02c8\u026ast \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u026an st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026anz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi."}, {"text": "Minimus\u00a0\u2013 A poetic pig who writes the second national anthem of Animal Farm after the singing of \"Beasts of England\" is banned; later he composes a poem \"Comrade Napoleon\".", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259s \u0250 po\u028a\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8\u026a\u0261 h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259m \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b \u028cv \"b\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd\" \u026az b\u02c8\u00e6nd; l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a hi\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz \u0250 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0279\u00e6d n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "Literary theorist John Rodden compares him to the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky, who eulogized Lenin and the Soviet Union, although Mayakovsky neither wrote anthems nor praised Stalin in his poems.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026ast d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259n k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279z h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at vl\u02c8\u00e6d\u026am\u02cc\u026a\u0279 m\u02cce\u026a\u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski, h\u02ccu\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cca\u026azd l\u02c8\u025bn\u026an \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a m\u02cce\u026a\u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259mz n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8e\u026azd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an \u026an h\u026az p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bmz."}, {"text": "The piglets\u00a0\u2013 Hinted to be the children of Napoleon and are the first generation of animals subjugated to his idea of animal inequality.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261l\u026ats h\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u028cv n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u026az a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u026ani\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The young pigs\u00a0\u2013 Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed, the first animals killed in Napoleon's farm purge.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026an \u0250b\u02cca\u028at n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz t\u02c8e\u026ako\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m b\u02cc\u028ct \u0251\u02d0\u0279 kw\u02c8\u026akli s\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nst \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bks\u1d7bkj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz k\u02c8\u026ald \u026an n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292."}, {"text": "Probably based on the Great Purge of Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Nikolai Bukharin, and Alexei Rykov.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i z\u02c8\u026ano\u028av\u02cci\u02d0v, l\u02c8\u025bv k\u02c8e\u026amn\u025bv, n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026a b\u02c8\u028ck\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u026an, \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u025bkse\u026a \u0279\u02c8a\u026ak\u0251\u02d0v."}, {"text": "Pinkeye\u00a0\u2013 A minor pig who is mentioned only once; he is the taste-tester that samples Napoleon's food to make sure it is not poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u026a\u014bka\u026a \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a p\u02c8\u026a\u0261 h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cns; hi\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026astt\u02c8\u025bst\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz f\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259nd, \u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250n \u0250s\u02cc\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt \u02cc\u0254n n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n."}, {"text": "Mr. Jones\u00a0\u2013 A heavy drinker who is the original owner of Manor Farm, a farm in disrepair with farmhands who often loaf on the job.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bvi d\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u02c8o\u028an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, \u0250 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u026an d\u02cc\u026as\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mh\u00e6ndz h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n l\u02c8o\u028af \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b."}, {"text": "He is an allegory of Russian Tsar Nicholas II, who abdicated following the February Revolution of 1917 and was murdered, along with the rest of his family, by the Bolsheviks on 17 July 1918.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n ts\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u0259s \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd w\u028cz m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025ad, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv h\u026az f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0283\u026av\u02cc\u026aks \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The animals revolt after Jones goes on a drinking binge, returns hungover the following day and neglects them completely.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028alt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz \u0261o\u028az \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 d\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u026and\u0292, \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz h\u028c\u014b\u0261\u02c8o\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd n\u1d7b\u0261l\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli."}, {"text": "She seems to live with her husband's drunkenness, going to bed while he stays up drinking until late into the night.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259ndz d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0259nn\u0259s, \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bd w\u02cca\u026al hi\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026az \u02cc\u028cp d\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al l\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "In her only other appearance, she hastily throws a few things into a travel bag and flees when she sees that the animals are revolting.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns, \u0283i\u02d0 h\u02c8e\u026astili \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u00e6nd fl\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u025bn \u0283i\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028alt\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Mr. Frederick\u00a0\u2013 The tough owner of Pinchfield Farm, a small but well-kept neighbouring farm, who briefly allies with Napoleon.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028cf \u02c8o\u028an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u02c8\u026ant\u0283fi\u02d0ld f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02c8\u025blk\u02c8\u025bpt n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fli \u02c8\u00e6la\u026az w\u026a\u00f0 n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n."}, {"text": "Animal Farm shares land boundaries with Pinchfield on one side and Foxwood on another, making Animal Farm a \"buffer zone\" between the two bickering farmers.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z l\u02c8\u00e6nd b\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279iz w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u026ant\u0283fi\u02d0ld \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksw\u028ad \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8e\u026a \"b\u02c8\u028cf\u025a z\u02c8o\u028an\" b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026ak\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az."}, {"text": "The animals of Animal Farm are terrified of Frederick, as rumours abound of him abusing his animals and entertaining himself with cockfighting.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak, \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025az \u0250b\u02c8a\u028and \u028cv h\u02cc\u026am \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bnt\u025at\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kfa\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Napoleon allies with Frederick to sell surplus timber that Pilkington also sought, but is enraged to learn Frederick paid him in counterfeit money.", "phonemes": "n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6la\u026az w\u026a\u00f0 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0pl\u028cs t\u02c8\u026amb\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8\u026alk\u026a\u014bt\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az \u025bn\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d t\u0259 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak p\u02c8e\u026ad h\u02cc\u026am \u026an k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025af\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8\u028cni."}, {"text": "Shortly after the swindling, Frederick and his men invade Animal Farm, killing many animals and destroying the windmill.", "phonemes": "\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8\u026andl\u026a\u014b, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak \u00e6nd h\u026az m\u02c8\u025bn \u026anv\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00e6nd d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026andm\u026al."}, {"text": "The brief alliance and subsequent invasion may allude to the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact and Operation Barbarossa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f \u0250l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt \u026anv\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v \u0279\u02c8\u026ab\u0259nt\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p p\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0250\u0279\u02cc\u0254s\u0259."}, {"text": "Mr. Pilkington\u00a0\u2013 The easy-going but crafty and well-to-do owner of Foxwood Farm, a large neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. p\u02c8\u026alk\u026a\u014bt\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u028ct k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fti \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025blt\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksw\u028ad f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028an w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8i\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Pilkington is wealthier than Frederick and owns more land, but his farm needs care as opposed to Frederick's smaller but more efficiently run farm.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u026alk\u026a\u014bt\u0259n \u026az w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i\u025a \u00f0\u0250n f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6nd, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m n\u02c8i\u02d0dz k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026aks sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259ntli \u0279\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Although on bad terms with Frederick, Pilkington is also concerned about the animal revolution that deposed Jones and is worried that this could also happen to him.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8\u00e6d t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz w\u026a\u00f0 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak, p\u02c8\u026alk\u026a\u014bt\u0259n \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t d\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u028azd d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz \u00e6nd \u026az w\u02c8\u028c\u0279id \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as k\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "At first, he acquires necessities that cannot be produced on the farm, such as dog biscuits and paraffin wax, but later he procures luxuries like alcohol for the pigs.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, hi\u02d0 \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az n\u0259s\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 b\u02c8\u026ask\u026ats \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259f\u02cc\u026an w\u02c8\u00e6ks, b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279z l\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u025a\u0279iz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z."}, {"text": "Boxer\u00a0\u2013 A loyal, kind, dedicated, extremely strong, hard-working, and respectable cart-horse, although quite naive and gullible.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025a \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l, k\u02c8a\u026and, d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259b\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279th\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a kw\u02c8a\u026at na\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u028cl\u1d7bb\u0259l."}, {"text": "At one point, he challenged Squealer's statement that Snowball was always against the welfare of the farm, earning him an attack from Napoleon's dogs.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, hi\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d skw\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025az st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025blf\u025b\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am \u0250n \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k f\u0279\u028cm n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z."}, {"text": "But Boxer's immense strength repels the attack, worrying the pigs that their authority can be challenged.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025az \u026am\u02c8\u025bns st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025blz \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k, w\u02c8\u028c\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d."}, {"text": "Boxer has been compared to Alexey Stakhanov, a diligent and enthusiastic role model of the Stakhanovite movement.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8\u025bksi st\u02c8\u00e6kh\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v, \u0250 d\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u025bn\u03b8\u02ccu\u02d0zi\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u0279\u02c8o\u028al m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6kh\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0va\u026at m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "He has been described as \"faithful and strong\"; he believes any problem can be solved if he works harder.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \"f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8f\u0259l \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\"; hi\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u02cc\u025bni p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026af hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "When Boxer is injured, Napoleon sells him to a local knacker to buy himself whisky, and Squealer gives a moving account, falsifying the circumstances of Boxer's death.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025ad, n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n s\u02c8\u025blz h\u02cc\u026am t\u028a \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u00e6k\u025a t\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026a h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf w\u02c8\u026aski, \u00e6nd skw\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u0250 m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant, f\u02c8\u0254ls\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259mst\u02cc\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u028cv b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "Mollie\u00a0\u2013 A self-centred, self-indulgent, and vain young white mare who quickly leaves for another farm after the revolution, like those who left Russia after the fall of the Tsar.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li \u0250 s\u02c8\u025blfs\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259d, s\u02c8\u025blf\u026and\u02c8\u028cld\u0292\u0259nt, \u00e6nd v\u02c8e\u026an j\u02c8\u028c\u014b w\u02c8a\u026at m\u02c8\u025b\u0279 h\u02ccu\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u026akli l\u02c8i\u02d0vz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bft \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ts\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Clover\u00a0\u2013 A gentle, caring mare, who shows concern, especially for Boxer, who often pushes himself too hard.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8o\u028av\u025a \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l, k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025b\u0279, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8o\u028az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n p\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u1d7bz h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "Benjamin\u00a0\u2013 A donkey, one of the oldest, wisest animals on the farm, and one of the few who can read properly.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259m\u026an \u0250 d\u02c8\u0254\u014bki, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast, w\u02c8a\u026as\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u00e6n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ali."}, {"text": "He is sceptical, temperamental and cynical: his most frequent remark is, \"Life will go on as it has always gone on\u00a0\u2013 that is, badly\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az sk\u02c8\u025bpt\u026ak\u0259l, t\u02cc\u025bmp\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026an\u026ak\u0259l: h\u026az m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az, \"l\u02c8a\u026af w\u026al \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u02cc\u0254n \u00e6z \u026at h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u0261\u02c8\u0254n \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, b\u02c8\u00e6dli\"."}, {"text": "Academic Morris Dickstein has suggested there is \"a touch of Orwell himself in this creature's timeless scepticism\" and indeed, friends called Orwell \"Donkey George\", \"after his grumbling donkey Benjamin, in Animal Farm\".", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as d\u02c8\u026aksta\u026an h\u0250z s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u026az \"\u0250 t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u026an \u00f0\u026as k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az t\u02c8a\u026aml\u0259s sk\u02c8\u025bpt\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m\" \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \"d\u02c8\u0254\u014bki d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\", \"\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u028cmbl\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u0254\u014bki b\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259m\u026an, \u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\"."}, {"text": "Benjamin manages to evade the purges and survive despite the threat he potentially poses given his knowledge, his age, and his equivocal, albeit apolitical, positions.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259m\u026an m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz t\u028a \u026av\u02c8e\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025bt hi\u02d0 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li p\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n h\u026az n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292, h\u026az \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd h\u026az \u1d7bkw\u02c8\u026av\u0259k\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0lb\u02c8i\u02d0\u026at \u02cc\u00e6p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l, p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Muriel\u00a0\u2013 A goat who is another of the oldest, wisest animals on the farm and friends with all of the animals on the farm.", "phonemes": "mj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l \u0250 \u0261\u02c8o\u028at h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast, w\u02c8a\u026as\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "The puppies\u00a0\u2013 Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, the puppies were taken away at birth by Napoleon and raised by him to serve as his powerful security force.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cp\u026az \u02c8\u0254fsp\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsi \u00e6nd bl\u02c8u\u02d0b\u025bl, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cp\u026az w\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6t b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 ba\u026a n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd ba\u026a h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6z h\u026az p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s."}, {"text": "Moses\u00a0\u2013 The Raven, \"Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker\".", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026av\u0259n, \"m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz\u1d7bz \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l p\u02c8\u025bt, w\u028cz\u0250 sp\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd \u0250 t\u02c8e\u026alb\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 kl\u02c8\u025bv\u025a t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a\"."}, {"text": "Initially following Mrs. Jones into exile, he reappears several years later and resumes his role of talking but not working.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u026as\u026az. d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u025b\u0261za\u026al, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8u\u02d0mz h\u026az \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "He regales Animal Farm's denizens with tales of a wondrous place beyond the clouds called \"Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest forever from our labours!\"", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026alz \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz d\u02c8\u025bn\u026az\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8e\u026alz \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u0259s pl\u02c8e\u026as b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u028adz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0261\u025ak\u02cc\u00e6ndi m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an, \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u00e6pi k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 wi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0283\u02cc\u00e6l \u0279\u02c8\u025bst f\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u025a f\u0279\u028cm \u02cca\u028a\u025a l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025az!\""}, {"text": "Orwell portrays established religion as \"the black raven of priestcraft\u00a0\u2013 promising pie in the sky when you die, and faithfully serving whoever happens to be in power\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k \u0279\u02c8e\u026av\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0stk\u0279\u00e6ft p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as\u026a\u014b p\u02c8a\u026a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8a\u026a w\u025bn ju\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026a, \u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8f\u0259li s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b hu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bv\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259nz t\u0259bi \u026an p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\"."}, {"text": "His preaching to the animals heartens them, and Napoleon allows Moses to reside at the farm \"with an allowance of a gill of beer daily\", akin to how Stalin brought back the Russian Orthodox Church during the Second World War.", "phonemes": "h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0294n\u0329z \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u00e6nd n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az m\u02c8o\u028as\u1d7bz t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \"w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026al \u028cv b\u02c8\u026a\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026ali\", \u0250k\u02c8\u026an t\u0259 h\u02cca\u028a st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t b\u02c8\u00e6k \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "They show limited understanding of Animalism and the political atmosphere of the farm, yet nonetheless, they are the voice of blind conformity as they bleat their support of Napoleon's ideals with jingles during his speeches and meetings with Snowball.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0283\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, j\u02c8\u025bt n\u02cc\u028cn\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u028cv bl\u02c8a\u026and k\u0259nf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a bl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014bz w\u026a\u00f0 sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Their constant bleating of \"four legs good, two legs bad\" was used as a device to drown out any opposition or alternative views from Snowball, much as Stalin used hysterical crowds to drown out Trotsky.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt bl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv \"f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0261\u02c8\u028ad, t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z b\u02c8\u00e6d\" w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u02c8a\u028at \u02cc\u025bni \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av vj\u02c8u\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l, m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6z st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd h\u026ast\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8a\u028adz t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u02c8a\u028at t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tski."}, {"text": "Towards the end of the book, Squealer (the propagandist) trains the sheep to alter their slogan to \"four legs good, two legs better\", which they dutifully do.", "phonemes": "t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak, skw\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ast t\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p t\u028a \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sl\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0259n tu\u02d0 \"f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0261\u02c8\u028ad, t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026af\u0259li d\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The hens are promised at the start of the revolution that they will get to keep their eggs, which are stolen from them under Mr. Jones.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bnz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ast \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u026al \u0261\u025bt t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0261z, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8o\u028al\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a. d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz."}, {"text": "However, their eggs are soon taken from them under the premise of buying goods from outside Animal Farm.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bm\u026as \u028cv b\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u028adz f\u0279\u028cm a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "The cows are enticed into the revolution by promises that their milk will not be stolen but can be used to raise their calves.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026ast \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u026alk w\u026al n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 st\u02c8o\u028al\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6vz."}, {"text": "The cat is absent for long periods and is forgiven because her excuses are so convincing and she \"purred so affectionately that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6t \u026az \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz \u00e6nd \u026az f\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkskj\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cco\u028a k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ans\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0283i\u02d0 \"p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02cco\u028a \u0250f\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259tli \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz\"."}, {"text": "She has no interest in the politics of the farm, and the only time she is recorded as having participated in an election, she is found to have actually \"voted on both sides\".", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8a\u026am \u0283i\u02d0 \u026az \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, \u0283i\u02d0 \u026az f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \"v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8a\u026adz\"."}, {"text": "Classed among the wild animals, unsuccessful attempts were made to civilise them and teach them the principles of Animalism.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8\u00e6st \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ald \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, \u028cns\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6nd t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "George Orwell's Animal Farm is an example of a political satire and an allegory that was intended to have a \"wider application\", according to Orwell himself, in terms of its relevance.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u026az \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u02c8e\u026a \"w\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf, \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv \u026ats \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Stylistically, the work shares many similarities with some of Orwell's other works, most notably Nineteen Eighty-Four, as both have been considered works of Swiftian satire.", "phonemes": "sta\u026al\u02c8\u026ast\u026akli, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z m\u02c8\u025bni s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026a\u027eif\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6z b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 h\u0250vb\u026an k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv sw\u02c8\u026af\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "Furthermore, these two prominent works seem to suggest Orwell's bleak view of the future for humanity; he seems to stress the potential/current threat of dystopias similar to those in Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz bl\u02c8i\u02d0k vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei; hi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv d\u026ast\u02c8o\u028api\u0259z s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026a\u027eif\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "In these kinds of works, Orwell distinctly references the disarray and traumatic conditions of Europe following the Second World War.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bktli \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026as\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd t\u0279\u0254\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Orwell's style and writing philosophy as a whole were very concerned with the pursuit of truth in writing.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz st\u02c8a\u026al \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8o\u028al w\u025c\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0t \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 \u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Orwell was committed to communicating straightforwardly, given the way that he felt words were commonly used in politics to deceive and confuse.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl w\u028cz k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b st\u0279e\u026atf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025adli, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025blt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks t\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00e6nd k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "For this reason, he is careful, in Animal Farm, to make sure the narrator speaks in an unbiased and uncomplicated fashion.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, hi\u02d0 \u026az k\u02c8\u025b\u0279f\u0259l, \u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u025a sp\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u026an \u0250n \u028cnb\u02c8a\u026a\u0259st \u00e6nd \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The difference is seen in the way that the animals speak and interact, as the general moral animals seem to speak their minds clearly, while the wicked animals on the farm, such as Napoleon, twist language in such a way that it meets their insidious desires.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u026az s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz sp\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026andz kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ak\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n, tw\u02c8\u026ast l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026an s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at m\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026ans\u02c8\u026adi\u0259s d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "This style reflects Orwell's proximity to the issues facing Europe at the time and his determination to comment critically on Stalin's Soviet Russia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as st\u02c8a\u026al \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz p\u0279\u0251\u02d0ks\u02c8\u026am\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z f\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd h\u026az d\u026at\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnt k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026akli \u02cc\u0254n st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026anz s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259."}, {"text": "George Orwell wrote the manuscript between November 1943 and February 1944 after his experiences during the Spanish Civil War, which he described in Homage to Catalonia (1938).", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apt b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "In the preface of a 1947 Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm, he explained how escaping the communist purges in Spain taught him \"how easily totalitarian propaganda can control the opinion of enlightened people in democratic countries\".", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0259s \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n ju\u02d0k\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, hi\u02d0 \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026and h\u02cca\u028a \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026an t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t h\u02cc\u026am \"h\u02cca\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0zili to\u028at\u02cc\u00e6l\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259 k\u00e6n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00f0\u026a \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n \u028cv \u025bnl\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329d p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz\"."}, {"text": "This motivated Orwell to expose and strongly condemn what he saw as the Stalinist corruption of the original socialist ideals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl t\u028a \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028az \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bm w\u028ct hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\u02cc\u026ast k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Homage to Catalonia sold poorly; after seeing Arthur Koestler's best-selling, Darkness at Noon, about the Moscow Trials, Orwell decided that fiction would be the best way to describe totalitarianism.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028ald p\u02c8\u028a\u0279li; \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u025a k\u02c8o\u028asl\u025az b\u02c8\u025bsts\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kn\u0259s \u00e6t n\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259lz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab to\u028at\u02cc\u00e6l\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "The booklet included instructions on how to quell ideological fears of the Soviet Union, such as directions to claim that the Red Terror was a figment of Nazi imagination.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028akl\u026at \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n h\u02cca\u028a t\u0259 kw\u02c8\u025bl \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a w\u028cz\u0250 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259nt \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tsi \u026am\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Orwell initially encountered difficulty getting the manuscript published, largely due to fears that the book might upset the alliance between Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti \u0261\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apt p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak m\u02cca\u026at \u028cps\u02c8\u025bt \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "Four publishers refused to publish Animal Farm, yet one had initially accepted the work but declined it after consulting the Ministry of Information.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u025az \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, j\u02c8\u025bt w\u02c8\u028cn h\u00e6d \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k b\u02cc\u028ct d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026and \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279i \u028cv \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "During the Second World War, it became clear to Orwell that anti-Soviet literature was not something which most major publishing houses would touch\u00a0\u2013 including his regular publisher Gollancz.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026as\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8o\u028ast m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz w\u028ad t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u00e6\u014bkz."}, {"text": "He also submitted the manuscript to Faber and Faber, where the poet T. S. Eliot (who was a director of the firm) rejected it; Eliot wrote back to Orwell praising the book's \"good writing\" and \"fundamental integrity\", but declared that they would only accept it for publication if they had some sympathy for the viewpoint \"which I take to be generally Trotskyite\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apt t\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a \u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at t\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259t h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026at; \u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259t \u0279\u02c8o\u028at b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl p\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028aks \"\u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b\" \u00e6nd \"f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u026ant\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei\", b\u02cc\u028ct d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt \u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026af \u00f0e\u026a h\u02cc\u00e6d s\u028cm s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u03b8i f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0254\u026ant \"w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 a\u026a t\u02c8e\u026ak t\u0259bi d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tski\u02cca\u026at\"."}, {"text": "Eliot said he found the view \"not convincing\", and contended that the pigs were made out to be the best to run the farm; he posited that someone might argue \"what was needed\u00a0... was not more communism but more public-spirited pigs\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259t s\u02c8\u025bd hi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \"n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ans\u026a\u014b\", \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u02c8a\u028at t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m; hi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn m\u02cca\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \"w\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd\u00a0... w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026aksp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z\"."}, {"text": "Orwell let Andr\u00e9 Deutsch, who was working for Nicholson & Watson in 1944, read the typescript, and Deutsch was convinced that Nicholson & Watson would want to publish it; however, they did not, and \"lectured Orwell on what they perceived to be errors in Animal Farm\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl l\u02c8\u025bt \u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8\u0254\u026at\u0283, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259ls\u0259n \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026apsk\u0279\u026apt, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0254\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026anst \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259ls\u0259n \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u0259n w\u028ad w\u02c8\u0254nt t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283 \u026at; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0e\u026a d\u026adn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, \u00e6nd \"l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \u02cc\u0254n w\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259bi \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\"."}, {"text": "In his London Letter on 17 April 1944 for Partisan Review, Orwell wrote that it was \"now next door to impossible to get anything overtly anti-Russian printed.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026as\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz \"n\u02c8a\u028a n\u02c8\u025bkst d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt \u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b o\u028av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0tli \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Anti-Russian books do appear, but mostly from Catholic publishing firms and always from a religious or frankly reactionary angle\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u028aks d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8o\u028astli f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkli \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "The publisher Jonathan Cape, who had initially accepted Animal Farm, subsequently rejected the book after an official at the British Ministry of Information warned him off\u00a0\u2013 although the civil servant who it is assumed gave the order was later found to be a Soviet spy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259\u03b8\u0259n k\u02c8e\u026ap, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250n \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279i \u028cv \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nd h\u02cc\u026am \u02c8\u0254f \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259nt h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259bi \u0250 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t sp\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "Writing to Leonard Moore, a partner in the literary agency of Christy & Moore, publisher Jonathan Cape explained that the decision had been taken on the advice of a senior official in the Ministry of Information.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bn\u025ad m\u02c8\u028a\u0279, \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026asti \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028a\u0279, p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259\u03b8\u0259n k\u02c8e\u026ap \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n h\u0250db\u026an t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026as \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0nj\u025a\u0279 \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279i \u028cv \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Such flagrant anti-Soviet bias was unacceptable, and the choice of pigs as the dominant class was thought to be especially offensive.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 fl\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026as\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s w\u028cz \u028cn\u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259b\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u028cv p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt kl\u02c8\u00e6s w\u028cz \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259bi \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns\u026av."}, {"text": "It may reasonably be assumed that the \"important official\" was a man named Peter Smollett, who was later unmasked as a Soviet agent.", "phonemes": "\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259bli bi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \"\u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l\" w\u028cz\u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n n\u02c8e\u026amd p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a sm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026at, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cnm\u02c8\u00e6skt \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Orwell was suspicious of Smollett/Smolka, and he would be one of the names Orwell included in his list of Crypto-Communists and Fellow-Travellers sent to the Information Research Department in 1949.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl w\u028cz s\u0259sp\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259s \u028cv sm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026at sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 sm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lk\u0259, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 w\u028ad bi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an h\u026az l\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026apto\u028ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025blo\u028at\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u025bl\u025az s\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Frederic Warburg also faced pressures against publication, even from people in his own office and from his wife Pamela, who felt that it was not the moment for ingratitude towards Stalin and the Red Army, which had played a major part in defeating Adolf Hitler.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u025bd\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8e\u026asd p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025az \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026af p\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259l\u0259, h\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025blt \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026an d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6d\u0251\u02d0lf h\u02c8\u026atl\u025a."}, {"text": "A Russian translation was printed in the paper Posev, and in permitting a Russian translation of Animal Farm, Orwell refused in advance all royalties.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a p\u02c8o\u028as\u0259v, \u00e6nd \u026an p\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l\u027eiz."}, {"text": "A translation in Ukrainian, which was produced in Germany, was confiscated in large part by the American wartime authorities and handed over to the Soviet repatriation commission.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an ju\u02d0k\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni, w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ask\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ta\u026am \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0279\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In October 1945, Orwell wrote to Frederic Warburg expressing interest in pursuing the possibility that the political cartoonist David Low might illustrate Animal Farm.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \u0279\u02c8o\u028at t\u0259 f\u0279\u025bd\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ast d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad l\u02c8o\u028a m\u02cca\u026at \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Low had written a letter saying that he had had \"a good time with Animal Farm\u00a0\u2013 an excellent bit of satire\u00a0\u2013 it would illustrate perfectly\".", "phonemes": "l\u02c8o\u028a h\u00e6d \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6d h\u02cc\u00e6d \"\u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad t\u02c8a\u026am w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u0250n \u02c8\u025bks\u0259l\u0259nt b\u02c8\u026at \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a \u026at w\u028ad \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026at p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u025bktli\"."}, {"text": "Nothing came of this, and a trial issue produced by Secker & Warburg in 1956 illustrated by John Driver was abandoned.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b k\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, \u00e6nd \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bk\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u025a w\u028cz \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd."}, {"text": "The Folio Society published an edition in 1984 illustrated by Quentin Blake and an edition illustrated by the cartoonist Ralph Steadman was published by Secker & Warburg in 1995 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the first edition of Animal Farm.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u02cco\u028a s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u0250n \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a kw\u02c8\u025bnt\u026an bl\u02c8e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0250n \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ast \u0279\u02c8\u00e6lf st\u02c8\u025bdm\u0259n w\u028cz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bk\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u0259\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Orwell originally wrote a preface complaining about British self-censorship and how the British people were suppressing criticism of the USSR, their World War II ally:", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0259s k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u025blfs\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u025c\u02d0 s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6la\u026a:"}, {"text": "Although the first edition allowed space for the preface, it was not included, and as of June 2009, most editions of the book have not included it.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad sp\u02c8e\u026as f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0259s, \u026at w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026at."}, {"text": "However, the publisher had provided space for a preface in the author's proof composited from the manuscript.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u025a h\u00e6d p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd sp\u02c8e\u026as f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0259s \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f k\u0259mp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0sk\u0279\u02cc\u026apt."}, {"text": "For reasons unknown, no preface was supplied, and the page numbers had to be renumbered at the last minute.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an, n\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0259s w\u028cz s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026ad, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8\u028cmb\u025ad \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st m\u02c8\u026an\u026at."}, {"text": "In 1972, Ian Angus found the original typescript titled \"The Freedom of the Press\", and Bernard Crick published it, together with his introduction, in The Times Literary Supplement on 15 September 1972 as \"How the essay came to be written\".", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259s f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026apsk\u0279\u026apt t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld \"\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\", \u00e6nd b\u025c\u02d0n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d k\u0279\u02c8\u026ak p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026at, t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026amz l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u028cpl\u026am\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6z \"h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bse\u026a k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259bi \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329\"."}, {"text": "Orwell's essay criticised British self-censorship by the press, specifically the suppression of unflattering descriptions of Stalin and the Soviet government.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz \u02c8\u025bse\u026a k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u025blfs\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u028cnfl\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The same essay also appeared in the Italian 1976 edition of Animal Farm with another introduction by Crick, claiming to be the first edition with the preface.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8\u025bse\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a k\u0279\u02c8\u026ak, kl\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0259s."}, {"text": "The New Republic magazine, George Soule expressed his disappointment in the book, writing that it \"puzzled and saddened me.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n, d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 s\u02c8o\u028al \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst h\u026az d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026antm\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u02c8\u026at \"p\u02c8\u028cz\u0259ld \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259nd m\u02cci\u02d0."}, {"text": "The allegory turned out to be a creaking machine for saying in a clumsy way things that have been said better directly\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u02c8a\u028at t\u0259bi \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250 kl\u02c8\u028cmzi w\u02c8e\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250vb\u026an s\u02c8\u025bd b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli\"."}, {"text": "Soule believed that the animals were not consistent enough with their real-world inspirations, and said, \"It seems to me that the failure of this book (commercially it is already assured of tremendous success) arises from the fact that the satire deals not with something the author has experienced, but rather with stereotyped ideas about a country which he probably does not know very well\".", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028al b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u026an\u02c8\u028cf w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259lw\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u02cc\u026ansp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bd, \"\u026at s\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 m\u02cci\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u026as b\u02c8\u028ak k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi \u0259\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279d \u028cv t\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259s s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a d\u02c8i\u02d0lz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a h\u0250z \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259nst, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028ata\u026apt a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8o\u028a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u025bl\"."}, {"text": "The Guardian on 24 August 1945 called Animal Farm \"a delightfully humorous and caustic satire on the rule of the many by the few\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279di\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \"\u0250 d\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026atf\u0259li hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u026ak s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\"."}, {"text": "Tosco Fyvel, writing in Tribune on the same day, called the book \"a gentle satire on a certain State and on the illusions of an age which may already be behind us\".", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a f\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am d\u02c8e\u026a, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \"\u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi bi\u02d0 b\u1d7bh\u02c8a\u026and \u02cc\u028cs\"."}, {"text": "Julian Symons responded, on 7 September, \"Should we not expect, in Tribune at least, acknowledgement of the fact that it is a satire not at all gentle upon a particular State\u00a0\u2013 Soviet Russia?", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0li\u0259n s\u02c8\u026am\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd, \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a, \"\u0283\u02cc\u028ad wi\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt, \u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0n \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st, \u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a st\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259?"}, {"text": "It seems to me that a reviewer should have the courage to identify Napoleon with Stalin, and Snowball with Trotsky, and express an opinion favourable or unfavourable to the author, upon a political ground.", "phonemes": "\u026at s\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 m\u02cci\u02d0 \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an, \u00e6nd sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tski, \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u0250n \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cnf\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a, \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0250 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "In a hundred years perhaps, Animal Farm may be simply a fairy story; today it is a political satire with a good deal of point\".", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026ampli \u0250 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279i st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i; t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad d\u02c8i\u02d0l \u028cv p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\"."}, {"text": "Between 1952 and 1957, the CIA, in an operation codenamed Aedinosaur, sent millions of balloons carrying copies of the novel into Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, whose air forces tried to shoot the balloons down.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cca\u026a\u02c8e\u026a, \u026an \u0250n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8o\u028adne\u026amd i\u02d0d\u02c8\u026an\u0259s\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279, s\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u028cv b\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0nz k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u028a p\u02c8o\u028al\u0259nd, h\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02cc\u025bk\u0259sl\u0259v\u02c8\u00e6ki\u0259, h\u02ccu\u02d0z \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 b\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0nz d\u02c8a\u028an."}, {"text": "Time magazine chose Animal Farm as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005); it also featured at number 31 on the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8a\u026am m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av; \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025ad \u00e6t n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv b\u02c8\u025bst tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz."}, {"text": "It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 and is included in the Great Books of the Western World selection.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av hj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261o\u028a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u026az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u028aks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Popular reading in schools, Animal Farm was ranked the UK's favourite book from school in a 2016 poll.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026an sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026az f\u02c8e\u026av\u0279\u026at b\u02c8\u028ak f\u0279\u028cm sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u026an \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n p\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "The John Birch Society in Wisconsin challenged the reading of Animal Farm in 1965 because of its reference to the masses revolting.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u026an w\u026ask\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u026ats \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028alt\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "New York State English Council's Committee on Defense Against Censorship found that in 1968, Animal Farm had been widely deemed a \"problem book\".", "phonemes": "n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k st\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259lz k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m h\u0250db\u026an w\u02c8a\u026adli d\u02c8i\u02d0md \u02c8e\u026a \"p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m b\u02c8\u028ak\"."}, {"text": "A censorship survey conducted in DeKalb County, Georgia, relating to the years 1979\u20131982, revealed that many schools had attempted to limit access to Animal Farm due to its \"political theories\".", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u026an d\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6lb k\u02c8a\u028anti, d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u025bni sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz h\u00e6d \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026am\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats \"p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz\"."}, {"text": "A superintendent in Bay County, Florida, banned Animal Farm at the middle school and high school levels in 1987.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u026an b\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8a\u028anti, fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0259, b\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Board quickly brought back the book, however, after receiving complaints of the ban as \"unconstitutional\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d kw\u02c8\u026akli b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t b\u02c8\u00e6k \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026ants \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6z \"\u028c\u014bk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "The ALA also mentions the way that the book was prevented from being featured at the International Book Fair in Moscow, Russia, in 1977 and banned from schools in the United Arab Emirates for references to practices or actions that defy Arab or Islamic beliefs, such as pigs or alcohol.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak w\u028cz p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025ad \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8\u028ak f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a, \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259, \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b \u02c8\u025bm\u1d7b\u0279\u02cce\u026ats f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Amy Hawkins and Jeffrey Wasserstrom of The Atlantic stated in 2019 that the book is widely available in Mainland China for several reasons: censors believe the general public is unlikely to read a highbrow book, because the elites who do read books feel connected to the ruling party anyway, and because the Communist Party sees being too aggressive in blocking cultural products as a liability.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026ami h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026anz \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u0279i w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025ast\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u026az w\u02c8a\u026adli \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u026an m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz: s\u02c8\u025bns\u025az b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u026az \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279a\u028a b\u02c8\u028ak, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8i\u02d0ts h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d b\u02c8\u028aks f\u02c8i\u02d0l k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8\u025bn\u026aw\u02cce\u026a, \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8i\u02d0z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av \u026an bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02cca\u026a\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The authors stated: \"It was\u00a0\u2013 and remains\u00a0\u2013 as easy to buy 1984 and Animal Farm in Shenzhen or Shanghai as it is in London or Los Angeles\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd: \"\u026at w\u028cz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u00e6z \u02c8i\u02d0zi t\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u026an \u0283\u02c8\u025bn\u0292\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u00e6\u014bh\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u00e6z\u026at\u02cc\u026az \u026an l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as\"."}, {"text": "An enhanced version of the book, launched in India in 2017, was widely praised for capturing the author's intent, by republishing the proposed preface of the First Edition and the preface he wrote for the Ukrainian edition.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6nst v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u026an \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, w\u028cz w\u02c8a\u026adli p\u0279\u02c8e\u026azd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnt, ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0259s hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0k\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer adapt Old Major's ideas into \"a complete system of thought\", which they formally name Animalism, an allegoric reference to Communism, not to be confused with the philosophy of Animalism.", "phonemes": "sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l, n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n, \u00e6nd skw\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt \u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025az a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \"\u0250 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li n\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259bi k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Soon after, Napoleon and Squealer partake in activities associated with the humans (drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, trading), which were explicitly prohibited by the Seven Commandments.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a, n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd skw\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026ak \u026an \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz d\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l, sl\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u026an b\u02c8\u025bdz, t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026atli p\u0279\u0259h\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Squealer is employed to alter the Seven Commandments to account for this humanisation, an allusion to the Soviet government's revising of history to exercise control of the people's beliefs about themselves and their society.", "phonemes": "skw\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad t\u028a \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0259nts t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as hj\u02ccu\u02d0m\u0250n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250n \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nts \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u028cv h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i t\u028a \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cca\u026az k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "which is primarily used by the sheep on the farm, often to disrupt discussions and disagreements between animals on the nature of Animalism.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n t\u0259 d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nts b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Later, Napoleon and his pigs secretly revise some commandments to clear themselves of accusations of law-breaking.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u026az p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7btli \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026az s\u02cc\u028cm k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0259nts t\u0259 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6kju\u02d0z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Eventually, these are replaced with the maxims, \"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others\", and \"Four legs good, two legs better\" as the pigs become more anthropomorphic.", "phonemes": "\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li, \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026amz, \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az\", \u00e6nd \"f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0261\u02c8\u028ad, t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\" \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u026ak."}, {"text": "This is an ironic twist to the original purpose of the Seven Commandments, which was supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by uniting the animals together against the humans and preventing animals from following the humans' evil habits.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u0250n a\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak tw\u02c8\u026ast t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0259nts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m ba\u026a ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ats."}, {"text": "Through the revision of the commandments, Orwell demonstrates how simply political dogma can be turned into malleable propaganda.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0259nts, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026ats h\u02cca\u028a s\u02c8\u026ampli p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261m\u0259 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259b\u0259l p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259."}, {"text": "Orwell biographer Jeffrey Meyers has written, \"virtually every detail has political significance in this allegory\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u0279i m\u02c8e\u026a\u025az h\u0250z \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329, \"v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026al h\u0250z p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i\"."}, {"text": "Orwell himself wrote in 1946, \"Of course I intended it primarily as a satire on the Russian revolution ...", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, \"\u028cv k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s a\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u026at p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n ..."}, {"text": "[and] that kind of revolution (violent conspiratorial revolution, led by unconsciously power-hungry people) can only lead to a change of masters [\u2013] revolutions only effect a radical improvement when the masses are alert\".", "phonemes": "\u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt k\u0259nsp\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u0259t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sli p\u02c8a\u028a\u025ah\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u0279i p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l k\u00e6n \u02c8o\u028anli l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u028a \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8o\u028anli \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\"."}, {"text": "In a preface for a 1947 Ukrainian edition, he stated, \"for the past ten years I have been convinced that the destruction of the Soviet myth was essential if we wanted a revival of the socialist movement.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0259s f\u025a\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n ju\u02d0k\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, hi\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \"f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st t\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z a\u026a h\u0250vb\u026an k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026anst \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 w\u028cz \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u026af wi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "I thought of exposing the Soviet myth in a story that could be easily understood by almost anyone and which could be easily translated into other languages\".", "phonemes": "a\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u028cv \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 \u026an \u0250 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0zili \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad ba\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u025bn\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0zili t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz\"."}, {"text": "The revolt of the animals against Farmer Jones is Orwell's analogy with the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028alt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292i w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0283\u026av\u02cc\u026ak \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Battle of the Cowshed has been said to represent the allied invasion of Soviet Russia in 1918, and the defeat of the White Russians in the Russian Civil War.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028a\u0283\u025bd h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6la\u026ad \u026anv\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The pigs' rise to preeminence mirrors the rise of a Stalinist bureaucracy in the USSR, just as Napoleon's emergence as the farm's sole leader reflects Stalin's emergence.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z \u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 p\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u0259ns m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u0259v\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\u02cc\u026ast bj\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6z n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz s\u02c8o\u028al l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkts st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026anz \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The pigs' appropriation of milk and apples for their own use, \"the turning point of the story\" as Orwell termed it in a letter to Dwight Macdonald, stands as an analogy for the crushing of the left-wing 1921 Kronstadt revolt against the Bolsheviks,  and the difficult efforts of the animals to build the windmill suggest the various Five Year Plans.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z \u0250p\u0279\u02cco\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u026alk \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6p\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an j\u02c8u\u02d0s, \"\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\" \u00e6z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \u026a\u027e \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0259 dw\u02c8a\u026at m\u0259kd\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld, st\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6z \u0250n \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292i f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bftw\u02c8\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028alt \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0283\u026av\u02cc\u026aks,  \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026andm\u026al s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s f\u02c8a\u026av j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 pl\u02c8\u00e6nz."}, {"text": "The puppies controlled by Napoleon parallel the nurture of the secret police in the Stalinist structure, and the pigs' treatment of the other animals on the farm recalls the internal terror faced by the populace in the 1930s.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cp\u026az k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald ba\u026a n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\u02cc\u026ast st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0254\u02d0lz \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a f\u02c8e\u026asd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u0259s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z."}, {"text": "In chapter seven, when the animals confess their non-existent crimes and are killed, Orwell directly alludes to the purges, confessions and show trials of the late 1930s.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pt\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt k\u0279\u02c8a\u026amz \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u026ald, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0dz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz, k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8o\u028a t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z."}, {"text": "These contributed to Orwell's conviction that the Bolshevik revolution had been corrupted and the Soviet system become rotten.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0283\u026av\u02cc\u026ak \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n h\u0250db\u026an k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329."}, {"text": "Peter Edgerly Firchow and Peter Davison contend that the Battle of the Windmill, specifically referencing the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Moscow, represents World War II.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u025ali f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283a\u028a \u00e6nd p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a d\u02c8\u00e6v\u026as\u0259n k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026andm\u026al, sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6d \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a, \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Orwell had the publisher alter this to \"All the animals except Napoleon\" in recognition of Stalin's decision to remain in Moscow during the German advance.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a \u00f0\u026as tu\u02d0 \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n\" \u026an \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026anz d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns."}, {"text": "Czapski, a survivor of the Katyn Massacre and an opponent of the Soviet regime, told Orwell, as Orwell wrote to Arthur Koestler, that it had been \"the character", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u02c8\u00e6pski, \u0250 s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an m\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259k\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250n \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0279e\u026a\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0m, t\u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl, \u00e6z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \u0279\u02c8o\u028at t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u025a k\u02c8o\u028asl\u025a, \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at h\u0250db\u026an \"\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a"}, {"text": "Other connections that writers have suggested illustrate Orwell's telescoping of Russian history from 1917 to 1943, including the wave of rebelliousness that ran through the countryside after the Rebellion, which stands for the abortive revolutions in Hungary and Germany (Ch. IV); the conflict between Napoleon and Snowball (Ch. V), parallelling \"the two rival and quasi-Messianic beliefs that seemed pitted against one another: Trotskyism, with its faith in the revolutionary vocation of the proletariat of the West; and Stalinism with its glorification of Russia's socialist destiny\"; Napoleon's dealings with Whymper and the Willingdon markets (Ch. VI), paralleling the Treaty of Rapallo; and Frederick's forged bank notes, parallelling the Hitler-Stalin pact of August 1939, after which Frederick attacks Animal Farm without warning and destroys the windmill.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az h\u00e6v s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bsk\u02cco\u028ap\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026av \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bli\u0259sn\u0259s \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u00e6n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279\u026as\u02cca\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bli\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026av \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u026an h\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283. \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279; \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd sn\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254\u02d0l s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283. v\u02c8i\u02d0, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u0259l\u026a\u014b \"\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u00e6nd kw\u02c8e\u026aza\u026am\u02cc\u025bs\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8i\u02d0md p\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a: t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tski\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i vo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279o\u028alt\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02cc\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst; \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats \u0261l\u02cco\u02d0\u0279\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259z s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast d\u02c8\u025bst\u026ani\"; n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz d\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014bz w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u026amp\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014bd\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283. v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027ei \u028cv \u0279\u00e6p\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028a; \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026aks f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk n\u02c8o\u028ats, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026atl\u025ast\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026an p\u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026az \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026andm\u026al."}, {"text": "The book's close, with the pigs and men in a kind of rapprochement, reflected Orwell's view of the 1943 Tehran Conference that seemed to display the establishment of \"the best possible relations between the USSR and the West\"\u00a0\u2013 but in reality were destined, as Orwell presciently predicted, to continue to unravel.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028aks kl\u02c8o\u028as, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bn \u026an \u0250 k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u00e6p\u0279o\u028a\u0283m\u02c8\u0251\u0303, \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8i\u02d0md t\u0259 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u028cv \"\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\"\u00a0b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei w\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bst\u026and, \u00e6z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259ntli p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd, t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u028a \u028cn\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l."}, {"text": "The disagreement between the allies and the start of the Cold War is suggested when Napoleon and Pilkington, both suspicious, each \"played an ace of spades simultaneously\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6la\u026az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026az s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd w\u025bn n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u026alk\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u0259sp\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259s, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \"pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250n \u02c8e\u026as \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026adz s\u02cca\u026am\u0259lt\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259sli\"."}, {"text": "Similarly, the music in the novel, starting with \"Beasts of England\" and the later anthems, parallels \"The Internationale\" and its adoption and repudiation by the Soviet authorities as the anthem of the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali, \u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l, st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \"b\u02c8i\u02d0sts \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd\" \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259mz, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025blz \"\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259ne\u026al\" \u00e6nd \u026ats \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bpj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti z \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z."}, {"text": "According to Masha Gessen, the metamorphosis of the eighth commandment (\"some animals are more equal\") was likely inspired by similar change of a party line which declared all Soviet people equal: the Russian nation and language suddenly became \"first among equals\" in official CPSU publications in 1936\u20131937.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bs\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0259nt\"s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l\"w\u028cz l\u02c8a\u026akli \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei l\u02c8a\u026an w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l: \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 s\u02c8\u028cd\u0259nli b\u026ak\u02c8e\u026am \"f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz\" \u026an \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 2021, during pandemic restrictions, the National Youth Theatre toured a stage version of Animal Farm; this run included outdoor performances on a farm at Soulton Hall.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u00e6nd\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a t\u02c8\u028a\u0279d \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m; \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd a\u028atd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6t s\u02c8o\u028alt\u0259n h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "A solo version, adapted and performed by Guy Masterson, premiered at the Traverse Theatre Edinburgh in January 1995 and has toured worldwide since.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8o\u028alo\u028a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u1d7bd \u00e6nd p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8a\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025as\u0259n, p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bd\u026anb\u028c\u0279\u0259 \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd h\u0250z t\u02c8\u028a\u0279d w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad s\u02c8\u026ans."}, {"text": "A theatrical version, with music by Richard Peaslee and lyrics by Adrian Mitchell, was staged at the National Theatre London on 25 April 1984, directed by Peter Hall.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak\u0259l v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad p\u02c8i\u02d0zli\u02d0 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026aks ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0279i\u0259n m\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u0259l, w\u028cz st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "A new adaptation written and directed by Robert Icke, designed by Bunny Christie with puppetry designed and directed by Toby Oli\u00e9 opened at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in January 2022 before touring the UK.", "phonemes": "\u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u00e6nd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u02c8a\u026ak, d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a b\u02c8\u028cni k\u0279\u02c8\u026asti w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u028cp\u026at\u0279i d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6nd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a t\u02c8o\u028abi \u02cco\u028al\u026a\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m \u0279\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u027e\u025a\u0279i \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Both differ from the novel and have been accused of taking significant liberties, including sanitising some aspects.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u02c8\u026af\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u0250vb\u026an \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u028cv t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027eiz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts."}, {"text": "Animal Farm (1954) is an animated film, in which Napoleon is eventually overthrown in a second revolution.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026alm, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n \u026az \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028an \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1974, E. Howard Hunt revealed that he had been sent by the CIA's Psychological Warfare department to obtain the film rights from Orwell's widow, and the resulting 1954 animation was funded by the agency.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u02c8i\u02d0. h\u02c8a\u028a\u025ad h\u02c8\u028cnt \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u0250db\u026an s\u02c8\u025bnt ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cca\u026a\u02c8e\u026az sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt t\u028a \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz w\u02c8\u026ado\u028a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz f\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi."}, {"text": "Animal Farm (1999) is a live-action TV version that shows Napoleon's regime collapsing in on itself, with the farm having new human owners, reflecting the collapse of Soviet communism.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an \u026az \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283\u02c8o\u028az n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz \u0279e\u026a\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6ps\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8o\u028an\u025az, \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6ps \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Orwell listened to the production at his home in Canonbury Square, London, with Hugh Gordon Porteous, amongst others.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl l\u02c8\u026as\u0259nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t h\u026az h\u02c8o\u028am \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259nb\u02cc\u025b\u0279i skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279, l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 hj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei\u0259s, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014bst \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Orwell later wrote to Heppenstall that Porteous, \"who had not read the book, grasped what was happening after a few minutes\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028at t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bp\u0259nst\u02cc\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei\u0259s, \"h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6spt w\u028ct w\u028cz h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats\"."}, {"text": "A further radio production, again using Orwell's dramatisation of the book, was broadcast in January 2013 on BBC Radio 4.", "phonemes": "\u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025blz d\u0279\u02cc\u00e6m\u0250\u027e\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak, w\u028cz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u02cc\u0254n b\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Tamsin Greig narrated, and the cast included Nicky Henson as Napoleon, Toby Jones as the propagandist Squealer, and Ralph Ineson as Boxer.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u00e6mz\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0261 n\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6st \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd n\u02c8\u026aki h\u02c8\u025bns\u0259n \u00e6z n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259n, t\u02c8o\u028abi d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ast skw\u02c8i\u02d0l\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6lf \u026an\u02c8\u025bs\u0259n \u00e6z b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025a."}, {"text": "In 1950, Norman Pett and his writing partner Don Freeman were secretly hired by the Information Research Department (IRD), a secret wing of the British Foreign Office, to adapt Animal Farm into a comic strip.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti, n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n p\u02c8\u025bt \u00e6nd h\u026az \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7btli h\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt w\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as, t\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u026ap."}, {"text": "Orwell brought to Animal Farm \"a dose of Swiftian misanthropy, looking ahead to a time 'when the human race had finally been overthrown.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \"\u0250 d\u02c8o\u028as \u028cv sw\u02c8\u026af\u0283\u0259n m\u026as\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259pi, l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b \u0250h\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026am w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026as h\u00e6d f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li b\u02cc\u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "Bunt (Revolt), published in 1924, is a book by Polish Nobel laureate W\u0142adys\u0142aw Reymont with a theme similar to Animal Farm.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u028cnt \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8o\u028alt, p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u026az \u0250 b\u02c8\u028ak ba\u026a p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0283 no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0\u02cce\u026at d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0l\u02c8e\u026ad\u026asl\u02cc\u0254\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026am\u0254nt w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "White Acre vs. Black Acre, published in 1856 and written by William M. Burwell, is a satirical novel that features allegories for slavery in the United States similar to Animal Farms portrayal of Soviet history.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8e\u026ak\u025a v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs. bl\u02c8\u00e6k \u02c8e\u026ak\u025a, p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8\u025bm. b\u02c8\u028crw\u025bl, \u026az \u0250 s\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u02c8\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0259l \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia.", "phonemes": "\u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bkt\u0259\u00f0\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026ak, \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250mn\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279l\u02c8\u026amd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259."}, {"text": "They are a paraphyletic group encompassing all tetrapods excluding the amniotes (tetrapods with an amniotic membrane, such as modern reptiles, birds, and mammals).", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259fa\u026al\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6mn\u026a\u02cco\u028ats t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6mn\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026an, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz."}, {"text": "All extant (living) amphibians belong to the subclass Lissamphibia, with three living orders: Anura (frogs), Urodela (salamanders), and Gymnophiona (caecilians).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u025bkst\u02c8\u00e6nt l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbkl\u00e6s l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az: \u00e6nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028adl\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cc\u026amn\u0259f\u026a\u02c8o\u028an\u0259 ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Evolved to be mostly semiaquatic, amphibians have adapted to inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living in freshwater, wetland or terrestrial ecosystems (such as riparian woodland, fossorial and even arboreal habitats).", "phonemes": "\u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd t\u0259bi m\u02c8o\u028astli s\u02cc\u025bm\u026a\u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u1d7bd t\u028a \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6ts, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, w\u02c8\u025btl\u0259nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028as\u02cc\u026ast\u0259mz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n w\u02c8\u028adl\u0259nd, f\u0259s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279bo\u02d0\u0279\u02cci\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6ts."}, {"text": "Their life cycle typically starts out as aquatic larvae with gills known as tadpoles, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026af s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u02c8a\u028at \u00e6z \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8\u026alz n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z h\u00e6v d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026ap\u00e6s \u00f0\u02c8\u026as."}, {"text": "The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028a m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8\u026alz t\u028a \u0250n \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt \u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz."}, {"text": "Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin.", "phonemes": "\u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sk\u02c8\u026an \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u025bsp\u0279\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z l\u02c8\u00e6k l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sk\u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "They are superficially similar to reptiles like lizards, but unlike reptiles and other amniotes, require water bodies in which to breed.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz l\u02c8a\u026ak l\u02c8\u026az\u025adz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6mn\u026a\u02cco\u028ats, \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline in amphibian populations for many species around the globe.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av n\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259b\u0259l sk\u02c8\u026anz, \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az; \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0250 d\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026an \u026an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab."}, {"text": "The earliest amphibians evolved in the Devonian period from sarcopterygian fish with lungs and bony-limbed fins, features that were helpful in adapting to dry land.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u025bv\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259pt\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ad\u0292\u0259n f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028anil\u02c8\u026amd f\u02c8\u026anz, f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025blpf\u0259l \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026a\u014b t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "They diversified and became ecologically dominant during the Carboniferous and Permian periods, but were later displaced in terrestrial environments by early reptiles and basal synapsids (mammal predecessors).", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026akli d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u0259n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts ba\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259l s\u02c8\u026an\u0250ps\u02cc\u026adz m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bs\u02cc\u025bs\u025az."}, {"text": "The origin of modern amphibians belonging to Lissamphibia, which first appeared during the Early Triassic, around 250 million years ago, has long been contentious.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u026a\u014b t\u0259 l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak, \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, h\u0250z l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02cc\u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259s."}, {"text": "However the emerging consensus is that they likely originated from temnospondyls, the most diverse group of prehistoric amphibians, during the Permian period.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a l\u02c8a\u026akli \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8\u025bmn\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026alz, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv p\u0279\u02cci\u02d0h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u0259n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "The three modern orders of amphibians are Anura (the frogs), Urodela (the salamanders), and Apoda (the caecilians).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028adl\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The smallest amphibian (and vertebrate) in the world is a frog from New Guinea (Paedophryne amauensis) with a length of just .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026ast \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u026az \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026ani p\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259f\u0279\u02cca\u026an \u02cc\u00e6m\u0259\u02c8\u025bns\u026as w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst ."}, {"text": "The largest living amphibian is the  South China giant salamander (Andrias sligoi), but this is dwarfed by prehistoric temnospondyls such as Mastodonsaurus which could reach up to  in length.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259z sl\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0254\u026a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026as \u026az dw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ft ba\u026a p\u0279\u02cci\u02d0h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bmn\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026alz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02cc\u00e6st\u0259d\u0259ns\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259s w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a \u026an l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8."}, {"text": "The study of amphibians is called batrachology, while the study of both reptiles and amphibians is called herpetology.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld b\u02cc\u00e6t\u0279\u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz \u00e6nd \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u026at\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "The word amphibian is derived from the Ancient Greek term  (), which means 'both kinds of life',  meaning 'of both kinds' and  meaning 'life'.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n \u026az d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af,  m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8a\u026andz \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "The term was initially used as a general adjective for animals that could live on land or in water, including seals and otters.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m w\u028cz \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026av f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad l\u02c8\u026av \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "Other extinct amphibian groups include Embolomeri (Late Paleozoic large aquatic predators), Seymouriamorpha (semiaquatic to terrestrial Permian forms related to amniotes), among others.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u025bmb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028am\u0279i l\u02c8e\u026at p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028az\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az, s\u02c8e\u026am\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u0250m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279f\u0259 s\u02cc\u025bm\u026a\u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak t\u0259 t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u0259n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6mn\u026a\u02cco\u028ats, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Names such as Tetrapoda and Stegocephalia encompass the entirety of amphibian-grade tetrapods, while Reptiliomorpha or Anthracosauria have been used to describe extinct amphibians more closely related to amniotes than to lissamphibians.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8e\u026amz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259 \u00e6nd st\u02cc\u025b\u0261o\u028asf\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz, w\u02cca\u026al \u0279\u025bpt\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u0259m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279f\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0250k\u0259s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6mn\u026a\u02cco\u028ats \u00f0\u0250n t\u0259 l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Subclass Lepospondyli\u2020 (A potentially polyphyletic Late Paleozoic group of small forms, likely more closely related to amniotes than Lissamphibia)", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cbkl\u00e6s l\u02c8\u025bp\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026ali \u0250 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026afa\u026al\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8e\u026at p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028az\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz, l\u02c8a\u026akli m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6mn\u026a\u02cco\u028ats \u00f0\u0250n l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259"}, {"text": "Subclass Temnospondyli\u2020 (diverse Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic grade, some of which were large predators)", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cbkl\u00e6s t\u02c8\u025bmn\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026ali da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s l\u02c8e\u026at p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028az\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02cc\u025bs\u0259z\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az"}, {"text": "Subclass Lissamphibia (all modern amphibians, including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians)", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cbkl\u00e6s l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, t\u02c8o\u028adz, s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, n\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u00e6nd ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz"}, {"text": "Salientia (frogs, toads and relatives): Early Triassic to present\u20147,360 current species in 53 families.", "phonemes": "s\u02cce\u026al\u026a\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, t\u02c8o\u028adz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz: \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak t\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u2014s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026an f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz."}, {"text": "Caudata (salamanders, newts and relatives): Late Triassic to present\u2014764 current species in 9 families.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0de\u026a\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, n\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz: l\u02c8e\u026at t\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak t\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u2014s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026an n\u02c8a\u026an f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz."}, {"text": "Other extinct amphibian groups include Embolomeri (Late Paleozoic large aquatic predators), Seymouriamorpha (semiaquatic to terrestrial Permian forms related to amniotes), among others.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u025bmb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028am\u0279i l\u02c8e\u026at p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028az\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az, s\u02c8e\u026am\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u0250m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279f\u0259 s\u02cc\u025bm\u026a\u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak t\u0259 t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u0259n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6mn\u026a\u02cco\u028ats, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Names such as Tetrapoda and Stegocephalia encompass the entirety of amphibian-grade tetrapods, while Reptiliomorpha or Anthracosauria are variably used to describe extinct amphibians more closely related to amniotes than to lissamphibians.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8e\u026amz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259 \u00e6nd st\u02cc\u025b\u0261o\u028asf\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz, w\u02cca\u026al \u0279\u025bpt\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u0259m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279f\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0250k\u0259s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259bli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6mn\u026a\u02cco\u028ats \u00f0\u0250n t\u0259 l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The two most common systems are the classification adopted by the website AmphibiaWeb, University of California, Berkeley, and the classification by herpetologist Darrel Frost and the American Museum of Natural History, available as the online reference database \"Amphibian Species of the World\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bbsa\u026at \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bb, j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kli, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a h\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u026at\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast d\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u0254st \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nla\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u02cce\u026as \"\u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld\"."}, {"text": "The numbers of species cited above follows Frost and the total number of known (living) amphibian species as of March 31, 2019, is exactly 8,000, of which nearly 90% are frogs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u028cv sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az f\u0279\u02c8\u0254st \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028an l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00e6z \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u026az \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6ktli \u02c8e\u026at,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li n\u02c8a\u026anti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z."}, {"text": "With the phylogenetic classification, the taxon Labyrinthodontia has been discarded as it is a polyparaphyletic group without unique defining features apart from shared primitive characteristics.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02cca\u026alo\u028ad\u0292n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u0279\u02cc\u026an\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0254n\u0283\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u026ask\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6z\u026at\u02cc\u026az \u0250 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ap\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250fa\u026al\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks."}, {"text": "Classification varies according to the preferred phylogeny of the author and whether they use a stem-based or a node-based classification.", "phonemes": "kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d fa\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bni \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 st\u02c8\u025bmb\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 n\u02c8o\u028adb\u02c8e\u026ast kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Traditionally, amphibians as a class are defined as all tetrapods with a larval stage, while the group that includes the common ancestors of all living amphibians (frogs, salamanders and caecilians) and all their descendants is called Lissamphibia.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u00e6z \u0250 kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6nd ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259."}, {"text": "The phylogeny of Paleozoic amphibians is uncertain, and Lissamphibia may possibly fall within extinct groups, like the Temnospondyli (traditionally placed in the subclass Labyrinthodontia) or the Lepospondyli, and in some analyses even in the amniotes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 fa\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bni \u028cv p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028az\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u026az \u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329, \u00e6nd l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmn\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026ali t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbkl\u00e6s l\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u0279\u02cc\u026an\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0254n\u0283\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bp\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026ali, \u00e6nd \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6mn\u026a\u02cco\u028ats."}, {"text": "This means that advocates of phylogenetic nomenclature have removed a large number of basal Devonian and Carboniferous amphibian-type tetrapod groups that were formerly placed in Amphibia in Linnaean taxonomy, and included them elsewhere under cladistic taxonomy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026ats \u028cv f\u02cca\u026alo\u028ad\u0292n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak n\u0259m\u02c8\u025b\u014bkl\u0259t\u0283\u025a h\u00e6v \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259l d\u025bv\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nt\u02c8a\u026ap t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025ali pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259 \u026an l\u026an\u02c8i\u0259n t\u00e6ks\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02c8\u025blsw\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a kl\u00e6d\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak t\u00e6ks\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "If the common ancestor of amphibians and amniotes is included in Amphibia, it becomes a paraphyletic group.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6mn\u026a\u02cco\u028ats \u026az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259, \u026at b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz \u0250 p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259fa\u026al\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "All modern amphibians are included in the subclass Lissamphibia, which is usually considered a clade, a group of species that have evolved from a common ancestor.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbkl\u00e6s l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 kl\u02c8e\u026ad, \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a."}, {"text": "The three modern orders are Anura (the frogs), Caudata (or Urodela, the salamanders), and Gymnophiona (or Apoda, the caecilians).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0de\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028adl\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cc\u026amn\u0259f\u026a\u02c8o\u028an\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz."}, {"text": "It has been suggested that salamanders arose separately from a temnospondyl-like ancestor, and even that caecilians are the sister group of the advanced reptiliomorph amphibians, and thus of amniotes.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u028az s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259tli f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bmn\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026all\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst \u0279\u025bpt\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u0259m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279f \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6mn\u026a\u02cco\u028ats."}, {"text": "Although the fossils of several older proto-frogs with primitive characteristics are known, the oldest \"true frog\", with hopping adaptations is Prosalirus bitis, from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259lz \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028af\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \"t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\", w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026az p\u0279\u0259z\u02c8\u00e6l\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259s b\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026as, f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li d\u0292j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak ke\u026a\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026az\u02c8o\u028an\u0259."}, {"text": "The oldest known caecilians are Funcusvermis gilmorei (from the Late Triassic) and Eocaecilia micropodia (from the Early Jurassic), both from Arizona.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast n\u02c8o\u028an ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0259sv\u025am\u02cc\u026as \u0261\u02c8\u026almo\u02d0\u0279\u02cce\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at t\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02cci\u02d0\u0259ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259 m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028ap\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li d\u0292j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026az\u02c8o\u028an\u0259."}, {"text": "Authorities disagree as to whether Salientia is a superorder that includes the order Anura, or whether Anura is a sub-order of the order Salientia.", "phonemes": "\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6z t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a s\u02cce\u026al\u026a\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259 \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259 \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cb\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a s\u02cce\u026al\u026a\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259."}, {"text": "The Lissamphibia are traditionally divided into three orders, but an extinct salamander-like family, the Albanerpetontidae, is now considered part of Lissamphibia alongside the superorder Salientia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250n \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025al\u02c8a\u026ak f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lb\u0250n\u025ap\u02cc\u025bt\u0254nt\u02cc\u026adi\u02d0, \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259 \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a s\u02cce\u026al\u026a\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259."}, {"text": "Furthermore, Salientia includes all three recent orders plus the Triassic proto-frog, Triadobatrachus.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, s\u02cce\u026al\u026a\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028af\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261, t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0250d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250t\u0279\u02cc\u00e6k\u0259s."}, {"text": "The first major groups of amphibians developed in the Devonian period, around 370 million years ago, from lobe-finned fish which were similar to the modern coelacanth and lungfish.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u025bv\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8o\u028abf\u02c8\u026and f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an s\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0250k\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u028c\u014bf\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "These ancient lobe-finned fish had evolved multi-jointed leg-like fins with digits that enabled them to crawl along the sea bottom.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt l\u02c8o\u028abf\u02c8\u026and f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 h\u00e6d \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd m\u02c8\u028clta\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u025b\u0261l\u02c8a\u026ak f\u02c8\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m."}, {"text": "Some fish had developed primitive lungs that help them breathe air when the stagnant pools of the Devonian swamps were low in oxygen.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 h\u00e6d d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u025blp \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0 \u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0259nt p\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u025bv\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mps w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8o\u028a \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "They could also use their strong fins to hoist themselves out of the water and onto dry land if circumstances so required.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a k\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b f\u02c8\u026anz t\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u026ast \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026af s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259mst\u02cc\u00e6ns\u1d7bz s\u02cco\u028a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad."}, {"text": "Eventually, their bony fins would evolve into limbs and they would become the ancestors to all tetrapods, including modern amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.", "phonemes": "\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028ani f\u02c8\u026anz w\u028ad \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u02cc\u026ant\u028a l\u02c8\u026amz \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025az t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz, \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Despite being able to crawl on land, many of these prehistoric tetrapodomorph fish still spent most of their time in the water.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd, m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u0279\u02cci\u02d0h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279f f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 st\u02c8\u026al sp\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "It had four sturdy limbs, a neck, a tail with fins and a skull very similar to that of the lobe-finned fish, Eusthenopteron.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u00e6d f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0di l\u02c8\u026amz, \u0250 n\u02c8\u025bk, \u0250 t\u02c8e\u026al w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u026anz \u00e6nd \u0250 sk\u02c8\u028cl v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028abf\u02c8\u026and f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u03b8\u0259n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pt\u025a\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "Their lungs improved and their skeletons became heavier and stronger, better able to support the weight of their bodies on land.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259nz b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a, b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "They developed \"hands\" and \"feet\" with five or more digits; the skin became more capable of retaining body fluids and resisting desiccation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \"h\u02c8\u00e6ndz\" \u00e6nd \"f\u02c8i\u02d0t\" w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8a\u026av \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats; \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026an b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di fl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026adz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b d\u02cc\u025bs\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The fish's hyomandibula bone in the hyoid region behind the gills diminished in size and became the stapes of the amphibian ear, an adaptation necessary for hearing on dry land.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz h\u02cca\u026a\u0259m\u0250nd\u02c8\u026abj\u028al\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u0254\u026ad \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026alz d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t \u026an s\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026aps \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "An affinity between the amphibians and the teleost fish is the multi-folded structure of the teeth and the paired supra-occipital bones at the back of the head, neither of these features being found elsewhere in the animal kingdom.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250f\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0st f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028clta\u026af\u02c8o\u028ald\u1d7bd st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279d s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0279\u0259\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ap\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259l b\u02c8o\u028anz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd, n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8\u025blsw\u025b\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m."}, {"text": "At the end of the Devonian period (360 million years ago), the seas, rivers and lakes were teeming with life while the land was the realm of early plants and devoid of vertebrates, though some, such as Ichthyostega, may have sometimes hauled themselves out of the water.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u025bv\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025az \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026aks w\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8a\u026af w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025blm \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li pl\u02c8\u00e6nts \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u028cv v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u026ak\u03b8\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0st\u025b\u0261\u0259, m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "It is thought they may have propelled themselves with their forelimbs, dragging their hindquarters in a similar manner to that used by the elephant seal.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0e\u026a m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bld \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279l\u026amz, d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026andkw\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026af\u0259nt s\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Air-breathing arthropods evolved and invaded the land where they provided food for the carnivorous amphibians that began to adapt to the terrestrial environment.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd f\u02c8u\u02d0d f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "There were no other tetrapods on the land and the amphibians were at the top of the food chain, with some occupying ecological positions currently held by crocodiles.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli h\u02c8\u025bld ba\u026a k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259d\u02cca\u026alz."}, {"text": "Though equipped with limbs and the ability to breathe air, most still had a long tapering body and strong tail.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u026akw\u02c8\u026apt w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026amz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0 \u02c8\u025b\u0279, m\u02c8o\u028ast st\u02c8\u026al h\u00e6d \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u02c8e\u026al."}, {"text": "Others were the top land predators, sometimes reaching several metres in length, preying on the large insects of the period and the many types of fish in the water.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p l\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u026an l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8, p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "They still needed to return to water to lay their shell-less eggs, and even most modern amphibians have a fully aquatic larval stage with gills like their fish ancestors.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a st\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u025bll\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u025b\u0261z, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n m\u02c8o\u028ast m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u0250 f\u02c8\u028ali \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8\u026alz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025az."}, {"text": "It was the development of the amniotic egg, which prevents the developing embryo from drying out, that enabled the reptiles to reproduce on land and which led to their dominance in the period that followed.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6mn\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u025b\u0261, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnts \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028a f\u0279\u028cm d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at, \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad."}, {"text": "After the Carboniferous rainforest collapse amphibian dominance gave way to reptiles, and amphibians were further devastated by the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6ps \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ns \u0261\u02c8e\u026av w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz, \u00e6nd \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u025bv\u1d7bst\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u0259n t\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "During the Triassic Period (252 to 201 million years ago), the reptiles continued to out-compete the amphibians, leading to a reduction in both the amphibians' size and their importance in the biosphere.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u028a \u02c8a\u028atk\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u026a \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz s\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02cca\u026ao\u028asf\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "According to the fossil record, Lissamphibia, which includes all modern amphibians and is the only surviving lineage, may have branched off from the extinct groups Temnospondyli and Lepospondyli at some period between the Late Carboniferous and the Early Triassic.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad, l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292, m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t \u02c8\u0254f f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps t\u02c8\u025bmn\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026ali \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bp\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026ali \u00e6t s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak."}, {"text": "The relative scarcity of fossil evidence precludes precise dating, but the most recent molecular study, based on multilocus sequence typing, suggests a Late Carboniferous/Early Permian origin for extant amphibians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av sk\u02c8\u025b\u0279s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns p\u0279\u026akl\u02c8u\u02d0dz p\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026as d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a st\u02c8\u028cdi, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n m\u02cc\u028clt\u026al\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns t\u02c8a\u026ap\u026a\u014b, s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u0250 l\u02c8e\u026at k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259s sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u00e6nt \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The origins and evolutionary relationships between the three main groups of amphibians is a matter of debate.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "A 2005 molecular phylogeny, based on rDNA analysis, suggests that salamanders and caecilians are more closely related to each other than they are to frogs.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a fa\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bni, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6nd ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z."}, {"text": "It also appears that the divergence of the three groups took place in the Paleozoic or early Mesozoic (around 250 million years ago), before the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea and soon after their divergence from the lobe-finned fish.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028az\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02cc\u025bs\u0259z\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u028cp \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt p\u00e6nd\u0292\u02c8i\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028abf\u02c8\u026and f\u02c8\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "The briefness of this period, and the swiftness with which radiation took place, would help account for the relative scarcity of primitive amphibian fossils.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fn\u0259s \u028cv \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8\u026aftn\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as, w\u028ad h\u02c8\u025blp \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av sk\u02c8\u025b\u0279s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259lz."}, {"text": "There are large gaps in the fossil record, the discovery of the dissorophoid temnospondyl Gerobatrachus from the Early Permian in Texas in 2008 provided a missing link with many of the characteristics of modern frogs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6ps \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad, \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u026as\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259f\u02cc\u0254\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bmn\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026al d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259b\u02cc\u00e6t\u0279\u00e6k\u0259s f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0250 m\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z."}, {"text": "Molecular analysis suggests that the frog\u2013salamander divergence took place considerably earlier than the palaeontological evidence indicates.", "phonemes": "m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259bli \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u00e6li\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats."}, {"text": "One study suggested suggested that the last common ancestor of all modern amphibians lived about 315 million years ago, and that stereospondyl temnospondyls are the closest relatives to the caecilians.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8\u028cdi s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz l\u02c8\u026avd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028asp\u0259nd\u02cc\u026al t\u02c8\u025bmn\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026alz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028as\u026ast \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz."}, {"text": "However, most studies support a single monophyletic origin of all modern amphibians within the dissorophoid temnospondyls.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, m\u02c8o\u028ast st\u02c8\u028cdiz s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028afa\u026al\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 d\u026as\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259f\u02cc\u0254\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bmn\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026alz."}, {"text": "As they evolved from lunged fish, amphibians had to make certain adaptations for living on land, including the need to develop new means of locomotion.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0292d f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz h\u00e6dt\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv l\u02cco\u028ak\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In the water, the sideways thrusts of their tails had propelled them forward, but on land, quite different mechanisms were required.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026adwe\u026az \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u028csts \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026alz h\u00e6d p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bld \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd, kw\u02c8a\u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt m\u02c8\u025bk\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad."}, {"text": "Their vertebral columns, limbs, limb girdles and musculature needed to be strong enough to raise them off the ground for locomotion and feeding.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cmz, l\u02c8\u026amz, l\u02c8\u026am \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0259lz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028cskj\u028al\u0259t\u0283\u025a n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u0259bi st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02cco\u028ak\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Terrestrial adults discarded their lateral line systems and adapted their sensory systems to receive stimuli via the medium of the air.", "phonemes": "t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts d\u026ask\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u00e6nd \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cca\u026a v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "They needed to develop new methods to regulate their body heat to cope with fluctuations in ambient temperature.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di h\u02c8i\u02d0t t\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap w\u026a\u00f0 fl\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8\u00e6mbi\u0259nt t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Reptiles, birds and mammals are amniotes, the eggs of which are either laid or carried by the female and are surrounded by several membranes, some of which are impervious.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6mn\u026a\u02cco\u028ats, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8e\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026anz, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vi\u0259s."}, {"text": "Lacking these membranes, amphibians require water bodies for reproduction, although some species have developed various strategies for protecting or bypassing the vulnerable aquatic larval stage.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u00f0i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026anz, \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z h\u00e6v d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292iz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8a\u026ap\u00e6s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "They are not found in the sea with the exception of one or two frogs that live in brackish water in mangrove swamps; the Anderson's salamander meanwhile occurs in brackish or salt water lakes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026av \u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0279o\u028av sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mps; \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025as\u0259nz s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0nwa\u026al \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u0254lt w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a l\u02c8e\u026aks."}, {"text": "Modern amphibians have a simplified anatomy compared to their ancestors due to paedomorphosis, caused by two evolutionary trends: miniaturization and an unusually large genome, which result in a slower growth and development rate compared to other vertebrates.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ampl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025az d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 p\u02cci\u02d0d\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz: m\u02cc\u026an\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250n \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028am, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026an \u0250 sl\u02c8o\u028a\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8e\u026at k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats."}, {"text": "Another reason for their size is associated with their rapid metamorphosis, which seems to have evolved only in the ancestors of lissamphibia; in all other known lines the development was much more gradual.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026az \u026az \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ad m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u02c8o\u028anli \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025az \u028cv l\u02cc\u026as\u0250mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259; \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8o\u028an l\u02c8a\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt w\u028cz m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l."}, {"text": "Because a remodeling of the feeding apparatus means they do not eat during the metamorphosis, the metamorphosis has to go faster the smaller the individual is, so it happens at an early stage when the larvae are still small.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0e\u026a du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8i\u02d0t d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as h\u0250z t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u026az, s\u02cco\u028a \u026at h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259nz \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "An anamniotic terrestrial egg is less than 1\u00a0cm in diameter due to diffusion problems, a size which puts a limit on the amount of posthatching growth.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250mn\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0261 \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u026an da\u026a\u02c8\u00e6m\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 d\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz, \u0250 s\u02c8a\u026az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u02cc\u028ats \u0250 l\u02c8\u026am\u026at \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv p\u02c8o\u028asth\u00e6t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "The smallest amphibian (and vertebrate) in the world is a microhylid frog from New Guinea (Paedophryne amauensis) first discovered in 2012.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026ast \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028ah\u02cca\u026al\u026ad f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026ani p\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259f\u0279\u02cca\u026an \u02cc\u00e6m\u0259\u02c8\u025bns\u026as f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "It has an average length of  and is part of a genus that contains four of the world's ten smallest frog species.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u0250z \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv \u00e6nd \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz t\u02c8\u025bn sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026ast f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The largest living amphibian is the  Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) but this is a great deal smaller than the largest amphibian that ever existed\u2014the extinct  Prionosuchus, a crocodile-like temnospondyl dating to 270 million years ago from the middle Permian of Brazil.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259z d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad\u02cci\u0259n\u0259s b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8i\u02d0l sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd\u2014\u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u028ct\u0283\u0259s, \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259d\u02cca\u026all\u02c8a\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bmn\u0259sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u026al d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u0259n \u028cv b\u0279\u0250z\u02c8\u026al."}, {"text": "Amphibians are ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates that do not maintain their body temperature through internal physiological processes.", "phonemes": "\u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bkt\u0259\u00f0\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026ak k\u02c8o\u028aldbl\u02c8\u028cd\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In the adult state, they have tear ducts and movable eyelids, and most species have ears that can detect airborne or ground vibrations.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v t\u02c8\u026a\u0279 d\u02c8\u028ckts \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8a\u026al\u026adz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z h\u00e6v \u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n d\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u025b\u0279bo\u02d0\u0279n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and v\u02cca\u026ab\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Their skin contains little keratin and lacks scales, apart from a few fish-like scales in certain caecilians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 sk\u02c8\u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0250t\u02cc\u026an \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6ks sk\u02c8e\u026alz, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283l\u02c8a\u026ak sk\u02c8e\u026alz \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Most amphibians lay their eggs in water and have aquatic larvae that undergo metamorphosis to become terrestrial adults.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz l\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd h\u00e6v \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028a m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts."}, {"text": "Amphibians breathe by means of a pump action in which air is first drawn into the buccopharyngeal region through the nostrils.", "phonemes": "\u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0 ba\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cmp \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ck\u0259f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026and\u0292\u02cci\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0279\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The order Anura (from the Ancient Greek a(n)- meaning \"without\" and oura meaning \"tail\") comprises the frogs and toads.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0250 \u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"w\u026a\u00f0\u02c8a\u028at\" \u00e6nd a\u028a\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"t\u02c8e\u026al\"k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u00e6nd t\u02c8o\u028adz."}, {"text": "They usually have long hind limbs that fold underneath them, shorter forelimbs, webbed toes with no claws, no tails, large eyes and glandular moist skin.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u0254\u014b h\u02c8a\u026and l\u02c8\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8o\u028ald \u02cc\u028cnd\u025an\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279l\u026amz, w\u02c8\u025bbd t\u02c8o\u028az w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u028a kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z, n\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8e\u026alz, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292u\u02d0l\u025a m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast sk\u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "Members of this order with smooth skins are commonly referred to as frogs, while those with warty skins are known as toads.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 sk\u02c8\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0o\u028az w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027ei sk\u02c8\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z t\u02c8o\u028adz."}, {"text": "Frogs range in size from the  Goliath frog (Conraua goliath) of West Africa to the  Paedophryne amauensis, first described in Papua New Guinea in 2012, which is also the smallest known vertebrate.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026an s\u02c8a\u026az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0259l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u03b8 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 k\u0259n\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0259 \u0261\u0259l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u03b8 \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259f\u0279\u02cca\u026an \u02cc\u00e6m\u0259\u02c8\u025bns\u026as, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6pju\u02d0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026ani \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026ast n\u02c8o\u028an v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "Although most species are associated with water and damp habitats, some are specialised to live in trees or in deserts.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u00e6mp h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6ts, s\u02cc\u028cm \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u026an t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an d\u02c8\u025bz\u025ats."}, {"text": "Anura is divided into three suborders that are broadly accepted by the scientific community, but the relationships between some families remain unclear.", "phonemes": "\u00e6nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259 \u026az d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cbo\u02d0\u0279d\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dli \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "These are Ascaphidae, Bombinatoridae, Discoglossidae and Leiopelmatidae which have few derived features and are probably paraphyletic with regard to other frog lineages.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250sk\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0, b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u026an\u02cc\u00e6\u027eo\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u026adi\u02d0, d\u026ask\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261l\u0254s\u02cc\u026adi\u02d0 \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026ao\u028aplm\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6v fj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259fa\u026al\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The six families in the more evolutionarily advanced suborder Mesobatrachia are the fossorial Megophryidae, Pelobatidae, Pelodytidae, Scaphiopodidae and Rhinophrynidae and the obligatorily aquatic Pipidae.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst s\u02c8\u028cbo\u02d0\u0279d\u025a m\u02cc\u025bs\u0259b\u0250t\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0259s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259f\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0, p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0, p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259d\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0, sk\u02c8\u00e6f\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259d\u02cc\u026adi\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026an\u0259f\u0279\u02cc\u026an\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0259bl\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0250t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279\u0259li \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8\u026ap\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0."}, {"text": "Neobatrachia is by far the largest suborder and includes the remaining families of modern frogs, including most common species.", "phonemes": "n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028ab\u0250t\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259 \u026az ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast s\u02c8\u028cbo\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The order Caudata (from the Latin cauda meaning \"tail\") consists of the salamanders\u2014elongated, low-slung animals that mostly resemble lizards in form.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0de\u026a\u027e\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"t\u02c8e\u026al\"k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az\u2014\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, l\u02c8o\u028asl\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028astli \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l l\u02c8\u026az\u025adz \u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "This is a symplesiomorphic trait and they are no more closely related to lizards than they are to mammals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u0250 s\u026ampl\u02cci\u02d0z\u026a\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u026ak t\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026az\u025adz \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Salamanders lack claws, have scale-free skins, either smooth or covered with tubercles, and tails that are usually flattened from side to side and often finned.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az l\u02c8\u00e6k kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z, h\u00e6v sk\u02c8e\u026alf\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sk\u02c8\u026anz, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8u\u02d0b\u025ak\u0259lz, \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026alz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329d f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u02c8\u026and."}, {"text": "They range in size from the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), which has been reported to grow to a length of , to the diminutive Thorius pennatulus from Mexico which seldom exceeds  in length.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026an s\u02c8a\u026az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259z d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad\u02cci\u0259n\u0259s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a t\u028a \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv , t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av \u03b8\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259s p\u02c8\u025bn\u0250t\u0283\u0259l\u0259s f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bld\u0259m \u025bks\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u026an l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8."}, {"text": "Salamanders have a mostly Laurasian distribution, being present in much of the Holarctic region of the northern hemisphere.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az h\u00e6v \u0250 m\u02c8o\u028astli l\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u0251\u02d0l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an h\u02c8\u025bm\u026asf\u02cc\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "The family Plethodontidae is also found in Central America and South America north of the Amazon basin; South America was apparently invaded from Central America by about the start of the Miocene, 23 million years ago.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali pl\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0254nt\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6m\u0250z\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259n; s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 w\u028cz \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ntli \u026anv\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 ba\u026a \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u026a\u02c8o\u028asi\u02d0n, tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Members of several salamander families have become paedomorphic and either fail to complete their metamorphosis or retain some larval characteristics as adults.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz h\u00e6v b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm p\u02cci\u02d0d\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8e\u026al t\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u00e6z \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts."}, {"text": "When on land, they mostly spend the day hidden under stones or logs or in dense vegetation, emerging in the evening and night to forage for worms, insects and other invertebrates.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8o\u028astli sp\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a h\u02c8\u026ad\u0259n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a st\u02c8o\u028anz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u0261z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an d\u02c8\u025bns v\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0vn\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats."}, {"text": "A number of fossil cryptobranchids have been found, but there are only three living species, the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), the Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) and the hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) from North America.", "phonemes": "\u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0259b\u0279\u02cc\u00e6nt\u0283\u026adz h\u0250vb\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259z d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad\u02cci\u0259n\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259z d\u0292\u00e6p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blb\u025bnd\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0259b\u0279\u02cc\u00e6nt\u0283\u0259s \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u0250n\u02c8i\u0259ns\u026as f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "These large amphibians retain several larval characteristics in their adult state; gills slits are present and the eyes are unlidded.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt st\u02c8e\u026at; \u0261\u02c8\u026alz sl\u02c8\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cnl\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "A unique feature is their ability to feed by suction, depressing either the left side of their lower jaw or the right.", "phonemes": "\u0250 ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0d ba\u026a s\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bft s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "As well as breathing with lungs, they respire through the many folds in their thin skin, which has capillaries close to the surface.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz, \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni f\u02c8o\u028aldz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u026an sk\u02c8\u026an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026al\u025a\u0279iz kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "They differ from the cryptobranchids by having fused prearticular bones in the lower jaw, and by using internal fertilisation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a d\u02c8\u026af\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0259b\u0279\u02cc\u00e6nt\u0283\u026adz ba\u026a h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b fj\u02c8u\u02d0zd p\u0279\u026a\u0279t\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a b\u02c8o\u028anz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u00e6nd ba\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In salamandrids, the male deposits a bundle of sperm, the spermatophore, and the female picks it up and inserts it into her cloaca where the sperm is stored until the eggs are laid.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0279\u026adz, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u0250 b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259l \u028cv sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fo\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al p\u02c8\u026aks \u026a\u027e \u02cc\u028cp \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ans\u025c\u02d0ts \u026a\u027e \u02cc\u026ant\u028a h\u025c\u02d0 kl\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259 w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u026az st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "The largest family in this group is Plethodontidae, the lungless salamanders, which includes 60% of all salamander species.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026az pl\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0254nt\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bl\u0259s s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz s\u02c8\u026aksti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The family Salamandridae includes the true salamanders and the name \"newt\" is given to members of its subfamily Pleurodelinae.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0279\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \"n\u02c8u\u02d0t\" \u026az \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv \u026ats s\u02c8\u028cbf\u0250m\u02cc\u026ali pl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028adl\u02cc\u026ani\u02d0."}, {"text": "The third suborder, Sirenoidea, contains the four species of sirens, which are in a single family, Sirenidae.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u028cbo\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, s\u02c8a\u026a\u025an\u0254\u026ad\u02cci\u0259, k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, s\u02c8a\u026a\u025an\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0."}, {"text": "Members of this order are eel-like aquatic salamanders with much reduced forelimbs and no hind limbs.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0ll\u02c8a\u026ak \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279l\u026amz \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028a h\u02c8a\u026and l\u02c8\u026amz."}, {"text": "Fertilisation is likely to be external as sirenids lack the cloacal glands used by male salamandrids to produce spermatophores and the females lack spermathecae for sperm storage.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259bi \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u00e6z s\u02c8a\u026a\u025an\u026adz l\u02c8\u00e6k \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a m\u02c8e\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0279\u026adz t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fo\u02d0\u0279z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz l\u02c8\u00e6k sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0250\u03b8\u02cc\u025bki\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "The order Gymnophiona (from the Greek gymnos meaning \"naked\" and ophis meaning \"serpent\") or Apoda comprises the caecilians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a d\u0292\u02cc\u026amn\u0259f\u026a\u02c8o\u028an\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k d\u0292\u02c8\u026amno\u028az m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"n\u02c8e\u026ak\u1d7bd\" \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0fa\u026az m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259nt\"\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259 k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The adults vary in length from 8 to 75 centimetres (3 to 30 inches) with the exception of Thomson's caecilian (Caecilia thompsoni), which can reach .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u026an l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bnt\u026am\u02cci\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8\u026ant\u0283\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ms\u0259nz ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259 t\u0259mps\u02c8o\u028ani, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 ."}, {"text": "A caecilian's skin has a large number of transverse folds and in some species contains tiny embedded dermal scales.", "phonemes": "\u0250 ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz sk\u02c8\u026an h\u0250z \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u0279\u00e6nsv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s f\u02c8o\u028aldz \u00e6nd \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz t\u02c8a\u026ani \u025bmb\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l sk\u02c8e\u026alz."}, {"text": "It has rudimentary eyes covered in skin, which are probably limited to discerning differences in light intensity.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u0250z \u0279\u02ccu\u02d0d\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u02c8a\u026az k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an sk\u02c8\u026an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u026as\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an l\u02c8a\u026at \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "It also has a pair of short tentacles near the eye that can be extended and which have tactile and olfactory functions.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u0250z \u0250 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t t\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259k\u0259lz n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6v t\u02c8\u00e6kta\u026al \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0lf\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Most caecilians live underground in burrows in damp soil, in rotten wood and under plant debris, but some are aquatic.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz l\u02c8a\u026av \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028az \u026an d\u02c8\u00e6mp s\u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 w\u02c8\u028ad \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a pl\u02c8\u00e6nt d\u0259b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Most species lay their eggs underground and when the larvae hatch, they make their way to adjacent bodies of water.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z l\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6nd w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283, \u00f0e\u026a m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026a t\u028a \u0250d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nt b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "A few species give birth to live young, nourishing them with glandular secretions while they are in the oviduct.", "phonemes": "\u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u0261\u02c8\u026av b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av j\u02c8\u028c\u014b, n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292u\u02d0l\u025a s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028av\u026ad\u02cc\u028ckt."}, {"text": "Caecilians have a mostly Gondwanan distribution, being found in tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Central and South America.", "phonemes": "ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u0250 m\u02c8o\u028astli \u0261\u0259ndw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259n d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "The integumentary structure contains some typical characteristics common to terrestrial vertebrates, such as the presence of highly cornified outer layers, renewed periodically through a moulting process controlled by the pituitary and thyroid glands.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0259 t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ali k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a l\u02c8e\u026a\u025az, \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026akli \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 m\u02c8o\u028alt\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0254\u026ad \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz."}, {"text": "The outside of the skin is shed periodically mostly in one piece, in contrast to mammals and birds where it is shed in flakes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026an \u026az \u0283\u02c8\u025bd p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026akli m\u02c8o\u028astli \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8i\u02d0s, \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0283\u02c8\u025bd \u026an fl\u02c8e\u026aks."}, {"text": "Caecilians are unique among amphibians in having mineralized dermal scales embedded in the dermis between the furrows in the skin.", "phonemes": "ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u026an h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l sk\u02c8e\u026alz \u025bmb\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0miz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "Lizards and some frogs have somewhat similar osteoderms forming bony deposits in the dermis, but this is an example of convergent evolution with similar structures having arisen independently in diverse vertebrate lineages.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026az\u025adz \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u026a\u02cco\u028ad\u025c\u02d0mz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028ani d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0miz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nt \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli \u026an da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026at l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Gas exchange can take place through the skin (cutaneous respiration) and this allows adult amphibians to respire without rising to the surface of water and to hibernate at the bottom of ponds.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 k\u00e6n t\u02c8e\u026ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026an kju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259s \u0279\u02cc\u025bsp\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026a\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ab\u025an\u02cce\u026at \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz."}, {"text": "To compensate for their thin and delicate skin, amphibians have evolved mucous glands, principally on their heads, backs and tails.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259ns\u02cce\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u026an \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u0259t sk\u02c8\u026an, \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd mj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259s \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz, p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259li \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bdz, b\u02c8\u00e6ks \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026alz."}, {"text": "In addition, most species of amphibian have granular glands that secrete distasteful or poisonous substances.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n h\u00e6v \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nj\u028al\u025a \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00f0\u00e6t s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t d\u026ast\u02c8e\u026astf\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n\u0259s s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The main poison-producing glands, the parotoids, produce the neurotoxin bufotoxin and are located behind the ears of toads, along the backs of frogs, behind the eyes of salamanders and on the upper surface of caecilians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259np\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028at\u02cc\u0254\u026adz, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028at\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026an bj\u02c8u\u02d0f\u0259t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026an \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv t\u02c8o\u028adz, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6ks \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026az \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6nd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz."}, {"text": "These three cell layers consist of the melanophores (occupying the deepest layer), the guanophores (forming an intermediate layer and containing many granules, producing a blue-green colour) and the lipophores (yellow, the most superficial layer).", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bl l\u02c8e\u026a\u025az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bl\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fo\u02d0\u0279z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026ast l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259f\u02cco\u02d0\u0279z f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nu\u02d0lz, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250 bl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026ap\u0259f\u02cco\u02d0\u0279z j\u02c8\u025blo\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "The colour change displayed by many species is initiated by hormones secreted by the pituitary gland.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ad ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025bni sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026az \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279mo\u028anz s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Unlike bony fish, there is no direct control of the pigment cells by the nervous system, and this results in the colour change taking place more slowly than happens in fish.", "phonemes": "\u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak b\u02c8o\u028ani f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025blz ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026as m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8o\u028ali \u00f0\u0250n h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259nz \u026an f\u02c8\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "A vividly coloured skin usually indicates that the species is toxic and is a warning sign to predators.", "phonemes": "\u0250 v\u02c8\u026av\u026adli k\u02c8\u028cl\u025ad sk\u02c8\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026az t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak \u00e6nd \u026az \u0250 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026an t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "Amphibians have a skeletal system that is structurally homologous to other tetrapods, though with a number of variations.", "phonemes": "\u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u0250 sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li h\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259\u0261\u0259s t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "They all have four limbs except for the legless caecilians and a few species of salamander with reduced or no limbs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u00e6v f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026amz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261l\u0259s ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u026amz."}, {"text": "The bones are fully ossified and the vertebrae interlock with each other by means of overlapping processes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u028ali \u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u025al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a ba\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The pectoral girdle is supported by muscle, and the well-developed pelvic girdle is attached to the backbone by a pair of sacral ribs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0259l \u026az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bld\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt p\u02c8\u025blv\u026ak \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0259l \u026az \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6kbo\u028an ba\u026a \u0250 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u026abz."}, {"text": "In most amphibians, there are four digits on the fore foot and five on the hind foot, but no claws on either.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u028at \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026av \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026and f\u02c8\u028at, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02c8o\u028a kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "Some salamanders have fewer digits and the amphiumas are eel-like in appearance with tiny, stubby legs.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az h\u00e6v fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6mfi\u0259m\u0259z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0ll\u02c8a\u026ak \u026an \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8a\u026ani, st\u02c8\u028cbi l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z."}, {"text": "In frogs, the hind legs are larger than the fore legs, especially so in those species that principally move by jumping or swimming.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026and l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li s\u02cco\u028a \u026an \u00f0o\u028az sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259li m\u02c8u\u02d0v ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u028cmp\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sw\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In the walkers and runners the hind limbs are not so large, and the burrowers mostly have short limbs and broad bodies.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025az \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u025az \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026and l\u02c8\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u025az m\u02c8o\u028astli h\u00e6v \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t l\u02c8\u026amz \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz."}, {"text": "The feet have adaptations for the way of life, with webbing between the toes for swimming, broad adhesive toe pads for climbing, and keratinised tubercles on the hind feet for digging (frogs usually dig backwards into the soil).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0t h\u00e6v \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af, w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u025bb\u026a\u014b b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sw\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u014b, b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d \u0250dh\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026av t\u02c8o\u028a p\u02c8\u00e6dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0250t\u02cc\u026ana\u026azd t\u02c8u\u02d0b\u025ak\u0259lz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026and f\u02c8i\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u02c8\u026a\u0261 b\u02c8\u00e6kw\u025adz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al."}, {"text": "In most salamanders, the limbs are short and more or less the same length and project at right angles from the body.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259lz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "Locomotion on land is by walking and the tail often swings from side to side or is used as a prop, particularly when climbing.", "phonemes": "l\u02cco\u028ak\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026az ba\u026a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026al \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n sw\u02c8\u026a\u014bz f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali w\u025bn kl\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In their normal gait, only one leg is advanced at a time in the manner adopted by their ancestors, the lobe-finned fish.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u0261\u02c8e\u026at, \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8\u025b\u0261 \u026az \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst \u00e6\u027e\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028abf\u02c8\u026and f\u02c8\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "Some salamanders in the genus Aneides and certain plethodontids climb trees and have long limbs, large toepads and prehensile tails.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6ne\u026adz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 pl\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0254nt\u026adz kl\u02c8a\u026am t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u0254\u014b l\u02c8\u026amz, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 t\u02c8o\u028ap\u00e6dz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026ah\u02c8\u025bnsa\u026al t\u02c8e\u026alz."}, {"text": "In aquatic salamanders and in frog tadpoles, the tail has dorsal and ventral fins and is moved from side to side as a means of propulsion.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6nd \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026al h\u0250z d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u0259l \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u026anz \u00e6nd \u026az m\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Salamanders use their tails in defence and some are prepared to jettison them to save their lives in a process known as autotomy.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026alz \u026an d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026as\u0259n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026avz \u026an \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028at\u02c8o\u028ami."}, {"text": "Certain species in the Plethodontidae have a weak zone at the base of the tail and use this strategy readily.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0254nt\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0 h\u00e6v \u0250 w\u02c8i\u02d0k z\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u026as st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili."}, {"text": "The tail often continues to twitch after separation which may distract the attacker and allow the salamander to escape.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026al \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a t\u028a \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap."}, {"text": "Amphibians have a juvenile stage and an adult stage, and the circulatory systems of the two are distinct.", "phonemes": "\u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n\u02cca\u026al st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u0250n \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt."}, {"text": "In the juvenile (or tadpole) stage, the circulation is similar to that of a fish; the two-chambered heart pumps the blood through the gills where it is oxygenated, and is spread around the body and back to the heart in a single loop.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n\u02cca\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028al st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283; \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025ad h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t p\u02c8\u028cmps \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026alz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u025bne\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u026az sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "When the ventricle starts contracting, deoxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b, di\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u025bne\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd bl\u02c8\u028cd \u026az p\u02c8\u028cmpt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028clm\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279i t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz."}, {"text": "The nervous system is basically the same as in other vertebrates, with a central brain, a spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u026az b\u02c8e\u026as\u026akli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6z \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an, \u0250 sp\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "The amphibian brain is relatively simple but broadly the same structurally as in reptiles, birds and mammals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l b\u02cc\u028ct b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u00e6z \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Their brains are elongated, except in caecilians, and contain the usual motor and sensory areas of tetrapods.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u026an ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz, \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "The pineal body, known to regulate sleep patterns in humans, is thought to produce the hormones involved in hibernation and aestivation in amphibians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02cce\u026at sl\u02c8i\u02d0p p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz, \u026az \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279mo\u028anz \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an h\u02cca\u026ab\u025an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02cci\u02d0st\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Tadpoles retain the lateral line system of their ancestral fishes, but this is lost in terrestrial adult amphibians.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u00e6ns\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026as \u026az l\u02c8\u0254st \u026an t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Some caecilians possess electroreceptors that allow them to locate objects around them when submerged in water.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028a\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u025bpt\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u025bn s\u0259bm\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "There is no external ear, but the large circular eardrum lies on the surface of the head just behind the eye.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u0279, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u0279\u0259m l\u02c8a\u026az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "Only high-frequency sounds like mating calls are heard in this way, but low-frequency noises can be detected through another mechanism.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028anli h\u02c8a\u026af\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi s\u02c8a\u028andz l\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8e\u026a, b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8o\u028af\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi n\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u1d7bz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u025bk\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "There is a patch of specialized haircells, called papilla amphibiorum, in the inner ear capable of detecting deeper sounds.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u028cv sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd h\u02c8\u025b\u0279s\u025blz, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld p\u00e6p\u02c8\u026al\u0259 \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u0279\u0259m, \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv d\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b d\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a s\u02c8a\u028andz."}, {"text": "Another feature, unique to frogs and salamanders, is the columella-operculum complex adjoining the auditory capsule which is involved in the transmission of both airborne and seismic signals.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a, ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bl\u0259\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025akj\u02cc\u028al\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i k\u02c8\u00e6psju\u02d0l w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u025b\u0279bo\u02d0\u0279n \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026azm\u026ak s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The ears of salamanders and caecilians are less highly developed than those of frogs as they do not normally communicate with each other through the medium of sound.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6nd ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs h\u02c8a\u026ali d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "The eyes of tadpoles lack lids, but at metamorphosis, the cornea becomes more dome-shaped, the lens becomes flatter, and eyelids and associated glands and ducts develop.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026az \u028cv t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz l\u02c8\u00e6k l\u02c8\u026adz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6t m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8o\u028am\u0283\u02c8e\u026apt, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bnz b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz fl\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026al\u026adz \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028ckts d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p."}, {"text": "The adult eyes are an improvement on invertebrate eyes and were a first step in the development of more advanced vertebrate eyes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt \u02c8a\u026az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254n \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8\u025bp \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "Many amphibians catch their prey by flicking out an elongated tongue with a sticky tip and drawing it back into the mouth before seizing the item with their jaws.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz k\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a ba\u026a fl\u02c8\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u028c\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 st\u02c8\u026aki t\u02c8\u026ap \u00e6nd d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026at b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Some use inertial feeding to help them swallow the prey, repeatedly thrusting their head forward sharply causing the food to move backwards in their mouth by inertia.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm sw\u02c8\u0254lo\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a, \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bdli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u028cst\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279pli k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v b\u02c8\u00e6kw\u025adz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 ba\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259."}, {"text": "The short oesophagus is lined with cilia that help to move the food to the stomach and mucus produced by glands in the mouth and pharynx eases its passage.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259\u0261\u0259s \u026az l\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u025blp t\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cm\u0259k \u00e6nd mj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259s p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014bks \u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u026ats p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Its size is determined by its function as a glycogen and fat storage unit, and may change with the seasons as these reserves are built or used up.", "phonemes": "\u026ats s\u02c8a\u026az \u026az d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and ba\u026a \u026ats f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 \u0261l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u00e6t st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at, \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz \u00e6z \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u026alt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8\u028cp."}, {"text": "Adipose tissue is another important means of storing energy and this occurs in the abdomen (in internal structures called fat bodies), under the skin and, in some salamanders, in the tail.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ap\u02cco\u028az t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 \u026az \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bd\u0259m\u0259n \u026an \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld f\u02c8\u00e6t b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026an \u00e6nd, \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026al."}, {"text": "Their job is to filter the blood of metabolic waste and transport the urine via ureters to the urinary bladder where it is stored before being passed out periodically through the cloacal vent.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b \u026az t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alt\u025a \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cd \u028cv m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026ast \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026an v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u025b\u027e\u025az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i bl\u02c8\u00e6d\u025a w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026a\u027e \u026az st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u00e6st \u02c8a\u028at p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026akli \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l v\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "Larvae and most aquatic adult amphibians excrete the nitrogen as ammonia in large quantities of dilute urine, while terrestrial species, with a greater need to conserve water, excrete the less toxic product urea.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u025bksk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u00e6z \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 \u026an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0t j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026an, w\u02cca\u026al t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u025bksk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt ju\u02d0\u0279\u02c8i\u0259."}, {"text": "The lungs in amphibians are primitive compared to those of amniotes, possessing few internal septa and large alveoli, and consequently having a comparatively slow diffusion rate for oxygen entering the blood.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz \u026an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6mn\u026a\u02cco\u028ats, p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u00e6lv\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0li, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ntli h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli sl\u02c8o\u028a d\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cd."}, {"text": "To enable sufficient cutaneous respiration, the surface of their highly vascularised skin must remain moist to allow the oxygen to diffuse at a sufficiently high rate.", "phonemes": "t\u028a \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt kju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259s \u0279\u02cc\u025bsp\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ali v\u02c8\u00e6skj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd sk\u02c8\u026an m\u02c8\u028cst \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 d\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00e6\u027e\u0259 s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259ntli h\u02c8a\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Because oxygen concentration in the water increases at both low temperatures and high flow rates, aquatic amphibians in these situations can rely primarily on cutaneous respiration, as in the Titicaca water frog and the hellbender salamander.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00e6t b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 l\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a fl\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats, \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u026an \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u02cc\u0254n kju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259s \u0279\u02cc\u025bsp\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blb\u025bnd\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a."}, {"text": "In air, where oxygen is more concentrated, some small species can rely solely on cutaneous gas exchange, most famously the plethodontid salamanders, which have neither lungs nor gills.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, s\u02cc\u028cm sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8o\u028alli \u02cc\u0254n kju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259s \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259sli \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0254nt\u026ad s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6v n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u026alz."}, {"text": "Many aquatic salamanders and all tadpoles have gills in their larval stage, with some (such as the axolotl) retaining gills as aquatic adults.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz h\u00e6v \u0261\u02c8\u026alz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u026alz \u00e6z \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts."}, {"text": "For the purpose of reproduction most amphibians require fresh water although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various means of keeping them moist.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8o\u028ast \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd h\u00e6v d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv k\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast."}, {"text": "Such was the case with the Black Sea invasion of the natural hybrid Pelophylax esculentus reported in 2010.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026anv\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u026ad p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259f\u02cc\u026al\u00e6ks \u02cc\u025bskj\u028al\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "Several hundred frog species in adaptive radiations (e.g., Eleutherodactylus, the Pacific Platymantis, the Australo-Papuan microhylids, and many other tropical frogs), however, do not need any water for breeding in the wild.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026av \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \u1d7bl\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0250kt\u02cc\u026al\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak pl\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026am\u02cc\u00e6ntiz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u0259l\u02cco\u028ap\u02c8\u00e6pju\u02d0\u0259n m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028ah\u02cca\u026al\u026adz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02cc\u025bni w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ald."}, {"text": "They reproduce via direct development, an ecological and evolutionary adaptation that has allowed them to be completely independent from free-standing water.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt, \u0250n \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250z \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259bi k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Almost all of these frogs live in wet tropical rainforests and their eggs hatch directly into miniature versions of the adult, passing through the tadpole stage within the egg.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z l\u02c8\u026av \u026an w\u02c8\u025bt t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0261z h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02c8\u026an\u026at\u0283\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt, p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028al st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261."}, {"text": "Reproductive success of many amphibians is dependent not only on the quantity of rainfall, but the seasonal timing.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u026az d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u0254\u02d0l, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In temperate regions, breeding is mostly seasonal, usually in the spring, and is triggered by increasing day length, rising temperatures or rainfall.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz, b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026az m\u02c8o\u028astli s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259l, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u026az t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025ad ba\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b d\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8, \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Experiments have shown the importance of temperature, but the trigger event, especially in arid regions, is often a storm.", "phonemes": "\u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts h\u00e6v \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz, \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0250 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "In anurans, males usually arrive at the breeding sites before females and the vocal chorus they produce may stimulate ovulation in females and the endocrine activity of males that are not yet reproductively active.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u00e6nj\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259nz, m\u02c8e\u026alz j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026ats b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s \u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02c8e\u026a st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u02cc\u0251\u02d0vj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bndo\u028ak\u0279\u02cca\u026an \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8e\u026alz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8\u025bt \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026avli \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av."}, {"text": "In caecilians, fertilisation is internal, the male extruding an intromittent organ, the , and inserting it into the female cloaca.", "phonemes": "\u026an ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz, f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026at\u0259nt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 , \u00e6nd \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al kl\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259."}, {"text": "The paired M\u00fcllerian glands inside the male cloaca secrete a fluid which resembles that produced by mammalian prostate glands and which may transport and nourish the sperm.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279d mu\u02d0l\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al kl\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259 s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250 fl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ad w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a m\u00e6m\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ste\u026at \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "In most of these, the male deposits a spermatophore, a small packet of sperm on top of a gelatinous cone, on the substrate either on land or in the water.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fo\u02d0\u0279, \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026at \u028cv sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0259v\u0259 d\u0292\u025bl\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an\u0259s k\u02c8o\u028an, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0279e\u026at \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "The female takes up the sperm packet by grasping it with the lips of the cloaca and pushing it into the vent.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al t\u02c8e\u026aks \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026at ba\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sp\u026a\u014b \u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026aps \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259 \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "The spermatozoa move to the spermatheca in the roof of the cloaca where they remain until ovulation which may be many months later.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u0250\u027e\u0259z\u02c8o\u028a\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0250\u03b8\u02cc\u025bk\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259 w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u02cc\u0251\u02d0vj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "In some, the spermatophore may be placed directly into the female cloaca while in others, the female may be guided to the spermatophore or restrained with an embrace called amplexus.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fo\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ast d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al kl\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259 w\u02cca\u026al \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fo\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u025bmb\u0279\u02c8e\u026as k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00e6mpl\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s."}, {"text": "Certain primitive salamanders in the families Sirenidae, Hynobiidae and Cryptobranchidae practice external fertilisation in a similar manner to frogs, with the female laying the eggs in water and the male releasing sperm onto the egg mass.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz s\u02c8a\u026a\u025an\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0, h\u02c8a\u026ano\u028ab\u02cc\u026a\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0 \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0259b\u0279\u02cc\u00e6nt\u0283\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al l\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261 m\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "The male grasps the female tightly with his forelimbs either behind the arms or in front of the back legs, or in the case of Epipedobates tricolor, around the neck.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sps \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al t\u02c8a\u026atli w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279l\u026amz \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u02c8\u025bp\u026ap\u02cc\u025bd\u0259b\u02cce\u026ats t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak\u028cl\u025a, \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bk."}, {"text": "They remain in amplexus with their cloacae positioned close together while the female lays the eggs and the male covers them with sperm.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u026an \u00e6mpl\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028aki\u02d0 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nd kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al l\u02c8e\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al k\u02c8\u028cv\u025az \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "An exception is the granular poison frog (Oophaga granulifera) where the male and female place their cloacae in close proximity while facing in opposite directions and then release eggs and sperm simultaneously.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nj\u028al\u025a p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 u\u02d0f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nu\u02d0l\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259 w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al pl\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u025b\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028aki\u02d0 \u026an kl\u02c8o\u028as p\u0279\u0251\u02d0ks\u02c8\u026am\u1d7b\u027ei w\u02cca\u026al f\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m s\u02cca\u026am\u0259lt\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259sli."}, {"text": "The \"tail\" is only possessed by the male and is an extension of the cloaca and used to inseminate the female.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"t\u02c8e\u026al\" \u026az \u02c8o\u028anli p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd \u026az \u0250n \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259 \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u026ans\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al."}, {"text": "This frog lives in fast-flowing streams and internal fertilisation prevents the sperm from being washed away before fertilisation occurs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 l\u02c8a\u026avz \u026an f\u02c8\u00e6stfl\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u00e6nd \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnts \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m f\u0279\u028cm b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283t \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Typically, prolonged breeders congregate at a breeding site, the males usually arriving first, calling and setting up territories.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli, p\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u0254\u014bd b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026at \u00e6\u027e\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026alz j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Explosive breeders on the other hand are found where temporary pools appear in dry regions after rainfall.", "phonemes": "\u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028as\u026av b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "These frogs are typically fossorial species that emerge after heavy rains and congregate at a breeding site.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli f\u0259s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02c8\u025bvi \u0279\u02c8e\u026anz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026at \u00e6\u027e\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "They are attracted there by the calling of the first male to find a suitable place, perhaps a pool that forms in the same place each rainy season.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8e\u026al t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and \u0250 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259b\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026as, p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u0250 p\u02c8u\u02d0l \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am pl\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ani s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n."}, {"text": "The assembled frogs may call in unison and frenzied activity ensues, the males scrambling to mate with the usually smaller number of females.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259ld f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z m\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026as\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnzid \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u025bns\u02c8u\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026alz sk\u0279\u02c8\u00e6mbl\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz."}, {"text": "There is a direct competition between males to win the attention of the females in salamanders and newts, with elaborate courtship displays to keep the female's attention long enough to get her interested in choosing him to mate with.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8e\u026alz t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz \u026an s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0ts, w\u026a\u00f0 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u026ap d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026az t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0."}, {"text": "Some species store sperm through long breeding seasons, as the extra time may allow for interactions with rival sperm.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz, \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am m\u02c8e\u026a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt, \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026ad \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250n \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8a\u026afsta\u026al."}, {"text": "Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect.", "phonemes": "m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u03b8\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ks\u02cca\u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cd, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026ats m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0250kt\u02cc\u026an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02cca\u028ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kts \u03b8\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ks\u02cca\u026anz \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u026az a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, \u026a\u027e \u026az s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259mst\u02cc\u00e6ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges instead of Teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz k\u00e6n h\u00e6v h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8, w\u02c8\u026ask\u025al\u02c8a\u026ak sk\u02c8\u026an \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026anz."}, {"text": "After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u00e6nd w\u026al bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0bso\u02d0\u0279bd ba\u026a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald s\u02c8\u025bl d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250p\u0259pt\u02c8o\u028as\u026as."}, {"text": "The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259mst\u02cc\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u026az w\u02c8a\u026ad, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bni d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279iz st\u02c8\u026al b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "In the egg, the embryo is suspended in perivitelline fluid and surrounded by semi-permeable gelatinous capsules, with the yolk mass providing nutrients.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u026az s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u026an p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026av\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026an fl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ad \u00e6nd s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bma\u026ap\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259b\u0259l d\u0292\u025bl\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an\u0259s k\u02c8\u00e6psju\u02d0lz, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8o\u028ak m\u02c8\u00e6s p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nts."}, {"text": "As the larvae hatch, the capsules are dissolved by enzymes secreted from gland at the tip of the snout.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6psju\u02d0lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd ba\u026a \u02c8\u025bnza\u026amz s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026ap \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sn\u02c8a\u028at."}, {"text": "These penetrate the jelly envelope after the eggs are laid and may increase the supply of oxygen to the embryo through photosynthesis.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z p\u02c8\u025bn\u026at\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bli \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u0259l\u02cco\u028ap \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "In the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), the interior of the globular egg cluster has been found to be up to  warmer than its surroundings, which is an advantage in its cool northern habitat.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028ad f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 s\u026alv\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0261 kl\u02c8\u028cst\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259bi \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026ats s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014bz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u0250n \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292 \u026an \u026ats k\u02c8u\u02d0l n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6t."}, {"text": "The greenhouse frog (Eleutherodactylus planirostris) lays eggs in small groups in the soil where they develop in about two weeks directly into juvenile frogs without an intervening larval stage.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nha\u028as f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u1d7bl\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0250kt\u02cc\u026al\u0259s pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0st\u0279\u026as l\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u026an sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u026an \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8i\u02d0ks d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u02cc\u026ant\u028a d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n\u02cca\u026al f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025av\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "The eggs of amphibians are typically laid in water and hatch into free-living larvae that complete their development in water and later transform into either aquatic or terrestrial adults.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli l\u02c8e\u026ad \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts."}, {"text": "In many species of frog and in most lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae), direct development takes place, the larvae growing within the eggs and emerging as miniature adults.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u025bni sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u00e6nd \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast l\u02c8\u028c\u014bl\u0259s s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az pl\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0254nt\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt t\u02c8e\u026aks pl\u02c8e\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u00e6nd \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00e6z m\u02c8\u026an\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts."}, {"text": "Many caecilians and some other amphibians lay their eggs on land, and the newly hatched larvae wriggle or are transported to water bodies.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz l\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz."}, {"text": "Some caecilians, the alpine salamander (Salamandra atra) and some of the African live-bearing toads (Nectophrynoides spp.) are viviparous.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lpa\u026an s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0279\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026avb\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u02c8o\u028adz n\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259f\u0279\u02cc\u026an\u0254\u026adz \u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026av\u026ap\u025a\u0279\u0259s."}, {"text": "Their larvae feed on glandular secretions and develop within the female's oviduct, often for long periods.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02cc\u0254n \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292u\u02d0l\u025a s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz \u02c8o\u028av\u026ad\u02cc\u028ckt, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz."}, {"text": "The eggs are retained in or on the parent's body, but the larvae subsist on the yolks of their eggs and receive no nourishment from the adult.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026and \u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259nts b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8o\u028aks \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v n\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt."}, {"text": "The larvae emerge at varying stages of their growth, either before or after metamorphosis, according to their species.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 \u00e6t v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The toad genus Nectophrynoides exhibits all of these developmental patterns among its dozen or so members.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028ad d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s n\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259f\u0279\u02cc\u026an\u0254\u026adz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u026ats d\u02c8\u028cz\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az."}, {"text": "The free-living larvae are normally fully aquatic, but the tadpoles of some species (such as Nannophrys ceylonensis) are semi-terrestrial and live among wet rocks.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li f\u02c8\u028ali \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0f\u0279iz s\u02cce\u026alo\u028an\u02c8\u025bns\u026as \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026at\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026av \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b w\u02c8\u025bt \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "Tadpoles have cartilaginous skeletons, gills for respiration (external gills at first, internal gills later), lateral line systems and large tails that they use for swimming.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz h\u00e6v k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026al\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026an\u0259s sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259nz, \u0261\u02c8\u026alz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bsp\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u026alz \u00e6t f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u026alz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 t\u02c8e\u026alz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sw\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The lungs develop early and are used as accessory breathing organs, the tadpoles rising to the water surface to gulp air.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279i b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028clp \u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "These larvae do not have gills but instead have specialised areas of skin through which respiration takes place.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u00e6v \u0261\u02c8\u026alz b\u02cc\u028ct \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd h\u00e6v sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv sk\u02c8\u026an \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u025bsp\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8e\u026aks pl\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "While tadpoles do not have true teeth, in most species, the jaws have long, parallel rows of small keratinized structures called keradonts surrounded by a horny beak.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u00e6v t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8, \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl \u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u028cv sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0250t\u02cc\u026ana\u026azd st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0250d\u02cc\u0254nts s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni b\u02c8i\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Iodine and T4 (over stimulate the spectacular apoptosis [programmed cell death] of the cells of the larval gills, tail and fins) also stimulate the evolution of nervous systems transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog with better neurological, visuospatial, olfactory and cognitive abilities for hunting.", "phonemes": "\u02c8a\u026a\u0259d\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd t\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025a st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 sp\u025bkt\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u0259pt\u02c8o\u028as\u026as p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6md s\u02c8\u025bl d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u026alz, t\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026anz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, v\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028al \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l, k\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259s f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a n\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l, v\u02cc\u026asju\u02d0\u0259sp\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l, \u0251\u02d0lf\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u028cnt\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Pond tadpoles tend to have deep bodies, large caudal fins and small mouths; they swim in the quiet waters feeding on growing or loose fragments of vegetation.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 h\u00e6v d\u02c8i\u02d0p b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u0259l f\u02c8\u026anz \u00e6nd sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8a\u028a\u00f0z; \u00f0e\u026a sw\u02c8\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8u\u02d0s f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nts \u028cv v\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Stream dwellers mostly have larger mouths, shallow bodies and caudal fins; they attach themselves to plants and stones and feed on the surface films of algae and bacteria.", "phonemes": "st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m dw\u02c8\u025bl\u025az m\u02c8o\u028astli h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a m\u02c8a\u028a\u00f0z, \u0283\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u0259l f\u02c8\u026anz; \u00f0e\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz t\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nts \u00e6nd st\u02c8o\u028anz \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as f\u02c8\u026almz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u00e6nd b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "They also feed on diatoms, filtered from the water through the gills, and stir up the sediment at bottom of the pond, ingesting edible fragments.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02cc\u0254n d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027e\u0259mz, f\u02c8\u026alt\u025ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026alz, \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bd\u026am\u0259nt \u00e6t b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd, \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Young of the Cuban tree frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) can occasionally be cannibalistic, the younger tadpoles attacking a larger, more developed tadpole when it is undergoing metamorphosis.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u026al\u0259s s\u02cc\u025bpt\u0259nt\u0279\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liz k\u00e6n \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259li bi\u02d0 k\u02cc\u00e6n\u026ab\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028al w\u025bn \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "At metamorphosis, rapid changes in the body take place as the lifestyle of the frog changes completely.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ad t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di t\u02c8e\u026ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026afsta\u026al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli."}, {"text": "There are associated changes in the neural networks such as development of stereoscopic vision and loss of the lateral line system.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0ks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv st\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ao\u028ask\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "A few days later, the tail is reabsorbed, due to the higher thyroxine concentration required for this to take place.", "phonemes": "\u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026al \u026az \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0bso\u02d0\u0279bd, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u03b8\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ks\u02cca\u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak pl\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "At hatching, a typical salamander larva has eyes without lids, teeth in both upper and lower jaws, three pairs of feathery external gills, and a long tail with dorsal and ventral fins.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u026a\u014b, \u0250 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u0259 h\u0250z \u02c8a\u026az w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at l\u02c8\u026adz, t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02cc\u028cp\u025a \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv f\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279i \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u026alz, \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u02c8e\u026al w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u0259l \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u026anz."}, {"text": "The forelimbs may be partially developed and the hind limbs are rudimentary in pond-living species but may be rather more developed in species that reproduce in moving water.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279l\u026amz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026and l\u02c8\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02ccu\u02d0d\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndl\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u026an sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Pond-type larvae often have a pair of balancers, rod-like structures on either side of the head that may prevent the gills from becoming clogged up with sediment.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndt\u02c8a\u026ap l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n h\u00e6v \u0250 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns\u025az, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dl\u02c8a\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8e\u026a p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026alz f\u0279\u028cm b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261d \u02cc\u028cp w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025bd\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Neoteny occurs when the animal's growth rate is very low and is usually linked to adverse conditions such as low water temperatures that may change the response of the tissues to the hormone thyroxine.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028at\u02cc\u025bni \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z w\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li l\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt t\u028a \u00e6dv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z l\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8e\u026a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279mo\u028an \u03b8\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ks\u02cca\u026an."}, {"text": "There are fifteen species of obligate neotenic salamanders, including species of Necturus, Proteus and Amphiuma, and many examples of facultative ones, such as the northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile) and the tiger salamander (A. tigrinum) that adopt this strategy under appropriate environmental circumstances.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026at n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028at\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv n\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259s, p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027ei\u0259s \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6mfi\u0259m\u0259, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259lt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av w\u02cc\u028cnz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026ast\u02c8o\u028am\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sa\u026al \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a \u02c8e\u026a. t\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u0279\u026an\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u00f0\u026as st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u0259t \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259mst\u02cc\u00e6ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Lungless salamanders in the family Plethodontidae are terrestrial and lay a small number of unpigmented eggs in a cluster among damp leaf litter.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u028c\u014bl\u0259s s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali pl\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0254nt\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u028cnp\u026a\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u026an \u0250 kl\u02c8\u028cst\u025a\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b d\u02c8\u00e6mp l\u02c8i\u02d0f l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Each egg has a large yolk sac and the larva feeds on this while it develops inside the egg, emerging fully formed as a juvenile salamander.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u025b\u0261 h\u0250z \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 j\u02c8o\u028ak s\u02c8\u00e6k \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u026as w\u02cca\u026al \u026at d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259ps \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261, \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u028ali f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00e6z \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n\u02cca\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a."}, {"text": "In the genus Ensatinas, the female has been observed to coil around them and press her throat area against them, effectively massaging them with a mucous secretion.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s \u025bns\u0250t\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259z, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs h\u025c\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli m\u0250s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 mj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259s s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "This is because the larvae are already carnivorous and continue to feed as predators when they are adults so few changes are needed to their digestive systems.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi k\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts s\u02cco\u028a fj\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 da\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026av s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Their gills are never covered by gill sacs and are reabsorbed just before the animals leave the water.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u026alz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ks \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0bso\u02d0\u0279bd d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Other changes include the reduction in size or loss of tail fins, the closure of gill slits, thickening of the skin, the development of eyelids, and certain changes in dentition and tongue structure.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026an s\u02c8a\u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv t\u02c8e\u026al f\u02c8\u026anz, \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u026al sl\u02c8\u026ats, \u03b8\u02c8\u026ak\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8a\u026al\u026adz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an d\u025bnt\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028c\u014b st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Salamanders are at their most vulnerable at metamorphosis as swimming speeds are reduced and transforming tails are encumbrances on land.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6t m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00e6z sw\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b t\u02c8e\u026alz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmb\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "For adaptation to a water phase, prolactin is the required hormone, and for adaptation to the land phase, thyroxine.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a f\u02c8e\u026az, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0250kt\u02cc\u026an \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279mo\u028an, \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026az, \u03b8\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ks\u02cca\u026an."}, {"text": "External gills do not return in subsequent aquatic phases because these are completely absorbed upon leaving the water for the first time.", "phonemes": "\u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u026alz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u026an s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8e\u026az\u1d7bz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bd \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Most terrestrial caecilians that lay eggs do so in burrows or moist places on land near bodies of water.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z d\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02cco\u028a \u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "The development of the young of Ichthyophis glutinosus, a species from Sri Lanka, has been much studied.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u028cv \u02cc\u026ak\u03b8\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026az \u0261l\u02c8u\u02d0t\u026an\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259s, \u0250 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm s\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259, h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 st\u02c8\u028cdid."}, {"text": "They have three pairs of external red feathery gills, a blunt head with two rudimentary eyes, a lateral line system and a short tail with fins.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bd f\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u026alz, \u0250 bl\u02c8\u028cnt h\u02c8\u025bd w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02ccu\u02d0d\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u02c8a\u026az, \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t t\u02c8e\u026al w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u026anz."}, {"text": "By the age of about ten months they have developed a pointed head with sensory tentacles near the mouth and lost their eyes, lateral line systems and tails.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u025bd w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i t\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259k\u0259lz n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254st \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8a\u026az, l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026alz."}, {"text": "At first, they feed on the yolks of the eggs, but as this source of nourishment declines they begin to rasp at the ciliated epithelial cells that line the oviduct.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8o\u028aks \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6z \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026anz \u00f0e\u026a b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6sp \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u025blz \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028av\u026ad\u02cc\u028ckt."}, {"text": "This stimulates the secretion of fluids rich in lipids and mucoproteins on which they feed along with scrapings from the oviduct wall.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv fl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026adz \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026an l\u02c8\u026ap\u026adz \u00e6nd mj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259p\u0279\u02cco\u028ati\u02d0nz \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 sk\u0279\u02c8e\u026ap\u026a\u014bz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028av\u026ad\u02cc\u028ckt w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "By this time they have undergone metamorphosis, lost their eyes and gills, developed a thicker skin and mouth tentacles, and reabsorbed their teeth.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, l\u02c8\u0254st \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u026alz, d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u026ak\u025a sk\u02c8\u026an \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 t\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259k\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0bso\u02d0\u0279bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "The ringed caecilian (Siphonops annulatus) has developed a unique adaptation for the purposes of reproduction.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261d ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026af\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ps \u02c8\u00e6nu\u02d0l\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259s h\u0250z d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250 ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The progeny feed on a skin layer that is specially developed by the adult in a phenomenon known as maternal dermatophagy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ni f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sk\u02c8\u026an l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt \u026an \u0250 f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259n n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z m\u0259t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0f\u00e6d\u0292i."}, {"text": "The brood feed as a batch for about seven minutes at intervals of approximately three days which gives the skin an opportunity to regenerate.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00e6z \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u026ant\u025av\u0259lz \u028cv \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026an \u0250n \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u0279i\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "The care of offspring among amphibians has been little studied but, in general, the larger the number of eggs in a batch, the less likely it is that any degree of parental care takes place.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0254fsp\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdid b\u02cc\u028ct, \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u026an \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bs l\u02c8a\u026akli \u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u025bni d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026aks pl\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Nevertheless, it is estimated that in up to 20% of amphibian species, one or both adults play some role in the care of the young.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250d\u02c8\u028clts pl\u02c8e\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b."}, {"text": "Those species that breed in smaller water bodies or other specialised habitats tend to have complex patterns of behaviour in the care of their young.", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u026an sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6ts t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 h\u00e6v k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz \u028cv b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b."}, {"text": "The black mountain salamander (Desmognathus welteri) does this, the mother brooding the eggs and guarding them from predation as the embryos feed on the yolks of their eggs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a d\u02c8\u025bzm\u0259\u0261n\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u0259s w\u02c8\u025blt\u025a\u0279i d\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028az f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8o\u028aks \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0261z."}, {"text": "When fully developed, they break their way out of the egg capsules and disperse as juvenile salamanders.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn f\u02c8\u028ali d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt, \u00f0e\u026a b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026a \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261 k\u02c8\u00e6psju\u02d0lz \u00e6nd d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u00e6z d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n\u02cca\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az."}, {"text": "The male hellbender, a primitive salamander, excavates an underwater nest and encourages females to lay there.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al h\u02c8\u025blb\u025bnd\u025a, \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a, \u02c8\u025bksk\u0259v\u02cce\u026ats \u0250n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025aw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a n\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz t\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "The male then guards the site for the two or three months before the eggs hatch, using body undulations to fan the eggs and increase their supply of oxygen.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026at f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u02cc\u028cnd\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "The male Colostethus subpunctatus, a tiny frog, protects the egg cluster which is hidden under a stone or log.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259st\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259s s\u02c8\u028cbp\u0259\u014bkt\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259s, \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026ani f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261, p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261 kl\u02c8\u028cst\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az h\u02c8\u026ad\u0259n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u0250 st\u02c8o\u028an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u0261."}, {"text": "When the eggs hatch, the male transports the tadpoles on his back, stuck there by a mucous secretion, to a temporary pool where he dips himself into the water and the tadpoles drop off.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279ts \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az b\u02c8\u00e6k, st\u02c8\u028ck \u00f0\u025b\u0279 ba\u026a \u0250 mj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259s s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, t\u028a \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8u\u02d0l w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026aps h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u02c8\u0254f."}, {"text": "The male midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) winds egg strings round his thighs and carries the eggs around for up to eight weeks.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al m\u02c8\u026adwa\u026af t\u02c8o\u028ad \u02c8\u00e6la\u026ats \u0259bst\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz w\u02c8\u026andz \u02c8\u025b\u0261 st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u0279\u02c8a\u028and h\u026az \u03b8\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279iz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a \u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8i\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "He keeps them moist and when they are ready to hatch, he visits a pond or ditch and releases the tadpoles.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 k\u02c8i\u02d0ps \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast \u00e6nd w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi t\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283, hi\u02d0 v\u02c8\u026az\u026ats \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz."}, {"text": "reared larvae in her stomach after swallowing either the eggs or hatchlings; however, this stage was never observed before the species became extinct.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279d l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8\u028cm\u0259k \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a sw\u02c8\u0254lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283l\u026a\u014bz; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 w\u028cz n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt."}, {"text": "The tadpoles secrete a hormone that inhibits digestion in the mother whilst they develop by consuming their very large yolk supply.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250 h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279mo\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t \u026anh\u02c8\u026ab\u026ats da\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02cca\u026alst \u00f0e\u026a d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p ba\u026a k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 j\u02c8o\u028ak s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "The aquatic Surinam toad (Pipa pipa) raises its young in pores on its back where they remain until metamorphosis.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026an\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m t\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u1d7bz \u026ats j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u026an p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats b\u02c8\u00e6k w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "The granular poison frog (Oophaga granulifera) is typical of a number of tree frogs in the poison dart frog family Dendrobatidae.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nj\u028al\u025a p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 u\u02d0f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nu\u02d0l\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali d\u02c8\u025bnd\u0279\u0259b\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0."}, {"text": "Its eggs are laid on the forest floor and when they hatch, the tadpoles are carried one by one on the back of an adult to a suitable water-filled crevice such as the axil of a leaf or the rosette of a bromeliad.", "phonemes": "\u026ats \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026ad \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast fl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k \u0259v\u0259n \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt t\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259b\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025af\u02c8\u026ald k\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u026as s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026al \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0f \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279o\u028az\u02c8\u025bt \u0259v\u0259 b\u0279o\u028am\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d."}, {"text": "The female visits the nursery sites regularly and deposits unfertilised eggs in the water and these are consumed by the tadpoles.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al v\u02c8\u026az\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8a\u026ats \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali \u00e6nd d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u028cnf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0md ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz."}, {"text": "The karyotypes (chromosomes) have been determined for at least 1,193 (14.5%) of the \u22488,200 known (diploid) species, including 963 anurans, 209 salamanders, and 21 caecilians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ta\u026aps k\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259s\u02cco\u028amz h\u0250vb\u026an d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u02c8e\u026at,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8o\u028an d\u02c8\u026apl\u0254\u026ad sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6nj\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259nz, t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Amphibians have also very large genomes compared to other taxa of vertebrates and corresponding variation in genome size (C-value: picograms of DNA in haploid nuclei).", "phonemes": "\u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028amz k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259 \u028cv v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028am s\u02c8a\u026az s\u02c8i\u02d0v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0: p\u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028a\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6mz \u028cv d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026a \u026an h\u02c8\u00e6pl\u0254\u026ad n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai."}, {"text": "The genome sizes range from 0.95 to 11.5 pg in frogs, from 13.89 to 120.56 pg in salamanders, and from 2.94 to 11.78 pg in caecilians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028am s\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av t\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, f\u0279\u028cm \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n.\u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti.f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks p\u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0.n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at p\u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The large genome sizes have prevented whole-genome sequencing of amphibians although a number of genomes have been published recently.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028am s\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz h\u00e6v p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd h\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028am s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028amz h\u0250vb\u026an p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "For instance, the genome of the Mexican axolotl turned out to be 32 Gb, which is more than 10 times larger than the human genome (3GB).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u02c8a\u028at t\u0259bi \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8a\u026amz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028am \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "With a few exceptions, adult amphibians are predators, feeding on virtually anything that moves that they can swallow.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz, \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az, f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8u\u02d0vz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n sw\u02c8\u0254lo\u028a."}, {"text": "The diet mostly consists of small prey that do not move too fast such as beetles, caterpillars, earthworms and spiders.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t m\u02c8o\u028astli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6st s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz, k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025ap\u02cc\u026al\u025az, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8w\u025c\u02d0mz \u00e6nd sp\u02c8a\u026ad\u025az."}, {"text": "The sirens (Siren spp.) often ingest aquatic plant material with the invertebrates on which they feed and a Brazilian tree frog (Xenohyla truncata) includes a large quantity of fruit in its diet.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nz s\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259n \u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak pl\u02c8\u00e6nt m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00e6nd \u0250 b\u0279\u00e6z\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 z\u02c8\u025bno\u028ah\u02cc\u026al\u0259 t\u0279\u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t \u026an \u026ats d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t."}, {"text": "The Mexican burrowing toad (Rhinophrynus dorsalis) has a specially adapted tongue for picking up ants and termites.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u02c8o\u028ad \u0279\u02c8a\u026an\u0259f\u0279\u02cc\u026an\u0259s do\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liz h\u0250z \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u028c\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u02c8\u00e6nts \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats."}, {"text": "It projects it with the tip foremost whereas other frogs flick out the rear part first, their tongues being hinged at the front.", "phonemes": "\u026at p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkts \u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026ap f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mo\u028ast w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z fl\u02c8\u026ak \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u028c\u014bz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u026and\u0292d \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt."}, {"text": "Frogs have been caught on fish hooks baited with red flannel and green frogs (Rana clamitans) have been found with stomachs full of elm seeds that they had seen floating past.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z h\u0250vb\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 h\u02c8\u028aks b\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd fl\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6m\u026at\u0259nz h\u0250vb\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8\u028cm\u0259kz f\u02c8\u028al \u028cv \u02c8\u025blm s\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d s\u02c8i\u02d0n fl\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u00e6st."}, {"text": "This response is mostly secondary because salamanders have been observed to remain stationary near odoriferous prey but only feed if it moves.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns \u026az m\u02c8o\u028astli s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az h\u0250vb\u026an \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02cco\u028ad\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u026af \u026at m\u02c8u\u02d0vz."}, {"text": "Some salamanders seem to have learned to recognize immobile prey when it has no smell, even in complete darkness.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259 h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az \u026am\u02c8o\u028aba\u026al p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a w\u025bn \u026at h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a sm\u02c8\u025bl, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026an k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kn\u0259s."}, {"text": "The base and crown of these are composed of dentine separated by an uncalcified layer and they are replaced at intervals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv d\u02c8\u025bnti\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250n \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6ls\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u026ant\u025av\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Salamanders, caecilians and some frogs have one or two rows of teeth in both jaws, but some frogs (Rana spp.)", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z h\u00e6v w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u028cv t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 \u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) is typical of the frogs and salamanders that hide under cover ready to ambush unwary invertebrates.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026ast\u02c8o\u028am\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u0279\u026an\u0259m \u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6mb\u028a\u0283 \u028cnw\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats."}, {"text": "toads, actively search for prey, while the Argentine horned frog (Ceratophrys ornata) lures inquisitive prey closer by raising its hind feet over its back and vibrating its yellow toes.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8o\u028adz, \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026avli s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259nt\u02cca\u026an h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nd f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0f\u0279iz \u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8\u028a\u0279z \u026a\u014bkw\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b \u026ats h\u02c8a\u026and f\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u026ats b\u02c8\u00e6k \u00e6nd v\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026ats j\u02c8\u025blo\u028a t\u02c8o\u028az."}, {"text": "Among leaf litter frogs in Panama, frogs that actively hunt prey have narrow mouths and are slim, often brightly coloured and toxic, while ambushers have wide mouths and are broad and well-camouflaged.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b l\u02c8i\u02d0f l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0, f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026avli h\u02c8\u028cnt p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a h\u00e6v n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a m\u02c8a\u028a\u00f0z \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8\u026am, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8a\u026atli k\u02c8\u028cl\u025ad \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6mb\u028a\u0283\u025az h\u00e6v w\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02c8a\u028a\u00f0z \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025blk\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259fl\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0292d."}, {"text": "Caecilians do not flick their tongues, but catch their prey by grabbing it with their slightly backward-pointing teeth.", "phonemes": "ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t fl\u02c8\u026ak \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u028c\u014bz, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a ba\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u014b \u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sl\u02c8a\u026atli b\u02c8\u00e6kw\u025adp\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u026a\u014b t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "The struggles of the prey and further jaw movements work it inwards and the caecilian usually retreats into its burrow.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u026anw\u025adz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bt\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u026ats b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "When this is exhausted some move on to feed on bacteria, algal crusts, detritus and raspings from submerged plants.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u1d7bd s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u02cc\u0254n t\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02cc\u0254n b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u028csts, d\u1d7bt\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6sp\u026a\u014bz f\u0279\u028cm s\u0259bm\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d pl\u02c8\u00e6nts."}, {"text": "Water is drawn in through their mouths, which are usually at the bottom of their heads, and passes through branchial food traps between their mouths and their gills where fine particles are trapped in mucus and filtered out.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u026an \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8a\u028a\u00f0z, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bdz, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u0259l f\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ps b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8a\u028a\u00f0z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u026alz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6pt \u026an mj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259s \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026alt\u025ad \u02c8a\u028at."}, {"text": "They scrape and bite food of many kinds as well as stirring up the bottom sediment, filtering out larger particles with the papillae around their mouths.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a sk\u0279\u02c8e\u026ap \u00e6nd b\u02c8a\u026at f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8a\u026andz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m s\u02c8\u025bd\u026am\u0259nt, f\u02c8\u026alt\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6p\u026al\u02cci\u02d0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8a\u028a\u00f0z."}, {"text": "Some, such as the spadefoot toads, have strong biting jaws and are carnivorous or even cannibalistic.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026adf\u028at t\u02c8o\u028adz, h\u00e6v st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n k\u02cc\u00e6n\u026ab\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak."}, {"text": "The calls made by caecilians and salamanders are limited to occasional soft squeaks, grunts or hisses and have not been much studied.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u0254ft skw\u02c8i\u02d0ks, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u028cnts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cc\u026an m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 st\u02c8\u028cdid."}, {"text": "A clicking sound sometimes produced by caecilians may be a means of orientation, as in bats, or a form of communication.", "phonemes": "\u0250 kl\u02c8\u026ak\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u028and s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv \u02cco\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u026an b\u02c8\u00e6ts, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Most salamanders are considered voiceless, but the California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus) has vocal cords and can produce a rattling or barking sound.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad v\u02c8\u0254\u026asl\u0259s, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a d\u02c8\u026ak\u0250mpt\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259n \u025bns\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s h\u0250z v\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz \u00e6nd k\u00e6n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "Frogs are much more vocal, especially during the breeding season when they use their voices to attract mates.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u0254\u026as\u1d7bz t\u028a \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt m\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "The presence of a particular species in an area may be more easily discerned by its characteristic call than by a fleeting glimpse of the animal itself.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0zili d\u026as\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd ba\u026a \u026ats k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0250n ba\u026a \u0250 fl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0261l\u02c8\u026amps \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "In most species, the sound is produced by expelling air from the lungs over the vocal cords into an air sac or sacs in the throat or at the corner of the mouth.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028and \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u00e6k \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u00e6ks \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "This may distend like a balloon and acts as a resonator, helping to transfer the sound to the atmosphere, or the water at times when the animal is submerged.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8e\u026a d\u026ast\u02c8\u025bnd l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250 b\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kts \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a, h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026amz w\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u026az s\u0259bm\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d."}, {"text": "The main vocalisation is the male's loud advertisement call which seeks to both encourage a female to approach and discourage other males from intruding on its territory.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an v\u02cco\u028ak\u0259l\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026alz l\u02c8a\u028ad \u02cc\u00e6dv\u025at\u02c8a\u026azm\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0250 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al t\u028a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 \u00e6nd d\u026ask\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8e\u026alz f\u0279\u028cm \u026ant\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i."}, {"text": "This call is modified to a quieter courtship call on the approach of a female or to a more aggressive version if a male intruder draws near.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad t\u028a \u0250 kw\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027e\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u026ap k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u026af \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026al \u026ant\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u025a d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z n\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Other calls include those given by a female in response to the advertisement call and a release call given by a male or female during unwanted attempts at amplexus.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0o\u028az \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a \u0250 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al \u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6dv\u025at\u02c8a\u026azm\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cnw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts \u00e6\u027e \u00e6mpl\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s."}, {"text": "The usually nocturnal Cuban tree frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) produces a rain call when there is rainfall during daylight hours.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li n\u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l kj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u026al\u0259s s\u02cc\u025bpt\u0259nt\u0279\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u025bn \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u0254\u02d0l d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u02c8e\u026ala\u026at \u02c8a\u028a\u025az."}, {"text": "Little is known of the territorial behaviour of caecilians, but some frogs and salamanders defend home ranges.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279 \u028cv ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd h\u02c8o\u028am \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Males normally exhibit such behaviour though in some species, females and even juveniles are also involved.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8e\u026alz n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026at s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n\u02cca\u026alz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd."}, {"text": "Although in many frog species, females are larger than males, this is not the case in most species where males are actively involved in territorial defence.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0250n m\u02c8e\u026alz, \u00f0\u026as \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026alz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026avli \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns."}, {"text": "Some of these have specific adaptations such as enlarged teeth for biting or spines on the chest, arms or thumbs.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z h\u00e6v sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u025bnl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8a\u026anz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bst, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u028cmz."}, {"text": "In salamanders, defence of a territory involves adopting an aggressive posture and if necessary attacking the intruder.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az, d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns \u0259v\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av p\u02c8\u0254st\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u026af n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u025a."}, {"text": "91% of marked individuals that were later recaptured were within a metre (yard) of their original daytime retreat under a log or rock.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad w\u025c\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a j\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026ata\u026am \u0279\u1d7bt\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u0261 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k."}, {"text": "A similar proportion, when moved experimentally a distance of , found their way back to their home base.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025bn m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li \u0250 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv , f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026a b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8o\u028am b\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "The salamanders left odour marks around their territories which averaged  in size and were sometimes inhabited by a male and female pair.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az l\u02c8\u025bft \u02c8o\u028ad\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292d \u026an s\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al p\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "Much of their behaviour seemed stereotyped and did not involve any actual contact between individuals.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0md st\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028ata\u026apt \u00e6nd d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz."}, {"text": "An aggressive posture involved raising the body off the ground and glaring at the opponent who often turned away submissively.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av p\u02c8\u0254st\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6nd \u0261l\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026as\u026avli."}, {"text": "If the intruder persisted, a biting lunge was usually launched at either the tail region or the naso-labial grooves.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u025a p\u025as\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd, \u0250 b\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0292 w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u00e6\u027e \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026al \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0so\u028al\u02c8e\u026ab\u026a\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vz."}, {"text": "Damage to either of these areas can reduce the fitness of the rival, either because of the need to regenerate tissue or because it impairs its ability to detect food.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292 t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0279i\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u026ats \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt f\u02c8u\u02d0d."}, {"text": "In frogs, male territorial behaviour is often observed at breeding locations; calling is both an announcement of ownership of part of this resource and an advertisement call to potential mates.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, m\u02c8e\u026al t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6t b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz; k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u026az b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250n \u0250n\u02c8a\u028ansm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8o\u028an\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6dv\u025at\u02c8a\u026azm\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "In general, a deeper voice represents a heavier and more powerful individual, and this may be sufficient to prevent intrusion by smaller males.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u0250 d\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u026ant\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n ba\u026a sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a m\u02c8e\u026alz."}, {"text": "Much energy is used in the vocalization and it takes a toll on the territory holder who may be displaced by a fitter rival if he tires.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02cco\u028ak\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026at t\u02c8e\u026aks \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028al \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i h\u02c8o\u028ald\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u0250 f\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u026af hi\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "There is a tendency for males to tolerate the holders of neighbouring territories while vigorously attacking unknown intruders.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026alz t\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028ald\u025az \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz w\u02cca\u026al v\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259sli \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an \u026ant\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u025az."}, {"text": "Holders of territories have a \"home advantage\" and usually come off better in an encounter between two similar-sized frogs.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8o\u028ald\u025az \u028cv t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz h\u00e6v \u02c8e\u026a \"h\u02c8o\u028am \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292\" \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li k\u02c8\u028cm \u02c8\u0254f b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250n \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025as\u02c8a\u026azd f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z."}, {"text": "Fighting methods include pushing and shoving, deflating the opponent's vocal sac, seizing him by the head, jumping on his back, biting, chasing, splashing, and ducking him under the water.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u028cv\u026a\u014b, di\u02d0fl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts v\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6k, s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cmp\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az b\u02c8\u00e6k, b\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, t\u0283\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b, spl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028ck\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Snakes have been observed yawning and gaping when trying to swallow African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis), which gives the frogs an opportunity to escape.", "phonemes": "sn\u02c8e\u026aks h\u0250vb\u026an \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8e\u026ap\u026a\u014b w\u025bn t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 sw\u02c8\u0254lo\u028a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z z\u02c8\u025bno\u028ap\u0259s l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026as, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u0250n \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei t\u028a \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap."}, {"text": "Caecilians have been little studied in this respect, but the Cayenne caecilian (Typhlonectes compressicauda) produces toxic mucus that has killed predatory fish in a feeding experiment in Brazil.", "phonemes": "ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz h\u0250vb\u026an l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdid \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 ke\u026a\u02c8\u025bn ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026aflo\u028an\u0259kts k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026ak\u02cc\u0254\u02d0d\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak mj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259s \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250z k\u02c8\u026ald p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt \u026an b\u0279\u0250z\u02c8\u026al."}, {"text": "The rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) from North America and other members of its genus contain the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX), the most toxic non-protein substance known and almost identical to that produced by pufferfish.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cfsk\u02c8\u026and n\u02c8u\u02d0t t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026at\u0283\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6nu\u02d0l\u02c8o\u028as\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv \u026ats d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028at\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026an t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259ks\u02cc\u026an t\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bks, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0np\u0279\u02c8o\u028ati\u02d0n s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a p\u02c8\u028cf\u025af\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "Handling the newts does not cause harm, but ingestion of even the most minute amounts of the skin is deadly.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0ts d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast m\u02c8\u026an\u026at \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026an \u026az d\u02c8\u025bdli."}, {"text": "The only predators with some tolerance to the poison are certain populations of common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a sn\u02c8e\u026ak \u03b8\u00e6mn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026az s\u025c\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liz."}, {"text": "In locations where both snake and salamander co-exist, the snakes have developed immunity through genetic changes and they feed on the amphibians with impunity.", "phonemes": "\u026an lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 sn\u02c8e\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a k\u02c8o\u028a\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast, \u00f0\u0259 sn\u02c8e\u026aks h\u00e6v d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u026amj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ampj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Coevolution occurs with the newt increasing its toxic capabilities at the same rate as the snake further develops its immunity.", "phonemes": "k\u02cco\u028a\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0t \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u026ats t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak k\u02cce\u026ap\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 sn\u02c8e\u026ak f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259ps \u026ats \u026amj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Some frogs and toads are toxic, the main poison glands being at the side of the neck and under the warts on the back.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u00e6nd t\u02c8o\u028adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bk \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k."}, {"text": "These regions are presented to the attacking animal and their secretions may be foul-tasting or cause various physical or neurological symptoms.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028alt\u02c8e\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ampt\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Altogether, over 200 toxins have been isolated from the limited number of amphibian species that have been investigated.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a, \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026anz h\u0250vb\u026an \u02c8a\u026as\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250vb\u026an \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "These warning colours tend to be red or yellow combined with black, with the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) being an example.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cl\u025az t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259bi \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8\u025blo\u028a k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 bl\u02c8\u00e6k, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0279\u0259 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l."}, {"text": "Once a predator has sampled one of these, it is likely to remember the colouration next time it encounters a similar animal.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cns \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025a h\u0250z s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259ld w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u026a\u027e \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u028cl\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u02c8a\u026am \u026a\u027e \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l."}, {"text": "In some species, such as the fire-bellied toad (Bombina spp.), the warning colouration is on the belly and these animals adopt a defensive pose when attacked, exhibiting their bright colours to the predator.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025ab\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad t\u02c8o\u028ad b\u0259mb\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 \u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0., \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u028cl\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bli \u00e6nd \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u0250 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns\u026av p\u02c8o\u028az w\u025bn \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6kt, \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8a\u026at k\u02c8\u028cl\u025az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "The frog Allobates zaparo is not poisonous, but mimics the appearance of other toxic species in its locality, a strategy that may deceive predators.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259b\u02cce\u026ats z\u00e6p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n\u0259s, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8\u026am\u026aks \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026an \u026ats lo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8e\u026a d\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "Many amphibians are nocturnal and hide during the day, thereby avoiding diurnal predators that hunt by sight.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026ad d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279b\u02c8a\u026a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026a\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u028cnt ba\u026a s\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "Some salamanders adopt defensive poses when faced by a potential predator such as the North American northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda).", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns\u026av p\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz w\u025bn f\u02c8e\u026asd ba\u026a \u0250 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tt\u02c8e\u026ald \u0283\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 bl\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u026ak\u02cc\u0254\u02d0d\u0259."}, {"text": "Their bodies writhe and they raise and lash their tails which makes it difficult for the predator to avoid contact with their poison-producing granular glands.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u00f0 \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026alz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026aks \u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025a t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259np\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nj\u028al\u025a \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz."}, {"text": "A few salamanders will autotomise their tails when attacked, sacrificing this part of their anatomy to enable them to escape.", "phonemes": "\u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az w\u026al \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028at\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ma\u026az \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026alz w\u025bn \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6kt, s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi t\u028a \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u028a \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap."}, {"text": "Some frogs and toads inflate themselves to make themselves look large and fierce, and some spadefoot toads (Pelobates spp) scream and leap towards the attacker.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u00e6nd t\u02c8o\u028adz \u026anfl\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz l\u02c8\u028ak l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0279s, \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8e\u026adf\u028at t\u02c8o\u028adz p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u02cce\u026ats \u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0p t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u025a."}, {"text": "Giant salamanders of the genus Andrias, as well as Ceratophrine and Pyxicephalus frogs possess sharp teeth and are capable of drawing blood with a defensive bite.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259z, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0f\u0279i\u02d0n \u00e6nd p\u02c8a\u026aksa\u026asf\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259s f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b bl\u02c8\u028cd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns\u026av b\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "The blackbelly salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) can bite an attacking common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) two or three times its size on the head and often manages to escape.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6kb\u025bli s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a d\u02c8\u025bzm\u0259\u0261n\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u0259s kw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0279\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6kj\u028al\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259s k\u00e6n b\u02c8a\u026at \u0250n \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a sn\u02c8e\u026ak \u03b8\u00e6mn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026az s\u025c\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liz t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz \u026ats s\u02c8a\u026az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz t\u028a \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap."}, {"text": "In amphibians, there is evidence of habituation, associative learning through both classical and instrumental learning, and discrimination abilities.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv h\u02cc\u00e6b\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250s\u02c8o\u028asi\u0259t\u02cc\u026av l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd d\u026ask\u0279\u02cc\u026am\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz."}, {"text": "In one experiment, when offered live fruit flies (Drosophila virilis), salamanders chose the larger of 1 vs 2 and 2 vs 3.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt, w\u02cc\u025bn \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad l\u02c8a\u026av f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t fl\u02c8a\u026az d\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u02c8\u026al\u0259 v\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026aliz, s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Frogs can distinguish between low numbers (1 vs 2, 2 vs 3, but not 3 vs 4) and large numbers (3 vs 6, 4 vs 8, but not 4 vs 6) of prey.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z k\u00e6n d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8u\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u026aks, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8e\u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u026aks \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "This is irrespective of other characteristics, i.e. surface area, volume, weight and movement, although discrimination among large numbers may be based on surface area.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u026a\u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m, w\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a d\u026ask\u0279\u02cc\u026am\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Dramatic declines in amphibian populations, including population crashes and mass localized extinction, have been noted since the late 1980s from locations all over the world, and amphibian declines are thus perceived to be one of the most critical threats to global biodiversity.", "phonemes": "d\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026anz \u026an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6s l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n, h\u0250vb\u026an n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z f\u0279\u028cm lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00e6nd \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025bts t\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ada\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "In 2004, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reported stating that currently birds, mammals, and amphibians extinction rates were at minimum 48 times greater than natural extinction rates\u2014possibly 1,024 times higher.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a \u02c8\u026a\u028ck\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8a\u026amz \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats\u2014p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026amz h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "In 2006, there were believed to be 4,035 species of amphibians that depended on water at some stage during their life cycle.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259bi f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t s\u02cc\u028cm st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026af s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l."}, {"text": "Of these, 1,356 (33.6%) were considered to be threatened and this figure is likely to be an underestimate because it excludes 1,427 species for which there was insufficient data to assess their status.", "phonemes": "\u028cv \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z, w\u02c8\u028cn,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329d \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279 \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259bi \u0250n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259t b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0dz w\u02c8\u028cn,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u026ans\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s."}, {"text": "A number of causes are believed to be involved, including habitat destruction and modification, over-exploitation, pollution, introduced species, global warming, endocrine-disrupting pollutants, destruction of the ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation has shown to be especially damaging to the skin, eyes, and eggs of amphibians), and diseases like chytridiomycosis.", "phonemes": "\u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259bi \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6t d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u025bkspl\u0254\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b, \u02c8\u025bndo\u028ak\u0279\u02cca\u026and\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u026a\u014b p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0259nts, d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028azo\u028an l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a \u02cc\u028alt\u0279\u0250v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u026at \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z \u0283\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259bi \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026an, \u02c8a\u026az, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz, \u00e6nd d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz l\u02c8a\u026ak t\u0283\u02cca\u026at\u0279\u026ad\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u02c8o\u028as\u026as."}, {"text": "However, many of the causes of amphibian declines are still poorly understood, and are a topic of ongoing discussion.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al p\u02c8\u028a\u0279li \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261o\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The loss of carnivorous species near the top of the food chain will upset the delicate ecosystem balance and may cause dramatic increases in opportunistic species.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv k\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259s sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an w\u026al \u028cps\u02c8\u025bt \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u0259t \u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028as\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z d\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026an \u0251\u02d0p\u025atu\u02d0n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The western terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis elegans) in California is largely aquatic and depends heavily on two species of frog that are decreasing in numbers, the Yosemite toad (Bufo canorus) and the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa), putting the snake's future at risk.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a sn\u02c8e\u026ak \u03b8\u00e6mn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026az \u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0261\u0259nz \u026an k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 \u026az l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz h\u02c8\u025bvili \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u026an n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 jo\u028as\u02c8\u025bm\u0259\u027ei t\u02c8o\u028ad bj\u02c8u\u02d0fo\u028a k\u02c8\u00e6no\u02d0\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an j\u02c8\u025blo\u028al\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u026ad f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 m\u028csk\u02c8o\u028as\u0259, p\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sn\u02c8e\u026akz fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u026ask."}, {"text": "If the snake were to become scarce, this would affect birds of prey and other predators that feed on it.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 sn\u02c8e\u026ak w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u025b\u0279s, \u00f0\u026as w\u028ad \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254n \u026at."}, {"text": "These normally play an important role in controlling the growth of algae and also forage on detritus that accumulates as sediment on the bottom.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bt\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259s \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0mj\u028al\u02cce\u026ats \u00e6z s\u02c8\u025bd\u026am\u0259nt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m."}, {"text": "A reduction in the number of tadpoles may lead to an overgrowth of algae, resulting in depletion of oxygen in the water when the algae later die and decompose.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u02c8\u00e6dpo\u028alz m\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u028a \u0250n \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an d\u1d7bpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a w\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az."}, {"text": "Aquatic invertebrates and fish might then die and there would be unpredictable ecological consequences.", "phonemes": "\u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 m\u02cca\u026at \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn d\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u028cnp\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u0259b\u0259l \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The decline in amphibian and reptile populations has led to an awareness of the effects of pesticides on reptiles and amphibians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026an \u026an \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026al p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u0250z l\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u0250n \u0250w\u02c8\u025b\u0279n\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz \u00e6nd \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In the past, the argument that amphibians or reptiles were more susceptible to any chemical contamination than any land aquatic vertebrate was not supported by research until recently.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259s\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u028a \u02cc\u025bni k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259nt\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025bni l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026at w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "Amphibians and reptiles have complex life cycles, live in different climate and ecological zones, and are more vulnerable to chemical exposure.", "phonemes": "\u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz h\u00e6v k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks l\u02c8a\u026af s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259lz, l\u02c8\u026av \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l z\u02c8o\u028anz, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a."}, {"text": "Certain pesticides, such as organophosphates, neonicotinoids, and carbamates, react via cholinesterase inhibition.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028af\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfe\u026ats, n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028an\u02cc\u026ak\u0259t\u02cc\u026an\u0254\u026adz, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0250m\u02cce\u026ats, \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0la\u026anst\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026az \u026anh\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Cholinesterase is an enzyme that causes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, an excitatory neurotransmitter that is abundant in the nervous system.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0la\u026anst\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026az \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u025bnza\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6s\u026at\u02cc\u026alk\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0n, \u0250n \u025bks\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259t\u0279\u02cc\u00e6nsm\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "AChE inhibitors are either reversible or irreversible, and carbamates are safer than organophosphorus insecticides, which are more likely to cause cholinergic poisoning.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8i\u02d0 \u026anh\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0250m\u02cce\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8e\u026af\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028af\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfo\u02d0\u0279\u0259s \u02cc\u026ans\u02c8\u025bkt\u026as\u02cca\u026adz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Reptile exposure to an AChE inhibitory pesticide may result in disruption of neural function in reptiles.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026al \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a t\u028a \u0250n \u0250 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8i\u02d0 \u026anh\u02c8\u026ab\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026ad m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026an d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz."}, {"text": "The buildup of these inhibitory effects on motor performance, such as food consumption and other activities.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald\u028cp \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u026anh\u02c8\u026ab\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z f\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "The Amphibian Specialist Group of the IUCN is spearheading efforts to implement a comprehensive global strategy for amphibian conservation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u028ck\u0259n \u026az sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279h\u025bd\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u028a \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279ih\u02c8\u025bns\u026av \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Amphibian Ark is an organization that was formed to implement the ex-situ conservation recommendations of this plan, and they have been working with zoos and aquaria around the world, encouraging them to create assurance colonies of threatened amphibians.", "phonemes": "\u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md t\u028a \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkss\u02c8\u026a\u027eu\u02d0 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u025bnd\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u00f0\u026as pl\u02c8\u00e6n, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a h\u0250vb\u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 z\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u0250kw\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0259\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259ns k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259niz \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329d \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz."}, {"text": "One such project is the Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project that built on existing conservation efforts in Panama to create a country-wide response to the threat of chytridiomycosis.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0 \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025bskju\u02d0 \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8\u026alt \u02cc\u0254n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0 t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iw\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv t\u0283\u02cca\u026at\u0279\u026ad\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u02c8o\u028as\u026as."}, {"text": "In the Middle East, a growing appetite for eating frog legs and the consequent gathering of them for food was already linked to an increase in mosquitoes and thus has direct consequences for human health.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st, \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6p\u026at\u02cca\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259nt \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8u\u02d0d w\u028cz \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi l\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an m\u0259sk\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs h\u0250z d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8."}, {"text": "It borders British Columbia and Yukon in Canada to the east and it shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.", "phonemes": "\u026at b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025az b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259n \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd \u026at \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u0250 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026at\u02cca\u026am b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259z t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0tk\u0259 \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u028c\u0261."}, {"text": "The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283a\u026a \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028af\u0254\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states of Texas, California and Montana combined and is the seventh-largest subnational division in the world.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026at ba\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u0251\u02d0nt\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast s\u028cbn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "It is the third-least populous and most sparsely populated U.S. state, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations of Northern Canada and Greenland.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dl\u02c8i\u02d0st p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u0259s \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279sli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nts m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u0259s t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8o\u028astli n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u0259\u03b8 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n kw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0279u\u02d0p\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nl\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Indigenous people have lived in Alaska for thousands of years, and it is widely believed that the region served as the entry point for the initial settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge.", "phonemes": "\u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u026avd \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az w\u02c8a\u026adli b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lm\u0259nt \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "The Russian Empire was the first to actively colonize the area beginning in the 18th century, eventually establishing Russian America, which spanned most of the current state, and promoted and maintained a native Alaskan Creole population.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026avli k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 sp\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n k\u0279\u026a\u02c8o\u028al p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The expense and logistical difficulty of maintaining this distant possession prompted its sale to the U.S. in 1867 for US$7.2 million (equivalent to $ million in ).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns \u00e6nd l\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti \u028cv me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt p\u0259z\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpt\u1d7bd \u026ats s\u02c8e\u026al t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "The area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11, 1912.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 w\u025bnt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u0250 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8e\u026a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "Abundant natural resources have enabled Alaska\u2014with one of the smallest state economies\u2014to have one of the highest per capita incomes, with commercial fishing, and the extraction of natural gas and oil, dominating Alaska's economy.", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz h\u00e6v \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259\u2014w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026ast st\u02c8e\u026at \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259miz\u2014t\u0259 h\u00e6v w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast p\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cmz, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u026al, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "U.S. Armed Forces bases and tourism also contribute to the economy; more than half the state is federally-owned land containing national forests, national parks, and wildlife refuges.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi; m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n h\u02c8\u00e6f \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259li\u02c8o\u028and l\u02c8\u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts, n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks, \u00e6nd w\u02c8a\u026aldla\u026af \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "It is among the most irreligious states, one of the first to legalize recreational marijuana, and is known for its libertarian-leaning political culture, generally supporting the Republican Party in national elections.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026a\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s st\u02c8e\u026ats, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026aw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259, \u00e6nd \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats l\u02cc\u026ab\u025at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nl\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u026an n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The Indigenous population of Alaska is proportionally the highest of any U.S. state, at over 15 percent.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6\u027e \u02cco\u028av\u025a f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "Various Indigenous languages are spoken, and Alaskan Natives are influential in local and state politics.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026avz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u026an l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u00e6nd st\u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks."}, {"text": "The name \"Alaska\" () was introduced in the Russian colonial period when it was used to refer to the Alaska Peninsula.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \"\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259\" w\u028cz \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d w\u025bn \u026at w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259."}, {"text": "It was derived from an Aleut-language idiom, , meaning \"the mainland\" or, more literally, \"the object towards which the action of the sea is directed\".", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0tl\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u026ad\u026a\u0259m, , m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259li, \"\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd\"."}, {"text": "Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Linguistic and DNA studies done here have provided evidence for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge.", "phonemes": "l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u00e6nd d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026a st\u02c8\u028cdiz d\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 h\u00e6v p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lm\u0259nt \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "At the Upward Sun River site in the Tanana Valley in Alaska, remains of a six-week-old infant were found.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028cpw\u025ad s\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a s\u02c8a\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6li \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksw\u02c8i\u02d0k\u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8\u026anf\u0259nt w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "The baby's DNA showed that she belonged to a population that was genetically separate from other native groups present elsewhere in the New World at the end of the Pleistocene.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026abiz d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026a \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283i\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bd t\u028a \u0250 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u02c8\u025blsw\u025b\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u025bsto\u028as\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Ben Potter, the University of Alaska Fairbanks archaeologist who unearthed the remains at the Upward Sun River site in 2013, named this new group Ancient Beringians.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025bn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u028cn\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8t \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028cpw\u025ad s\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a s\u02c8a\u026at \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u026as n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt b\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261i\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The Tlingit people developed a society with a matrilineal kinship system of property inheritance and descent in what is today Southeast Alaska, along with parts of British Columbia and the Yukon.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u026at p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026al\u02cc\u026ani\u0259l k\u02c8\u026an\u0283\u026ap s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u026anh\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u0259ns \u00e6nd d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an w\u028ct \u026az t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Tsimshian people came to Alaska from British Columbia in 1887, when President Grover Cleveland, and later the U.S. Congress, granted them permission to settle on Annette Island and found the town of Metlakatla.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ts\u02c8\u026am\u0283i\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026am t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025bn p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028av\u025a kl\u02c8i\u02d0vl\u0259nd, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm p\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n \u00e6n\u02c8\u025bt \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u028an \u028cv m\u02c8\u025btl\u0250k\u02cc\u00e6tl\u0259."}, {"text": "All three of these peoples, as well as other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, experienced smallpox outbreaks from the late 18th through the mid-19th century, with the most devastating epidemics occurring in the 1830s and 1860s, resulting in high fatalities and social disruption.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst k\u02c8o\u028ast, \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259nst sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lp\u0251\u02d0ks \u02c8a\u028atb\u0279e\u026aks f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u02c8\u025bv\u1d7bst\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025bp\u026ad\u02c8\u025bm\u026aks \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an h\u02c8a\u026a fe\u026at\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by the Russians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0t p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz s\u02c8i\u02d0f\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259nz t\u0259bi \u025bkspl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq live in what is now Southcentral Alaska.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u00e6nd sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0p\u026ak, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u028cz\u0259nz \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u02cc\u026ak t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u0261p\u026a\u02cc\u00e6k l\u02c8\u026av \u026an w\u028ct \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8s\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259."}, {"text": "The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261w\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u026an p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02cc\u00e6sk\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ab\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l w\u02c8a\u026aldla\u026af \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292."}, {"text": "According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u0259n d\u02c8\u025b\u0292n\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0vz \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8e\u026am \u0250\u0283\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 ba\u026a st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin, who had visited Alaska in 1764\u20131765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River, populated by \"bearded men\" who \"pray to the icons\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ni \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283a\u026a d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026a d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0259k\u02cc\u026an, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 kj\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u02c8a\u026a \"b\u02c8\u026a\u0279d\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025bn\" h\u02c8u\u02d0 \"p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026ak\u0251\u02d0nz\"."}, {"text": "The first European vessel to reach Alaska is generally held to be the St. Gabriel under the authority of the surveyor M. S. Gvozdev and assistant navigator I. Fyodorov on August 21, 1732, during an expedition of Siberian Cossack A. F. Shestakov and Russian explorer Dmitry Pavlutsky (1729\u20131735).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n v\u02c8\u025bs\u0259l t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li h\u02c8\u025bld t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259nt. \u0261\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bm. \u02c8\u025bs. d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zd\u025bv \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt n\u02c8\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a. f\u02c8a\u026ao\u028ad\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv sa\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u00e6k \u02c8e\u026a. \u02c8\u025bf. \u0283\u02c8\u025bst\u0250k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u025a d\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0279i p\u00e6vl\u02c8\u028ctski w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Another European contact with Alaska occurred in 1741, when Vitus Bering led an expedition for the Russian Navy aboard the St. Peter.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02cc\u025bn v\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259s b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025bd \u0250n \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026avi \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259nt. p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "After his crew returned to Russia with sea otter pelts judged to be the finest fur in the world, small associations of fur traders began to sail from the shores of Siberia toward the Aleutian Islands.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u02c8\u025blts d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292d t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u026ast f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026al f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u028cv sa\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259 t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz."}, {"text": "Between 1774 and 1800, Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska to assert its claim over the Pacific Northwest.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, sp\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t \u026ats kl\u02c8e\u026am \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "Later, the Russian-American Company carried out an expanded colonization program during the early-to-mid-19th century.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02c8a\u028at \u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Sitka, renamed New Archangel from 1804 to 1867, on Baranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago in what is now Southeast Alaska, became the capital of Russian America.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026atk\u0259, \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026amd n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0f \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ap\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a \u026an w\u028ct \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "William H. Seward, the 24th United States Secretary of State, negotiated the Alaska Purchase (referred to pejoratively as Seward's Folly) with the Russians in 1867 for $7.2 million.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad, \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at, n\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026as \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 p\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u00e6z s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025adz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259nz \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "Russia's contemporary ruler Tsar Alexander II, the Emperor of the Russian Empire, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland, also planned the sale; the purchase was made on March 30, 1867.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259z k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u025a ts\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a, k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv p\u02c8o\u028al\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u02c8u\u02d0k \u028cv f\u02c8\u026anl\u0259nd, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a pl\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026al; \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026as w\u028cz m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Six months later the commissioners arrived in Sitka and the formal transfer was arranged; the formal flag-raising took place at Fort Sitka on October 18, 1867.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025az \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u026an s\u02c8\u026atk\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d; \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u026atk\u0259 \u02cc\u0254n \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "In the ceremony 250 uniformed U.S. soldiers marched to the governor's house at \"Castle Hill\", where the Russian troops lowered the Russian flag and the U.S. flag was raised.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259ni t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279md j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az h\u02c8a\u028as \u00e6t \"k\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259l h\u02c8\u026al\", w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd."}, {"text": "Alaska was loosely governed by the military initially, and was administered as a district starting in 1884, with a governor appointed by the United States president.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u028cz l\u02c8u\u02d0sli \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025and ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li, \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025ad \u00e6z \u0250 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt."}, {"text": "For most of Alaska's first decade under the United States flag, Sitka was the only community inhabited by American settlers.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u02c8\u025bke\u026ad \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261, s\u02c8\u026atk\u0259 w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8\u025btl\u025az."}, {"text": "They organized a \"provisional city government\", which was Alaska's first municipal government, but not in a legal sense.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8e\u026a \"p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bns."}, {"text": "Legislation allowing Alaskan communities to legally incorporate as cities did not come about until 1900, and home rule for cities was extremely limited or unavailable until statehood took effect in 1959.", "phonemes": "l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259li \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00e6z s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u028cm \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, \u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028am \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz w\u028cz \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cn\u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al st\u02c8e\u026ath\u028ad t\u02c8\u028ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026a\u014b \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn z, \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u1d7bz \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259n t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026an\u025az \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025btl\u025az t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259."}, {"text": "European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries.", "phonemes": "j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279we\u026a \u00e6nd sw\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ld \u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254\u0261\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz."}, {"text": "During World War II, the Aleutian Islands Campaign focused on Attu, Agattu and Kiska, all of which were occupied by the Empire of Japan.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u02cc\u0254n \u0250t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0250t\u02ccu\u02d0 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u026ask\u0259, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "During the Japanese occupation, a white American civilian and two United States Navy personnel were killed at Attu and Kiska respectively, and nearly a total of 50 Aleut civilians and eight sailors were interned in Japan.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026at \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats n\u02c8e\u026avi p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u026ald \u00e6\u027e \u0250t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u026ask\u025a \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli, \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv f\u02c8\u026afti \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0t s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8e\u026al\u025az w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u026an d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "Unalaska/Dutch Harbor and Adak became significant bases for the United States Army, United States Army Air Forces and United States Navy.", "phonemes": "\u028cn\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 d\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6k b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi, ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats n\u02c8e\u026avi."}, {"text": "The United States Lend-Lease program involved flying American warplanes through Canada to Fairbanks and then Nome; Soviet pilots took possession of these aircraft, ferrying them to fight the German invasion of the Soviet Union.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats l\u02c8\u025bndl\u02c8i\u02d0s p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd fl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ple\u026anz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8o\u028am; s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ts t\u02c8\u028ak p\u0259z\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft, f\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8e\u026ath\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u028cz \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz w\u02c8\u026ak\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u00e6m \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u026an h\u026az t\u02c8\u025bnj\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 k\u0259\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ath\u028ad m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u0261\u02c8e\u026and \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l mo\u028am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259m f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250 t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bf\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259m \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8e\u026ath\u028ad s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259lz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8o\u028az, m\u02c8o\u028astli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259."}, {"text": "Statehood was approved by the U.S. Congress on July 7, 1958; Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8e\u026ath\u028ad w\u028cz \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at; \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u028cz \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li p\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8e\u026amd \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "On March 27, 1964, the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av \u0261\u02c8\u028ad f\u0279\u02c8a\u026ade\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak k\u02c8\u026ald w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6nd d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz, m\u02c8e\u026anli ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u0259nt tsu\u02d0n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0miz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6ndsla\u026adz."}, {"text": "It was the fourth-most-powerful earthquake in recorded history, with a moment magnitude of 9.2 (more than a thousand times as powerful as the 1989 San Francisco earthquake).", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8m\u02c8o\u028astp\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak \u026an \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nt m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026an.t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00e6z p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an s\u02cc\u00e6n f\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026asko\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak."}, {"text": "The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year (spring) and location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in potentially sparing thousands of lives, particularly in Anchorage.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8a\u026av:\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm, t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bp\u026as\u02cc\u025bnt\u025a w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u026an p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li sp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026avz, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Lasting four minutes and thirty-eight seconds, the magnitude 9.2 megathrust earthquake remains the most powerful earthquake recorded in North American history, and the second most powerful earthquake recorded in world history.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d n\u02c8a\u026an.t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259\u03b8\u0279\u02cc\u028cst \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Soil liquefaction, fissures, landslides, and other ground failures caused major structural damage in several communities and much damage to property.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u0254\u026al l\u02cc\u026akw\u026af\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025az, l\u02c8\u00e6ndsla\u026adz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292 \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei."}, {"text": "Anchorage sustained great destruction or damage to many inadequately earthquake-engineered houses, buildings, and infrastructure (paved streets, sidewalks, water and sewer mains, electrical systems, and other human-made equipment), particularly in the several landslide zones along Knik Arm.  southwest, some areas near Kodiak were permanently raised by .", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026and \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni \u026an\u02c8\u00e6d\u026akw\u0259tli \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak\u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279d h\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz, b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a p\u02c8e\u026avd st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ts, s\u02c8a\u026adw\u0254\u02d0ks, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a m\u02c8e\u026anz, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nm\u02cce\u026ad \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6ndsla\u026ad z\u02c8o\u028anz \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b n\u02c8\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m.  sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst, s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u02cc\u00e6k w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259ntli \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd b\u02c8a\u026a ."}, {"text": "Southeast of Anchorage, areas around the head of Turnagain Arm near Girdwood and Portage dropped as much as , requiring reconstruction and fill to raise the Seward Highway above the new high tide mark.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0250\u0261\u02cce\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dw\u028ad \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ad\u0292 d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u00e6z m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6z , \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026al t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k."}, {"text": "In Prince William Sound, Port Valdez suffered a massive underwater landslide, resulting in the deaths of 32 people between the collapse of the Valdez city harbor and docks, and inside the ship that was docked there at the time.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m s\u02c8a\u028and, p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t v\u02c8\u00e6ld\u025bz s\u02c8\u028cf\u025ad \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av \u02cc\u028cnd\u025aw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6ndsla\u026ad, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8s \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6ps \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6ld\u025bz s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks, \u00e6nd \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026ap \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Nearby, a  tsunami destroyed the village of Chenega, killing 23 of the 68 people who lived there; survivors out-ran the wave, climbing to high ground.", "phonemes": "n\u026a\u0279b\u02c8a\u026a, \u0250 tsu\u02d0n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u025bn\u025b\u0261\u0259, k\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026avd \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279; s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u025az \u02c8a\u028at\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026av, kl\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "Post-quake tsunamis severely affected Whittier, Seward, Kodiak, and other Alaskan communities, as well as people and property in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8o\u028astkw\u02c8e\u026ak tsu\u02d0n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0miz s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279li \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u025a, s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad, k\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u02cc\u00e6k, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259, w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0261\u0259n, \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259."}, {"text": "Alaska had never experienced a major disaster in a highly populated area before, and had very limited resources for dealing with the effects of such an event.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u00e6d n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259nst \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ali p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd h\u00e6d v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250n \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "In Anchorage, at the urging of geologist Lidia Selkregg, the City of Anchorage and the Alaska State Housing Authority appointed a team of 40 scientists, including geologists, soil scientists, and engineers, to assess the damage done by the earthquake to the city.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u028cv d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast l\u02c8\u026adi\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blk\u0279\u025b\u0261, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at h\u02c8a\u028az\u026a\u014b \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd \u0250 t\u02c8i\u02d0m \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts, s\u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292 d\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "The team, called the Engineering and Geological Evaluation Group, was headed by Ruth A. M. Schmidt, a geology professor at the University of Alaska Anchorage.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0m, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u026av\u02cc\u00e6lju\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, w\u028cz h\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a. \u02c8\u025bm. \u0283m\u02c8\u026at, \u0250 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "The team of scientists came into conflict with local developers and downtown business owners who wanted to immediately rebuild; the scientists wanted to identify future dangers to ensure that rebuilt infrastructure would be safe.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0m \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts k\u02c8e\u026am \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u025az \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u028anta\u028an b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s \u02c8o\u028an\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u028a \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026ald; \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025az t\u028a \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026alt \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a w\u028ad bi\u02d0 s\u02c8e\u026af."}, {"text": "The United States military, which has a large active presence in Alaska, also stepped in to assist within moments of the end of the quake.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a st\u02c8\u025bpt \u026an t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8e\u026ak."}, {"text": "The U.S. Army rapidly re-established communications with the lower 48 states, deployed troops to assist the citizens of Anchorage, and dispatched a convoy to Valdez.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at st\u02c8e\u026ats, d\u1d7bpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd d\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u0254\u026a t\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6ld\u025bz."}, {"text": "On the advice of military and civilian leaders, President Lyndon B. Johnson declared all of Alaska a major disaster area the day after the quake.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026as \u028cv m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nd s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az, p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt l\u02c8\u026and\u0259n b\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8e\u026ak."}, {"text": "The U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard deployed ships to isolated coastal communities to assist with immediate needs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. n\u02c8e\u026avi \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. k\u02c8o\u028ast \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d d\u1d7bpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u0283\u02c8\u026aps t\u028a 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\u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bskju\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pt\u025az \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad."}, {"text": "A military airlift immediately began shipping relief supplies to Alaska, eventually delivering  of food and other supplies.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u025b\u0279l\u026aft \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u0283\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026az t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "Broadcast journalist, Genie Chance, assisted in recovery and relief efforts, staying on the KENI air waves over Anchorage for more than 24 continuous hours as the voice of calm from her temporary post within the Anchorage Public Safety Building.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast, d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0ni t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u026an \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats, st\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026avz \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m f\u0279\u028cm h\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8o\u028ast w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02c8e\u026afti b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Chance provided breaking news of the catastrophic events that continued to develop following the magnitude 9.2 earthquake, and she served as the voice of the public safety office, coordinating response efforts, connecting available resources to needs around the community, disseminating information about shelters and prepared food rations, passing messages of well-being between loved ones, and helping to reunite families.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d n\u02c8a\u026an.t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u0283i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02c8e\u026afti \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as, ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats, k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz t\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei, d\u026as\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0283\u02c8\u025blt\u025az \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259nz, p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv w\u02c8\u025blb\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8\u028cvd w\u02cc\u028cnz, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026at f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz."}, {"text": "In the longer term, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers led the effort to rebuild roads, clear debris, and establish new townsites for communities that had been completely destroyed, at a cost of $110 million.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279z l\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bf\u025at t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026ald \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz, kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 d\u0259b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283 n\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u028ansa\u026ats f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250db\u026an k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026ad, \u00e6\u027e\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "Federal disaster relief funds paid for reconstruction as well as financially supporting the devastated infrastructure of Alaska's government, spending hundreds of millions of dollars that helped keep Alaska financially solvent until the discovery of massive oil deposits at Prudhoe Bay.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f f\u02c8\u028cndz p\u02c8e\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259li s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bv\u1d7bst\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt, sp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u025blpt k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259li s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u0259nt \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u026al d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8\u028cdho\u028a b\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "At the order of the U.S. Defense Department, the Alaska National Guard founded the Alaska Division of Emergency Services to respond to any future disasters.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt, \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd t\u028a \u02cc\u025bni fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az."}, {"text": "The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System led to an oil boom.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8\u028cdho\u028a b\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026apla\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m l\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u026al b\u02c8u\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Tourism became popular after World War II, when military personnel stationed in the region returned home praising its natural splendor.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02cc\u025bn m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd h\u02c8o\u028am p\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b \u026ats n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l spl\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a."}, {"text": "The Alcan Highway, built during the war, and the Alaska Marine Highway System, completed in 1963, made the state more accessible than before.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u00e6n h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a, b\u02c8\u026alt d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6ks\u02c8\u025bs\u0259b\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Tourism became increasingly important in Alaska, and today over 1.4 million people visit the state each year.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, \u00e6nd t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l v\u02c8\u026az\u026at \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) of 1980 added 53.7 million acres (217,000\u00a0km2) to the National Wildlife Refuge system, parts of 25 rivers to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers system, 3.3 million acres (13,000\u00a0km2) to National Forest lands, and 43.6 million acres (176,000\u00a0km2) to National Park land.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst l\u02c8\u00e6ndz k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kt \u02c8\u00e6n\u026alk\u0259 \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ak\u025az t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l w\u02c8a\u026aldla\u026af \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l w\u02c8a\u026ald \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025az s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ak\u025az \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast l\u02c8\u00e6ndz, \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ak\u025az w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in the Prince William Sound, spilling more than  of crude oil over  of coastline.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bks\u0251\u02d0n v\u02c8\u00e6ld\u025bz h\u02c8\u026at \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m s\u02c8a\u028and, sp\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8o\u028astla\u026an."}, {"text": "Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and the proposed Pebble Mine.", "phonemes": "t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fiz \u028cv d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259s d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026at \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al d\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l w\u02c8a\u026aldla\u026af \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd p\u02c8\u025bb\u0259l m\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Located at the northwest corner of North America, Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States, but also has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere.", "phonemes": "lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025anm\u02cco\u028ast \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst\u025anm\u02cco\u028ast st\u02c8e\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025ali l\u02c8\u0254nd\u0292\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an h\u02c8\u025bm\u026asf\u02cc\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about  of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u0254n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259; \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n."}, {"text": "It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is not usually included in the colloquial use of the term; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called \"the Lower 48\".", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026akli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs., b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028akw\u026a\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m; \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs., \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at\"."}, {"text": "The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0no\u028a, \u026az s\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The state is bordered by Canada's Yukon and British Columbia to the east (making it the only state to only border a Canadian territory); the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean to the south and southwest; the Bering Sea, Bering Strait, and Chukchi Sea to the west; and the Arctic Ocean to the north.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad ba\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259z j\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259n \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli st\u02c8e\u026at t\u028a \u02c8o\u028anli b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u0250 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i; \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028clf \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6nd sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst; \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0, b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283a\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst; \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8."}, {"text": "Alaska's territorial waters touch Russia's territorial waters in the Bering Strait, as the Russian Big Diomede Island and Alaskan Little Diomede Island are only  apart.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259z t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u026a\u0261 d\u026a\u02c8o\u028amd \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l d\u026a\u02c8o\u028amd \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Alaska is more than twice the size of the second-largest U.S. state (Texas), and it is larger than the next three largest states (Texas, California, and Montana) combined.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n tw\u02c8a\u026as \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s, \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast st\u02c8e\u026ats t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, \u00e6nd m\u0251\u02d0nt\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and."}, {"text": "If it was an independent nation would be the 18th largest country in the world, almost the same size as Iran.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u026at w\u028cz \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am s\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6z \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "Unimak Island, for example, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to  above the North Pacific.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cn\u026am\u02c8\u00e6k \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026az h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028ant \u0283\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0250ld\u02cc\u026an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u0250n \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259li sm\u02c8o\u028ald\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b v\u0251\u02d0lk\u02c8e\u026ano\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz t\u028a \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak."}, {"text": "Geologists have identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia, a large region consisting of multiple states and Canadian provinces in the Pacific Northwest, which is actively undergoing continent building.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0279e\u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bli\u0259, \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026avli \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "One of the world's largest tides occurs in Turnagain Arm, just south of Anchorage, where tidal differences can be more than .", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast t\u02c8a\u026adz \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0250\u0261\u02cce\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n ."}, {"text": "There are no officially defined borders demarcating the various regions of Alaska, but there are five/six regions that the state is most commonly broken up into:", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025az d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ke\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026av sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 s\u02c8\u026aks \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u02c8\u028cp \u02cc\u026ant\u028a:"}, {"text": "The most populous region of Alaska, containing Anchorage, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley and the Kenai Peninsula.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u0259s \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0250n\u02cc\u028csk\u0259s\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026atn\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6li \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bna\u026a p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259."}, {"text": "Rural, mostly unpopulated areas south of the Alaska Range and west of the Wrangell Mountains also fall within the definition of South Central, as do the Prince William Sound area and the communities of Cordova and Valdez.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l, m\u02c8o\u028astli \u028cnp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025bl m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l, \u00e6z d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m s\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv k\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u00e6ld\u025bz."}, {"text": "Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, this is the region of Alaska closest to the contiguous states.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6nh\u00e6nd\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292, \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028as\u026ast t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "As such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283, \u00f0\u026as w\u028cz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lm\u0259nt \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026as."}, {"text": "The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u026az d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ap\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u00e6s n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "It contains the state capital Juneau, the former capital Sitka, and Ketchikan, at one time Alaska's largest city.", "phonemes": "\u026at k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0no\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u026atk\u0259, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026ak\u0259n, \u00e6t w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8a\u026am \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "The Alaska Marine Highway provides a vital surface transportation link throughout the area and country, as only three communities (Haines, Hyder and Skagway) enjoy direct connections to the contiguous North American road system.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u0250 v\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u00e6z \u02c8o\u028anli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz h\u02c8e\u026anz, h\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd sk\u02c8\u00e6\u0261we\u026a \u025bnd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve\u2013Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats m\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u028cdho\u028a b\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026al f\u02c8i\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "The city of Utqia\u0121vik, formerly known as Barrow, is the northernmost city in the United States and is located here.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u028ctk\u026a\u02cc\u00e6\u0261v\u026ak, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025ali n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025anm\u02cco\u028ast s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd \u026az lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotzebue and also containing the Kobuk River valley, is often regarded as being part of this region.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025ad ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u028ck \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a v\u02c8\u00e6li, \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "However, the respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arctic seldom consider themselves to be one people.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u026anj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u026a\u02cc\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 sl\u02c8o\u028ap \u00e6nd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bld\u0259m k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "Portions of the Alaska Peninsula are considered part of the Southwest, with the Aleutian Islands often (but not always) being grouped in as well.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pt \u026an \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "While primarily part of Southwest Alaska when grouped economically, the Aleutian islands are sometimes recognized as an alternate group from the rest of the region due to the geographic separation from the continent.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u025bn \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pt \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026akli, \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u0250n \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt."}, {"text": "More than 300 small volcanic islands make up this chain, which stretches more than  into the Pacific Ocean.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l v\u0251\u02d0lk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz m\u02cce\u026ak \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u026as t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u1d7bz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Some of these islands fall in the Eastern Hemisphere, but the International Date Line was drawn west of 180\u00b0 to keep the whole state, and thus the entire North American continent, within the same legal day.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an h\u02c8\u025bm\u026asf\u02cc\u026a\u0279, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8a\u026an w\u028cz d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n w\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "According to an October 1998 report by the United States Bureau of Land Management, approximately 65% of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal government as public lands, including a multitude of national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250n \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats bj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt, \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az \u02c8o\u028and \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u00e6z p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6ndz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u028clt\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts, n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l w\u02c8a\u026aldla\u026af \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Of the remaining land area, the state of Alaska owns , its entitlement under the Alaska Statehood Act.", "phonemes": "\u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8o\u028anz , \u026ats \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lm\u0259nt \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ath\u028ad \u02c8\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "A portion of that acreage is occasionally ceded to the organized boroughs presented above, under the statutory provisions pertaining to newly formed boroughs.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8e\u026ak\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u026az \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259li s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028az p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0259b\u02c8\u028cv, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz p\u025at\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028az."}, {"text": "The University of Alaska, as a land grant university, also owns substantial acreage which it manages independently.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8o\u028anz s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ak\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026at m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "Another  are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028and ba\u026a tw\u02c8\u025blv \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l, \u00e6nd sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u028cv l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l, n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av kl\u02c8e\u026amz s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lm\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6kt \u02c8\u00e6\u014bks\u0259 \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other communications.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0251\u02d0n, l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028ats \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t l\u02c8\u00e6ndo\u028an\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025at\u02cca\u026azm\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u014bks\u0259 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz l\u02c8\u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014bz t\u0259bi s\u02c8o\u028ald \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0ld b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a k\u028ad t\u02c8e\u026ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "Effectively, the corporations hold title (including subsurface title in many cases, a privilege denied to individual Alaskans) but cannot sell the land.", "phonemes": "\u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u02c8o\u028ald t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028cbs\u025af\u02cc\u026as t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u1d7bl\u026ad\u0292 d\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u026ad t\u028a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259nz b\u02cc\u028ct k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u025bl \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Alaska is, by a large margin, the state with the smallest percentage of private land ownership when Native corporation holdings are excluded.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az, ba\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026ast p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028an\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u025bn n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The Alaska Heritage Resources Survey (AHRS) is a restricted inventory of all reported historic and prehistoric sites within the U.S. state of Alaska; it is maintained by the Office of History and Archaeology.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0rz \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u026anv\u0259nt\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02cci\u02d0h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak s\u02c8a\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259; \u026a\u027e \u026az me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "The survey's inventory of cultural resources includes objects, structures, buildings, sites, districts, and travel ways, with a general provision that they are more than fifty years old.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026az \u02c8\u026anv\u0259nt\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts, st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az, b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz, s\u02c8a\u026ats, d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts, \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026az, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8\u026afti j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8o\u028ald."}, {"text": "Alaska is not divided into counties, as most of the other U.S. states, but it is divided into boroughs.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u02c8a\u028antiz, \u00e6z m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026ats, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026a\u027e \u026az d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028az."}, {"text": "Delegates to the Alaska Constitutional Convention wanted to avoid the pitfalls of the traditional county system and adopted their own unique model.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026ats t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026atf\u0254\u02d0lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8a\u028anti s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l."}, {"text": "Many of the more densely populated parts of the state are part of Alaska's 16 boroughs, which function somewhat similarly to counties in other states.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bnsli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028az, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali t\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028antiz \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "However, unlike county-equivalents in the other 49 states, the boroughs do not cover the entire land area of the state.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak k\u02c8a\u028anti\u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028az du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The Unorganized Borough has no government of its own, but the U.S. Census Bureau in cooperation with the state divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u028cn\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028a h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u028cv \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s bj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a \u026an ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u028cn\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z s\u02c8o\u028alli f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz \u028cv st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The state is divided into 34 recording districts which are centrally administered under a state recorder.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259li \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025ad \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "All recording districts use the same acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc., for accepting documents into the public record.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259ns k\u0279a\u026at\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259, f\u02c8i\u02d0 sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0l, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259., f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad."}, {"text": "Whereas many U.S. states use a three-tiered system of decentralization\u2014state/county/township\u2014most of Alaska uses only two tiers\u2014state/borough.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bni j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8\u026a\u0279d s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv d\u1d7bs\u02cc\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u2014st\u02c8e\u026at sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 k\u02c8a\u028anti sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u02c8a\u028an\u0283\u026ap\u2014m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8\u026a\u0279z\u2014st\u02c8e\u026at sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "As the name implies, it has no intermediate borough government but is administered directly by the state government.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026az, \u026at h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025ad d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Anchorage merged the city government with the Greater Anchorage Area Borough in 1975 to form the Municipality of Anchorage, containing the city proper and the communities of Eagle River, Chugiak, Peters Creek, Girdwood, Bird, and Indian.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028a \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292, k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a, t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u0259k, p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025az k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dw\u028ad, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n."}, {"text": "Fairbanks has a separate borough (the Fairbanks North Star Borough) and municipality (the City of Fairbanks).", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks h\u0250z \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks."}, {"text": "As reflected in the 2020 United States census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs).", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s, \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u0250z \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259sd\u02c8\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz s\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a consolidated city\u2013county.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6li \u028cv s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cca\u026ad mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u00f0\u026a \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei k\u02c8a\u028anti."}, {"text": "The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as \"The Bush\" and are unconnected to that contiguous North American road network.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6ns \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028a\u0283\" \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028c\u014bk\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "The table at the bottom of this section lists about the 100 largest cities and census-designated places in Alaska, in population order.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m \u028cv \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u026asts \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259sd\u02c8\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, \u026an p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "Of Alaska's 2020 U.S. census population figure of 733,391, 16,655 people, or 2.27% of the population, did not live in an incorporated city or census-designated place.", "phonemes": "\u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn, s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n,s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0.tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8\u026av \u026an \u0250n \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259sd\u02c8\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd pl\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Approximately three-quarters of that figure were people who live in urban and suburban neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city limits of Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026av \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u0259b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025ah\u02cc\u028adz \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atsk\u025c\u02d0ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei l\u02c8\u026am\u026ats \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026ak\u0259n, k\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u02cc\u00e6k, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd w\u0251\u02d0s\u02c8\u026al\u0259."}, {"text": "CDPs have not been established for these areas by the United States Census Bureau, except that seven CDPs were established for the Ketchikan-area neighborhoods in the 1980 Census (Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East), but have not been used since.", "phonemes": "s\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0z h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cc\u026an \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s bj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026ak\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025ah\u02cc\u028adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s kl\u02c8o\u028av\u025a p\u02c8\u00e6s, h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b k\u02c8o\u028av, k\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0st, m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u00e6s h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a, p\u02c8\u025bn\u0259k \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6ksm\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0st, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cc\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd s\u02c8\u026ans."}, {"text": "The remaining population was scattered throughout Alaska, both within organized boroughs and in the Unorganized Borough, in largely remote areas.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz sk\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025ad \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028az \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u028cn\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028a, \u026an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028at \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z."}, {"text": "The climate in south and southeastern Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb), and a subarctic oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfc) in the northern parts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st\u025an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u026adl\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u02cco\u028a\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259n kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n: s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bfb\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u028cb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u02cco\u028a\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259n s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "On an annual basis, the southeast is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u026az b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ast \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8a\u026ald\u025a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 d\u02c8e\u026ata\u026am h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s."}, {"text": "The climate of Anchorage and south central Alaska is mild by Alaskan standards due to the region's proximity to the seacoast.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az m\u02c8a\u026ald ba\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz p\u0279\u0251\u02d0ks\u02c8\u026am\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028ast."}, {"text": "On average, Anchorage receives  of precipitation a year, with around  of snow, although there are areas in the south central which receive far more snow.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u028cv p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, w\u026a\u00f0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u028cv sn\u02c8o\u028a, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 sn\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "It is a subarctic oceanic climate in the southwest and a continental subarctic climate farther north.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250 s\u028cb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u02cco\u028a\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l s\u028cb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8."}, {"text": "An area stretching from the northern side of the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley (i.e., the region around Kotzebue Sound) is technically a desert, with portions receiving less than  of precipitation annually.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u028ck \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a v\u02c8\u00e6li \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u028and \u026az t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026akli \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at, w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n \u028cv p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li."}, {"text": "The summers may have temperatures reaching into the 90s \u00b0F (the low-to-mid 30s \u00b0C), while in the winter, the temperature can fall below .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025az m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti z d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bf \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cca\u026al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a k\u00e6n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a ."}, {"text": "Precipitation is sparse in the Interior, often less than  a year, but what precipitation falls in the winter tends to stay the entire winter.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028ct p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a."}, {"text": "The highest is  in Fort Yukon (which is just  inside the arctic circle) on June 27, 1915, making Alaska tied with Hawaii as the state with the lowest high temperature in the United States.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u026az \u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t j\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 h\u0259w\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "The lowest official Alaska temperature is  in Prospect Creek on January 23, 1971, one degree above the lowest temperature recorded in continental North America (in Snag, Yukon, Canada).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u025bkt k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02c8\u028cn d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u026an sn\u02c8\u00e6\u0261, j\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259n, k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259."}, {"text": "The climate in the extreme north of Alaska is Arctic (K\u00f6ppen: ET) with long, very cold winters and short, cool summers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259n: \u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u026ant\u025az \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t, k\u02c8u\u02d0l s\u02c8\u028cm\u025az."}, {"text": "Precipitation is light in this part of Alaska, with many places averaging less than  per year, mostly as snow which stays on the ground almost the entire year.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az l\u02c8a\u026at \u026an \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bni pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n p\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, m\u02c8o\u028astli \u00e6z sn\u02c8o\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8e\u026az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "The United States Census Bureau found in the 2020 United States census that the population of Alaska was 733,391 on April 1, 2020, a 3.3% increase since the 2010 United States census.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s bj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cn, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u0250 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s."}, {"text": "According to the 2010 United States census, the U.S. state of Alaska had a population of 710,231, a 13.3% increase from 626,932 at the 2000 U.S. census.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u00e6d \u0250 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks,n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s."}, {"text": "Alaska is the least densely populated state, and one of the most sparsely populated areas in the world, at , with the next state, Wyoming, at .", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0st d\u02c8\u025bnsli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279sli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00e6t , w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst st\u02c8e\u026at, wa\u026a\u02c8o\u028am\u026a\u014b, \u00e6t ."}, {"text": "due to its population size, it is one of 14 U.S. states that still have only one telephone area code.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026az, \u026a\u027e \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8\u026al h\u00e6v \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u02cco\u028an \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ad."}, {"text": "According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 2,320 homeless people in Alaska.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02cce\u026at\u0283j\u02ccu\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l h\u02c8o\u028aml\u0259s \u0250s\u02c8\u025bsm\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8u\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti h\u02c8o\u028aml\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259."}, {"text": "The 2019 American Community Survey estimated 60.2% of the population was non-Hispanic white, 3.7% black or African American, 15.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 6.5% Asian, 1.4% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 7.5% two or more races, and 7.3% Hispanic or Latin American of any race.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026aksti.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nh\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak w\u02c8a\u026at, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt bl\u02c8\u00e6k \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n, f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n.s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av, s\u02c8\u026aks.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cn.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av h\u0259w\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd\u025a, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt h\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni \u0279\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "In 2015, 61.3% was non-Hispanic white, 3.4% black or African American, 13.3% American Indian or Alaska Native, 6.2% Asian, 0.9% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 0.3% some other race, and 7.7% multiracial.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u028cz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nh\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak w\u02c8a\u026at, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt bl\u02c8\u00e6k \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av, s\u02c8\u026aks.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n, z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av h\u0259w\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd\u025a, z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026as, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02cc\u028clt\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l."}, {"text": "From 2015 to 2019, the largest Hispanic and Latin American groups were Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast h\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz, pw\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u027eo\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0259nz, \u00e6nd kj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The largest Asian groups living in the state were Filipinos, Korean Americans, and Japanese and Chinese Americans.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02cc\u026al\u026ap\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028az, k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The state was 66.7% white (64.1% non-Hispanic white), 14.8% American Indian and Alaska Native, 5.4% Asian, 3.3% black or African American, 1.0% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 1.6% from some other race, and 7.3% from two or more races in 2010.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nh\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak w\u02c8a\u026at, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n.\u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av, f\u02c8a\u026av.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt bl\u02c8\u00e6k \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cn.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av h\u0259w\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd\u025a, w\u02c8\u028cn.s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0279\u028cm s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026as, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": ", 50.7% of Alaska's population younger than one year of age belonged to minority groups (i.e., did not have two parents of non-Hispanic white ancestry).", "phonemes": ", f\u02c8\u026afti.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bd t\u0259 ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u00e6v t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259nts \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nh\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak w\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u0279i."}, {"text": "In 1960, the United States Census Bureau reported Alaska's population as 77.2% white, 3% black, and 18.8% American Indian and Alaska Native.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti, \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s bj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u02c8a\u026at, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt bl\u02c8\u00e6k, \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n.\u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av."}, {"text": "In 2018, The top countries of origin for Alaska's immigrants were the Philippines, Mexico, Canada, Thailand and Korea.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0nz, m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a, k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259, t\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u00e6nd k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259."}, {"text": "According to the 2011 American Community Survey, 83.4% of people over the age of five spoke only English at home.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a, \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av sp\u02c8o\u028ak \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u00e6t h\u02c8o\u028am."}, {"text": "About 3.5% spoke Spanish at home, 2.2% spoke another Indo-European language, about 4.3% spoke an Asian language (including Tagalog), and about 5.3% spoke other languages at home.", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt sp\u02c8o\u028ak sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 \u00e6t h\u02c8o\u028am, t\u02c8u\u02d0.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt sp\u02c8o\u028ak \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026ando\u028aj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt sp\u02c8o\u028ak \u0250n \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0250l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261, \u00e6nd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8a\u026av.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt sp\u02c8o\u028ak \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6t h\u02c8o\u028am."}, {"text": "In 2019, the American Community Survey determined 83.7% spoke only English, and 16.3% spoke another language other than English.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt sp\u02c8o\u028ak \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt sp\u02c8o\u028ak \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "The most spoken European language after English was Spanish, spoken by approximately 4.0% of the state population.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 w\u028cz sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283, sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n ba\u026a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Since 2010, a total of 5.2% of Alaskans speak one of the state's 20 indigenous languages, known locally as \"native languages\".", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259nz sp\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, n\u02c8o\u028an l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259li \u00e6z \"n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz\"."}, {"text": "The Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks claims that at least 20 Alaskan native languages exist and there are also some languages with different dialects.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u025bkts."}, {"text": "Most of Alaska's native languages belong to either the Eskimo\u2013Aleut or Na-Dene language families; however, some languages are thought to be isolates (e.g. Haida) or have not yet been classified (e.g. Tsimshianic).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bsk\u026am\u02cco\u028a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259bi \u02c8a\u026as\u0259l\u02cce\u026ats \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. h\u02c8e\u026ad\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8\u025bt b\u02cc\u026an kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. ts\u02cc\u026am\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak."}, {"text": "nearly all of Alaska's native languages were classified as either threatened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormant languages.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329d, \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u026a\u014b, m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ab\u02cc\u028cnd, n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259nt l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In October 2014, the governor of Alaska signed a bill declaring the state's 20 indigenous languages to have official status.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026and \u0250 b\u02c8\u026al d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s."}, {"text": "This bill gave them symbolic recognition as official languages, though they have not been adopted for official use within the government.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as b\u02c8\u026al \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm s\u026amb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cc\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) from 2010, about 34% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ka\u026avz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Of the religious population, 100,960 people identified as evangelical Protestants; 50,866 as Roman Catholic; and 32,550 as mainline Protestants.", "phonemes": "\u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z \u02cci\u02d0v\u0250nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast\u0259nts; f\u02c8\u026afti,\u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak; \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u00e6z m\u02c8e\u026anla\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast\u0259nts."}, {"text": "The largest religious denominations in Alaska  was the Roman Catholic Church with 50,866 adherents; non-denominational Evangelicals with 38,070 adherents; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 32,170 adherents; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 19,891 adherents.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s d\u1d7bn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u026afti,\u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts; n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cci\u02d0v\u0250nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts; \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259s k\u0279\u02c8a\u026ast \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025ad\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8e\u026ants w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts; \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an b\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026ast k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n,\u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Alaska has been identified, along with Washington and Oregon in the Pacific Northwest, as being the least religious states in the United States, in terms of church membership.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0261\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst, \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "Mainline Protestants were the second largest Protestant Christian group, followed by predominantly African American churches.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8e\u026anla\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast\u0259nt k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Through the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, its Christian population was dominated by non/inter-denominational Protestantism as the single largest Christian cohort, with 73,930 adherents.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ka\u026avz \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u026ats k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cc\u026ant\u025ad\u1d7bn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast\u0259nt\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8o\u028ah\u0254\u02d0\u0279t, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Roman Catholics were second with 40,280 members; throughout its Christian population, non-denominational Christians had an adherence rate of 100.81 per 1,000 residents, and Catholics 54.92 per 1,000 residents.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026aks w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az; \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u026ats k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz h\u00e6d \u0250n \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad.\u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nts, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026aks f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Per 2014's Pew study, religion was seen as very important to 41% of the population, although 29% considered it somewhat important.", "phonemes": "p\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n pj\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8\u028cdi, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n w\u028cz s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u026at s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In 2014, Pew determined roughly 55% believed in God with absolute certainty, and 24% believed fairly certainly.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, pj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259l\u02ccu\u02d0t s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259nti, \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd f\u02c8\u025b\u0279li s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329li."}, {"text": "Reflecting the separate 2020 ARDA study, the 2014 Pew study showed 30% attended religious services once a week, 34% once or twice a month, and 36% seldom/never.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n pj\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz w\u02c8\u028cns \u0250 w\u02c8i\u02d0k, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u02c8\u028cns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 tw\u02c8a\u026as \u0250 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02c8\u025bld\u0259m sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a."}, {"text": "In 2018, The Gospel Coalition published an article using Pew data and determined non-churchgoing Christians nationwide did not attend religious services often through the following: practicing the faith in other ways, not finding a house of worship they liked, disliking sermons and feeling unwelcomed, and logistics.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u0259l k\u02cco\u028a\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b pj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u00e6nd d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u0261o\u028a\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nw\u02cca\u026ad d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b: p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8 \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8e\u026az, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b \u0250 h\u02c8a\u028as \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u026ap \u00f0e\u026a l\u02c8a\u026akt, d\u026asl\u02c8a\u026ak\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259nz \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u028cnw\u02c8\u025blk\u028cmd, \u00e6nd l\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks."}, {"text": "As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches gradually became established within Alaska.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt, \u0250n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259."}, {"text": "Alaskan Hindus often share venues and celebrations with members of other Asian religious communities, including Sikhs and Jains.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0z \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u025bnju\u02d0z \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0kz \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "In 2010, Alaskan Hindus established the Sri Ganesha Temple of Alaska, making it the first Hindu Temple in Alaska and the northernmost Hindu Temple in the world.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0z \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 s\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8e\u026an\u0283\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025anm\u02cco\u028ast h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "The Islamic Community Center of Anchorage began efforts in the late 1990s to construct a mosque in Anchorage.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z t\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "When completed, the mosque was the first in the state and one of the northernmost mosques in the world.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025anm\u02cco\u028ast m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sks \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Additionally, there were 469 adherents of Hinduism and Yoga altogether in 2020, and a small number of Buddhists were present.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts \u028cv h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd j\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0259 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0lt\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u00e6nd \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026asts w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt."}, {"text": "According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska had the fifth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.75 percent.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n st\u02c8\u028cdi ba\u026a f\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026aks m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02cc\u026ali\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u0279z p\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aks.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy, with more than 80% of the state's revenues derived from petroleum extraction.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0z d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Alaska's main export product (excluding oil and natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, pollock and crab.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z m\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u025bkspo\u02d0\u0279t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u026az s\u02c8i\u02d0fu\u02d0d, p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli s\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259n, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259k \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6b."}, {"text": "Agricultural production is primarily for consumption within the state and includes nursery stock, dairy products, vegetables, and livestock.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026az p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k, d\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts, v\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259lz, \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation.", "phonemes": "\u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt \u026az p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279iz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, \u0283\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Military bases are a significant component of the economy in the Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u02cc\u00e6k \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028az, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z k\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u02cc\u00e6k."}, {"text": "Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products.", "phonemes": "\u026ats \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u02c8a\u028atp\u02cc\u028ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m, n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s, k\u02c8o\u028al, \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald, p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259s m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, z\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b, s\u02c8i\u02d0fu\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b, t\u02c8\u026amb\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028ad p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts."}, {"text": "Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins, but according to the Energy Information Administration, by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil production after Texas, North Dakota, and California.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 sl\u02c8o\u028ap \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8\u026anl\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, ba\u026a f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u00e6d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0259n t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 d\u0250k\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259, \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259."}, {"text": "Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States, typically producing about , although by early 2014 North Dakota's Bakken Formation was producing over .", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u028cdho\u028a b\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u0254n \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 sl\u02c8o\u028ap \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd h\u02c8a\u026a\u026astj\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u026al f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02c8a\u028at , \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a ba\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 d\u0250k\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259z b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8o\u028av\u025a ."}, {"text": "Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil field ever discovered in North America, but was much smaller than Canada's enormous Athabasca oil sands field, which by 2014 was producing about  of unconventional oil, and had hundreds of years of producible reserves at that rate.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u028cdho\u028a b\u02c8e\u026a w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u026al f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u02c8\u025bv\u025a d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a \u00f0\u0250n k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259z \u026an\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02cc\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u02c8i\u02d0ld, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u028cv \u028c\u014bk\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u00e6nd h\u00e6d h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to  of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026apla\u026an k\u00e6n t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cmp \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u02c8a\u026apla\u026an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8o\u028al d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259s, s\u02c8\u028cbba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259s, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u0261na\u026at k\u02c8o\u028al b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are  of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ts \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u028cnd\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad, t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026akli \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279e\u026ats \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 sl\u02c8o\u028ap."}, {"text": "Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u0254f\u025az s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279o\u028a\u026al\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025az."}, {"text": "Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz h\u02c8\u025bvili \u02cc\u0254n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns\u026av d\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259l fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b, t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "Although wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for statewide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (less than 50\u00a2/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8\u026and \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279o\u028a\u026al\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ad\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt, p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026atwa\u026ad \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8o\u028ak\u02c8\u0254st \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak \u02cc\u026ant\u025at\u02c8a\u026az w\u025c\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292d \u028cn\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bntssl\u00e6\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz, l\u02c8\u0254\u014b d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The cost of a gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually thirty to sixty cents higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st \u0259v\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bnts h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292; p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a b\u02cc\u028ct v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8a\u026adli d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254sts, s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 p\u02c8i\u02d0ks, n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az."}, {"text": "The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of the then recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt f\u02c8\u028cnd \u026az \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u0250p\u0279\u02cco\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0z, \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292 \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0pl\u028cs \u026an st\u02c8e\u026at p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u026al, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u026an \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026apla\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale, out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900\u00a0million) at once.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028cnd w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a k\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 m\u02c8\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0v \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u028cdho\u028a b\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8i\u02d0s s\u02c8e\u026al, \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v f\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a w\u028ad sp\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028asi\u02d0dz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026al w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0250tw\u02c8\u028cns."}, {"text": "It has served as an attractive political prospect ever since, diverting revenues which would normally be deposited into the general fund.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u0250z s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u0250n \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u025bkt \u02c8\u025bv\u025a s\u02c8\u026ans, da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0z w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028ad n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u028cnd."}, {"text": "The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discourage dedicating state funds for a particular purpose.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 s\u02cco\u028a \u00e6z t\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u028cndz f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s."}, {"text": "The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to this, mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt f\u02c8\u028cnd h\u0250z b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, m\u02c8o\u028astli d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u028cv d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u028cst \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv \u026ats k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $50\u00a0billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028cnd h\u0250z \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8\u026afti b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l\u027eiz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026anv\u02c8\u025bstm\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz."}, {"text": "This has led to frequent calls by Alaskan politicians for the Fund to make investments within Alaska, though such a stance has never gained momentum.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as h\u0250z l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz ba\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028cnd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u026anv\u02c8\u025bstm\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6ns h\u0250z n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0261\u02c8e\u026and mo\u028am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259m."}, {"text": "Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from an initial $1,000 in 1982 (equal to three years' payout, as the distribution of payments was held up in a lawsuit over the distribution scheme) to $3,269 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1,200 \"Resource Rebate\").", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, d\u02c8\u026av\u026ad\u02cc\u025bndz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028cndz \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 h\u0250vb\u026an p\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8a\u028at \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u028a \u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259nz, \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z p\u02c8e\u026aa\u028at, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8e\u026am\u0259nts w\u028cz h\u02c8\u025bld \u02cc\u028cp \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0su\u02d0t \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n sk\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0250 w\u02c8\u028cnt\u02c8a\u026am d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \"\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0be\u026at\"."}, {"text": "Every year, the state legislature takes out 8% from the earnings, puts 3% back into the principal for inflation proofing, and the remaining 5% is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bv\u0279i j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u0283\u025a t\u02c8e\u026aks \u02c8a\u028at \u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz, p\u02cc\u028ats \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026anfl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026az d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259nz."}, {"text": "To qualify for the Permanent Fund Dividend, one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months, maintain constant residency subject to allowable absences, and not be subject to court judgments or criminal convictions which fall under various disqualifying classifications or may subject the payment amount to civil garnishment.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt f\u02c8\u028cnd d\u02c8\u026av\u026ad\u02cc\u025bnd, w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u028cst\u0250v l\u02c8\u026avd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at f\u025a\u0279\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025blv m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s, me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nsi s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s d\u026askw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026am\u0259nt \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The Permanent Fund is often considered to be one of the leading examples of a basic income policy in the world.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt f\u02c8\u028cnd \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u0259v\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Federal government employees, particularly United States Postal Service (USPS) workers and active-duty military members, receive a Cost of Living Allowance usually set at 25% of base pay because, while the cost of living has gone down, it is still one of the highest in the country.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ai\u02d0z, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats p\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u02c8\u028csps w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026avd\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250 k\u02c8\u0254st \u028cv l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u0259ns j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li s\u02c8\u025bt \u00e6t tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv b\u02c8e\u026as p\u02c8e\u026a b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st \u028cv l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b h\u0250z \u0261\u0254n d\u02c8a\u028an, \u026a\u027e \u026az st\u02c8\u026al w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "Rural Alaska suffers from extremely high prices for food and consumer goods compared to the rest of the country, due to the relatively limited transportation infrastructure.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cf\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli h\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u028adz k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Most farms are in either the Matanuska Valley, about  northeast of Anchorage, or on the Kenai Peninsula, about  southwest of Anchorage.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0250n\u02cc\u028csk\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6li, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bna\u026a p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "The short 100-day growing season limits the crops that can be grown, but the long sunny summer days make for productive growing seasons.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026add\u02c8e\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n l\u02c8\u026am\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028an, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b s\u02c8\u028cni s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a d\u02c8e\u026az m\u02cce\u026ak f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The Tanana Valley is another notable agricultural locus, especially the Delta Junction area, about  southeast of Fairbanks, with a sizable concentration of farms growing agronomic crops; these farms mostly lie north and east of Fort Greely.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6li \u026az \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025blt\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u028cv f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8a\u026az\u0259b\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250\u0261\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps; \u00f0i\u02d0z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz m\u02c8o\u028astli l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0li."}, {"text": "This area was largely set aside and developed under a state program spearheaded by Hammond during his second term as governor.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 w\u028cz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li s\u02c8\u025bt \u0250s\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279h\u025bd\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259nd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u00e6z \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a."}, {"text": "West of Fairbanks lies another concentration of small farms catering to restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks l\u02c8a\u026az \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz k\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0251\u02d0nts, \u00f0\u0259 ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ast \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i, \u00e6nd k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eis\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Alaskan agriculture has experienced a surge in growth of market gardeners, small farms and farmers' markets in recent years, with the highest percentage increase (46%) in the nation in growth in farmers' markets in 2011, compared to 17% nationwide.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a h\u0250z \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259nst \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n\u025az, sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026an f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nw\u02cca\u026ad."}, {"text": "The peony industry has also taken off, as the growing season allows farmers to harvest during a gap in supply elsewhere in the world, thereby filling a niche in the flower market.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u0259ni \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u0254f, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az t\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026ast d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6p \u026an s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u025blsw\u025b\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00f0\u025b\u0279b\u02c8a\u026a f\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u028a\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at."}, {"text": "However, a small assortment of state and local fairs (with the Alaska State Fair in Palmer the largest), are held mostly in the late summer.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u025b\u0279z w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bld m\u02c8o\u028astli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a."}, {"text": "The fairs are mostly located in communities with historic or current agricultural activity, and feature local farmers exhibiting produce in addition to more high-profile commercial activities such as carnival rides, concerts and food.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028astli lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279\u02c8o\u028afa\u026al k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u026av\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026adz, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025ats \u00e6nd f\u02c8u\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Alaska has an abundance of seafood, with the primary fisheries in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u0250z \u0250n \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0fu\u02d0d, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak."}, {"text": "Many Alaskans take advantage of salmon seasons to harvest portions of their household diet while fishing for subsistence, as well as sport.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259nz t\u02c8e\u026ak \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259n s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz t\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026ast p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028ald d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t w\u02cca\u026al f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Hunting for subsistence, primarily caribou, moose, and Dall sheep is still common in the state, particularly in remote Bush communities.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cnt\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns, p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ab\u02ccu\u02d0, m\u02c8u\u02d0s, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p \u026az st\u02c8\u026al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u026an \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028at b\u02c8\u028a\u0283 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "An example of a traditional native food is Akutaq, the Eskimo ice cream, which can consist of reindeer fat, seal oil, dried fish meat and local berries.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026az \u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0t\u02cc\u00e6k, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bsk\u026am\u02cco\u028a \u02c8a\u026as k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8\u00e6t, s\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u0254\u026al, d\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Alaska's reindeer herding is concentrated on Seward Peninsula, where wild caribou can be prevented from mingling and migrating with the domesticated reindeer.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u026a\u0279 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026ald k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ab\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from \"Outside\" (the other 49 US states), and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at f\u0279\u028cm \"a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad\" \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0254sts m\u02cce\u026ak f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns\u026av."}, {"text": "In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z, s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns h\u02c8\u028cnt\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026az \u0250n \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026az p\u0279\u0259h\u02c8\u026ab\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026avli \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns\u026av."}, {"text": "Although most small towns and villages in Alaska lie along the coastline, the cost of importing food to remote villages can be high, because of the terrain and difficult road conditions, which change dramatically, due to varying climate and precipitation changes.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8o\u028ast sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8a\u028anz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028astla\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st \u028cv \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028at v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026a, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 d\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The cost of transport can reach as high as 50\u00a2 per pound ($1.10/kg) or more in some remote areas, during the most difficult times, if these locations can be reached at all during such inclement weather and terrain conditions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t k\u00e6n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6z h\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6z f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bnts p\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8a\u028and d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn.t\u02c8\u025bn sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 k\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028at \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u026af \u00f0i\u02d0z lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nt w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd t\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026an k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The cost of delivering a  of milk is about $3.50 in many villages where per capita income can be $20,000 or less.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st \u028cv d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u028cv m\u02c8\u026alk \u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8\u026afti \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 p\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Fuel cost per gallon is routinely twenty to thirty cents higher than the contiguous United States average, with only Hawaii having higher prices.", "phonemes": "fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254st p\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n \u026az \u0279u\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0nli tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bnts h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8o\u028anli h\u0259w\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Some of Alaska's popular annual events are the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race from Anchorage to Nome, World Ice Art Championships in Fairbanks, the Blueberry Festival and Alaska Hummingbird Festival in Ketchikan, the Sitka Whale Fest, and the Stikine River Garnet Fest in Wrangell.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d t\u0279\u02c8e\u026al sl\u02c8\u025bd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u0279\u02c8e\u026as f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028am, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u02c8a\u026as \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6mpi\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps \u026an f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks, \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8u\u02d0b\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014bb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0d f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \u026an k\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026ak\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026atk\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026al f\u02c8\u025bst, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u026aka\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u026at f\u02c8\u025bst \u026an \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025bl."}, {"text": "The Stikine River attracts the largest springtime concentration of American bald eagles in the world.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u026aka\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kts \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bta\u026am k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Their purpose is to encourage cross-cultural exchanges among all people and enhance self-esteem among Native people.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u026az t\u028a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254sk\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6nd \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6ns s\u02c8\u025blf\u025bst\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "The Alaska Native Arts Foundation promotes and markets Native art from all regions and cultures in the State, using the internet.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028ats \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u025an\u02cc\u025bt."}, {"text": "Influences on music in Alaska include the traditional music of Alaska Natives as well as folk music brought by later immigrants from Russia and Europe.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026avz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z f\u02c8o\u028ak mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t ba\u026a l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "Prominent musicians from Alaska include singer Jewel, traditional Aleut flautist Mary Youngblood, folk singer-songwriter Libby Roderick, Christian music singer-songwriter Lincoln Brewster, metal/post hardcore band 36 Crazyfists and the groups Pamyua and Portugal.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt mju\u02d0z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025a d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l, t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0t fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u026ast m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i j\u02c8\u028c\u014bbl\u028cd, f\u02c8o\u028ak s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025as\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u026abi \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0279\u026ak, k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025as\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0st\u025a, m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 p\u02c8o\u028ast h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dko\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks k\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026af\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps p\u02c8\u00e6mju\u02d0\u0259 \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u0259\u0261\u0259l."}, {"text": "There are many established music festivals in Alaska, including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival the Anchorage Folk Festival, the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka Jazz Festival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259lz \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8o\u028ak f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n \u02c8o\u028aldt\u02c8a\u026am f\u02c8\u026adl\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026atk\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6z f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026atk\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l."}, {"text": "The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259 \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 s\u02c8\u026amf\u0259ni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks s\u02c8\u026amf\u0259ni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0no\u028a s\u02c8\u026amf\u0259ni \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u026az k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u02c8o\u028anli p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bma\u026ap\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "The official state song of Alaska is \"Alaska's Flag\", which was adopted in 1955; it celebrates the flag of Alaska.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az \"\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av; \u026at s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259."}, {"text": "The 1991 film White Fang, based on Jack London's 1906 novel and starring Ethan Hawke, was filmed in and around Haines.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8\u026alm w\u02c8a\u026at f\u02c8\u00e6\u014b, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6k l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aks n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0259n h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k, w\u028cz f\u02c8\u026almd \u026an \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and h\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "Steven Seagal's 1994 On Deadly Ground, starring Michael Caine, was filmed in part at the Worthington Glacier near Valdez.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n s\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259lz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n d\u02c8\u025bdli \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and, st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026an, w\u028cz f\u02c8\u026almd \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u026a\u014bt\u0259n \u0261l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u025a n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 v\u02c8\u00e6ld\u025bz."}, {"text": "Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s w\u028cz \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd, l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u025bnf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sm\u0259nt \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u028cz h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259ld ba\u026a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsiz."}, {"text": "Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on \"Public Safety Officers\" who have police training but do not carry firearms.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a t\u02c8a\u028anz j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li h\u00e6v \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u0254n \"p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02c8e\u026afti \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u025az\" h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u028ct du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law, wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u025bnf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, w\u02c8a\u026aldla\u026af t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025az \u025bnf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s h\u02c8\u028cnt\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers' duties, they employ a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279id t\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd w\u02c8a\u026ad sk\u02c8o\u028ap \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025az d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eiz, \u00f0e\u026a \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0250t\u0279\u02c8o\u028al v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Many rural communities in Alaska are considered \"dry\", having outlawed the importation of alcoholic beverages.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \"d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\", h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b a\u028atl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u026ampo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak b\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Domestic abuse and other violent crimes are also at high levels in the state; this is in part linked to alcohol abuse.", "phonemes": "d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u026ak \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt k\u0279\u02c8a\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at; \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "Providence Alaska Medical Center in Anchorage is the largest hospital in the state as of 2021; Anchorage also hosts Alaska Regional Hospital and Alaska Native Medical Center.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ad\u0259ns \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn; \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u02c8o\u028asts \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a."}, {"text": "In Southeast Alaska, Southeast Alaska Regional Health Consortium,  runs healthcare facilities across 27 communities as of 2022, including hospitals in Sitka and Wrangell; although it originally served Native Americans only, it has expanded access and combined with other local facilities over time.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027ei\u0259m,  \u0279\u02c8\u028cnz h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8k\u025b\u0279 f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u026an s\u02c8\u026atk\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025bl; \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026a\u027e \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz \u02c8o\u028anli, \u026at h\u0250z \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs \u00e6nd k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "The Alaska Department of Education and Early Development administers many school districts in Alaska.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025az m\u02c8\u025bni sk\u02c8u\u02d0l d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akts \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259."}, {"text": "In addition, the state operates a boarding school, Mt. Edgecumbe High School in Sitka, and provides partial funding for other boarding schools, including Nenana Student Living Center in Nenana and The Galena Interior Learning Academy in Galena.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u0250 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, \u02cc\u025bmt\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8\u025bd\u0292k\u028cmb h\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u026an s\u02c8\u026atk\u0259, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8\u028cnd\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0250l\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u026an \u0261\u0250l\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259."}, {"text": "Accredited universities in Alaska include the University of Alaska Anchorage, University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of Alaska Southeast, and Alaska Pacific University.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292, j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks, j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st, \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Alaska is the only state that has no collegiate athletic programs that are members of NCAA Division I, although both Alaska-Fairbanks and Alaska-Anchorage maintain single sport membership in Division I for men's ice hockey.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli st\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292i\u0259t \u00e6\u03b8l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u026an d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n a\u026a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bnz \u02c8a\u026as h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ki."}, {"text": "The Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development operates AVTEC, Alaska's Institute of Technology.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u028cv l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kfo\u02d0\u0279s d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6vt\u025bk, \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Campuses in Seward and Anchorage offer one-week to 11-month training programs in areas as diverse as Information Technology, Welding, Nursing, and Mechanics.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259s\u1d7bz \u026an s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u0254f\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnw\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nm\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u00e6z da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u00e6z \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, w\u02c8\u025bld\u026a\u014b, n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026aks."}, {"text": "Many of its young people, including most of the highest academic achievers, leave the state after high school graduation and do not return.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u026ats j\u02c8\u028c\u014b p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025az, l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The University of Alaska has attempted to combat this by offering partial four-year scholarships to the top 10% of Alaska high school graduates, via the Alaska Scholars Program.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u0250z \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as ba\u026a \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026aps t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259ts, v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m."}, {"text": "Beginning in 1998, schools in rural Alaska must have at least 10 students to retain funding from the state, and campuses not meeting the number close.", "phonemes": "b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at, sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cst\u0250v \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u02c8\u025bn st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an f\u02c8\u028cnd\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259s\u1d7bz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a kl\u02c8o\u028as."}, {"text": "In 2015, there was a proposal to raise that minimum to 25, but legislators in the state largely did not agree.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av, b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The state's road system, covering a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u028at \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259."}, {"text": "The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, with access only being through ferry or flight; this has spurred debate over decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system, or building a road connection from Haines.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0no\u028a, \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6ks\u02c8\u025bs\u0259b\u0259l ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs \u02c8o\u028anli b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 fl\u02c8a\u026at; \u00f0\u026as h\u0250z sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026at \u02cco\u028av\u025a d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "One unique feature of the Alaska Highway system is the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, an active Alaska Railroad tunnel recently upgraded to provide a paved roadway link with the isolated community of Whittier on Prince William Sound to the Seward Highway about  southeast of Anchorage at Portage.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nt\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025as\u0259n m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli \u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 p\u02c8e\u026avd \u0279\u02c8o\u028adwe\u026a l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026as\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv w\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m s\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6t p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u026alt \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "It links shipping lanes on the North Pacific with Interior Alaska with tracks that run from Seward by way of South Central Alaska, passing through Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, and Fairbanks, with spurs to Whittier, Palmer and North Pole.", "phonemes": "\u026at l\u02c8\u026a\u014bks \u0283\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b l\u02c8e\u026anz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ks \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u028cn f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u02c8\u025bkl\u028ctn\u0259, w\u0251\u02d0s\u02c8\u026al\u0259, t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ki\u02d0tn\u0259, d\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks, w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u025a, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 p\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "In recent years, the ever-improving paved highway system began to eclipse the railroad's importance in Alaska's economy.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279\u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b p\u02c8e\u026avd h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u028a \u026akl\u02c8\u026aps \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028adz \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "The railroad played a vital role in Alaska's development, moving freight into Alaska while transporting natural resources southward, such as coal from the Usibelli coal mine near Healy to Seward and gravel from the Matanuska Valley to Anchorage.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad pl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250 v\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt, m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u02cca\u026al t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8w\u025ad, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8o\u028al f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0z\u026ab\u02c8\u025bli k\u02c8o\u028al m\u02c8a\u026an n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 h\u02c8i\u02d0li t\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ad \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0250n\u02cc\u028csk\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6li t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028adz \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z k\u02c8\u00e6bu\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u026al j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02cc\u0254n s\u02cc\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "A stretch of about  of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins in the area.", "phonemes": "\u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283 \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u028cv t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ki\u02d0tn\u025a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u026an\u00e6ks\u02c8\u025bs\u0259b\u0259l ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad; \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8o\u028amz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026anz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Until construction of the Parks Highway in the 1970s, the railroad provided the only land access to most of the region along its entire route.", "phonemes": "\u028cnt\u02c8\u026al k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279o\u028ad p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u026ats \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u028at."}, {"text": "In northern Southeast Alaska, the White Pass and Yukon Route also partly runs through the state from Skagway northwards into Canada (British Columbia and Yukon Territory), crossing the border at White Pass Summit.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at p\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u028at \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli \u0279\u02c8\u028cnz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at f\u0279\u028cm sk\u02c8\u00e6\u0261we\u026a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u025adz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259n t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i, k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t w\u02c8a\u026at p\u02c8\u00e6s s\u02c8\u028cm\u026at."}, {"text": "The nearest link to the North American railway network is the northwest terminus of the Canadian National Railway at Prince Rupert, British Columbia, several hundred miles to the southeast.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026ast l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026alwe\u026a n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0k \u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026alwe\u026a \u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025at, b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8a\u026alz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "In 2000, the U.S. Congress authorized $6\u00a0million to study the feasibility of a rail link between Alaska, Canada, and the lower 48.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u00f0\u0259 f\u02cci\u02d0z\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026al l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Many cities, towns and villages in the state do not have road or highway access; the only modes of access involve travel by air, river, or the sea.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz, t\u02c8a\u028anz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u00e6v \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs; \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8o\u028adz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l ba\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Alaska's well-developed state-owned ferry system (known as the Alaska Marine Highway) serves the cities of southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z w\u02c8\u025bld\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt st\u02c8e\u026at\u02c8o\u028and f\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028clf k\u02c8o\u028ast \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259."}, {"text": "The system also operates a ferry service from Bellingham, Washington and Prince Rupert, British Columbia, in Canada through the Inside Passage to Skagway.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u0250 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m, w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025at, b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259, \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 sk\u02c8\u00e6\u0261we\u026a."}, {"text": "The Inter-Island Ferry Authority also serves as an important marine link for many communities in the Prince of Wales Island region of Southeast and works in concert with the Alaska Marine Highway.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd f\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans \u028cv w\u02c8e\u026alz \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a."}, {"text": "In recent years, cruise lines have created a summertime tourism market, mainly connecting the Pacific Northwest to Southeast Alaska and, to a lesser degree, towns along Alaska's gulf coast.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z l\u02c8a\u026anz h\u00e6v k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025at\u02cca\u026am t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at, m\u02c8e\u026anli k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst t\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6nd, t\u028a \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bs\u025a d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, t\u02c8a\u028anz \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z \u0261\u02c8\u028clf k\u02c8o\u028ast."}, {"text": "The population of Ketchikan for example fluctuates dramatically on many days\u2014up to four large cruise ships can dock there at the same time.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026ak\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l fl\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026ats d\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8e\u026az\u2014\u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0283\u02c8\u026aps k\u00e6n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services\u2014an Alaskan novelty.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad, s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u02c8o\u028anli ba\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279, f\u02c8\u028at, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261sl\u025bd, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sn\u02c8o\u028am\u0259\u0283\u02cci\u02d0n, \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli w\u02c8\u025bl d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt b\u02c8\u028a\u0283 \u02c8\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz\u2014\u0250n \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l\u027ei."}, {"text": "Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs, \u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u00e6nd \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2012\u20132013, Alaska received almost two million visitors).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t t\u02c8\u025bd st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259d\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028cps\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 \u026an t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "Making regular flights to most villages and towns within the state commercially viable is difficult, so they are heavily subsidized by the federal government through the Essential Air Service program.", "phonemes": "m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a fl\u02c8a\u026ats t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u028anz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bvili s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026ad\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m."}, {"text": "Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service (sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-400s) from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u025b\u0279la\u026anz \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279la\u026an \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026anst\u02c8e\u026at t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bt s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261o\u028a \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026and\u0292\u025a b\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad z f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l h\u02c8\u028cbz l\u02c8a\u026ak b\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259l, n\u02c8o\u028am, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0, d\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m, k\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u02cc\u00e6k, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z t\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "The bulk of remaining commercial flight offerings come from small regional commuter airlines such as Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028clk \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l fl\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014bz k\u02c8\u028cm f\u0279\u028cm sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279la\u026anz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259, p\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cnt\u02c8\u026a\u0279 fl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as."}, {"text": "The smallest towns and villages must rely on scheduled or chartered bush flying services using general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna Caravan, the most popular aircraft in use in the state.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026ast t\u02c8a\u028anz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz m\u02c8\u028cst \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u0254n sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0ld \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025ad b\u02c8\u028a\u0283 fl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cce\u026av\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bsn\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250v\u02cc\u00e6n, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Much of this service can be attributed to the Alaska bypass mail program which subsidizes bulk mail delivery to Alaskan rural communities.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026ap\u00e6s m\u02c8e\u026al p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026ad\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz b\u02c8\u028clk m\u02c8e\u026al d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279i t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "The program requires 70% of that subsidy to go to carriers who offer passenger service to the communities.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026adi t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0279z h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254f\u025a p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026and\u0292\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and many items from stores and warehouse clubs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz b\u02c8\u026azi\u026ast s\u02c8i\u02d0ple\u026an b\u02c8e\u026as \u026az l\u02c8e\u026ak h\u02c8\u028ad, lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bd st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279t, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 fl\u02c8a\u026ats b\u02c8a\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028at v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279st\u0279\u026ap k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026and\u0292\u025az, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261o\u028a, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz f\u0279\u028cm st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025b\u0279ha\u028as kl\u02c8\u028cbz."}, {"text": "Of these, there are 2,507 Private, 1,496 Commercial, 2,180 Airline Transport, and 2,239 student pilots.", "phonemes": "\u028cv \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t, w\u02c8\u028cn,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l, t\u02c8u\u02d0,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8\u025b\u0279la\u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t, \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ts."}, {"text": "In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, \u02cc\u025bni t\u02c8a\u026am \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026adl\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti z, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 m\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u026a\u014b \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a  trail from Anchorage to Nome (although the distance varies from year to year, the official distance is set at ).", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bld \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst n\u02c8o\u028an \u026az \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d t\u0279\u02c8e\u026al sl\u02c8\u025bd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u0279\u02c8e\u026as, \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026al f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028am \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns v\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz f\u0279\u028cm j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00f0\u026a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u026az s\u02c8\u025bt \u00e6t."}, {"text": "The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026as k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259m \u0279\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028am \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z l\u02c8a\u026ak t\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0254lto\u028a t\u02c8\u028ak m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026af\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i\u0259st\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028am w\u025bn \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u00e6d f\u02c8e\u026ald."}, {"text": "Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage each March to compete for cash, prizes, and prestige.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld k\u02c8\u028cm t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 t\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0283, p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u025bst\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292."}, {"text": "The \"Serum Run\" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259m \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\" \u026az \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sl\u02c8\u025bd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259tli f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u028at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0le\u026a, l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv n\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028am."}, {"text": "In areas not served by road or rail, primary transportation in summer is by all-terrain vehicle and in winter by snowmobile or \"snow machine\", as it is commonly referred to in Alaska.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8e\u026al, p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279 \u026az ba\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026an v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026an w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a ba\u026a sn\u02c8o\u028am\u0259b\u02cci\u02d0l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"sn\u02c8o\u028a m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n\", \u02cc\u00e6z\u026at\u02cc\u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259."}, {"text": "Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: GCI and Alaska Communications.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z \u02c8\u026ant\u025an\u02cc\u025bt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a t\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bk\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz: d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and, as of late 2011, Alaska Communications advertised that it has \"two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8o\u028anz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats w\u028ct \u026at k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8a\u026ab\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00e6nd, \u00e6z \u028cv l\u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025at\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at h\u02c8\u00e6z \"t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026ab\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8s t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259."}, {"text": "In January 2011, it was reported that a $1\u00a0billion project to connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned, aided in part by $350\u00a0million in stimulus from the federal government.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u026at w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u028cz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t ba\u026a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u0259s f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Like all other U.S. states, Alaska is governed as a republic, with three branches of government: an executive branch consisting of the governor of Alaska and their appointees which head executive departments; a legislative branch consisting of the Alaska House of Representatives and Alaska Senate; and a judicial branch consisting of the Alaska Supreme Court and lower courts.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u026az \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025and \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak, w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt: \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026anti\u02d0z w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u025bd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nts; \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259t; \u00e6nd \u0250 d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "The lieutenant governor runs separately from the governor in the primaries, but during the general election, the nominee for governor and nominee for lieutenant governor run together on the same ticket.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 lu\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bn\u0259nt \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u028cnz s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259tli f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279iz, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 lu\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bn\u0259nt \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8\u026ak\u026at."}, {"text": "Alaska's court system has four levels: the Alaska Supreme Court, the Alaska Court of Appeals, the superior courts and the district courts.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m h\u0250z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz: \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz, \u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Superior courts are courts of general jurisdiction, while district courts hear only certain types of cases, including misdemeanor criminal cases and civil cases valued up to $100,000.", "phonemes": "su\u02d0p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cca\u026al d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u026asd\u1d7bm\u02c8i\u02d0n\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0d \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "The Court of Appeals is required to hear appeals from certain lower-court decisions, including those regarding criminal prosecutions, juvenile delinquency, and habeas corpus.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u026az \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad t\u0259 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ak\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n\u02cca\u026al d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026a\u014bkw\u0259nsi, \u00e6nd h\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s."}, {"text": "Although in its early years of statehood Alaska was a Democratic state, since the early 1970s it has been characterized as Republican-leaning.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026an \u026ats \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026ath\u028ad \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u028cz\u0250 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak st\u02c8e\u026at, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z \u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nl\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Local political communities have often worked on issues related to land use development, fishing, tourism, and individual rights.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt, f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b, t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "Alaska Natives, while organized in and around their communities, have been active within the Native corporations.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026avz, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u026an \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz, h\u0250vb\u026an \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Alaska was formerly the only state in which possession of one ounce or less of marijuana in one's home was completely legal under state law, though the federal law remains in force.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025ali \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli st\u02c8e\u026at \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0259z\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8a\u028ans \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs \u028cv m\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026aw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cnz h\u02c8o\u028am w\u028cz k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s."}, {"text": "The state has an independence movement favoring a vote on secession from the United States, with the Alaskan Independence Party.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at h\u0250z \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 v\u02c8o\u028at \u02cc\u0254n s\u025bs\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "In addition, Republican governor Wally Hickel was elected to the office for a second term in 1990 after leaving the Republican party and briefly joining the Alaskan Independence Party ticket just long enough to be reelected.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li h\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l w\u028cz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fli d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8\u026ak\u026at d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259bi \u0279i\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Alaska's voter initiative making marijuana legal took effect on February 24, 2015, placing Alaska alongside Colorado and Washington, as well as Washington D.C., as the first three U.S. states where recreational marijuana is legal.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283i\u0259t\u02cc\u026av m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026aw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l t\u02c8\u028ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n d\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8i\u02d0., \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026aw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 \u026az l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l."}, {"text": "It is one of five states with no sales tax, one of seven states with no individual income tax, and\u2014along with New Hampshire\u2014one of two that has neither.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8e\u026alz t\u02c8\u00e6ks, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm t\u02c8\u00e6ks, \u00e6nd\u2014\u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0283\u025a\u2014w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250z n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "The department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u026ats \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6ks d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 2014, the Tax Foundation ranked Alaska as having the fourth most \"business friendly\" tax policy, behind only Wyoming, South Dakota, and Nevada.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6ks fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 m\u02c8o\u028ast \"b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndli\" t\u02c8\u00e6ks p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi, b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u02c8o\u028anli wa\u026a\u02c8o\u028am\u026a\u014b, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 d\u0250k\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259, \u00e6nd n\u1d7bv\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259."}, {"text": "While Alaska has no state sales tax, 89 municipalities collect a local sales tax, from 1.0 to 7.5%, typically 3\u20135%.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a st\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8e\u026alz t\u02c8\u00e6ks, \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l s\u02c8e\u026alz t\u02c8\u00e6ks, f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "Other local taxes levied include raw fish taxes, hotel, motel, and bed-and-breakfast 'bed' taxes, severance taxes, liquor and tobacco taxes, gaming (pull tabs) taxes, tire taxes and fuel transfer taxes.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz l\u02c8\u025bvid \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz, ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl, mo\u028at\u02c8\u025bl, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bd\u00e6ndb\u0279\u02c8\u025bkf\u0259st b\u02c8\u025bd t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279\u0259ns t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz, l\u02c8\u026ak\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd t\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6ko\u028a t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz, \u0261\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u028al t\u02c8\u00e6bz t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz, t\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz \u00e6nd fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "A part of the revenue collected from certain state taxes and license fees (such as petroleum, aviation motor fuel, telephone cooperative) is shared with municipalities in Alaska.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 st\u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026as\u0259ns f\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m, \u02cce\u026av\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l, t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u02cco\u028an ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u026az \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d w\u026a\u00f0 mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259."}, {"text": "The fall in oil prices after the fracking boom in the early 2010s has decimated Alaska's state treasury, which has historically received about 85 percent of its revenue from taxes and fees imposed on oil and gas companies.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b b\u02c8u\u02d0m \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn z h\u0250z d\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z st\u02c8e\u026at t\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279i, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u026ats \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0z \u026amp\u02c8o\u028azd \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz."}, {"text": "The state government has had to drastically reduce its budget, and has brought its budget shortfall from over $2\u00a0billion in 2016 to under $500\u00a0million by 2018.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt h\u0250z h\u00e6dt\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u026akli \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026ats b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at, \u00e6nd h\u0250z b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026ats b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tf\u0254\u02d0l f\u0279\u028cm \u02cco\u028av\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n."}, {"text": "In 2020, Alaska's state government budget was $4.8\u00a0billion, while projected government revenues were only $4.5\u00a0billion.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z st\u02c8e\u026at \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at w\u028cz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.\u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, w\u02cca\u026al p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964).", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259nz h\u00e6v w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 v\u02c8o\u028ats \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02c8\u028cn \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at h\u0250z p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 w\u028cz k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id ba\u026a d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02cci\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026and\u0259n b\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az l\u02c8\u00e6ndsla\u026ad \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 kl\u02c8o\u028as."}, {"text": "McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket.", "phonemes": "m\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026anz \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026al\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8\u026ak\u026at."}, {"text": "Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968.", "phonemes": "o\u028ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254st \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz v\u02c8o\u028at \u026an \u00f0\u00e6t \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6t t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02cco\u028a s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "In 2020, Joe Biden received 42.77% of the vote for president, marking the high point for a Democratic presidential candidate since Johnson's 1964 victory.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, d\u0292\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8o\u028at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant f\u025a\u0279\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at s\u02c8\u026ans d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown and downtown Anchorage, and the areas surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus and Ester have been strongholds of the Democratic Party.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 b\u02c8\u028a\u0283, s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0no\u028a, m\u02c8\u026adta\u028an \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u028anta\u028an \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks k\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259s \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bst\u025a h\u0250vb\u026an st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bho\u028aldz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0250n\u02cc\u028csk\u0259s\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026atn\u0259 b\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv f\u02c8\u025b\u0279b\u00e6\u014bks \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 p\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i b\u02c8e\u026as, \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak\u0259n \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Alaska has had a long history of primary defeats for incumbent U.S. Senators, with Ernest Gruening, Mike Gravel and Lisa Murkowski all being defeated for the nomination to their re-election.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u0250z h\u00e6d \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0ts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmb\u0259nt j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259\u027e\u025az, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026a\u014b, m\u02c8a\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259 m\u025c\u02d0k\u02c8a\u028aski \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Despite this, Alaska has had some long-serving congressmen, with Ted Stevens serving as U.S. Senator for 40 years, and Don Young serving as the at-large representative for 49 years.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 h\u0250z h\u02cc\u00e6d s\u028cm l\u02c8\u0254\u014bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259sm\u02cc\u025bn, w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8\u025bd st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259nz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00e6z j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259\u027e\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n j\u02c8\u028c\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u00e6tl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "The measure requires campaigns to disclose the original source and any intermediaries for campaign contributions over $2,000.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026anz t\u0259 d\u026askl\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bni \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u025a\u0279iz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u02cco\u028av\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "The measure also establishes non-partisan blanket primaries for statewide elections (like in Washington state and California) and ranked-choice voting (like in Maine).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0np\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026as\u0259n bl\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026at p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279iz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026atwa\u026ad \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bktt\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026ak \u026an m\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Measure 2 makes Alaska the third state with jungle primaries for all statewide races, the second state with ranked choice voting, and the only state with both.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026aks \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279iz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l st\u02c8e\u026atwa\u026ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "The first race to use the new system of elections was the 2022 special election to fill Alaska's only U.S. House seat, left vacant by the death of Don Young, won by Mary Peltola, the first Democrat to win the House seat since 1972, and the first Alaskan Native to be elected to the United States Congress in history.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u02c8e\u026as t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259z \u02c8o\u028anli j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. h\u02c8a\u028as s\u02c8i\u02d0t, l\u02c8\u025bft v\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259nt ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n j\u02c8\u028c\u014b, w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u025blt\u02c8o\u028al\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u00e6t t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as s\u02c8i\u02d0t s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av t\u0259bi \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u026an h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry for food and non-food products.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u1d7bz k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6kw\u0250k\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts."}, {"text": "Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bd\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u028cv d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0pl\u028cs\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u026an s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, n\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nt f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u02c8o\u028anli b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n pl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "In the twentieth century, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monocultures came to dominate agricultural output.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292sk\u02c8e\u026al m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025az k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at."}, {"text": "The largest one percent of farms in the world are greater than 50 hectares and operate more than 70 percent of the world's farmland.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8\u026afti h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025b\u0279z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ml\u0259nd."}, {"text": "However, five of every six farms in the world consist of less than two hectares and take up only around 12 percent of all agricultural land.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, f\u02c8a\u026av \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i s\u02c8\u026aks f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025b\u0279z \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026ak \u02cc\u028cp \u02c8o\u028anli \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and tw\u02c8\u025blv p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Farms and farming greatly influence rural economics  and greatly shape rural society, effecting both the direct agricultural workforce and broader businesses that support the farms and farming populations.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kfo\u02d0\u0279s \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u025a b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials (such as rubber).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dli \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u02c8u\u02d0dz, f\u02c8a\u026ab\u025az, fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u025a."}, {"text": "Food classes include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, cooking oils, meat, milk, eggs, and fungi.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8u\u02d0d kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259lz \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz, v\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259lz, f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts, k\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u026alz, m\u02c8i\u02d0t, m\u02c8\u026alk, \u02c8\u025b\u0261z, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261i."}, {"text": "Global agricultural production amounts to approximately 11 billion tonnes of food, 32 million tonnes of natural fibres and 4 billion m3 of wood.", "phonemes": "\u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants t\u028a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8\u028cnz \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0d, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8\u028cnz \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026ab\u025az \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv w\u02c8\u028ad."}, {"text": "However, around 14 percent of the world's food is lost from production before reaching the retail level.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026az l\u02c8\u0254st f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0te\u026al l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l."}, {"text": "Modern agronomy, plant breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, and technological developments have sharply increased crop yields, but also contributed to ecological and environmental damage.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, pl\u02c8\u00e6nt b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u0259k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az, \u00e6nd t\u02cc\u025bkn\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nts h\u00e6v \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279pli \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal welfare and environmental damage.", "phonemes": "s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd\u0279i h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0t, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u00e6v \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l w\u02c8\u025blf\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Environmental issues include contributions to climate change, depletion of aquifers, deforestation, antibiotic resistance, and other agricultural pollution.", "phonemes": "\u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, d\u1d7bpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6kw\u026af\u025az, di\u02d0f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026aba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Agriculture is both a cause of and sensitive to environmental degradation, such as biodiversity loss, desertification, soil degradation, and climate change, all of which can cause decreases in crop yield.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av t\u028a \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ada\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei l\u02c8\u0254s, d\u026az\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u0254\u026al d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p j\u02c8i\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "The word agriculture is a late Middle English adaptation of Latin , from  'field' and  'cultivation' or 'growing'.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0250 l\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an , f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u028clt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "While agriculture usually refers to human activities, certain species of ant, termite and beetle have been cultivating crops for up to 60 million years.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nt, t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026at \u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259l h\u0250vb\u026an k\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Agriculture is defined with varying scopes, in its broadest sense using natural resources to \"produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8o\u028aps, \u026an \u026ats b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026ast s\u02c8\u025bns j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz tu\u02d0 \"p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s k\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7b\u027eiz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an l\u02c8a\u026af, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u02c8u\u02d0d, f\u02c8a\u026ab\u025a, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts, h\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz\"."}, {"text": "Thus defined, it includes arable farming, horticulture, animal husbandry and forestry, but horticulture and forestry are in practice often excluded.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and, \u026a\u027e \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b, h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd\u0279i \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u0279i, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u0279i \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "It may also be broadly decomposed into plant agriculture, which concerns the cultivation of useful plants, and animal agriculture, the production of agricultural animals.", "phonemes": "\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dli d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u028clt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni t\u02c8a\u026amz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0250n k\u028ad bi\u02d0 s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026and ba\u026a h\u02c8\u028cnt\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa, in at least 11 separate centers of origin.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab, \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0250 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259, \u026an \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an."}, {"text": "In the Paleolithic Levant, 23,000 years ago, cereals cultivation of emmer, barley, and oats has been observed near the sea of Galilee.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak l\u0259v\u02c8\u00e6nt, tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, s\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259lz k\u02cc\u028clt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u025bm\u025a, b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279li, \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028ats h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u026al\u02cci\u02d0."}, {"text": "Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC with the earliest known cultivation from 5,700 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8a\u026as w\u028cz d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aks,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast n\u02c8o\u028an k\u02cc\u028clt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8a\u026av,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a m\u02c8\u028c\u014b, s\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u00e6nd \u00e6z\u02c8u\u02d0ki b\u02c8i\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan some 10,500 years ago.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l w\u025c\u02d0 d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ald \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0kz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ki \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u00e6k\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6n s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8\u025bn,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Pig production emerged in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia, where wild boar were first domesticated about 10,500 years ago.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u026a\u0261 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d \u026an ju\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026ald b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8\u025bn,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans, coca, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ndi\u02d0z \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8e\u026a\u027eo\u028a w\u028cz d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8\u025bn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8i\u02d0nz, k\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259z, \u00e6lp\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259z, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u026ani p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z."}, {"text": "Studies of the transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies indicate an initial period of intensification and increasing sedentism; examples are the Natufian culture in the Levant, and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8\u028cnt\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u025a t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u0250n \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv \u026ant\u02cc\u025bns\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bd\u0259nt\u02cc\u026az\u0259m; \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 n\u00e6t\u02c8u\u02d0fi\u0259n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u0259v\u02c8\u00e6nt, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z n\u02cci\u02d0o\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026ak \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259."}, {"text": "Then, wild stands that had previously been harvested started to be planted, and gradually came to be domesticated.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025bn, w\u02c8a\u026ald st\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli b\u02cc\u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026ast\u1d7bd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259bi pl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259bi d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "In Eurasia, the Sumerians started to live in villages from about 8,000 BC, relying on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and a canal system for irrigation.", "phonemes": "\u026an ju\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0m\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u026an v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u02c8e\u026at,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u0279\u026as \u00e6nd ju\u02d0f\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027ei\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025az \u00e6nd \u0250 k\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Farmers grew wheat, barley, vegetables such as lentils and onions, and fruits including dates, grapes, and figs.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8i\u02d0t, b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279li, v\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z l\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028cni\u0259nz, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u02c8e\u026ats, \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026aps, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0261z."}, {"text": "Staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as flax and papyrus.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259l f\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279li, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z fl\u02c8\u00e6ks \u00e6nd p\u0250p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259s."}, {"text": "Archeological evidence indicates an animal-drawn plough from 2,500 BC in the Indus Valley civilisation.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259ld\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n pl\u02c8a\u028a f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u028cs v\u02c8\u00e6li s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In China, from the 5th century BC, there was a nationwide granary system and widespread silk farming.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nw\u02cca\u026ad \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00e6nd w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd s\u02c8\u026alk f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Asian rice was domesticated 8,200\u201313,500 years ago \u2013 depending on the molecular clock estimate that is used\u2013 on the Pearl River in southern China with a single genetic origin from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026as w\u028cz d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8e\u026at,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259t \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u026an s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ald \u0279\u02c8a\u026as \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026az\u025a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f\u026ap\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259n."}, {"text": "In Greece and Rome, the major cereals were wheat, emmer, and barley, alongside vegetables including peas, beans, and olives.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028am, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a s\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8i\u02d0t, \u02c8\u025bm\u025a, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279li, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad v\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b p\u02c8i\u02d0z, b\u02c8i\u02d0nz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026avz."}, {"text": "In the Americas, crops domesticated in Mesoamerica (apart from teosinte) include squash, beans, and cacao.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259z, k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an m\u02cc\u025bso\u028a\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm t\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u026ant \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d skw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283, b\u02c8i\u02d0nz, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6ka\u028a."}, {"text": "The Aztecs developed irrigation systems, formed terraced hillsides, fertilized their soil, and developed chinampas or artificial islands.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6zt\u025bks d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ast h\u02c8\u026alsa\u026adz, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u00e6mp\u0259z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz."}, {"text": "In North America, the indigenous people of the East domesticated crops such as sunflower, tobacco, squash and Chenopodium.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u028cnfla\u028a\u025a, t\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6ko\u028a, skw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283 \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02cc\u025bn\u0259p\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m."}, {"text": "The domesticated strawberry is a hybrid of a Chilean and a North American species, developed by breeding in Europe and North America.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0b\u025b\u0279i \u026az \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u026ad \u0259v\u0259 t\u0283\u026al\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt ba\u026a b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "The indigenous people of the Southwest and the Pacific Northwest practiced forest gardening and fire-stick farming.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026a\u025ast\u02c8\u026ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The natives controlled fire on a regional scale to create a low-intensity fire ecology that sustained a low-density agriculture in loose rotation; a sort of \"wild\" permaculture.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026avz k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l sk\u02c8e\u026al t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u025bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u00e6t s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026and \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028ad\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an l\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n; \u0250 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \"w\u02c8a\u026ald\" p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0250k\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Indigenous Australians, long supposed to have been nomadic hunter-gatherers, practised systematic burning, possibly to enhance natural productivity in fire-stick farming.", "phonemes": "\u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259nz, l\u02c8\u0254\u014b s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an no\u028am\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak h\u02c8\u028cnt\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u025az, p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli t\u028a \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6ns n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an f\u02c8a\u026a\u025ast\u02c8\u026ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Scholars have pointed out that hunter-gatherers need a productive environment to support gathering without cultivation.", "phonemes": "sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az h\u00e6v p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u028cnt\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u025az n\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at k\u02cc\u028clt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Because the forests of New Guinea have few food plants, early humans may have used \"selective burning\" to increase the productivity of the wild karuka fruit trees to support the hunter-gatherer way of life.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026ani h\u00e6v fj\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8u\u02d0d pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \"s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b\" t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ald k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279u\u02d0k\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cnt\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u025a w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "The Gunditjmara and other groups developed eel farming and fish trapping systems from some 5,000 years ago.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02cc\u028cnd\u026atd\u0292m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02c8i\u02d0l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz f\u0279\u028cm s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "In two regions of Australia, the central west coast and eastern central, early farmers cultivated yams, native millet, and bush onions, possibly in permanent settlements.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u025bst k\u02c8o\u028ast \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az k\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02c8\u00e6mz, n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av m\u02c8\u026al\u026at, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u028a\u0283 \u02c8\u028cni\u0259nz, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli \u026an p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "In the Middle Ages, compared to the Roman period, agriculture in Western Europe became more focused on self-sufficiency.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025blfs\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi."}, {"text": "The agricultural population under feudalism was typically organized into manors consisting of several hundred or more acres of land presided over by a lord of the manor with a Roman Catholic church and priest.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a fj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m w\u028cz t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ak\u025az \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a ba\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "Thanks to the exchange with the Al-Andalus where the Arab Agricultural Revolution was underway, European agriculture transformed, with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees (such as the orange).", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u00e6l\u0259s w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025aw\u02c8e\u026a, j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md, w\u026a\u00f0 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0261\u025a, \u0279\u02c8a\u026as, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u0279\u026and\u0292."}, {"text": "After 1492, the Columbian exchange brought New World crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc to Europe, and Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips, and livestock (including horses, cattle, sheep and goats) to the Americas.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259n \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8e\u026az, p\u0259t\u02c8e\u026a\u027eo\u028az, t\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u027eo\u028az, sw\u02c8i\u02d0t p\u0259t\u02c8e\u026a\u027eo\u028az, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0k t\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8i\u02d0t, b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279li, \u0279\u02c8a\u026as, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026aps, \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l, \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028ats t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259z."}, {"text": "Irrigation, crop rotation, and fertilizers advanced from the 17th century with the British Agricultural Revolution, allowing global population to rise significantly.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "Since 1900, agriculture in developed nations, and to a lesser extent in the developing world, has seen large rises in productivity as mechanization replaces human labor, and assisted by synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and selective breeding.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd t\u028a \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, h\u0250z s\u02c8i\u02d0n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u026an p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z m\u02cc\u025bk\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az, p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz, \u00e6nd s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The Haber-Bosch method allowed the synthesis of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on an industrial scale, greatly increasing crop yields and sustaining a further increase in global population.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8e\u026ab\u025ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279e\u026at f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l sk\u02c8e\u026al, \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u00e6nd s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Modern agriculture has raised or encountered ecological, political, and economic issues including water pollution, biofuels, genetically modified organisms, tariffs and farm subsidies, leading to alternative approaches such as the organic movement.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a h\u0250z \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l, p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, b\u02cca\u026ao\u028afj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lz, d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz, t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026afs \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026adiz, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In nomadic pastoralism, herds of livestock are moved from place to place in search of pasture, fodder, and water.", "phonemes": "\u026an no\u028am\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak p\u02c8\u00e6sto\u02d0\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm pl\u02c8e\u026as t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6st\u0283\u025a, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "This type of farming is practised in arid and semi-arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv s\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259, s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u02c8\u026andi\u0259."}, {"text": "The cleared land is used for growing crops for a few years until the soil becomes too infertile, and the area is abandoned.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279d l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps f\u025a\u0279\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026anf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026az \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd."}, {"text": "This type of farming is practiced mainly in areas with abundant rainfall where the forest regenerates quickly.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast m\u02c8e\u026anli \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u0254\u02d0l w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast \u0279i\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats kw\u02c8\u026akli."}, {"text": "Subsistence farming is practiced to satisfy family or local needs alone, with little left over for transport elsewhere.", "phonemes": "s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast t\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026a f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l n\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an, w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bft \u02cco\u028av\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u025blsw\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "An estimated 2.5\u00a0billion subsistence farmers worked in 2018, cultivating about 60% of the earth's arable land.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, k\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u026aksti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Intensive farming is cultivation to maximise productivity, with a low fallow ratio and a high use of inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticide and automation).", "phonemes": "\u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u026av f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u026az k\u02cc\u028clt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u02cca\u026az p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028a \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02c8\u026anp\u028ats w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a, p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "It substituted synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labour, but caused increased water pollution, and often involved farm subsidies.", "phonemes": "\u026at s\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026adiz."}, {"text": "Soil degradation and diseases such as stem rust are major concerns globally; approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u0254\u026al d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z st\u02c8\u025bm \u0279\u02c8\u028cst \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259li; \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026az s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "In recent years there has been a backlash against the environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic, regenerative, and sustainable agriculture movements.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6kl\u00e6\u0283 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak, \u0279i\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, \u00e6nd s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026an\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "One of the major forces behind this movement has been the European Union, which first certified organic food in 1991 and began reform of its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2005 to phase out commodity-linked farm subsidies, also known as decoupling.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026ap\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8a\u028at k\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7b\u027eil\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026adiz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z d\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cpl\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The growth of organic farming has renewed research in alternative technologies such as integrated pest management, selective breeding, and controlled-environment agriculture.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b h\u0250z \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u025bst m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt, s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald\u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "There are concerns about the lower yield associated with organic farming and its impact on global food security.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a j\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u026ats \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u02cc\u0254n \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "By 2015, the agricultural output of China was the largest in the world, followed by the European Union, India and the United States.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Economists measure the total factor productivity of agriculture, according to which agriculture in the United States is roughly 1.7 times more productive than it was in 1948.", "phonemes": "\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u02cc\u026asts m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli w\u02c8\u028cn.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026amz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av \u00f0\u0250n \u026at w\u028cz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Despite increases in agricultural production and productivity, between 702 and 828 million people were affected by hunger in 2021.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Food insecurity and malnutrition can be the result of conflict, climate extremes and variability and economic swings.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02cc\u026ans\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u00e6lnju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt, kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u00e6nd v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak sw\u02c8\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "It can also be caused by a country's structural characteristics such as income status and natural resource endowments as well as its political economy.", "phonemes": "\u026at k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u0250 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u025bnd\u02c8a\u028am\u0259nts \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u026ats p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "The International Fund for Agricultural Development posits that an increase in smallholder agriculture may be part of the solution to concerns about food prices and overall food security, given the favorable experience of Vietnam.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u028cnd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lho\u028ald\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u028cv v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Agriculture provides about one-quarter of all global employment, more than half in sub-Saharan Africa and almost 60 percent in low-income countries.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028c\u014bkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n h\u02c8\u00e6f \u026an s\u02c8\u028cbs\u02c8\u00e6h\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast s\u02c8\u026aksti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an l\u02c8o\u028a\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "As countries develop, other jobs have historically pulled workers away from agriculture, and labour-saving innovations increase agricultural productivity by reducing labour requirements per unit of output.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p, \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz h\u00e6v h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli p\u02c8\u028ald w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025as\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nts p\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at \u028cv \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at."}, {"text": "Over time, a combination of labour supply and labour demand trends have driven down the share of population employed in agriculture.", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am, \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz h\u00e6v d\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259n d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "During the 16th century in Europe, between 55 and 75% of the population was engaged in agriculture; by the 19th century, this had dropped to between 35 and 65%.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a; ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u026as h\u00e6d d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt t\u0259 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "At the start of the 21st century, some one billion people, or over 1/3 of the available work force, were employed in agriculture.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s, w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "This constitutes approximately 70% of the global employment of children, and in many countries constitutes the largest percentage of women of any industry.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i."}, {"text": "In many developed countries, immigrants help fill labour shortages in high-value agriculture activities that are difficult to mechanize.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u025bni d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts h\u02c8\u025blp f\u02c8\u026al l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an h\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bk\u0259n\u02cca\u026az."}, {"text": "Foreign farm workers from mostly Eastern Europe, North Africa and South Asia constituted around one-third of the salaried agricultural workforce in Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal in 2013.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8o\u028astli \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u025a\u0279id \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kfo\u02d0\u0279s \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026an, \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u0259\u0261\u0259l \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "In the United States of America, more than half of all hired farmworkers (roughly 450,000 workers) were immigrants in 2019, although the number of new immigrants arriving in the country to work in agriculture has fallen by 75 percent in recent years and rising wages indicate this has led to a major labor shortage on U.S. farms.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mw\u025c\u02d0k\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u026am\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259nts \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a h\u0250z f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0259n ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b w\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026as h\u0250z l\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ad\u0292 \u02cc\u0254n j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "This share is growing in all developing regions except East and Southeast Asia where women already make up about 50 percent of the agricultural workforce.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi m\u02cce\u026ak \u02cc\u028cp \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8\u026afti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kfo\u02d0\u0279s."}, {"text": "Women make up 47 percent of the agricultural workforce in sub-Saharan Africa, a rate that has not changed significantly in the past few decades.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u026am\u026an m\u02cce\u026ak \u02cc\u028cp f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kfo\u02d0\u0279s \u026an s\u02c8\u028cbs\u02c8\u00e6h\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0259zn\u0251\u02d0t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st fj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz."}, {"text": "However, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) posits that the roles and responsibilities of women in agriculture may be changing \u2013 for example, from subsistence farming to wage employment, and from contributing household members to primary producers in the context of male-out-migration.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u025bf\u02cce\u026a\u02c8o\u028a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028alz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, f\u0279\u028cm s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b t\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028ald m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst \u028cv m\u02c8e\u026al\u02c8a\u028atma\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Agriculture, specifically farming, remains a hazardous industry, and farmers worldwide remain at high risk of work-related injuries, lung disease, noise-induced hearing loss, skin diseases, as well as certain cancers related to chemical use and prolonged sun exposure.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6z\u025ad\u0259s \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u026ask \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279iz, l\u02c8\u028c\u014b d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z, n\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u026and\u02c8u\u02d0st h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0254s, sk\u02c8\u026an d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025az \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u0254\u014bd s\u02c8\u028cn \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a."}, {"text": "On industrialized farms, injuries frequently involve the use of agricultural machinery, and a common cause of fatal agricultural injuries in developed countries is tractor rollovers.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz, \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279iz f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv f\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279iz \u026an d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u026az t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028alo\u028av\u025az."}, {"text": "Pesticides and other chemicals used in farming can be hazardous to worker health, and workers exposed to pesticides may experience illness or have children with birth defects.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259lz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6z\u025ad\u0259s t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025a h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz m\u02c8e\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u02c8\u026aln\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u00e6v t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 d\u02c8i\u02d0f\u025bkts."}, {"text": "As an industry in which families commonly share in work and live on the farm itself, entire families can be at risk for injuries, illness, and death.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026av \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf, \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u026ask f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279iz, \u02c8\u026aln\u0259s, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "Ages 0\u20136 May be an especially vulnerable population in agriculture; common causes of fatal injuries among young farm workers include drowning, machinery and motor accidents, including with all-terrain vehicles.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250n \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a; k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u028cv f\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279iz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b j\u02c8\u028c\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d d\u0279\u02c8a\u028an\u026a\u014b, m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026ad\u0259nts, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lt\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026an v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The International Labour Organization considers agriculture \"one of the most hazardous of all economic sectors\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025az \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a \"w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast h\u02c8\u00e6z\u025ad\u0259s \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az\"."}, {"text": "It estimates that the annual work-related death toll among agricultural employees is at least 170,000, twice the average rate of other jobs.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 t\u02c8o\u028al \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ai\u02d0z \u026az \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, tw\u02c8a\u026as \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz."}, {"text": "In addition, incidences of death, injury and illness related to agricultural activities often go unreported.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026aln\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u02cc\u028cn\u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The organization has developed the Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001, which covers the range of risks in the agriculture occupation, the prevention of these risks and the role that individuals and organizations engaged in agriculture should play.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026afti \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u026asks \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8\u026asks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad pl\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "In the United States, agriculture has been identified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda to identify and provide intervention strategies for occupational health and safety issues.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8e\u026afti \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259 t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u026ant\u025av\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292iz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd s\u02c8e\u026afti \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "In the European Union, the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work has issued guidelines on implementing health and safety directives in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture, and forestry.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8e\u026afti \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6t w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k h\u0250z \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u0261\u02c8a\u026adla\u026anz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd s\u02c8e\u026afti d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avz \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b, h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u0279i."}, {"text": "The Agricultural Safety and Health Council of America (ASHCA) also holds a yearly summit to discuss safety.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8e\u026afti \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6\u0283k\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279li s\u02c8\u028cm\u026at t\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cs s\u02c8e\u026afti."}, {"text": "Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm; government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and the philosophy and culture of the farmer.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ants; d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u00e6nd kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m; \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi; \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak, s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025az; \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a."}, {"text": "Shifting cultivation (or slash and burn) is a system in which forests are burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then perennial crops for a period of several years.", "phonemes": "\u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u028clt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nt, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nts t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u02cc\u028clt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Then the plot is left fallow to regrow forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10\u201320).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u026az l\u02c8\u025bft f\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028a t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a m\u02c8u\u02d0vz t\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u02c8\u025bn tw\u02c8\u025bnti."}, {"text": "This fallow period is shortened if population density grows, requiring the input of nutrients (fertilizer or manure) and some manual pest control.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028a p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u026az \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0294n\u0329d \u026af p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028az, \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anp\u028at \u028cv nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nts f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u0259nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l p\u02c8\u025bst k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "Further industrialization led to the use of monocultures, when one cultivar is planted on a large acreage.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026and\u02cc\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025az, w\u02cc\u025bn w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u028clt\u026av\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026az pl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8e\u026ak\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Because of the low biodiversity, nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up, necessitating the greater use of pesticides and fertilizers.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ada\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025bsts t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald \u02c8\u028cp, n\u0259s\u02c8\u025bs\u026at\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az."}, {"text": "Multiple cropping, in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and intercropping, when several crops are grown at the same time, are other kinds of annual cropping systems known as polycultures.", "phonemes": "m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028an si\u02d0kw\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u025bn s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "In subtropical and arid environments, the timing and extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple annual crops in a year, or requiring irrigation.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u028cbt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u0254\u02d0l, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u026an \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In all of these environments perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced such as agroforestry.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028an k\u02c8\u0254fi, t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kl\u0259t \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u0279i."}, {"text": "In temperate environments, where ecosystems were predominantly grassland or prairie, highly productive annual farming is the dominant agricultural system.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028as\u02cc\u026ast\u0259mz w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sl\u0259nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279i, h\u02c8a\u026ali p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "Animal husbandry is the breeding and raising of animals for meat, milk, eggs, or wool, and for work and transport.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l h\u02c8\u028csb\u0259nd\u0279i \u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8i\u02d0t, m\u02c8\u026alk, \u02c8\u025b\u0261z, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028al, \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Working animals, including horses, mules, oxen, water buffalo, camels, llamas, alpacas, donkeys, and dogs, have for centuries been used to help cultivate fields, harvest crops, wrangle other animals, and transport farm products to buyers.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, mj\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u0259n, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u028cf\u0259l\u02cco\u028a, k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259z, \u00e6lp\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259z, d\u02c8\u0254\u014bkiz, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, h\u00e6v f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz b\u02cc\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp k\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026at f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026ast k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts t\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8i\u02d0d s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s, \u00e6z \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sl\u0259ndb\u02c8e\u026ast, m\u02c8\u026akst, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u0259s."}, {"text": ", 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3\u00a0billion people.", "phonemes": ", \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z \u02c8a\u026as \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025af\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli w\u02c8\u028cn.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "Between the 1960s and the 2000s, there was a significant increase in livestock production, both by numbers and by carcass weight, especially among beef, pigs and chickens, the latter of which had production increased by almost a factor of 10.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd z, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 ba\u026a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u00e6nd ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259s w\u02c8e\u026at, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b b\u02c8i\u02d0f, p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u026ak\u026anz, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st ba\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u0250 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, also showed significant production increases.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nm\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8\u026alk k\u02c8a\u028az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0261p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u026ak\u026anz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Aquaculture or fish farming, the production of fish for human consumption in confined operations, is one of the fastest growing sectors of food production, growing at an average of 9% a year between 1975 and 2007.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6kw\u0250k\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u026an k\u0259nf\u02c8a\u026and \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "During the second half of the 20th century, producers using selective breeding focused on creating livestock breeds and crossbreeds that increased production, while mostly disregarding the need to preserve genetic diversity.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u02cc\u0254n k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u0254sb\u0279i\u02d0dz \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cca\u026al m\u02c8o\u028astli d\u02cc\u026as\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "This trend has led to a significant decrease in genetic diversity and resources among livestock breeds, leading to a corresponding decrease in disease resistance and local adaptations previously found among traditional breeds.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd h\u0250z l\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dz, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli f\u02c8a\u028and \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Grassland based livestock production relies upon plant material such as shrubland, rangeland, and pastures for feeding ruminant animals.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sl\u0259nd b\u02c8e\u026ast l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026az \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n pl\u02c8\u00e6nt m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028cbl\u0259nd, \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025bl\u0259nd, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6st\u0283\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Outside nutrient inputs may be used, however manure is returned directly to the grassland as a major nutrient source.", "phonemes": "a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt \u02c8\u026anp\u028ats m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a m\u0259nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u026az \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sl\u0259nd \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s."}, {"text": "This system is particularly important in areas where crop production is not feasible because of climate or soil, representing 30\u201340\u00a0million pastoralists.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u026az p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bb\u0259l b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6sto\u02d0\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "Mixed production systems use grassland, fodder crops and grain feed crops as feed for ruminant and monogastric (one stomach; mainly chickens and pigs) livestock.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026akst p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sl\u0259nd, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0d k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u00e6z f\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u00e6nd m\u0259n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u026ak w\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8\u028cm\u0259k; m\u02c8e\u026anli t\u0283\u02c8\u026ak\u026anz \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u026a\u0261z l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Landless systems rely upon feed from outside the farm, representing the de-linking of crop and livestock production found more prevalently in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n f\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0279\u028cm a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m, \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8a\u028and m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l\u0259ntli \u026an \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak k\u02c8o\u028a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Synthetic fertilizers are more heavily relied upon for crop production and manure use becomes a challenge as well as a source for pollution.", "phonemes": "s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bvili \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026ad \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u0259nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Industrialized countries use these operations to produce much of the global supplies of poultry and pork.", "phonemes": "\u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv p\u02c8o\u028alt\u0279i \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279k."}, {"text": "Scientists estimate that 75% of the growth in livestock production between 2003 and 2030 will be in confined animal feeding operations, sometimes called factory farming.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259t \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026an l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u026al bi\u02d0 \u026an k\u0259nf\u02c8a\u026and \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Much of this growth is happening in developing countries in Asia, with much smaller amounts of growth in Africa.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026az h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u026an d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "Some of the practices used in commercial livestock production, including the usage of growth hormones, are controversial.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279mo\u028anz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l."}, {"text": "Tillage is the practice of breaking up the soil with tools such as the plow or harrow to prepare for planting, for nutrient incorporation, or for pest control.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8u\u02d0lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8a\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a t\u0259 p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026a\u014b, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt \u026a\u014bk\u02cco\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025bst k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "It can improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms.", "phonemes": "\u026at k\u00e6n \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei ba\u026a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u014b w\u02c8i\u02d0dz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025az s\u02c8\u0254\u026al m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028an t\u028a \u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u0259n, t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025az \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259ns \u00e6nd da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Chemical (pesticides), biological (biocontrol), mechanical (tillage), and cultural practices are used.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz, b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ak\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al, m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "Cultural practices include crop rotation, culling, cover crops, intercropping, composting, avoidance, and resistance.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, k\u02c8\u028cl\u026a\u014b, k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps, \u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpo\u028ast\u026a\u014b, \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u0259ns, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Integrated pest management attempts to use all of these methods to keep pest populations below the number which would cause economic loss, and recommends pesticides as a last resort.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u025bst m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p p\u02c8\u025bst p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028ad k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak l\u02c8\u0254s, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u02c8\u025bndz p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Nutrient management includes both the source of nutrient inputs for crop and livestock production, and the method of use of manure produced by livestock.", "phonemes": "nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt \u02c8\u026anp\u028ats f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv m\u0259nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Crop nutrient use may also be managed using cultural techniques such as crop rotation or a fallow period.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt j\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 f\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028a p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "Manure is used either by holding livestock where the feed crop is growing, such as in managed intensive rotational grazing, or by spreading either dry or liquid formulations of manure on cropland or pastures.", "phonemes": "m\u0259nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a ba\u026a h\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0d k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u026av \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv m\u0259nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pl\u0259nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u00e6st\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Water management is needed where rainfall is insufficient or variable, which occurs to some degree in most regions of the world.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u026az n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u0254\u02d0l \u026az \u026ans\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 s\u02cc\u028cm d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "In other areas such as the Great Plains in the U.S. and Canada, farmers use a fallow year to conserve soil moisture for the following year.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at pl\u02c8e\u026anz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 f\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v s\u02c8\u0254\u026al m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast\u0283\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Recent technological innovations in precision agriculture allow for water status monitoring and automate water usage, leading to more efficient management.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt t\u02cc\u025bkn\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an p\u0279\u026as\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026at w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In least developed countries and landlocked developing countries, water withdrawal ratios for agriculture are as high as 90 percent of total water withdrawals and about 60 percent in Small Island Developing States.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8i\u02d0st d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u0251\u02d0kt d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z h\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6z n\u02c8a\u026anti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u00e6nd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u026aksti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "According to 2014 report by the International Food Policy Research Institute, agricultural technologies will have the greatest impact on food production if adopted in combination with each other.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t, \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz w\u026al h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026af \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "Using a model that assessed how eleven technologies could impact agricultural productivity, food security and trade by 2050, the International Food Policy Research Institute found that the number of people at risk from hunger could be reduced by as much as 40% and food prices could be reduced by almost half.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250s\u02c8\u025bst h\u02cca\u028a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz k\u028ad \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u026ask f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00e6z m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast h\u02c8\u00e6f."}, {"text": "Payment for ecosystem services is a method of providing additional incentives to encourage farmers to conserve some aspects of the environment.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8e\u026am\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028as\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u028cv p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026ans\u02c8\u025bnt\u026avz t\u028a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Measures might include paying for reforestation upstream of a city, to improve the supply of fresh water.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az m\u02cca\u026at \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cpst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei, t\u028a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Different definitions exist for agricultural automation and for the variety of tools and technologies that are used to automate production.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026at p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "One view is that agricultural automation refers to autonomous navigation by robots without human intervention.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u028a \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s n\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8o\u028ab\u0251\u02d0ts w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u025av\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Alternatively it is defined as the accomplishment of production tasks through mobile, autonomous, decision-making, mechatronic devices.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u026a\u027e \u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u028cv p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u00e6sks \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s, d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nm\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b, m\u02cc\u025bk\u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "However, FAO finds that these definitions do not capture all the aspects and forms of automation, such as robotic milking machines that are static, most motorized machinery that automates the performing of agricultural operations, and digital tools (e.g., sensors) that automate only diagnosis.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02cc\u025bf\u02cce\u026a\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8a\u026andz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0i\u02d0z d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak m\u02c8\u026alk\u026a\u014b m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, m\u02c8o\u028ast m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n\u025a\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., s\u02c8\u025bns\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026at \u02c8o\u028anli d\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261n\u02c8o\u028as\u026as."}, {"text": "FAO defines agricultural automation as the use of machinery and equipment in agricultural operations to improve their diagnosis, decision-making or performing, reducing the drudgery of agricultural work or improving the timeliness, and potentially the precision, of agricultural operations.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bf\u02cce\u026a\u02c8o\u028a d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026anz \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt \u026an \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u028a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261n\u02c8o\u028as\u026as, d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nm\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u0279i \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026amlin\u0259s, \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The technological evolution in agriculture has involved a progressive move from manual tools to animal traction, to motorized mechanization, to digital equipment and finally, to robotics with artificial intelligence (AI).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bkn\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a h\u0250z \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u0250 p\u0279\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av m\u02c8u\u02d0v f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0lz t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd m\u02cc\u025bk\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li, t\u0259 \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026aks w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u026ant\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259ns \u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "Motorized mechanization using engine power automates the performance of agricultural operations such as ploughing and milking.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd m\u02cc\u025bk\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z pl\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026alk\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "With digital automation technologies, it also becomes possible to automate diagnosis and decision-making of agricultural operations.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz, \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026at d\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261n\u02c8o\u028as\u026as \u00e6nd d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nm\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "For example, autonomous crop robots can harvest and seed crops, while drones can gather information to help automate input application.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0279\u02c8o\u028ab\u0251\u02d0ts k\u00e6n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026ast \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0d k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps, w\u02cca\u026al d\u0279\u02c8o\u028anz k\u00e6n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u026anp\u028at \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Motorized machines are increasingly complemented, or even superseded, by new digital equipment that automates diagnosis and decision-making.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025as\u02cci\u02d0d\u1d7bd, ba\u026a n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026ats d\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261n\u02c8o\u028as\u026as \u00e6nd d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nm\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "A conventional tractor, for example, can be converted into an automated vehicle allowing it to sow a field autonomously.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u026at t\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a \u0250 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259sli."}, {"text": "Motorized mechanization has increased significantly across the world in recent years, although reliable global data with broad country coverage exist only for tractors and only up to 2009.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd m\u02cc\u025bk\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u02c8o\u028anli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where the adoption of motorized mechanization has stalled over the past decades.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cbs\u02c8\u00e6h\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd m\u02cc\u025bk\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz."}, {"text": "Automation technologies are increasingly used for managing livestock, though evidence on adoption is lacking.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n \u026az l\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Global automatic milking system sales have increased over recent years, but adoption is likely mostly in Northern Europe, and likely almost absent in low- and middle-income countries.", "phonemes": "\u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak m\u02c8\u026alk\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m s\u02c8e\u026alz h\u00e6v \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akli m\u02c8o\u028astli \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026akli \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259nt \u026an l\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Automated feeding machines for both cows and poultry also exist, but data and evidence regarding their adoption trends and drivers is likewise scarce.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8a\u028az \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028alt\u0279i \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u00e6nd d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u025az \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akwa\u026az sk\u02c8\u025b\u0279s."}, {"text": "Measuring the overall employment impacts of agricultural automation is difficult because it requires large amounts of data tracking all the transformations and the associated reallocation of workers both upstream and downstream.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kts \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cpst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u028anst\u0279i\u02d0m."}, {"text": "While automation technologies reduce labour needs for the newly automated tasks, they also generate new labour demand for other tasks, such as equipment maintenance and operation.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a n\u02c8i\u02d0dz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u00e6sks, \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at n\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8\u00e6sks, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt m\u02c8e\u026ant\u0259n\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Agricultural automation can also stimulate employment by allowing producers to expand production and by creating other agrifood systems jobs.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt ba\u026a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az t\u028a \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd ba\u026a k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026af\u02ccu\u02d0d s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz."}, {"text": "This is especially true when it happens in context of rising scarcity of rural labour, as is the case in high-income countries and many middle-income countries.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u025bn \u026at h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259nz \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst \u028cv \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8\u025b\u0279s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a, \u02cc\u00e6z\u02cc\u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u026an h\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "On the other hand, if forcedly promoted, for example through government subsidies in contexts of abundant rural labour, it can lead to labour displacement and falling or stagnant wages, particularly affecting poor and low-skilled workers.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u026af f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bdli p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026adiz \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts \u028cv \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a, \u026at k\u00e6n l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0259nt w\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028ask\u02c8\u026ald w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az."}, {"text": "Climate change affects agriculture through changes in average temperatures, rainfall, and weather extremes (like storms and heat waves); changes in pests and diseases; changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods; and changes in sea level.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkts \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az, \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u0254\u02d0l, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz l\u02c8a\u026ak st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd h\u02c8i\u02d0t w\u02c8e\u026avz; t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an p\u02c8\u025bsts \u00e6nd d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz; t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u02c8o\u028azo\u028an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz; t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8u\u02d0dz; \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l."}, {"text": "In a 2022 report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change describes how human-induced warming has slowed growth of agricultural productivity over the past 50 years in mid and low latitudes.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0261\u02cc\u028cv\u025anm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz h\u02cca\u028a hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n\u026and\u02c8u\u02d0st w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b h\u0250z sl\u02c8o\u028ad \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st f\u02c8\u026afti j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an m\u02c8\u026ad \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Methane emissions have negatively impacted crop yields by increasing temperatures and surface ozone concentrations.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u00e6v n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt\u1d7bd k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz ba\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u02c8o\u028azo\u028an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Ocean warming has decreased sustainable yields of some wild fish populations while ocean acidification and warming have already affected farmed aquatic species.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b h\u0250z d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0st s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026an\u0259b\u0259l j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8a\u026ald f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u0250s\u02cc\u026ad\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b h\u00e6v \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Climate change will probably increase the risk of food insecurity for some vulnerable groups, such as the poor.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 w\u026al p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026ask \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02cc\u026ans\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279."}, {"text": "Crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of years, since the beginning of civilization.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u02cc\u0254lt\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast ba\u026a hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0250\u014bk\u02cca\u026and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Altering crops through breeding practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops with more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or seeds, drought-tolerance, or resistance to pests.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254lt\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak m\u02cce\u026ak\u02cc\u028cp \u0259v\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cc\u025bn\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0dz, d\u0279\u02c8a\u028att\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u0259ns, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns t\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bsts."}, {"text": "His work on dominant and recessive alleles, although initially largely ignored for almost 50 years, gave plant breeders a better understanding of genetics and breeding techniques.", "phonemes": "h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u02cc\u0254n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bs\u026av \u0250l\u02c8i\u02d0lz, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast f\u02c8\u026afti j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u0261\u02c8e\u026av pl\u02c8\u00e6nt b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u0250 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "Crop breeding includes techniques such as plant selection with desirable traits, self-pollination and cross-pollination, and molecular techniques that genetically modify the organism.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z pl\u02c8\u00e6nt s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats, s\u02c8\u025blfp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n 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\u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ast \u00e6nd nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p pl\u02c8\u00e6nts."}, {"text": "Plant selection and breeding in the 1920s and 1930s improved pasture (grasses and clover) in New Zealand.", "phonemes": "pl\u02c8\u00e6nt s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti z \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd p\u02c8\u00e6st\u0283\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd kl\u02c8o\u028av\u025a \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 z\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Extensive X-ray and ultraviolet induced mutagenesis efforts (i.e. primitive genetic engineering) during the 1950s produced the modern commercial varieties of grains such as wheat, corn (maize) and barley.", "phonemes": "\u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av \u02c8\u025bks\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028alt\u0279\u0250v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u026at \u026and\u02c8u\u02d0st mj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027ee\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bs\u02cc\u026as \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8i\u02d0t, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n m\u02c8e\u026az \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279li."}, {"text": "The Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to sharply increase yield by creating \"high-yielding varieties\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l h\u02cca\u026ab\u0279\u026ad\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279pli \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s j\u02c8i\u02d0ld ba\u026a k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \"h\u02c8a\u026aj\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026a\u014b v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz\"."}, {"text": "For example, average yields of corn (maize) in the US have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) (40 bushels per acre) in 1900 to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in 2001.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u028cv k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n m\u02c8e\u026az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs h\u00e6v \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u0279\u028cm \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8\u028cnz p\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei b\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u0259lz p\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ak\u025a \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u028a \u0250b\u02cca\u028at n\u02c8a\u026an.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti b\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u0259lz p\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ak\u025a \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Similarly, worldwide average wheat yields have increased from less than 1 t/ha in 1900 to more than 2.5 t/ha in 1990.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 w\u02c8i\u02d0t j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz h\u00e6v \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti."}, {"text": "South American average wheat yields are around 2 t/ha, African under 1 t/ha, and Egypt and Arabia up to 3.5 to 4 t/ha with irrigation.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 w\u02c8i\u02d0t j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259 \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Variations in yields are due mainly to variation in climate, genetics, and the level of intensive farming techniques (use of fertilizers, chemical pest control, and growth control to avoid lodging).", "phonemes": "v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026anli t\u0259 v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t, d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u026av f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az, k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u025bst k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al, \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered by genetic engineering techniques generally known as recombinant DNA technology.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bm\u02c8o\u028a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz h\u02ccu\u02d0z d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u02c8\u0254lt\u025ad ba\u026a d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u026an\u0259nt d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026a t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Genetic engineering has expanded the genes available to breeders to use in creating desired germlines for new crops.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u0250z \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u026an k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mla\u026anz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "Increased durability, nutritional content, insect and virus resistance and herbicide tolerance are a few of the attributes bred into crops through genetic engineering.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st d\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt, \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkt \u00e6nd v\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u026as\u02cca\u026ad t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u0259ns \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0ts b\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "There is ongoing discussion regarding the labeling of foods made from GMOs, and while the EU currently requires all GMO foods to be labeled, the US does not.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261o\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0dz m\u02cce\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bm\u02c8o\u028az, \u00e6nd w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bm\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8u\u02d0dz t\u0259bi l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u028czn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Herbicide-resistant seeds have a gene implanted into their genome that allows the plants to tolerate exposure to herbicides, including glyphosate.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u026as\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt s\u02c8i\u02d0dz h\u00e6v \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026ampl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028am \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nts t\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u026as\u02cca\u026adz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0261l\u02c8\u026af\u0259s\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "These seeds allow the farmer to grow a crop that can be sprayed with herbicides to control weeds without harming the resistant crop.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025a t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 sp\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u026as\u02cca\u026adz t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al w\u02c8i\u02d0dz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p."}, {"text": "With the increasing use of herbicide-tolerant crops, comes an increase in the use of glyphosate-based herbicide sprays.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u026as\u02cca\u026adt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u0259nt k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps, k\u02c8\u028cmz \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0261l\u02c8\u026af\u0259s\u02cce\u026atb\u02c8e\u026ast h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u026as\u02cca\u026ad sp\u0279\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "In some areas glyphosate resistant weeds have developed, causing farmers to switch to other herbicides.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u0261l\u02c8\u026af\u0259s\u02cce\u026at \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt w\u02c8i\u02d0dz h\u00e6v d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az t\u0259 sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u026as\u02cca\u026adz."}, {"text": "Some studies also link widespread glyphosate usage to iron deficiencies in some crops, which is both a crop production and a nutritional quality concern, with potential economic and health implications.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd \u0261l\u02c8\u026af\u0259s\u02cce\u026at j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 t\u028a \u02c8a\u026a\u025an d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsiz \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250 nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u02cc\u026ampl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Other GMO crops used by growers include insect-resistant crops, which have a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which produces a toxin specific to insects.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bm\u02c8o\u028a k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkt\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6v \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259m b\u02c8\u00e6s\u026al\u0259s \u03b8j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b\u0261\u02c8i\u02d0ns\u026as b\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026an sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak t\u028a \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts."}, {"text": "Some believe that similar or better pest-resistance traits can be acquired through traditional breeding practices, and resistance to various pests can be gained through hybridization or cross-pollination with wild species.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a p\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s p\u02c8\u025bsts k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8e\u026and \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 h\u02cca\u026ab\u0279\u026ad\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254sp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8a\u026ald sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "In some cases, wild species are the primary source of resistance traits; some tomato cultivars that have gained resistance to at least 19 diseases did so through crossing with wild populations of tomatoes.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, w\u02c8a\u026ald sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats; s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u027eo\u028a k\u02c8\u028clt\u026av\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v \u0261\u02c8e\u026and \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns t\u028a \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u026ad s\u02cco\u028a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8a\u026ald p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv t\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u027eo\u028az."}, {"text": "Agriculture is both a cause of and sensitive to environmental degradation, such as biodiversity loss, desertification, soil degradation and climate change, which cause decreases in crop yield.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av t\u028a \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ada\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei l\u02c8\u0254s, d\u026az\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u0254\u026al d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p j\u02c8i\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Agriculture is one of the most important drivers of environmental pressures, particularly habitat change, climate change, water use and toxic emissions.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u025az \u028cv \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025az, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Agriculture is the main source of toxins released into the environment, including insecticides, especially those used on cotton.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026anz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ans\u02c8\u025bkt\u026as\u02cca\u026adz, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u00f0o\u028az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329."}, {"text": "The 2011 UNEP Green Economy report stated that agricultural operations produced some 13 per cent of anthropogenic global greenhouse gas emissions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u028cn\u02c8\u025bp \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st s\u02cc\u028cm \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n p\u025a s\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nha\u028as \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "This includes gases from the use of inorganic fertilizers, agro-chemical pesticides, and herbicides, as well as fossil fuel-energy inputs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02cc\u026ano\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279o\u028ak\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u026as\u02cca\u026adz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u02c8\u026anp\u028ats."}, {"text": "Agriculture imposes multiple external costs upon society through effects such as pesticide damage to nature (especially herbicides and insecticides), nutrient runoff, excessive water usage, and loss of natural environment.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254sts \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026ad d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u026as\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ans\u02c8\u025bkt\u026as\u02cca\u026adz, nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u0254f, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bs\u026av w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "A 2000 assessment of agriculture in the UK determined total external costs for 1996 of \u00a32,343\u00a0million, or \u00a3208 per hectare.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u0250s\u02c8\u025bsm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254sts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks \u028cv p\u02c8a\u028and t\u02c8u\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8a\u028and t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at p\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "A 2005 analysis of these costs in the US concluded that cropland imposes approximately $5 to $16\u00a0billion ($30 to $96 per hectare), while livestock production imposes $714\u00a0million.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u0254sts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pl\u0259nd \u026amp\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025b\u0279, w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026amp\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "Both studies, which focused solely on the fiscal impacts, concluded that more should be done to internalize external costs.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 st\u02c8\u028cdiz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st s\u02c8o\u028alli \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026ask\u0259l \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kts, k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cn t\u028a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254sts."}, {"text": "Neither included subsidies in their analysis, but they noted that subsidies also influence the cost of agriculture to society.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026adiz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026adiz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a t\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "Agriculture seeks to increase yield and to reduce costs, often employing measures that cut biodiversity to very low levels.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s j\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u00e6nd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s k\u02c8\u0254sts, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u028ct b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ada\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Yield increases with inputs such as fertilisers and removal of pathogens, predators, and competitors (such as weeds).", "phonemes": "j\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u026anp\u028ats s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz, p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az, \u00e6nd k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u027e\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8i\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Costs decrease with increasing scale of farm units, such as making fields larger; this means removing hedges, ditches and other areas of habitat.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0254sts d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s w\u026a\u00f0 \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a; \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u1d7bz, d\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6t."}, {"text": "Effective yields fall with on-farm losses, which may be caused by poor production practices during harvesting, handling, and storage.", "phonemes": "\u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u0254nf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m l\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7bz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026ast\u026a\u014b, h\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "The environmental effects of climate change show that research on pests and diseases that do not generally afflict areas is essential.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8\u025bsts \u00e6nd d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0250fl\u02c8\u026akt \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u026az \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l."}, {"text": "In 2021, farmers discovered stem rust on wheat in the Champagne area of France, a disease that had previously only occurred in Morocco for 20 to 30 years.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad st\u02c8\u025bm \u0279\u02c8\u028cst \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8i\u02d0t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u0250 d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli \u02c8o\u028anli \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ko\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Because of climate change, insects that used to die off over the winter are now alive and multiplying.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u0254f \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "A senior UN official, Henning Steinfeld, said that \"Livestock are one of the most significant contributors to today's most serious environmental problems\".", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0nj\u025a j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l, h\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u014b st\u02c8a\u026anf\u025bld, s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u025az t\u0259 t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026az m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz\"."}, {"text": "Livestock production occupies 70% of all land used for agriculture, or 30% of the land surface of the planet.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026az s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8\u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at."}, {"text": "It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nha\u028as \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nha\u028as \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad \u026an s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nts."}, {"text": "It produces 65% of human-related nitrous oxide (which has 296 times the global warming potential of CO2) and 37% of all human-induced methane (which is 23 times as warming as CO2.)", "phonemes": "\u026at p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u028cv s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n\u026and\u02c8u\u02d0st m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00e6z s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Livestock expansion is cited as a key factor driving deforestation; in the Amazon basin 70% of previously forested area is now occupied by pastures and the remainder used for feed crops.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n \u026az s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b di\u02d0f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n; \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6m\u0250z\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a p\u02c8\u00e6st\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0d k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "Furthermore, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) states that \"methane emissions from global livestock are projected to increase by 60 per cent by 2030 under current practices and consumption patterns.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u028cn\u02c8\u025bp st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s ba\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksti p\u025a s\u02c8\u025bnt ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz."}, {"text": "Land transformation, the use of land to yield goods and services, is the most substantial way humans alter the Earth's ecosystems, and is the driving force causing biodiversity loss.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0259 j\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0261\u02c8\u028adz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026a hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z \u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028as\u02cc\u026ast\u0259mz, \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ada\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei l\u02c8\u0254s."}, {"text": "Land degradation, the long-term decline in ecosystem function and productivity, is estimated to be occurring on 24% of land worldwide, with cropland overrepresented.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026an \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028as\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u026az \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pl\u0259nd \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Land management is the driving factor behind degradation; 1.5\u00a0billion people rely upon the degrading land.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n; w\u02c8\u028cn.f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Degradation can be through deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, mineral depletion, acidification, or salinization.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 di\u02d0f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u026az\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u0259n, m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7bpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u0250s\u02cc\u026ad\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cce\u026al\u026an\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Eutrophication, excessive nutrient enrichment in aquatic ecosystems resulting in algal blooms and anoxia, leads to fish kills, loss of biodiversity, and renders water unfit for drinking and other industrial uses.", "phonemes": "j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u0279\u0259f\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bs\u026av nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt \u025bn\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283m\u0259nt \u026an \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028as\u02cc\u026ast\u0259mz \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l bl\u02c8u\u02d0mz \u00e6nd \u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksi\u0259, l\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 k\u02c8\u026alz, l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ada\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025az w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cnf\u02c8\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Excessive fertilization and manure application to cropland, as well as high livestock stocking densities cause nutrient (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) runoff and leaching from agricultural land.", "phonemes": "\u025bks\u02c8\u025bs\u026av f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u0259nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pl\u0259nd, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z h\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027eiz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt m\u02c8e\u026anli n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfo\u02d0\u0279\u0259s \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u0254f \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "These nutrients are major nonpoint pollutants contributing to eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems and pollution of groundwater, with harmful effects on human populations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0np\u02c8\u0254\u026ant p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0259nts k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u0279\u0259f\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028as\u02cc\u026ast\u0259mz \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andw\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mf\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u02cc\u0254n hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Fertilisers also reduce terrestrial biodiversity by increasing competition for light, favouring those species that are able to benefit from the added nutrients.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ada\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei ba\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026at, f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Agriculture simultaneously is facing growing freshwater demand and precipitation anomalies (droughts, floods, and extreme rainfall and weather events) on rainfed areasfields and grazing lands.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a s\u02cca\u026am\u0259lt\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259sli \u026az f\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259liz d\u0279\u02c8a\u028ats, fl\u02c8\u028cdz, \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8e\u026anft \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259sf\u02cci\u02d0ldz \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6ndz."}, {"text": "Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of withdrawals of freshwater resources, and an estimated 41 percent of current global irrigation water use occurs at the expense of environmental flow requirements.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l fl\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "It is long known that aquifers in areas as diverse as northern China, the Upper Ganges and the western US are being depleted, and new research extends these problems to aquifers in Iran, Mexico and Saudi Arabia.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az l\u02c8\u0254\u014b n\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6kw\u026af\u025az \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u00e6z da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u00e6z n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bndz \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kw\u026af\u025az \u026an \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n, m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028adi \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259."}, {"text": "Increasing pressure is being placed on water resources by industry and urban areas, meaning that water scarcity is increasing and agriculture is facing the challenge of producing more food for the world's growing population with reduced water resources.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz ba\u026a \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a sk\u02c8\u025b\u0279s\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az f\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292 \u028cv p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8u\u02d0d f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "While industrial withdrawals have declined in the past few decades and municipal withdrawals have increased only marginally since 2010, agricultural withdrawals have continued to grow at an ever faster pace.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz h\u00e6v d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st fj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u00e6nd mju\u02d0n\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259l w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz h\u00e6v \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026an\u0259li s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz h\u00e6v k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u02c8\u025bv\u025a f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a p\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Agricultural water usage can also cause major environmental problems, including the destruction of natural wetlands, the spread of water-borne diseases, and land degradation through salinization and waterlogging, when irrigation is performed incorrectly.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u025btl\u0259ndz, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ab\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 s\u02cce\u026al\u026an\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u025bn \u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026a\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli."}, {"text": "Pesticide use has increased since 1950 to 2.5\u00a0million short tons annually worldwide, yet crop loss from pests has remained relatively constant.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026ad j\u02c8u\u02d0s h\u0250z \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t t\u02c8\u028cnz \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad, j\u02c8\u025bt k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p l\u02c8\u0254s f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8\u025bsts h\u0250z \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The World Health Organization estimated in 1992 that three million pesticide poisonings occur annually, causing 220,000 deaths.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026ad p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n\u026a\u014bz \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8s."}, {"text": "Pesticides select for pesticide resistance in the pest population, leading to a condition termed the \"pesticide treadmill\" in which pest resistance warrants the development of a new pesticide.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026ad \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bst p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \u00f0\u0259 \"p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026ad t\u0279\u02c8\u025bdm\u026al\" \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u02c8\u025bst \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026ad."}, {"text": "An alternative argument is that the way to \"save the environment\" and prevent famine is by using pesticides and intensive high yield farming, a view exemplified by a quote heading the Center for Global Food Issues website: 'Growing more per acre leaves more land for nature'.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a tu\u02d0 \"s\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt\" \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an \u026az ba\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6nd \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u026av h\u02c8a\u026a j\u02c8i\u02d0ld f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b, \u0250 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bmpl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u0250 kw\u02c8o\u028at h\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z w\u02c8\u025bbsa\u026at: \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ak\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0vz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "However, critics argue that a trade-off between the environment and a need for food is not inevitable, and that pesticides can replace good agronomic practices such as crop rotation.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u02c8\u0254f b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0250 n\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026an\u02c8\u025bv\u1d7b\u027e\u0259b\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u0250\u0261\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Push\u2013pull agricultural pest management technique involves intercropping, using plant aromas to repel pests from crops (push) and to lure them to a place from which they can then be removed (pull).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0283 p\u02c8\u028al \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u025bst m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259z t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bl p\u02c8\u025bsts f\u0279\u028cm k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps p\u02c8\u028a\u0283 \u00e6nd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u028a \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026as f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd p\u02c8\u028al."}, {"text": "Agriculture contributes towards climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forests into agricultural land.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0ts t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nha\u028as \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "The agriculture, forestry and land use sector contribute between 13% and 21% of global greenhouse gas emissions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u0279i \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nha\u028as \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Emissions of nitrous oxide, methane make up over half of total greenhouse gas emission from agriculture.", "phonemes": "\u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad, m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an m\u02cce\u026ak \u02cc\u028cp \u02cco\u028av\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nha\u028as \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Approximately 57% of global GHG emissions from the production of food are from the production of animal-based food while plant-based foods contribute 29% and the remaining 14% is for other utilizations.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\u0283d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lb\u02c8e\u026ast f\u02c8u\u02d0d w\u02cca\u026al pl\u02c8\u00e6ntb\u02c8e\u026ast f\u02c8u\u02d0dz k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a j\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Farmland management and land-use change represented major shares of total emissions (38% and 29%, respectively), whereas rice and beef were the largest contributing plant- and animal-based commodities (12% and 25%, respectively).", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ml\u0259nd m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6ndj\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u0279\u02c8a\u026as \u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0f w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lb\u02c8e\u026ast k\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7b\u027eiz tw\u02c8\u025blv p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "Current farming methods have resulted in over-stretched water resources, high levels of erosion and reduced soil fertility.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz h\u00e6v \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025ast\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283t w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, h\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv \u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st s\u02c8\u0254\u026al f\u025c\u02d0t\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "There is not enough water to continue farming using current practices; therefore how water, land, and ecosystem resources are used to boost crop yields must be reconsidered.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026an\u02c8\u028cf w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz; \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cca\u028a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, l\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028as\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 b\u02c8u\u02d0st k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad."}, {"text": "A solution would be to give value to ecosystems, recognizing environmental and livelihood tradeoffs, and balancing the rights of a variety of users and interests.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u028ad bi\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0ko\u028as\u02cc\u026ast\u0259mz, \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026avlih\u02cc\u028ad t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0254fs, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u0259v\u0259 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bsts."}, {"text": "Inequities that result when such measures are adopted would need to be addressed, such as the reallocation of water from poor to rich, the clearing of land to make way for more productive farmland, or the preservation of a wetland system that limits fishing rights.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u02c8\u025bkw\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt w\u025bn s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd w\u028ad n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259bi \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bst, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ml\u0259nd, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8\u025btl\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026am\u026ats f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "Technological advancements help provide farmers with tools and resources to make farming more sustainable.", "phonemes": "t\u02cc\u025bkn\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nsm\u0259nts h\u02c8\u025blp p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026an\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "Technology permits innovations like conservation tillage, a farming process which helps prevent land loss to erosion, reduces water pollution, and enhances carbon sequestration.", "phonemes": "t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026ats \u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz l\u02c8a\u026ak k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292, \u0250 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u025blps p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt l\u02c8\u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254s t\u028a \u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u0259n, \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n s\u02cci\u02d0kw\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Agricultural automation can help address some of the challenges associated with climate change and thus facilitate adaptation efforts.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n h\u02c8\u025blp \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026at \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats."}, {"text": "For example, the application of digital automation technologies (e.g. in precision agriculture) can improve resource-use efficiency in conditions which are increasingly constrained for agricultural producers.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u026an p\u0279\u026as\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a k\u00e6n \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sj\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi \u026an k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az."}, {"text": "Moreover, when applied to sensing and early warning, they can help address the uncertainty and unpredictability of weather conditions associated with accelerating climate change.", "phonemes": "mo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u028av\u025a, w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b, \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n h\u02c8\u025blp \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u026a \u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259nti \u00e6nd \u028cnp\u0279\u026ad\u02cc\u026akt\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bl\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292."}, {"text": "Other potential sustainable practices include conservation agriculture, agroforestry, improved grazing, avoided grassland conversion, and biochar.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026an\u0259b\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast\u0279i, \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b, \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sl\u0259nd k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd b\u02cca\u026ao\u028at\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Current mono-crop farming practices in the United States preclude widespread adoption of sustainable practices, such as 2\u20133 crop rotations that incorporate grass or hay with annual crops, unless negative emission goals such as soil carbon sequestration become policy.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028ak\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats p\u0279\u026akl\u02c8u\u02d0d w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026an\u0259b\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8e\u026a w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps, \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u02c8o\u028alz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u0254\u026al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n s\u02cci\u02d0kw\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi."}, {"text": "The food demand of Earth's projected population, with current climate change predictions, could be satisfied by improvement of agricultural methods, expansion of agricultural areas, and a sustainability-oriented consumer mindset.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, k\u028ad bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz, \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z, \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u0259st\u02cce\u026an\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u1d7bd k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a m\u02c8a\u026ands\u025bt."}, {"text": "Since the 1940s, agricultural productivity has increased dramatically, due largely to the increased use of energy-intensive mechanization, fertilizers and pesticides.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei z, \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei h\u0250z \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st d\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli, d\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i\u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u026av m\u02cc\u025bk\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz."}, {"text": "Between the 1960s and the 1980s, the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe, with world grain production increasing significantly (between 70% and 390% for wheat and 60% to 150% for rice, depending on geographic area) as world population doubled.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab, w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026an p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aksti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8a\u026as, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259ld."}, {"text": "Heavy reliance on petrochemicals has raised concerns that oil shortages could increase costs and reduce agricultural output.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bvi \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n p\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028ak\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259lz h\u0250z \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz k\u028ad \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s k\u02c8\u0254sts \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at."}, {"text": "Industrialized agriculture depends on fossil fuels in two fundamental ways: direct consumption on the farm and manufacture of inputs used on the farm.", "phonemes": "\u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lz \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026az: d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u026anp\u028ats j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "In particular, the production of nitrogen fertilizer can account for over half of agricultural energy usage.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a k\u00e6n \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Together, direct and indirect consumption by US farms accounts for about 2% of the nation's energy use.", "phonemes": "t\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i j\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "Direct and indirect energy consumption by U.S. farms peaked in 1979, and has since gradually declined.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz p\u02c8i\u02d0kt \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6nd h\u0250z s\u02c8\u026ans \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026and."}, {"text": "Food systems encompass not just agriculture but off-farm processing, packaging, transporting, marketing, consumption, and disposal of food and food-related items.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254ff\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b, p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b, t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd d\u026asp\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6nd f\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Plastic products are used extensively in agriculture, including to increase crop yields and improve the efficiency of water and agrichemical use.", "phonemes": "pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026avli \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u00e6nd \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "\"Agriplastic\" products include films to cover greenhouses and tunnels, mulch to cover soil (e.g. to suppress weeds, conserve water, increase soil temperature and aid fertilizer application), shade cloth, pesticide containers, seedling trays, protective mesh and irrigation tubing.", "phonemes": "\"\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026apl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak\" p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d f\u02c8\u026almz t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nha\u028az\u1d7bz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259lz, m\u02c8\u028clt\u0283 t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. t\u0259 s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs w\u02c8i\u02d0dz, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s s\u02c8\u0254\u026al t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026ad f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0283\u02c8e\u026ad kl\u02c8\u0254\u03b8, p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026ad k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u025az, s\u02c8i\u02d0dl\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8e\u026az, p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av m\u02c8\u025b\u0283 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0b\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The polymers most commonly used in these products are low- density polyethylene (LPDE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026am\u025az m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028a d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026al\u02cci\u02d0n \u02cc\u025blp\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028ad\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026al\u02cci\u02d0n \u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bld\u02c8i\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ap\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0n p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026av\u02c8\u026ana\u026al kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad p\u02cci\u02d0v\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "A 2012 study reported that almost 6.5\u00a0million tonnes per year were consumed globally while a later study estimated that global demand in 2015 was between 7.3\u00a0million and 9 million tonnes.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv st\u02c8\u028cdi \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast s\u02c8\u026aks.f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8\u028cnz p\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0md \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259li w\u02cca\u026al \u0250 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a st\u02c8\u028cdi \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n w\u028cz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8\u028cnz."}, {"text": "Widespread use of plastic mulch and lack of systematic collection and management have led to the generation of large amounts of mulch residue.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak m\u02c8\u028clt\u0283 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv m\u02c8\u028clt\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u02ccu\u02d0."}, {"text": "Mulch residue has been measured at levels of 50 to 260\u00a0kg per hectare in topsoil in areas where mulch use dates back more than 10 years, which confirms that mulching is a major source of both microplastic and macroplastic soil contamination.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028clt\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad \u00e6t l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv f\u02c8\u026afti t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti k\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025b\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps\u0254\u026al \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u028clt\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0s d\u02c8e\u026ats b\u02c8\u00e6k m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u026a\u014b \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028apl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u00e6k\u0279\u0259pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak s\u02c8\u0254\u026al k\u0259nt\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Agricultural plastics, especially plastic films, are not easy to recycle because of high contamination levels (up to 40\u201350% by weight contamination by pesticides, fertilizers, soil and debris, moist vegetation, silage juice water, and UV stabilizers) and collection difficulties .", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026aks, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak f\u02c8\u026almz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8i\u02d0zi t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a k\u0259nt\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8\u026afti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026at k\u0259nt\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a p\u02c8\u025bst\u026as\u02cca\u026adz, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az, s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd d\u0259b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast v\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8a\u026al\u026ad\u0292 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az \u00e6nd k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz ."}, {"text": "These disposal practices lead to soil degradation and can result in contamination of soils and leakage of microplastics into the marine environment as a result of precipitation run-off and tidal washing.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z d\u026asp\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u00e6n \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026an k\u0259nt\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u0254\u026alz \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028apl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026aks \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u0254f \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259l w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In addition, additives in residual plastic film (such as UV and thermal stabilizers) may have deleterious effects on crop growth, soil structure, nutrient transport and salt levels.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026avz \u026an \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak f\u02c8\u026alm s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z j\u02ccu\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v d\u1d7bl\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u02cc\u0254n k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8, s\u02c8\u0254\u026al st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0254lt l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz."}, {"text": "There is a risk that plastic mulch will deteriorate soil quality, deplete soil organic matter stocks, increase soil water repellence and emit greenhouse gases.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026ask \u00f0\u00e6t pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak m\u02c8\u028clt\u0283 w\u026al d\u026at\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0279\u02cce\u026at s\u02c8\u0254\u026al kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei, d\u1d7bpl\u02c8i\u02d0t s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks, \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s s\u02c8\u0254\u026al w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bl\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u026am\u02c8\u026at \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nha\u028as \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Microplastics released through fragmentation of agricultural plastics can absorb and concentrate contaminants capable of being passed up the trophic chain.", "phonemes": "m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028apl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026aks \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 f\u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026aks k\u00e6n \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026at k\u0259nt\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u0259nts k\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u00e6st \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028af\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Agricultural economics is economics as it relates to the \"production, distribution and consumption of [agricultural] goods and services\".", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks \u026az \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks \u00e6z \u026at \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \"p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028adz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz\"."}, {"text": "Combining agricultural production with general theories of marketing and business as a discipline of study began in the late 1800s, and grew significantly through the 20th century.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s \u00e6z \u0250 d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an \u028cv st\u02c8\u028cdi b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad z, \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Although the study of agricultural economics is relatively recent, major trends in agriculture have significantly affected national and international economies throughout history, ranging from tenant farmers and sharecropping in the post-American Civil War Southern United States to the European feudal system of manorialism.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt, m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a h\u00e6v s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259miz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8\u025bn\u0259nt f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028ast\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n fj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6no\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "In the United States, and elsewhere, food costs attributed to food processing, distribution, and agricultural marketing, sometimes referred to as the value chain, have risen while the costs attributed to farming have declined.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025blsw\u025b\u0279, f\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u02c8\u0254sts \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b, d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an, h\u00e6v \u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254sts \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b h\u00e6v d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026and."}, {"text": "This is related to the greater efficiency of farming, combined with the increased level of value addition (e.g. more highly processed products) provided by the supply chain.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b, k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ali p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bst p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Market concentration has increased in the sector as well, and although the total effect of the increased market concentration is likely increased efficiency, the changes redistribute economic surplus from producers (farmers) and consumers, and may have negative implications for rural communities.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl, \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akli \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0t \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0pl\u028cs f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025az, \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02cc\u026ampl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "National government policies, such as taxation, subsidies, tariffs and others, can significantly change the economic marketplace for agricultural products.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u00e6ks\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026adiz, t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026afs \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, k\u00e6n s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026atpl\u02cce\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts."}, {"text": "Since at least the 1960s, a combination of trade restrictions, exchange rate policies and subsidies have affected farmers in both the developing and the developed world.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026adiz h\u00e6v \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "In the 1980s, non-subsidized farmers in developing countries experienced adverse effects from national policies that created artificially low global prices for farm products.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u02c8\u028cbs\u026ad\u02cca\u026azd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u026an d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259nst \u00e6dv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li l\u02c8o\u028a \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts."}, {"text": "Between the mid-1980s and the early 2000s, several international agreements limited agricultural tariffs, subsidies and other trade restrictions.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd z, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nts l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026afs, s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026adiz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "However, , there was still a significant amount of policy-driven distortion in global agricultural product prices.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, , \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz st\u02c8\u026al \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asid\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259n d\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The three agricultural products with the most trade distortion were sugar, milk and rice, mainly due to taxation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad d\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0261\u025a, m\u02c8\u026alk \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026as, m\u02c8e\u026anli d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 t\u00e6ks\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Among the oilseeds, sesame had the most taxation, but overall, feed grains and oilseeds had much lower levels of taxation than livestock products.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026alsi\u02d0dz, s\u02c8\u025bs\u0250mi h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast t\u00e6ks\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u026alsi\u02d0dz h\u00e6d m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv t\u00e6ks\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0250n l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts."}, {"text": "Since the 1980s, policy-driven distortions have decreases more among livestock products than crops during the worldwide reforms in agricultural policy.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asid\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259n d\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259nz h\u00e6v d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u00f0\u0250n k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi."}, {"text": "Despite this progress, certain crops, such as cotton, still see subsidies in developed countries artificially deflating global prices, causing hardship in developing countries with non-subsidized farmers.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329, st\u02c8\u026al s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026adiz \u026an d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li di\u02d0fl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0283\u026ap \u026an d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u02c8\u028cbs\u026ad\u02cca\u026azd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az."}, {"text": "Unprocessed commodities such as corn, soybeans, and cattle are generally graded to indicate quality, affecting the price the producer receives.", "phonemes": "\u028cnp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bst k\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7b\u027eiz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n, s\u02c8\u0254\u026abi\u02d0nz, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vz."}, {"text": "Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences used in the practice and understanding of agriculture.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u026az \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ad\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u00e6t \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt, n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "It covers topics such as agronomy, plant breeding and genetics, plant pathology, crop modelling, soil science, entomology, production techniques and improvement, study of pests and their management, and study of adverse environmental effects such as soil degradation, waste management, and bioremediation.", "phonemes": "\u026at k\u02c8\u028cv\u025az t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026aks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, pl\u02c8\u00e6nt b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks, pl\u02c8\u00e6nt p\u00e6\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l\u026a\u014b, s\u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, \u025bnt\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6nd \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv p\u02c8\u025bsts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt, \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u00e6dv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u0254\u026al d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0250d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8e\u026ast m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt, \u00e6nd b\u02cca\u026ao\u028a\u0279\u1d7bm\u02cci\u02d0d\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The scientific study of agriculture began in the 18th century, when Johann Friedrich Mayer conducted experiments on the use of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate) as a fertilizer.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, w\u02cc\u025bn j\u02c8o\u028ah\u0251\u02d0n f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a\u025a k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u026aps\u0259m ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6lsi\u0259m s\u02c8\u028clfe\u026at \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a."}, {"text": "Research became more systematic when in 1843, John Lawes and Henry Gilbert began a set of long-term agronomy field experiments at Rothamsted Research Station in England; some of them, such as the Park Grass Experiment, are still running.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u025bn \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u026alb\u025at b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u00e6mst\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd; s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In America, the Hatch Act of 1887 provided funding for what it was the first to call \"agricultural science\", driven by farmers' interest in fertilizers.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u028cnd\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u028ct \u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \"\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\", d\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az."}, {"text": "In agricultural entomology, the USDA began to research biological control in 1881; it instituted its first large program in 1905, searching Europe and Japan for natural enemies of the spongy moth and brown-tail moth, establishing parasitoids (such as solitary wasps) and predators of both pests in the US.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u025bnt\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bsd\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn; \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8a\u026av, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025bn\u0259miz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u028cnd\u0292i m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8a\u028ant\u02c8e\u026al m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8, \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0254\u026adz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sps \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 p\u02c8\u025bsts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Agricultural policy is the set of government decisions and actions relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts."}, {"text": "Governments usually implement agricultural policies with the goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nts j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u0250 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8a\u028atk\u028cm \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats."}, {"text": "Some overarching themes include risk management and adjustment (including policies related to climate change, food safety and natural disasters), economic stability (including policies related to taxes), natural resources and environmental sustainability (especially water policy), research and development, and market access for domestic commodities (including relations with global organizations and agreements with other countries).", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0279\u02c8\u026ask m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u028cstm\u0259nt \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u02c8e\u026afti \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az, \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asiz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz, n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l s\u0259st\u02cce\u026an\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u026ak k\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Agricultural policy can also touch on food quality, ensuring that the food supply is of a consistent and known quality, food security, ensuring that the food supply meets the population's needs, and conservation.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8u\u02d0d kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei, \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a \u026az \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028an kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei, f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz n\u02c8i\u02d0dz, \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Policy programs can range from financial programs, such as subsidies, to encouraging producers to enroll in voluntary quality assurance programs.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz k\u00e6n \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u028cbs\u026adiz, t\u028a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az t\u028a \u025bn\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0259\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259ns p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz."}, {"text": "A 2021 report finds that globally, support to agricultural producers accounts for almost US$540 billion a year.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8a\u026andz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259li, s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "This amounts to 15 percent of total agricultural production value, and is heavily biased towards measures that are leading to inefficiency, as well as are unequally distributed and harmful for the environment and human health.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u026az h\u02c8\u025bvili b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259st t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u026an\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mf\u0259l f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u00e6nd hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8."}, {"text": "There are many influences on the creation of agricultural policy, including consumers, agribusiness, trade lobbies and other groups.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025az, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ab\u02cc\u026azn\u0259s, t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "Agribusiness interests hold a large amount of influence over policy making, in the form of lobbying and campaign contributions.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ab\u02cc\u026azn\u0259s \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bsts h\u02c8o\u028ald \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u02cco\u028av\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi m\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Political action groups, including those interested in environmental issues and labor unions, also provide influence, as do lobbying organizations representing individual agricultural commodities.", "phonemes": "p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259nz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns, \u00e6z d\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger and provides a forum for the negotiation of global agricultural regulations and agreements.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u025bf\u02cce\u026a\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0t h\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259m f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u1d7b\u0261\u02cco\u028a\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Samuel Jutzi, director of FAO's animal production and health division, states that lobbying by large corporations has stopped reforms that would improve human health and the environment.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6mju\u02d0l d\u0292\u02c8\u028ctsi, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u025bf\u02cce\u026a\u02c8o\u028az \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026a\u026a\u014b ba\u026a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u0250z st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "For example, proposals in 2010 for a voluntary code of conduct for the livestock industry that would have provided incentives for improving standards for health, and environmental regulations, such as the number of animals an area of land can support without long-term damage, were successfully defeated due to large food company pressure.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259lz \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn f\u025a\u0279\u0259 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8o\u028ad \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u028ckt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028adh\u0250v p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u026ans\u02c8\u025bnt\u026avz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8, \u00e6nd \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6nd k\u00e6n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292, w\u025c\u02d0 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259li d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 f\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "His bibliography spans nearly 50 books, including novels and non-fiction works, as well as essays, narratives, and poems.", "phonemes": "h\u026az b\u02cc\u026abl\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi sp\u02c8\u00e6nz n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li f\u02c8\u026afti b\u02c8\u028aks, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u02c8\u025bse\u026az, n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz, \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bmz."}, {"text": "Born into the prominent Huxley family, he graduated from Balliol College, Oxford, with an undergraduate degree in English literature.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt h\u02c8\u028cksli f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali, hi\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6dju\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm b\u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259t d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Early in his career, he published short stories and poetry and edited the literary magazine Oxford Poetry, before going on to publish travel writing, satire, and screenplays.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u026an h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279, hi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279iz \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a, \u00e6nd sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026az."}, {"text": "He spent the latter part of his life in the United States, living in Los Angeles from 1937 until his death.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "By the end of his life, Huxley was widely acknowledged as one of the foremost intellectuals of his time.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af, h\u02c8\u028cksli w\u028cz w\u02c8a\u026adli \u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292d \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mo\u028ast \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259lz \u028cv h\u026az t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature nine times, and was elected Companion of Literature by the Royal Society of Literature in 1962.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u026an l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a n\u02c8a\u026an t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "He grew interested in philosophical mysticism, as well as universalism, addressing these subjects in his works such as The Perennial Philosophy, which illustrates commonalities between Western and Eastern mysticism, and The Doors of Perception, which interprets his own psychedelic experience with mescaline.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u026ast\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkts \u026an h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026ats k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an m\u02c8\u026ast\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u028cv p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026ats h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an s\u02cca\u026ak\u026ad\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bsk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an."}, {"text": "In his most famous novel Brave New World and his final novel Island, he presented his visions of dystopia and utopia, respectively.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8e\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6nd h\u026az f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd h\u026az v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv d\u026ast\u02c8o\u028api\u0259 \u00e6nd ju\u02d0t\u02c8o\u028api\u0259, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "He was the third son of the writer and schoolmaster Leonard Huxley, who edited The Cornhill Magazine, and his first wife, Julia Arnold, who founded Prior's Field School.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd sk\u02c8u\u02d0lm\u00e6st\u025a l\u02c8\u025bn\u025ad h\u02c8\u028cksli, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nh\u026al m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u00e6nd h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8a\u026af, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0li\u0259 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u0259ld, h\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025az f\u02c8i\u02d0ld sk\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Aldous was the grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley, the zoologist, agnostic, and controversialist who had often been called \"Darwin's Bulldog\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0259s w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nds\u028cn \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i h\u02c8\u028cksli, \u00f0\u0259 zu\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast, \u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u026ak, \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n b\u02cc\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279w\u026anz b\u02c8\u028ald\u0251\u02d0\u0261\"."}, {"text": "Aldous had another brother, Noel Trevenen Huxley (1889\u20131914), who took his own life after a period of clinical depression.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0259s h\u00e6d \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, n\u02c8o\u028al t\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u0259n h\u02c8\u028cksli w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028ak h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an l\u02c8a\u026af \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv kl\u02c8\u026an\u026ak\u0259l d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "He was described by his brother, Julian, as someone who frequently [contemplated] the strangeness of things\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd ba\u026a h\u026az b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0li\u0259n, \u00e6z s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0259mpl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292n\u0259s \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz\"."}, {"text": "Huxley's education began in his father's well-equipped botanical laboratory, after which he enrolled at Hillside School near Godalming.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksliz \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u026an h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az w\u02c8\u025bl\u026akw\u02c8\u026apt b\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u025bn\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald \u00e6t h\u02c8\u026alsa\u026ad sk\u02c8u\u02d0l n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ad\u00e6lm\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "He contracted the eye disease Keratitis punctata in 1911; this \"left [him] practically blind for two to three years\" and \"ended his early dreams of becoming a doctor\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u0250t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026as p\u028c\u014bkt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n; \u00f0\u02c8\u026as \"l\u02c8\u025bft h\u02cc\u026am p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026akli bl\u02c8a\u026and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z\" \u00e6nd \"\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd h\u026az \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u028cv b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a\"."}, {"text": "He volunteered for the British Army in January 1916, for the Great War; however, he was rejected on health grounds, being half-blind in one eye.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u026a\u0279d f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andz, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6fbl\u02c8a\u026and \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "Following his years at Balliol, Huxley, being financially indebted to his father, decided to find employment.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b h\u026az j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6t b\u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l, h\u02c8\u028cksli, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259li \u02cc\u026and\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "He taught French for a year at Eton College, where Eric Blair (who was to take the pen name George Orwell) and Steven Runciman were among his pupils.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 f\u025a\u0279\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6\u027e \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak bl\u02c8\u025b\u0279 h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8e\u026am d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl \u00e6nd st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u028cns\u026am\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b h\u026az pj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Huxley also worked for a time during the 1920s at Brunner and Mond, an advanced chemical plant in Billingham in County Durham, northeast England.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt f\u025a\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti z \u00e6t b\u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u025a \u00e6nd m\u0259nd, \u0250n \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u026an b\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b\u02cc\u00e6m \u026an k\u02c8a\u028anti d\u02c8\u028c\u0279\u0259m, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd."}, {"text": "According to an introduction to his science fiction novel Brave New World (1932), the experience he had there of \"an ordered universe in a world of planless incoherence\" was an important source for the novel.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 h\u026az s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8e\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \"\u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026av\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s \u026an \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6nl\u0259s \u026a\u014bko\u028ah\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns\" w\u028cz \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l."}, {"text": "Huxley completed his first (unpublished) novel at the age of 17 and began writing seriously in his early twenties, establishing himself as a successful writer and social satirist.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cnp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli \u026an h\u026az \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025bntiz, \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6z \u0250 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "His first published novels were social satires, Crome Yellow (1921), Antic Hay (1923), Those Barren Leaves (1925), and Point Counter Point (1928).", "phonemes": "h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025az, k\u0279\u02c8o\u028am j\u02c8\u025blo\u028a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak h\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0o\u028az b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259n l\u02c8i\u02d0vz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "During the First World War, Huxley spent much of his time at Garsington Manor near Oxford, home of Lady Ottoline Morrell, working as a farm labourer.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, h\u02c8\u028cksli sp\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv h\u026az t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6t \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014bt\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad, h\u02c8o\u028am \u028cv l\u02c8e\u026adi \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u025a."}, {"text": "While at the Manor, he met several Bloomsbury Group figures, including Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, and Clive Bell.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a, hi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bt s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l bl\u02c8u\u02d0msb\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0279\u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 w\u02c8a\u026ath\u025bd, \u00e6nd kl\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "Jobs were very scarce, but in 1919, John Middleton Murry was reorganising the Athenaeum and invited Huxley to join the staff.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz w\u025c\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i sk\u02c8\u025b\u0279s, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259lt\u0259n m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i w\u028cz \u0279\u026a\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0259n\u02cci\u02d0\u0259m \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u028cksli t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6f."}, {"text": "He accepted immediately, and quickly married the Belgian refugee Maria Nys (1899\u20131955), also at Garsington.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli, \u00e6nd kw\u02c8\u026akli m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bld\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00e6t \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014bt\u0259n."}, {"text": "They lived with their young son in Italy part of the time during the 1920s, where Huxley would visit his friend D. H. Lawrence.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a l\u02c8\u026avd w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b s\u02c8\u028cn \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti z, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u028cksli w\u028ad v\u02c8\u026az\u026at h\u026az f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd d\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Following Lawrence's death in 1930 (he and Maria were present at his death in Provence), Huxley edited Lawrence's letters (1932).", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei hi\u02d0 \u00e6nd m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u00e6t h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u026an p\u0279\u0251\u02d0v\u02c8\u0251\u0303s, h\u02c8\u028cksli \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Very early in 1929, in London, Huxley met Gerald Heard, a writer and broadcaster, philosopher and interpreter of contemporary science.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u026an l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, h\u02c8\u028cksli m\u02c8\u025bt d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259ld h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st\u025a, f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Works of this period included novels about the dehumanising aspects of scientific progress, (his magnum opus Brave New World), and on pacifist themes (Eyeless in Gaza).", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u028cv \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0250n\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs, h\u026az m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u0259m \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259s b\u0279\u02c8e\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026af\u02cc\u026ast \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u02c8a\u026al\u0259s \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u0259."}, {"text": "In Brave New World, set in a dystopian London, Huxley portrays a society operating on the principles of mass production and Pavlovian conditioning.", "phonemes": "\u026an b\u0279\u02c8e\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, s\u02c8\u025bt \u026an \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8o\u028api\u0259n l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, h\u02c8\u028cksli po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u0250 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6s p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u00e6vl\u02c8\u028cvi\u0259n k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Huxley was strongly influenced by F. Matthias Alexander, on whom he based a character in Eyeless in Gaza.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli w\u028cz st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u02c8\u025bf. m\u0250\u03b8\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a, \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8u\u02d0m hi\u02d0 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8a\u026al\u0259s \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u0259."}, {"text": "During this period, Huxley began to write and edit non-fiction works on pacifist issues, including Ends and Means (1937), An Encyclopedia of Pacifism, and Pacifism and Philosophy, and was an active member of the Peace Pledge Union.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, h\u02c8\u028cksli b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bd\u026at n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026af\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bndz \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0nz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u0250n \u025bns\u02cca\u026aklo\u028ap\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259 \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026af\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026af\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0s pl\u02c8\u025bd\u0292 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "Cyril Connolly wrote, of the two intellectuals (Huxley and Heard) in the late 1930s, \"all European avenues had been exhausted in the search for a way forward \u2013 politics, art, science \u2013 pitching them both toward the US in 1937.\"", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028ali \u0279\u02c8o\u028at, \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259lz h\u02c8\u028cksli \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z, \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0z h\u0250db\u026an \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 f\u025a\u0279\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns p\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.\""}, {"text": "Huxley lived in the U.S., mainly southern California, until his death, and for a time in Taos, New Mexico, where he wrote Ends and Means (1937).", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli l\u02c8\u026avd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs., m\u02c8e\u026anli s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, \u00e6nd f\u025a\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an t\u02c8a\u028az, n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u02c8\u025bndz \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0nz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Heard introduced Huxley to Vedanta (Upanishad-centered philosophy), meditation, and vegetarianism through the principle of ahimsa.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st h\u02c8\u028cksli t\u0259 v\u025bd\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0250n\u02cc\u026a\u0283\u00e6ds\u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, m\u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd v\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6h\u026ams\u0259."}, {"text": "Huxley and Krishnamurti entered into an enduring exchange (sometimes edging on debate) over many years, with Krishnamurti representing the more rarefied, detached, ivory-tower perspective and Huxley, with his pragmatic concerns, the more socially and historically informed position.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283n\u0250m\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n \u025bnd\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026at \u02cco\u028av\u025a m\u02c8\u025bni j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283n\u0250m\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279fa\u026ad, d\u026at\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t, \u02c8a\u026av\u025a\u0279it\u02c8a\u028a\u025a p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u028cksli, w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az p\u0279\u00e6\u0261m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259li \u00e6nd h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Huxley wrote a foreword to Krishnamurti's quintessential statement, The First and Last Freedom (1954).", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283n\u0250m\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027eiz kw\u02cc\u026ant\u026as\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6st f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Huxley became a Vedantist in the group formed around Hindu Swami Prabhavananda, and subsequently introduced Christopher Isherwood to the circle.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 v\u02c8\u025bd\u0250nt\u02cc\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0 sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi p\u0279\u02cc\u00e6bh\u0250v\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025aw\u02cc\u028ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l."}, {"text": "Not long afterwards, Huxley wrote his book on widely held spiritual values and ideas, The Perennial Philosophy, which discussed the teachings of renowned mystics of the world.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025adz, h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0279\u02c8o\u028at h\u026az b\u02c8\u028ak \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8a\u026adli h\u02c8\u025bld sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u00e6nd a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014bz \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u028and m\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "During this period, Huxley earned a substantial income as a Hollywood screenwriter; Christopher Isherwood, in his autobiography My Guru and His Disciple, states that Huxley earned more than $3,000 per week (approximately $50,000 in 2020 dollars) as a screenwriter, and that he used much of it to transport Jewish and left-wing writer and artist refugees from Hitler's Germany to the US.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, h\u02c8\u028cksli \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u0250 s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a; k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025aw\u02cc\u028ad, \u026an h\u026az \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028aba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi ma\u026a \u0261j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279u\u02d0 \u00e6nd h\u026az d\u026as\u02c8a\u026ap\u0259l, st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u028cksli \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8\u026afti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az \u00e6z \u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv \u026at t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bftw\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ast \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8\u026atl\u025az d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "In March 1938, Huxley's friend Anita Loos, a novelist and screenwriter, put him in touch with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), which hired him for Madame Curie which was originally to star Greta Garbo and be directed by George Cukor.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, h\u02c8\u028cksliz f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250n\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0z, \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a, p\u02cc\u028at h\u02cc\u026am \u026an t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bt\u0279o\u028a\u0261\u02c8o\u028aldw\u026anm\u02c8e\u026a\u025a \u02cc\u025bmd\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad h\u02cc\u026am f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279bo\u028a \u00e6nd bi\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 kj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u025a."}, {"text": "Huxley received screen credit for Pride and Prejudice (1940) and was paid for his work on a number of other films, including Jane Eyre (1944).", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0d\u026as n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u00e6nd w\u028cz p\u02c8e\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u026almz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8a\u026a\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "He was commissioned by Walt Disney in 1945 to write a script based on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and the biography of the story's author, Lewis Carroll.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u0254lt d\u02c8\u026azni \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6l\u026as\u1d7bz \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az \u026an w\u02c8\u028cnd\u025al\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279iz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a, l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028al."}, {"text": "Huxley wrote an introduction to the posthumous publication of J. D. Unwin's 1940 book Hopousia or The Sexual and Economic Foundations of a New Society.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028asthju\u02d0m\u0259s p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. d\u02c8i\u02d0. \u028cnw\u02c8\u026anz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei b\u02c8\u028ak h\u0259p\u02c8a\u028a\u0292\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "On 21 October 1949, Huxley wrote to George Orwell, author of Nineteen Eighty-Four, congratulating him on \"how fine and how profoundly important the book is\".", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0279\u02c8o\u028at t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026a\u027eif\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, k\u0259\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am \u02c8\u0254n \"h\u02cca\u028a f\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u028a p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8a\u028andli \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u026az\"."}, {"text": "In 1953, Huxley and Maria applied for United States citizenship and presented themselves for examination.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, h\u02c8\u028cksli \u00e6nd m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "When Huxley refused to bear arms for the U.S. and would not state that his objections were based on religious ideals, the only excuse allowed under the McCarran Act, the judge had to adjourn the proceedings.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u00e6nd w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t st\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259lz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u025bkskj\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kt, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 h\u00e6dt\u028a \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "Nevertheless, he remained in the U.S. In 1959, Huxley turned down an offer to be made a Knight Bachelor by the Macmillan government without giving a reason; his brother Julian had been knighted in 1958, while his brother Andrew would be knighted in 1974.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an, h\u02c8\u028cksli t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd d\u02cca\u028an \u0250n \u02c8\u0254f\u025a t\u0259bi m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026at b\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u0259l\u025a ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259km\u02c8\u026al\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n; h\u026az b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0li\u0259n h\u0250db\u026an n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at, w\u02cca\u026al h\u026az b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279u\u02d0 w\u028ad bi\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "In the fall semester of 1960 Huxley was invited by Professor Huston Smith to be the Carnegie Visiting professor of humanities at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti h\u02c8\u028cksli w\u028cz \u026anv\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025a h\u02c8\u028cst\u0259n sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u0259\u0261i v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u028cv hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6s\u0250t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ats \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02cc\u025bm\u02cca\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "As part of the MIT centennial program of events organised by the Department of Humanities, Huxley presented a series of lectures titled, \"What a Piece of Work is a Man\" which concerned history, language, and art.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bm\u02cca\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u025bnt\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u028cv \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u028cv hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027eiz, h\u02c8\u028cksli p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025az t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld, \"w\u02cc\u028ct \u0250 p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n\" w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Robert S. de Ropp (scientist, humanitarian, and author), who had spent time with Huxley in England in the 1930s, connected with him again in the U.S. in the early 1960s and wrote that \"the enormous intellect, the beautifully modulated voice, the gentle objectivity, all were unchanged.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u02c8\u025bs. d\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026ast, hj\u02ccu\u02d0m\u0250n\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d sp\u02c8\u025bnt t\u02c8a\u026am w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u028cksli \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z, k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02cc\u026am \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259s \u02c8\u026ant\u0259l\u02cc\u025bkt, \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026af\u0259li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u0254\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u026akt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u028cnt\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d."}, {"text": "Biographer Harold H. Watts wrote that Huxley's writings in the \"final and extended period of his life\" are \"the work of a man who is meditating on the central problems of many modern men\".", "phonemes": "ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ld \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u028cksliz \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \"f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af\" \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \"\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az m\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an m\u02c8\u025bn\"."}, {"text": "In a 1958 televised interview conducted by journalist Mike Wallace, Huxley outlined several major concerns: the difficulties and dangers of world overpopulation; the tendency towards distinctly hierarchical social organisation; the crucial importance of evaluating the use of technology in mass societies susceptible to persuasion; the tendency to promote modern politicians to a naive public as well-marketed commodities.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8a\u026ak w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026as, h\u02c8\u028cksli \u02c8a\u028atla\u026and s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz: \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz \u00e6nd d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025az \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u02cco\u028av\u025ap\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n; \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bktli ha\u026a\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n; \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns \u028cv \u026av\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6s s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz s\u0259s\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n; \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u028a \u0250 na\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0v p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025blm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "In a December 1962 letter to brother Julian, summarizing a paper he had presented in Santa Barbara, he wrote, \"What I said was that if we didn't pretty quickly start thinking of human problems in ecological terms rather than in terms of power politics we should very soon be in a bad way.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0li\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an s\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279\u0259, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at, \"w\u02cc\u028ct a\u026a s\u02c8\u025bd w\u028cz \u00f0\u00e6t \u026af wi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026adnt p\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027ei kw\u02c8\u026akli st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u026an \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks wi\u02d0 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8u\u02d0n bi\u02d0 \u026an \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6d w\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Huxley's engagement with Eastern wisdom traditions was entirely compatible with a strong appreciation of modern science.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksliz \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an w\u02c8\u026azd\u0259m t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u028cz \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bb\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0250p\u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "In his last book, Literature and Science, Huxley wrote that \"The ethical and philosophical implications of modern science are more Buddhist than Christian....\"", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az l\u02c8\u00e6st b\u02c8\u028ak, l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u026ampl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026ast \u00f0\u0250n k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n....\""}, {"text": "In \"A Philosopher's Visionary Prediction,\" published one month before he died, Huxley endorsed training in general semantics and \"the nonverbal world of culturally uncontaminated consciousness,\" writing that \"We must learn how to be mentally silent, we must cultivate the art of pure receptivity....", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026an \"\u0250 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n,\" p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 hi\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026ad, h\u02c8\u028cksli \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026aks \u00e6nd \"\u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u028cv k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u028c\u014bk\u0259nt\u02c8\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sn\u0259s,\" \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"wi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cst l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n h\u02cca\u028a t\u0259bi m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li s\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nt, wi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cst k\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u026apt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei...."}, {"text": "[T]he individual must learn to decondition himself, must be able to cut holes in the fence of verbalized symbols that hems him in.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8i\u02d0 hi\u02d0 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l m\u02c8\u028cst l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf, m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028ct h\u02c8o\u028alz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u025bmz h\u02cc\u026am \u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "Beginning in 1939 and continuing until his death in 1963, Huxley had an extensive association with the Vedanta Society of Southern California, founded and headed by Swami Prabhavananda.", "phonemes": "b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, h\u02c8\u028cksli h\u00e6d \u0250n \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 v\u025bd\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bd ba\u026a sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi p\u0279\u02cc\u00e6bh\u0250v\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259."}, {"text": "Together with Gerald Heard, Christopher Isherwood and other followers, he was initiated by the Swami and was taught meditation and spiritual practices.", "phonemes": "t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259ld h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025aw\u02cc\u028ad \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025az, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi \u00e6nd w\u028cz t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t m\u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In 1944, Huxley wrote the introduction to the Bhagavad Gita \u2013 The Song of God, translated by Swami Prabhavananda and Christopher Isherwood, which was published by the Vedanta Society of Southern California.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0250v\u02cc\u00e6d \u0261\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d, t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi p\u0279\u02cc\u00e6bh\u0250v\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259 \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025aw\u02cc\u028ad, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 v\u025bd\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259."}, {"text": "From 1941 until 1960, Huxley contributed 48 articles to Vedanta and the West, published by the society.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti, h\u02c8\u028cksli k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz t\u0259 v\u025bd\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst, p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "He also served on the editorial board with Isherwood, Heard, and playwright John Van Druten from 1951 through 1962.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025aw\u02cc\u028ad, h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026a\u0279a\u026at d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n v\u02c8\u00e6n d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Nonetheless, Huxley's agnosticism, together with his speculative propensity, made it difficult for him to fully embrace any form of institutionalised religion.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u028cn\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, h\u02c8\u028cksliz \u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az sp\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u0259t\u02cc\u026av p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei, m\u02cce\u026ad \u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 f\u02c8\u028ali \u025bmb\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u025bni f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Huxley had initiated a correspondence with Doctor Humphry Osmond, a British psychiatrist then employed in a Canadian institution, and eventually asked him to supply a dose of mescaline; Osmond obliged and supervised Huxley's session in southern California.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli h\u00e6d \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a h\u02c8\u028cmf\u0279i \u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259nd, \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 sa\u026ak\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t\u0279\u026ast \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u026an \u0250 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6skt h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a \u0250 d\u02c8o\u028as \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bsk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an; \u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259nd \u0259bl\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292d \u00e6nd s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025av\u02cca\u026azd h\u02c8\u028cksliz s\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u026an s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259."}, {"text": "After the publication of The Doors of Perception, in which he recounted this experience, Huxley and Swami Prabhavananda disagreed about the meaning and importance of the psychedelic drug experience, which may have caused the relationship to cool, but Huxley continued to write articles for the society's journal, lecture at the temple, and attend social functions.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u028cv p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026as \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns, h\u02c8\u028cksli \u00e6nd sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi p\u0279\u02cc\u00e6bh\u0250v\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cca\u026ak\u026ad\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261 \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap t\u0259 k\u02c8u\u02d0l, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u02c8\u028cksli k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l, l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Huxley later had an experience on mescaline that he considered more profound than those detailed in The Doors of Perception.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a h\u00e6d \u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u025bsk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0o\u028az di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u028cv p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Huxley wrote that \"The mystical experience is doubly valuable; it is valuable because it gives the experiencer a better understanding of himself and the world and because it may help him to lead a less self-centered and more creative life.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u026az d\u02c8\u028cbli v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0\u0259b\u0259l; \u026a\u027e \u026az v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0\u0259b\u0259l b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u025a\u0279 \u0250 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at m\u02c8e\u026a h\u02c8\u025blp h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u025blfs\u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "Having tried LSD in the 1950s, he became an advisor to Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert in their early-1960s research work with psychedelic drugs at Harvard.", "phonemes": "h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bsd\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z, hi\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250n \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026az\u025a t\u0259 t\u02c8\u026am\u0259\u03b8i l\u02c8\u026a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6lp\u025at \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cca\u026ak\u026ad\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261z \u00e6t h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u025ad."}, {"text": "Personality differences led Huxley to distance himself from Leary, when Huxley grew concerned that Leary had become too keen on promoting the drugs rather indiscriminately, even playing the rebel with a fondness for publicity.", "phonemes": "p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz l\u02c8\u025bd h\u02c8\u028cksli t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026a\u0279i, w\u02cc\u025bn h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u0279i h\u00e6d b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261z \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bn\u0259tli, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n pl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bb\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndn\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u028cbl\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Differing accounts exist about the details of the quality of Huxley's eyesight at specific points in his life.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026alz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv h\u02c8\u028cksliz \u02c8a\u026asa\u026at \u00e6t sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u026an h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "Circa 1939, Huxley encountered the Bates method, in which he was instructed by Margaret Darst Corbett.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, h\u02c8\u028cksli \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026ats m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0279\u0259t d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279st k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "In 1940, Huxley relocated from Hollywood to a  ranchito in the high desert hamlet of Llano, California, in northern Los Angeles County.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0279\u1d7blo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad t\u028a \u0250 \u0279\u00e6nt\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at h\u02c8\u00e6ml\u026at \u028cv \u026c\u00e6n\u02c8o\u028a, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as k\u02c8a\u028anti."}, {"text": "Huxley then said that his sight improved dramatically with the Bates method and the extreme and pure natural lighting of the southwestern American desert.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az s\u02c8a\u026at \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd d\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026ats m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u00e6nd pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at."}, {"text": "He reported that, for the first time in more than 25 years, he was able to read without glasses and without strain.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at st\u0279\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "He wrote a book about his experiences with the Bates method, The Art of Seeing, which was published in 1942 (U.S.), 1943 (UK).", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250 b\u02c8\u028ak \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u026az \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026ats m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs., n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The book contained some generally disputed theories, and its publication created a growing degree of popular controversy about Huxley's eyesight.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and s\u02cc\u028cm d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz, \u00e6nd \u026ats p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02cc\u025c\u02d0si \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u02c8\u028cksliz \u02c8a\u026asa\u026at."}, {"text": "It was, and is, widely believed that Huxley was nearly blind since the illness in his teens, despite the partial recovery that had enabled him to study at Oxford.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u02c8\u028cz, \u00e6nd \u026az, w\u02c8a\u026adli b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u028cksli w\u028cz n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li bl\u02c8a\u026and s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026aln\u0259s \u026an h\u026az t\u02c8i\u02d0nz, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad."}, {"text": "For example, some ten years after publication of The Art of Seeing, in 1952, Bennett Cerf was present when Huxley spoke at a Hollywood banquet, wearing no glasses and apparently reading his paper from the lectern without difficulty:", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b, \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0, b\u02c8\u025bn\u026at s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt w\u025bn h\u02c8\u028cksli sp\u02c8o\u028ak \u00e6\u027e\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liw\u02cc\u028ad b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkw\u026at, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b n\u02c8o\u028a \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ntli \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u026az p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bkt\u025an w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti:"}, {"text": "Brazilian author Jo\u00e3o Ubaldo Ribeiro, who as a young journalist spent several evenings in the Huxleys' company in the late 1950s, wrote that Huxley had said to him, with a wry smile: \"I can hardly see at all.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u00e6z\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028ao\u028a ju\u02d0b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ldo\u028a \u0279a\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u00e6z \u0250 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast sp\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0vn\u026a\u014bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cksliz k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z, \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u028cksli h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a sm\u02c8a\u026al: \"a\u026a k\u00e6n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dli s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "On the other hand, Huxley's second wife Laura later emphasised in her biographical account, This Timeless Moment: \"One of the great achievements of his life: that of having regained his sight.\"", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, h\u02c8\u028cksliz s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd w\u02c8a\u026af l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026azd \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 b\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant, \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026aml\u0259s m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nt: \"w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u028cv h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af: \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026and h\u026az s\u02c8a\u026at.\""}, {"text": "After revealing a letter she wrote to the Los Angeles Times disclaiming the label of Huxley as a \"poor fellow who can hardly see\" by Walter C. Alvarez, she tempered her statement:  Laura Huxley proceeded to elaborate a few nuances of inconsistency peculiar to Huxley's vision.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as t\u02c8a\u026amz d\u026askl\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u028cv h\u02c8\u028cksli \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a \"p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 f\u02c8\u025blo\u028a h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u00e6n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dli s\u02c8i\u02d0\" ba\u026a w\u02c8\u0254lt\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8\u00e6lv\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025bz, \u0283i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025ad h\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt:  l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cksli p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u028a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bz \u028cv \u026a\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nsi p\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cksliz v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Her account, in this respect, agrees with the following sample of Huxley's own words from The Art of Seeing:", "phonemes": "h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant, \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt, \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv h\u02c8\u028cksliz \u02c8o\u028an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b:"}, {"text": "Nevertheless, the topic of Huxley's eyesight has continued to endure similar, significant controversy.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u028cv h\u02c8\u028cksliz \u02c8a\u026asa\u026at h\u0250z k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u028a \u025bnd\u02c8\u028a\u0279 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a, s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02cc\u025c\u02d0si."}, {"text": "American popular science author Steven Johnson, in his book Mind Wide Open, quotes Huxley about his difficulties with visual encoding:", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n, \u026an h\u026az b\u02c8\u028ak m\u02c8a\u026and w\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, kw\u02c8o\u028ats h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b:"}, {"text": "Huxley married on 10 July 1919 Maria Nys (10 September 1899 \u2013 12 February 1955), a Belgian epidemiologist from Bellem, a village near Aalter, he met at Garsington, Oxfordshire, in 1919.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u025bn d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026az t\u02c8\u025bn s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an tw\u02c8\u025blv f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u0250 b\u02c8\u025bld\u0292\u0259n \u02cc\u025bp\u026ad\u02cc\u025bm\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8\u025bl\u0259m, \u0250 v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0lt\u025a, hi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bt \u00e6t \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad\u0283\u025a, \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "They had one child, Matthew Huxley (19 April 1920 \u2013 10 February 2005), who had a career as an author, anthropologist, and prominent epidemiologist.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald, m\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8ju\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028cksli n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0250 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a, \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u02cc\u025bp\u026ad\u02cc\u025bm\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "In 1956, Huxley married Laura Archera (1911\u20132007), also an author, as well as a violinist and psychotherapist.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks, h\u02c8\u028cksli m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0250 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u026an\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026ako\u028a\u03b8\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "Huxley was diagnosed with laryngeal cancer in 1960; in the years that followed, with his health deteriorating, he wrote the utopian novel Island, and gave lectures on \"Human Potentialities\" both at the UCSF Medical Center and at the Esalen Institute.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli w\u028cz d\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261n\u02c8o\u028azd w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026and\u0292\u02cci\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti; \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad, w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 d\u026at\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0t\u02c8o\u028api\u0259n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8e\u026av l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025az \u02c8\u0254n \"hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz\" b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028cksf m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a \u00e6nd \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bze\u026al\u0259n \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Huxley was a close friend of Jiddu Krishnamurti and Rosalind Rajagopal, and was involved in the creation of the Happy Valley School, now Besant Hill School, of Happy Valley, in Ojai, California.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli w\u028cz\u0250 kl\u02c8o\u028as f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u026adu\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283n\u0250m\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0250l\u02cc\u026and \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u0250\u0261\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259l, \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6pi v\u02c8\u00e6li sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, n\u02c8a\u028a b\u1d7bs\u02c8\u00e6nt h\u02c8\u026al sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6pi v\u02c8\u00e6li, \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292a\u026a, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259."}, {"text": "The most substantial collection of Huxley's few remaining papers, following the destruction of most in the 1961 Bel Air Fire, is at the Library of the University of California, Los Angeles.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8\u028cksliz fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025az, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, \u026az \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as."}, {"text": "On 9 April 1962 Huxley was informed he was elected Companion of Literature by the Royal Society of Literature, the senior literary organisation in Britain, and he accepted the title via letter on 28 April 1962.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028cksli w\u028cz \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0nj\u025a l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The society invited Huxley to appear at a banquet and give a lecture at Somerset House, London, in June 1963.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u026anv\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u028cksli t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6\u027e\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkw\u026at \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t s\u02c8\u028cm\u0259s\u02cc\u025bt h\u02c8a\u028as, l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, \u026an d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Huxley wrote a draft of the speech he intended to give at the society; however, his deteriorating health meant he was not able to attend.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250 d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, h\u026az d\u026at\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025bnt hi\u02d0 w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd."}, {"text": "On his deathbed, unable to speak owing to advanced laryngeal cancer, Huxley made a written request to his wife Laura for \"LSD, 100 \u00b5g, intramuscular.\"", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8b\u025bd, \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst l\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026and\u0292\u02cci\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a, h\u02c8\u028cksli m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst t\u0259 h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026af l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bsd\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u028cskj\u028al\u025a.\""}, {"text": "According to her account of his death in This Timeless Moment, she obliged with an injection at 11:20\u00a0a.m. and a second dose an hour later; Huxley died aged 69, at 5:20\u00a0p.m. PST on 22 November 1963.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u026an \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026aml\u0259s m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nt, \u0283i\u02d0 \u0259bl\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292d w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6\u027e \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n:tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026a.\u02c8\u025bm. \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd d\u02c8o\u028as \u0250n \u02c8a\u028a\u025a l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a; h\u02c8\u028cksli d\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6t f\u02c8a\u026av:tw\u02c8\u025bnti p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bm. p\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bst\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Media coverage of Huxley's death, along with that of fellow British author C. S. Lewis, was overshadowed by the assassination of John F. Kennedy on the same day, less than seven hours before Huxley's death.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv h\u02c8\u028cksliz d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv f\u02c8\u025blo\u028a b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8\u025bs. l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as, w\u028cz \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0283\u02c8\u00e6do\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02cc\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bf. k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am d\u02c8e\u026a, l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8a\u028a\u025az b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u028cksliz d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "In a 2009 article for New York magazine titled \"The Eclipsed Celebrity Death Club\", Christopher Bonanos wrote:", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld \"\u00f0\u026a \u026akl\u02c8\u026apst s\u0259l\u02c8\u025bb\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 kl\u02c8\u028cb\", k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025a b\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028az \u0279\u02c8o\u028at:"}, {"text": "This coincidence served as the basis for Peter Kreeft's book Between Heaven and Hell: A Dialog Somewhere Beyond Death with John F. Kennedy, C. S. Lewis, & Aldous Huxley, which imagines a conversation among the three men taking place in Purgatory following their deaths.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as ko\u028a\u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259ns s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fts b\u02c8\u028ak b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bl: \u0250 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0251\u02d0\u0261 s\u02c8\u028cmw\u025b\u0279 b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bf. k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di, s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8\u025bs. l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0259s h\u02c8\u028cksli, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026am\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026anz \u0250 k\u0251\u02d0nv\u025as\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8s."}, {"text": "Huxley's memorial service took place in London in December 1963; it was led by his elder brother Julian.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksliz m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n \u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0; \u026at w\u028cz l\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a h\u026az \u02c8\u025bld\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0li\u0259n."}, {"text": "On 27 October 1971, his ashes were interred in the family grave at the Watts Cemetery, home of the Watts Mortuary Chapel in Compton, Guildford, Surrey, England.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn, h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026av \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts s\u02c8\u025bm\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, h\u02c8o\u028am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpt\u0259n, \u0261\u02c8\u026aldf\u025ad, s\u02c8\u028c\u0279i, \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Huxley had been a long-time friend of Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, who dedicated his last orchestral composition to Huxley.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli h\u0250db\u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8a\u026am f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u025a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u02d0\u0279 st\u0279\u00e6v\u02c8\u026anski, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az l\u02c8\u00e6st \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cksli."}, {"text": "What became Variations: Aldous Huxley in memoriam was begun in July 1963, completed in October 1964, and premiered by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra on 17 April 1965.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u028ct b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz: \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0259s h\u02c8\u028cksli \u026an m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259m w\u028cz b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u028cn \u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279d ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a s\u02c8\u026amf\u0259ni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259 \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "In 2021, Huxley was one of six British writers commemorated on a series of UK postage stamps issued by Royal Mail to celebrate British science fiction.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, h\u02c8\u028cksli w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aks b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a p\u02c8o\u028ast\u026ad\u0292 st\u02c8\u00e6mps \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026al t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "One classic science fiction novel from each author was depicted, with Brave New World chosen to represent Huxley.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a w\u028cz d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd, w\u026a\u00f0 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt h\u02c8\u028cksli."}, {"text": "Das L\u00e4cheln der Gioconda (1953), TV movie directed by Werner V\u00f6lger, based on play Mortal Coils: Play", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u00e6s l\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u025bln d\u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld\u0292\u025a, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n pl\u02c8e\u026a m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u026alz: pl\u02c8e\u026a"}, {"text": "Das L\u00e4cheln der Gioconda (1958), TV movie directed by Michael Kehlmann, based on novelette \"The Gioconda Smile\"", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u00e6s l\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u025bln d\u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at, t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026alm\u0259n, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02c8\u025bt \"\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259 sm\u02c8a\u026al\""}, {"text": "Das Genie und die G\u00f6ttin (1959), TV movie directed by Walter Rilla, based on play The Genius and the Goddess", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u00e6s d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0ni \u02c8\u028cnd d\u02c8a\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u0254lt\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026al\u0259, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n pl\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s"}, {"text": "The Gioconda Smile (1963), TV movie directed by Patrick Barton, based on novelette \"The Gioconda Smile\"", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259 sm\u02c8a\u026al n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0259n, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02c8\u025bt \"\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259 sm\u02c8a\u026al\""}, {"text": "Das L\u00e4cheln der Gioconda (1966), TV movie directed by Ilo von Jank\u00f3, based on novelette \"The Gioconda Smile\"", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u00e6s l\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u025bln d\u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks, t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8a\u026alo\u028a v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6\u014bko\u028a, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02c8\u025bt \"\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259 sm\u02c8a\u026al\""}, {"text": "After Many a Summer (1967), TV movie directed by Douglas Camfield, based on novel After Many a Summer", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8\u025bni \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z k\u02c8\u00e6mfi\u02d0ld, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8\u025bni \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a"}, {"text": "\u00dasmev Mony L\u00edzy (1968), TV movie directed by Bed\u0159ich Kramosil, based on novelette \"The Gioconda Smile\"", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028csm\u025bv m\u02c8\u028cni l\u02c8\u026azi n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a b\u02c8\u025bd\u0279\u026at\u0283 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02c8\u025bt \"\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259 sm\u02c8a\u026al\""}, {"text": "Die Teufel von Loudun (1969), TV movie directed by Rolf Liebermann, based on novel The Devils of Loudun", "phonemes": "d\u02c8a\u026a tj\u02c8u\u02d0f\u0259l v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8a\u028ad\u028cn n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lf l\u02c8i\u02d0b\u025am\u0259n, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv l\u02c8a\u028ad\u028cn"}, {"text": "Il sorriso della Gioconda (1969), TV movie directed by Enrico Colosimo, based on play Mortal Coils: Play", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026al s\u0254\u0279\u02c8a\u026azo\u028a d\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u025bn\u0279\u02c8\u026ako\u028a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259s\u02c8\u026amo\u028a, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n pl\u02c8e\u026a m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u026alz: pl\u02c8e\u026a"}, {"text": "Il piccolo Archimede (1979), TV movie directed by Gianni Amelio, based on novelette \"Young Archimedes\"", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026al p\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026am\u02cc\u025bd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ni \u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u02cco\u028a, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02c8\u025bt \"j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0z\""}, {"text": "Brave New World (1998), TV movie directed by Leslie Libman and Larry Williams, based on novel Brave New World", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8e\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at, t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vi d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a l\u02c8\u025bsli l\u02c8\u026abm\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259mz, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8e\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld"}, {"text": "The Alien (2017), short film directed by William le Bras and Gabriel Richard, based on poem \"The Alien\"", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u026alm d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m l\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm \"\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n\""}, {"text": "Reprinted in Perspectives on Schoenberg and Stravinsky, revised edition, edited by Benjamin Boretz and Edward T. Cone.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd \u026an p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avz \u02cc\u0254n sk\u02c8o\u028anb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 \u00e6nd st\u0279\u00e6v\u02c8\u026anski, \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026azd \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a b\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259m\u026an b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u025bts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad t\u02c8i\u02d0. k\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "\"Ballet: Still Another Balanchine-Stravinsky Pearl; City Troupe Performs in Premiere Here Variations for Huxley at State Theater\".", "phonemes": "\"b\u00e6l\u02c8e\u026a: st\u02c8\u026al \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250nt\u0283\u02cca\u026anst\u0279\u00e6v\u02c8\u026anski p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l; s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u026an p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u028cksli \u00e6t st\u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025a\"."}, {"text": "\"Belief in mysticism: Aldous Huxley, from Grey Eminence to Island\" in Six Modern Authors and Problems of Belief.", "phonemes": "\"b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u026an m\u02c8\u026ast\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m: \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0259s h\u02c8\u028cksli, f\u0279\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u0259ns t\u028a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd\" \u026an s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u028cv b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f."}, {"text": "Modern Satirical Novelist of Ideas, Firchow and Nugel editors, LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-M\u00fcnster, 2006,", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an s\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02cc\u026ast \u028cv a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283a\u028a \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u0259l \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u02cc\u025bl\u02cca\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u00e6\u0261 b\u025c\u02d0l\u02c8\u026anh\u02c8\u00e6mb\u025c\u02d0\u0261m\u02c8u\u02d0nst\u025a, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks,"}, {"text": "Huxley, Orwell, and Caudwell', Chapter 5 in Morgan, W. John and Guilherme, Alexandre (Eds.),Peace and War-Historical, Philosophical, and Anthropological Perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, pp, 71\u201396. .", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u028cksli, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025bl, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dw\u025bl, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pt\u025a f\u02c8a\u026av \u026an m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n, d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0. d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u026alh\u025am, \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a \u02c8\u025bdz.,p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l, f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avz, p\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0279e\u026av m\u0259km\u02c8\u026al\u0259n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks. ."}, {"text": "Shaw, Jeffrey M. Illusions of Freedom: Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition.", "phonemes": "\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u0279i \u02c8\u025bm. \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m: t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0292\u02c8\u00e6k \u02c8\u025blju\u02d0l \u02cc\u0254n t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Aberdeen Channel, a channel between Ap Lei Chau (Aberdeen Island) and Nam Long Shan on the Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6b\u025ad\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l, \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6p l\u02c8e\u026a t\u0283\u02c8a\u028a \u02cc\u00e6b\u025ad\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6m l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u00e6n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b"}, {"text": "Aberdeen floating village, at Aberdeen Harbour, containing approximately 600 junks, which house an estimated 6,000 people", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6b\u025ad\u02c8i\u02d0n fl\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6\u027e \u02cc\u00e6b\u025ad\u02c8i\u02d0n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a, k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u014bks, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8a\u028az \u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026aks,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l"}, {"text": "Aberdeen Tunnel Underground Laboratory, an underground particle physics laboratory in Hong Kong Island", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6b\u025ad\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i, \u0250n \u02c8\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02cca\u028and p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd"}, {"text": "Aberdeen, South Australia, one of the early townships that merged in 1940 to create the town of Burra", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6b\u025ad\u02c8i\u02d0n, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u02c8a\u028an\u0283\u026aps \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u028an \u028cv b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259"}, {"text": "Aberdeen Bay, a bay between southern Baffin Island and north-eastern Hector Island in the Nunavut territory", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6b\u025ad\u02c8i\u02d0n b\u02c8e\u026a, \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an b\u02c8\u00e6f\u026an \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an h\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cn\u0250v\u02cc\u028ct t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i"}, {"text": "Aberdeen Township, Quebec, until 1960 part of Sheen-Esher-Aberdeen-et-Malakoff, now part of Rapides-des-Joachims, Quebec", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6b\u025ad\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u02c8a\u028an\u0283\u026ap, kw\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bk, \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u00e6b\u025ad\u02c8i\u02d0n\u02c8\u025btm\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250k\u02cc\u0254f, n\u02c8a\u028a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6pa\u026adzd\u02c8\u025bsd\u0292\u02c8o\u028a\u0259k\u02cc\u026amz, kw\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bk"}, {"text": "Aberdeen Lake (Mississippi), a lake in northeast Mississippi on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, close to Aberdeen, Mississippi", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6b\u025ad\u02c8i\u02d0n l\u02c8e\u026ak m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api, \u0250 l\u02c8e\u026ak \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mb\u026a\u0261b\u02cci\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025aw\u02cce\u026a, kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6b\u025ad\u02c8i\u02d0n, m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api"}, {"text": "Algae (, ; : alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, ; : \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259 \u026az \u0250n \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m f\u025a\u0279\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak, j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u0250\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Included organisms range from unicellular microalgae, such as Chlorella, Prototheca and the diatoms, to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp, a large brown alga which may grow up to  in length.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026as\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02cc\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z klo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259, p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u03b8\u02cc\u025bk\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027e\u0259mz, t\u0259 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026as\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt k\u02c8\u025blp, \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 b\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a \u026an l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8."}, {"text": "Most are aquatic and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as stomata, xylem and phloem that are found in land plants.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6k m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt s\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026aps, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z st\u02c8o\u028am\u0259\u027e\u0259, z\u02c8a\u026al\u0259m \u00e6nd fl\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an l\u02c8\u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6nts."}, {"text": "The largest and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds, while the most complex freshwater forms are the Charophyta, a division of green algae which includes, for example, Spirogyra and stoneworts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld s\u02c8i\u02d0wi\u02d0dz, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259f\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259, \u0250 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, sp\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd st\u02c8o\u028anwo\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Algae constitute a polyphyletic group since they do not include a common ancestor, and although their plastids seem to have a single origin, from cyanobacteria, they were acquired in different ways.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u0250 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026afa\u026al\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0e\u026a du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026adz s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an, f\u0279\u028cm s\u02cca\u026a\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt w\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "Green algae are examples of algae that have primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279o\u028apl\u02cc\u00e6sts d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u025bndo\u028as\u02cc\u026amba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak s\u02cca\u026a\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Diatoms and brown algae are examples of algae with secondary chloroplasts derived from an endosymbiotic red alga.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027e\u0259mz \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279o\u028apl\u02cc\u00e6sts d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02cc\u025bndo\u028as\u02cc\u026amba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259."}, {"text": "Algae exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies, from simple asexual cell division to complex forms of sexual reproduction.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026at \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292iz, f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l e\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bl d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Algae lack the various structures that characterize land plants, such as the phyllids (leaf-like structures) of bryophytes, rhizoids of non-vascular plants, and the roots, leaves, and other organs found in tracheophytes (vascular plants).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az l\u02c8\u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u026adz l\u02c8i\u02d0fl\u02c8a\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats, \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u0254\u026adz \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8\u00e6skj\u028al\u025a pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts, l\u02c8i\u02d0vz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats v\u02c8\u00e6skj\u028al\u025a pl\u02c8\u00e6nts."}, {"text": "Most are phototrophic, although some are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by osmotrophy, myzotrophy, or phagotrophy.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028at\u0279\u02c8o\u028af\u026ak, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u026aks\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028af\u026ak, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 f\u0279\u028cm f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028cpte\u026ak \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a ba\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259t\u0279\u0259fi, m\u02c8a\u026az\u0259t\u0279\u0259fi, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259t\u0279\u0259fi."}, {"text": "Some unicellular species of green algae, many golden algae, euglenids, dinoflagellates, and other algae have become heterotrophs (also called colorless or apochlorotic algae), sometimes parasitic, relying entirely on external energy sources and have limited or no photosynthetic apparatus.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026as\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, m\u02c8\u025bni \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u0259ln\u02cc\u026adz, d\u02c8\u026an\u0259fl\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u0259l\u02cce\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 h\u00e6v b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm h\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cco\u028at\u0279\u0251\u02d0fz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld k\u02c8\u028cl\u025al\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u0259kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali \u02cc\u0254n \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s."}, {"text": "Some other heterotrophic organisms, such as the apicomplexans, are also derived from cells whose ancestors possessed plastids, but are not traditionally considered as algae.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028af\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6p\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u0259nz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025blz h\u02ccu\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025az p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bst pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026adz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Algae have photosynthetic machinery ultimately derived from cyanobacteria that produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, unlike other photosynthetic bacteria such as purple and green sulfur bacteria.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 h\u00e6v f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm s\u02cca\u026a\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 ba\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u028cv f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n s\u02c8\u028clf\u025c\u02d0 b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Fossilized filamentous algae from the Vindhya basin have been dated back to 1.6 to 1.7\u00a0billion years ago.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd f\u02cc\u026al\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026and\u026a\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259n h\u0250vb\u026an d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn.s\u02c8\u026aks t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Because of the wide range of types of algae, they have increasing different industrial and traditional applications in human society.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "Traditional seaweed farming practices have existed for thousands of years and have strong traditions in East Asia food cultures.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0wi\u02d0d f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u1d7bz h\u00e6v \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6nd h\u00e6v st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "More modern algaculture applications extend the food traditions for other applications include cattle feed, using algae for bioremediation or pollution control, transforming sunlight into algae fuels or other chemicals used in industrial processes, and in medical and scientific applications.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0250k\u02cc\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0d, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cca\u026ao\u028a\u0279\u1d7bm\u02cci\u02d0d\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al, t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028cnla\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259lz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u026an m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "A 2020 review found that these applications of algae could play an important role in carbon sequestration in order to mitigate climate change while providing lucrative value-added products for global economies.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 k\u028ad pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n s\u02cci\u02d0kw\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026at kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 w\u02cca\u026al p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b l\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259miz."}, {"text": "Although some speculate that it is related to Latin , 'be cold', no reason is known to associate seaweed with temperature.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an , bi\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u028ald, n\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026at s\u02c8i\u02d0wi\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The Ancient Greek word for 'seaweed' was  (), which could mean either the seaweed (probably red algae) or a red dye derived from it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0wi\u02d0d w\u028cz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0wi\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd d\u02c8a\u026a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u026at."}, {"text": "The etymology is uncertain, but a strong candidate has long been some word related to the Biblical  (), 'paint' (if not that word itself), a cosmetic eye-shadow used by the ancient Egyptians and other inhabitants of the eastern Mediterranean.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at h\u0250z l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02cc\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026abl\u026ak\u0259l, p\u02c8e\u026ant \u026af n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf, \u0250 k\u0251\u02d0zm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8a\u026a\u0283\u02c8\u00e6do\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n."}, {"text": "One definition of algae is that they \"have chlorophyll as their primary photosynthetic pigment and lack a sterile covering of cells around their reproductive cells\".", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \"h\u00e6v kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279o\u028af\u02c8\u026al \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259nt \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6k \u0250 st\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u02c8\u025blz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av s\u02c8\u025blz\"."}, {"text": "Although cyanobacteria are often referred to as \"blue-green algae\", most authorities exclude all prokaryotes, including cyanobacteria, from the definition of algae.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cca\u026a\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z \"bl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0\", m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0250\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028ats, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02cca\u026a\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Chloroplasts contain circular DNA like that in cyanobacteria and are interpreted as representing reduced endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279o\u028apl\u02cc\u00e6sts k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u025a d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an s\u02cca\u026a\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st \u02cc\u025bndo\u028as\u02cc\u026amba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak s\u02cca\u026a\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "However, the exact origin of the chloroplasts is different among separate lineages of algae, reflecting their acquisition during different endosymbiotic events.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279o\u028apl\u02cc\u00e6sts \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250kw\u026as\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02cc\u025bndo\u028as\u02cc\u026amba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts."}, {"text": "Linnaeus, in Species Plantarum (1753), the starting point for modern botanical nomenclature, recognized 14 genera of algae, of which only four are currently considered among algae.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026ani\u02d0\u0259s, \u026an sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z pl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an b\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l n\u0259m\u02c8\u025b\u014bkl\u0259t\u0283\u025a, \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0."}, {"text": "In Systema Naturae, Linnaeus described the genera Volvox and Corallina, and a species of Acetabularia (as Madrepora), among the animals.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0, l\u02c8\u026ani\u02d0\u0259s d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u0251\u02d0ks \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0250l\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, \u00e6nd \u0250 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6s\u026at\u02c8\u00e6bj\u028al\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6z m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0279\u026ap\u02cco\u02d0\u0279\u0259, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In 1768, Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1744\u20131774) published the Historia Fucorum, the first work dedicated to marine algae and the first book on marine biology to use the then new binomial nomenclature of Linnaeus.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, s\u02c8\u00e6mju\u02d0l \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tl\u026ab d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bl\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 fju\u02d0k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259m, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u02c8\u028ak \u02cc\u0254n m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8u\u02d0 ba\u026an\u02c8o\u028am\u026a\u0259l n\u0259m\u02c8\u025b\u014bkl\u0259t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8\u026ani\u02d0\u0259s."}, {"text": "W. H. Harvey (1811\u20131866) and Lamouroux (1813) were the first to divide macroscopic algae into four divisions based on their pigmentation.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0. \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02cc\u00e6k\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02cc\u026a\u0261m\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Harvey's four divisions are: red algae (Rhodospermae), brown algae (Melanospermae), green algae (Chlorospermae), and Diatomaceae.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279viz f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279: \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259sp\u025am\u02cci\u02d0, b\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bl\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0sp\u025am\u02cci\u02d0, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279o\u028asp\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0me\u026as\u02cci\u02d0."}, {"text": "At this time, microscopic algae were discovered and reported by a different group of workers (e.g., O. F. M\u00fcller and Ehrenberg) studying the Infusoria (microscopic organisms).", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am, m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \u02c8o\u028a. \u02c8\u025bf. m\u02c8u\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u0259nb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261 st\u02c8\u028cdi\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026anfju\u02d0s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259 m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Unlike macroalgae, which were clearly viewed as plants, microalgae were frequently considered animals because they are often motile.", "phonemes": "\u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259\u02cc\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6z pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02cc\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n m\u02c8o\u028a\u027ea\u026al."}, {"text": "Even the nonmotile (coccoid) microalgae were sometimes merely seen as stages of the lifecycle of plants, macroalgae, or animals.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nm\u02c8o\u028a\u027ea\u026al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0254\u026ad m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02cc\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026afsa\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259\u02cc\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Although used as a taxonomic category in some pre-Darwinian classifications, e.g., Linnaeus (1753), de Jussieu (1789), Horaninow (1843), Agassiz (1859), Wilson & Cassin (1864), in further classifications, the \"algae\" are seen as an artificial, polyphyletic group.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 t\u02cc\u00e6ks\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0251\u02d0\u0279w\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., l\u02c8\u026ani\u02d0\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cs\u026a\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0250n\u02cc\u026ano\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0250s\u02cc\u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an, w\u02c8\u026als\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6s\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u026an f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0\" \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u0250n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l, p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026afa\u026al\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "Throughout the 20th century, most classifications treated the following groups as divisions or classes of algae: cyanophytes, rhodophytes, chrysophytes, xanthophytes, bacillariophytes, phaeophytes, pyrrhophytes (cryptophytes and dinophytes), euglenophytes, and chlorophytes.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, m\u02c8o\u028ast kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u00e6z d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0: s\u02c8a\u026a\u0250n\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats, \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats, k\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats, z\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats, b\u02c8\u00e6s\u026al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats, f\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats, p\u02c8\u026arh\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats k\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026an\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u0259ln\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats, \u00e6nd kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279o\u028af\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "Later, many new groups were discovered (e.g., Bolidophyceae), and others were splintered from older groups: charophytes and glaucophytes (from chlorophytes), many heterokontophytes (e.g., synurophytes from chrysophytes, or eustigmatophytes from xanthophytes), haptophytes (from chrysophytes), and chlorarachniophytes (from xanthophytes).", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, m\u02c8\u025bni n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0259f\u02cca\u026asi\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 spl\u02c8\u026ant\u025ad f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps: t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats \u00e6nd \u0261l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279o\u028af\u02c8a\u026ats, m\u02c8\u025bni h\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cco\u028ak\u0254nt\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., s\u02c8\u026anj\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm k\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0st\u026a\u0261m\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm z\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats, h\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm k\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats, \u00e6nd kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0250\u0279\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283n\u026a\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm z\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats."}, {"text": "With the abandonment of plant-animal dichotomous classification, most groups of algae (sometimes all) were included in Protista, later also abandoned in favour of Eukaryota.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nm\u0259nt \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l da\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259s kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast\u0259, l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd \u026an f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u0250\u0279\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "However, as a legacy of the older plant life scheme, some groups that were also treated as protozoans in the past still have duplicated classifications (see ambiregnal protists).", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259si \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a pl\u02c8\u00e6nt l\u02c8a\u026af sk\u02c8i\u02d0m, s\u02cc\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z p\u0279\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028az\u02c8o\u028a\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st st\u02c8\u026al h\u00e6v d\u02c8u\u02d0pl\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6mba\u026a\u025a\u0261n\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026asts."}, {"text": "Some parasitic algae (e.g., the green algae Prototheca and Helicosporidium, parasites of metazoans, or Cephaleuros, parasites of plants) were originally classified as fungi, sporozoans, or protistans of incertae sedis, while others (e.g., the green algae Phyllosiphon and Rhodochytrium, parasites of plants, or the red algae Pterocladiophila and Gelidiocolax mammillatus, parasites of other red algae, or the dinoflagellates Oodinium, parasites of fish) had their relationship with algae conjectured early.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u03b8\u02cc\u025bk\u0259 \u00e6nd h\u02cc\u025bl\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0spo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02cca\u026ats \u028cv m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259z\u02c8o\u028a\u0259nz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u025bf\u0250l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028az, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02cca\u026ats \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6nts w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z f\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261i, sp\u02cco\u02d0\u0279\u0259z\u02c8o\u028a\u0259nz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6nz \u028cv \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bdiz, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026al\u0259s\u02cc\u026af\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cco\u028ad\u0259t\u0283\u02c8a\u026at\u0279i\u0259m, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02cca\u026ats \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u0259kl\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u0259f\u02c8\u026al\u0259 \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0k\u0259l\u02cc\u00e6ks m\u02c8\u00e6m\u026al\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259s, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02cca\u026ats \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026an\u0259fl\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u0259l\u02cce\u026ats u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02cca\u026ats \u028cv f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 h\u00e6d \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 k\u0259nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025ad \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li."}, {"text": "In other cases, some groups were originally characterized as parasitic algae (e.g., Chlorochytrium), but later were seen as endophytic algae.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, s\u02cc\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279o\u028at\u0283\u02c8a\u026at\u0279i\u0259m, b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u02cc\u025bndo\u028af\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Furthermore, groups like the apicomplexans are also parasites derived from ancestors that possessed plastids, but are not included in any group traditionally seen as algae.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6p\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02cca\u026ats d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bst pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026adz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an \u02cc\u025bni \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The first land plants probably evolved from shallow freshwater charophyte algae much like Chara almost 500\u00a0million years ago.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8\u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6nts p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd f\u0279\u028cm \u0283\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028a f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259f\u02cca\u026at \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8a\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Fossils of isolated land plant spores suggest land plants may have been around as long as 475\u00a0million years ago.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8a\u026as\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6nt sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst l\u02c8\u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6nts m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6z l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "A range of algal morphologies is exhibited, and convergence of features in unrelated groups is common.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l m\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u026az \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns \u028cv f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u026an \u02cc\u028cn\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n."}, {"text": "The only groups to exhibit three-dimensional multicellular thalli are the reds and browns, and some chlorophytes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps t\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02cc\u028clt\u026as\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6li \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bdz \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8a\u028anz, \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279o\u028af\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "Apical growth is constrained to subsets of these groups: the florideophyte reds, various browns, and the charophytes.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ak\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026az k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026and t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u025bts \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps: \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u026a\u0259f\u02cca\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u025bdz, v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s b\u0279\u02c8a\u028anz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats."}, {"text": "The form of charophytes is quite different from those of reds and browns, because they have distinct nodes, separated by internode 'stems'; whorls of branches reminiscent of the horsetails occur at the nodes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats \u026az kw\u02c8a\u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u025bdz \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8a\u028anz, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt n\u02c8o\u028adz, s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8o\u028ad st\u02c8\u025bmz; w\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279lz \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u0279\u02cc\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02c8\u026as\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ste\u026alz \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028adz."}, {"text": "Conceptacles are another polyphyletic trait; they appear in the coralline algae and the Hildenbrandiales, as well as the browns.", "phonemes": "k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259k\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026afa\u026al\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak t\u0279\u02c8e\u026at; \u00f0e\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0250l\u02cca\u026an \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ald\u0259nb\u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u026a\u02cce\u026alz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8a\u028anz."}, {"text": "Most of the simpler algae are unicellular flagellates or amoeboids, but colonial and nonmotile forms have developed independently among several of the groups.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ampl\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026as\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a fl\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026al\u02cce\u026ats \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0254\u026adz, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nm\u02c8o\u028a\u027ea\u026al f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz h\u00e6v d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "Some of the more common organizational levels, more than one of which may occur in the lifecycle of a species, are", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026afsa\u026ak\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u0251\u02d0\u0279"}, {"text": "In three lines, even higher levels of organization have been reached, with full tissue differentiation.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026anz, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250vb\u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t, w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u028al t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "These are the brown algae,\u2014some of which may reach 50\u00a0m in length (kelps)\u2014the red algae, and the green algae.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0,\u2014s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8\u025bm \u026an l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 k\u02c8\u025blps\u2014\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The most complex forms are found among the charophyte algae (see Charales and Charophyta), in a lineage that eventually led to the higher land plants.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259f\u02cca\u026at \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259lz \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259f\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259, \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u00e6t \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6nts."}, {"text": "The innovation that defines these nonalgal plants is the presence of female reproductive organs with protective cell layers that protect the zygote and developing embryo.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026anz \u00f0i\u02d0z n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6nts \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av s\u02c8\u025bl l\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8a\u026a\u0261o\u028at \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028a."}, {"text": "Algal turfs are thick, carpet-like beds of seaweed that retain sediment and compete with foundation species like corals and kelps, and they are usually less than 15\u00a0cm tall.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0fs \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u026ak, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p\u026atl\u02c8a\u026ak b\u02c8\u025bdz \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0wi\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8\u025bd\u026am\u0259nt \u00e6nd k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0t w\u026a\u00f0 fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z l\u02c8a\u026ak k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259lz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025blps, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Such a turf may consist of one or more species, and will generally cover an area in the order of a square metre or more.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f m\u02c8e\u026a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u00e6nd w\u026al d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279 \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Algae that form aggregations that have been described as turfs include diatoms, cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, phaeophytes and rhodophytes.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250vb\u026an d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0fs \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027e\u0259mz, s\u02cca\u026a\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279o\u028af\u02c8a\u026ats, f\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259f\u02cca\u026ats."}, {"text": "Turfs are often composed of numerous species at a wide range of spatial scales, but monospecific turfs are frequently reported.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0fs \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00e6\u027e\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l sk\u02c8e\u026alz, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028asp\u026as\u02c8\u026af\u026ak t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0fs \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Turfs can be morphologically highly variable over geographic scales and even within species on local scales and can be difficult to identify in terms of the constituent species.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0fs k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026akli h\u02c8a\u026ali v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u02cco\u028av\u025a d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak sk\u02c8e\u026alz \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l sk\u02c8e\u026alz \u00e6nd k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nt sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Turfs have been defined as short algae, but this has been used to describe height ranges from less than 0.5\u00a0cm to more than 10\u00a0cm.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0fs h\u0250vb\u026an d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026as h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab h\u02c8a\u026at \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8\u025bn s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm."}, {"text": "In some regions, the descriptions approached heights which might be described as canopies (20 to 30\u00a0cm).", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283t h\u02c8a\u026ats w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259piz tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm."}, {"text": "Many algae, particularly species of the Characeae, have served as model experimental organisms to understand the mechanisms of the water permeability of membranes, osmoregulation, turgor regulation, salt tolerance, cytoplasmic streaming, and the generation of action potentials.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0, h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bk\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026anz, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0zmo\u02d0\u0279\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u0254lt t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u0259ns, s\u02cca\u026a\u027e\u0259pl\u02c8\u00e6zm\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In these symbioses, the algae supply photosynthates (organic substances) to the host organism providing protection to the algal cells.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u026amba\u026a\u02cco\u028as\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02c8\u026an\u03b8e\u026ats \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l s\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "Lichens are defined by the International Association for Lichenology to be \"an association of a fungus and a photosynthetic symbiont resulting in a stable vegetative body having a specific structure\".", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02cc\u026at\u0283\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0 \"\u0250n \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0250 f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u026amb\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l v\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\"."}, {"text": "One mycobiont associates with the same phycobiont species, rarely two, from the green algae, except that alternatively, the mycobiont may associate with a species of cyanobacteria (hence \"photobiont\" is the more accurate term).", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8a\u026ako\u028ab\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am f\u02cca\u026ako\u028ab\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279li t\u02c8u\u02d0, f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u00f0\u00e6t \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026ako\u028ab\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt m\u02c8e\u026a \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv s\u02cca\u026a\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bns \"f\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028ab\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\" \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "A photobiont may be associated with many different mycobionts or may live independently; accordingly, lichens are named and classified as fungal species.", "phonemes": "\u0250 f\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028ab\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt m\u02c8a\u026ako\u028ab\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u026av \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli; \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bli, l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00e6nd kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z f\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The association is termed a morphogenesis because the lichen has a form and capabilities not possessed by the symbiont species alone (they can be experimentally isolated).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \u0250 m\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279fo\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bs\u02cc\u026as b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259n h\u0250z \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd k\u02cce\u026ap\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amb\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li \u02c8a\u026as\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Trentepohlia is an example of a common green alga genus worldwide that can grow on its own or be lichenised.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02cc\u025bnt\u026ap\u02c8o\u028ali\u0259 \u026az \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 bi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd."}, {"text": "Lichen thus share some of the habitat and often similar appearance with specialized species of algae (aerophytes) growing on exposed surfaces such as tree trunks and rocks and sometimes discoloring them.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259n \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6t \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028af\u02cca\u026ats \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028azd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u014bks \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cl\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "Coral reefs are accumulated from the calcareous exoskeletons of marine invertebrates of the order Scleractinia (stony corals).", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0mj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6lk\u025b\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u025bkso\u028ask\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259nz \u028cv m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a skl\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u0250kt\u02c8\u026ani\u0259 st\u02c8o\u028ani k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259lz."}, {"text": "These animals metabolize sugar and oxygen to obtain energy for their cell-building processes, including secretion of the exoskeleton, with water and carbon dioxide as byproducts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0261\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n t\u028a \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u025blb\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkso\u028ask\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u00e6z b\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279\u0259d\u02cc\u028ckts."}, {"text": "Dinoflagellates (algal protists) are often endosymbionts in the cells of the coral-forming marine invertebrates, where they accelerate host-cell metabolism by generating sugar and oxygen immediately available through photosynthesis using incident light and the carbon dioxide produced by the host.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026an\u0259fl\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u0259l\u02cce\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026asts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u02c8\u025bndo\u028as\u02cc\u026amb\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259lf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bl\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at h\u02c8o\u028asts\u02c8\u025bl m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0261\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259nt l\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028ast."}, {"text": "Reef-building stony corals (hermatypic corals) require endosymbiotic algae from the genus Symbiodinium to be in a healthy condition.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fb\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b st\u02c8o\u028ani k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259lz h\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u0250t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259lz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bndo\u028as\u02cc\u026amba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s s\u02cc\u026amb\u026a\u0259d\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m t\u0259bi \u026an \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The loss of Symbiodinium from the host is known as coral bleaching, a condition which leads to the deterioration of a reef.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv s\u02cc\u026amb\u026a\u0259d\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028ast \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l bl\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b, \u0250 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026at\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f."}, {"text": "Endosymbiontic green algae live close to the surface of some sponges, for example, breadcrumb sponges (Halichondria panicea).", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bndo\u028as\u02cc\u026amb\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026av kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8\u028cnd\u0292\u1d7bz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, b\u0279\u02c8\u025bdk\u0279\u028cm sp\u02c8\u028cnd\u0292\u1d7bz h\u02cc\u00e6l\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279i\u0259 p\u00e6n\u02c8a\u026asi\u0259."}, {"text": "The alga is thus protected from predators; the sponge is provided with oxygen and sugars which can account for 50 to 80% of sponge growth in some species.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az; \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u028cnd\u0292 \u026az p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0261\u025az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026afti t\u028a \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv sp\u02c8\u028cnd\u0292 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, and Heterokontophyta, the three main algal divisions, have life cycles which show considerable variation and complexity.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259f\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259, kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279o\u028af\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cco\u028ak\u0254nt\u0259f\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz, h\u00e6v l\u02c8a\u026af s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259lz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u0259mpl\u02c8\u025bks\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "In general, an asexual phase exists where the seaweed's cells are diploid, a sexual phase where the cells are haploid, followed by fusion of the male and female gametes.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u0250n e\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l f\u02c8e\u026az \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0wi\u02d0dz s\u02c8\u025blz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026apl\u0254\u026ad, \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l f\u02c8e\u026az w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6pl\u0254\u026ad, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al \u0261\u02c8\u00e6mi\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "Commonly, in sexual reproduction of unicellular and colonial algae, two specialized, sexually compatible, haploid gametes make physical contact and fuse to form a zygote.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli, \u026an s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026as\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a \u00e6nd k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd, s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bb\u0259l, h\u02c8\u00e6pl\u0254\u026ad \u0261\u02c8\u00e6mi\u02d0ts m\u02cce\u026ak f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt \u00e6nd fj\u02c8u\u02d0z t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 z\u02c8a\u026a\u0261o\u028at."}, {"text": "To ensure a successful mating, the development and release of gametes is highly synchronized and regulated; pheromones may play a key role in these processes.", "phonemes": "t\u028a \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0250 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u00e6mi\u02d0ts \u026az h\u02c8a\u026ali s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd; f\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259m\u02cco\u028anz m\u02c8e\u026a pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Sexual reproduction allows for more variation and provides the benefit of efficient recombinational repair of DNA damages during meiosis, a key stage of the sexual cycle.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026at \u028cv \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b me\u026a\u02c8o\u028as\u026as, \u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l."}, {"text": "The Algal Collection of the US National Herbarium (located in the National Museum of Natural History) consists of approximately 320,500 dried specimens, which, although not exhaustive (no exhaustive collection exists), gives an idea of the order of magnitude of the number of algal species (that number remains unknown).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l h\u025c\u02d0b\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259m lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad sp\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259nz, w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u026av n\u02c8o\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u026av k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts, \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u0250n a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "For example, according to one standard textbook, in the British Isles the UK Biodiversity Steering Group Report estimated there to be 20,000 algal species in the UK.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad t\u02c8\u025bkstb\u028ak, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u02c8a\u026a\u0259lz \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ada\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei st\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0259bi tw\u02c8\u025bnti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Regarding the difference of about 15,000 species, the text concludes: \"It will require many detailed field surveys before it is possible to provide a reliable estimate of the total number of species\u00a0...\"", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkst k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz: \"\u026at w\u026al \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a m\u02c8\u025bni di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald f\u02c8i\u02d0ld s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026az b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u027e \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z\u00a0...\""}, {"text": "400 seaweed species for the western coastline of South Africa, and 212 species from the coast of KwaZulu-Natal.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8i\u02d0wi\u02d0d sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an k\u02c8o\u028astla\u026an \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ast \u028cv kw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 z\u02c8u\u02d0lu\u02d0n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "Some of these are duplicates, as the range extends across both coasts, and the total recorded is probably about 500 species.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8u\u02d0pl\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bndz \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8o\u028asts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "and so on, but lacking any scientific basis or reliable sources, these numbers have no more credibility than the British ones mentioned above.", "phonemes": "\u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u0254n, b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025bni sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259b\u0259l s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, \u00f0i\u02d0z n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02cc\u025bd\u026ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cnz m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd \u0259b\u02c8\u028cv."}, {"text": "The distribution of algal species has been fairly well studied since the founding of phytogeography in the mid-19th century.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n f\u02c8\u025b\u0279li w\u02c8\u025bl st\u02c8\u028cdid s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u028cv f\u02cca\u026a\u027eo\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Algae spread mainly by the dispersal of spores analogously to the dispersal of Plantae by seeds and spores.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd m\u02c8e\u026anli ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l \u028cv sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259\u0261\u0259sli t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6nti\u02d0 ba\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u00e6nd sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z."}, {"text": "Due to this, spores can be found in a variety of environments: fresh and marine waters, air, soil, and in or on other organisms.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts: f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283 \u00e6nd m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az, \u02c8\u025b\u0279, s\u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u00e6nd \u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Whether a spore is to grow into an organism depends on the combination of the species and the environmental conditions where the spore lands.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250 sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026az t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6ndz."}, {"text": "The spores of freshwater algae are dispersed mainly by running water and wind, as well as by living carriers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8e\u026anli ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026and, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z ba\u026a l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "However, not all bodies of water can carry all species of algae, as the chemical composition of certain water bodies limits the algae that can survive within them.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u00e6n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz l\u02c8\u026am\u026ats \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av w\u026a\u00f0\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "Ocean water presents many vastly different habitats based on temperature and nutrient availability, resulting in phytogeographic zones, regions, and provinces.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nts m\u02c8\u025bni v\u02c8\u00e6stli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6ts b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt \u0250v\u02cce\u026al\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an f\u02cca\u026a\u027eo\u028ad\u0292\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak z\u02c8o\u028anz, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "To some degree, the distribution of algae is subject to floristic discontinuities caused by geographical features, such as Antarctica, long distances of ocean or general land masses.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 s\u02cc\u028cm d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u026az s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259 fl\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak d\u026ask\u0251\u02d0nt\u026anj\u02c8u\u02d0\u1d7b\u027eiz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00e6nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak\u0259, l\u02c8\u0254\u014b d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "It is, therefore, possible to identify species occurring by locality, such as \"Pacific algae\" or \"North Sea algae\".", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u026az, \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b ba\u026a lo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \"p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0\"."}, {"text": "When they occur out of their localities, hypothesizing a transport mechanism is usually possible, such as the hulls of ships.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u025b\u0279 lo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027eiz, ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t m\u02c8\u025bk\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u028clz \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u026aps."}, {"text": "Mapping is possible for select species only: \"there are many valid examples of confined distribution patterns.\"", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u014b \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u02c8o\u028anli: \"\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ad \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv k\u0259nf\u02c8a\u026and d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz.\""}, {"text": "However, scientists regard the overall data as insufficient due to the \"difficulties of undertaking such studies.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u00e6z \u026ans\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \"d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz \u028cv \u02cc\u028cnd\u025at\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 st\u02c8\u028cdiz."}, {"text": "Algae are prominent in bodies of water, common in terrestrial environments, and are found in unusual environments, such as on snow and ice.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u026an b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02cc\u0254n sn\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026as."}, {"text": "Seaweeds grow mostly in shallow marine waters, under  deep; however, some such as Navicula pennata have been recorded to a depth of .", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0wi\u02d0dz \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8o\u028astli \u026an \u0283\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028a m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a d\u02c8i\u02d0p; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u00e6v\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u0259 p\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bp\u03b8 \u028cv ."}, {"text": "A type of algae, Ancylonema nordenskioeldii, was found in Greenland in areas known as the 'Dark Zone', which caused an increase in the rate of melting ice sheet.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6ns\u026al\u02cco\u028anm\u0259 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259nsk\u026a\u02cco\u028ald\u026a\u02cca\u026a, w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nl\u0259nd \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k z\u02c8o\u028an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u026as \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Microscopic forms that live suspended in the water column (phytoplankton) provide the food base for most marine food chains.", "phonemes": "m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8a\u026av s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cm f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259pl\u02cc\u00e6\u014bkt\u0259n p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d b\u02c8e\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "In very high densities (algal blooms), these algae may discolor the water and outcompete, poison, or asphyxiate other life forms.", "phonemes": "\u026an v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027eiz \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l bl\u02c8u\u02d0mz, \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026a d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cl\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd a\u028atk\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0t, p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250sf\u02c8\u026aks\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8a\u026af f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "Due to this, the species composition of algal populations may shift in the presence of chemical pollutants.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8e\u026a \u0283\u02c8\u026aft \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0259nts."}, {"text": "To detect these changes, algae can be sampled from the environment and maintained in laboratories with relative ease.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz, \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259ld f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u00e6nd me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and \u026an l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279iz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "On the basis of their habitat, algae can be categorized as: aquatic (planktonic, benthic, marine, freshwater, lentic, lotic), terrestrial, aerial (subaerial), lithophytic, halophytic (or euryhaline), psammon, thermophilic, cryophilic, epibiont (epiphytic, epizoic), endosymbiont (endophytic, endozoic), parasitic, calcifilic or lichenic (phycobiont).", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6t, \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z: \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak pl\u00e6\u014bkt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak, b\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8\u026ak, m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n, f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, l\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak, l\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026ak, t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l, \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259l s\u028cb\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259l, l\u02cc\u026a\u03b8\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, h\u02cce\u026al\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279\u026ah\u0259l\u02cca\u026an, s\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259n, \u03b8\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u0259f\u02c8\u026al\u026ak, k\u0279\u02cca\u026a\u0259f\u02c8\u026al\u026ak, \u02c8\u025bp\u026ab\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt \u02cc\u025bp\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u02cc\u025bp\u026az\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak, \u02c8\u025bndo\u028as\u02cc\u026amb\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt \u02cc\u025bndo\u028af\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u02cc\u025bndo\u028az\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak, p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, k\u02cc\u00e6ls\u026af\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u026at\u0283\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak f\u02cca\u026ako\u028ab\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt."}, {"text": "In classical Chinese, the word  is used both for \"algae\" and (in the modest tradition of the imperial scholars) for \"literary talent\".", "phonemes": "\u026an kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0\" \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nt\"."}, {"text": "The third island in Kunming Lake beside the Summer Palace in Beijing is known as the Zaojian Tang Dao (\u85fb\u9452\u5802\u5cf6), which thus simultaneously means \"Island of the Algae-Viewing Hall\" and \"Island of the Hall for Reflecting on Literary Talent\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u026an k\u02c8\u028cn\u0259m\u026a\u014b l\u02c8e\u026ak b\u1d7bs\u02cca\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a p\u02c8\u00e6l\u026as \u026an be\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 ze\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292i\u0259n t\u02c8\u00e6\u014b d\u02c8a\u028a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs s\u02cca\u026am\u0259lt\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259sli m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \"\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\" \u00e6nd \"\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nt\"."}, {"text": "Alginic acid also has been used in the field of biotechnology as a biocompatible medium for cell encapsulation and cell immobilization.", "phonemes": "\u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026an\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv b\u02cca\u026ao\u028at\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6z \u0250 b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ak\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bb\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bl \u025b\u014bk\u02cc\u00e6psu\u02d0l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bl \u026am\u02cco\u028ab\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Molecular cuisine is also a user of the substance for its gelling properties, by which it becomes a delivery vehicle for flavours.", "phonemes": "m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a kw\u1d7bz\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats d\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz, ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026at b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz \u0250 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279i v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 fl\u02c8e\u026av\u025az."}, {"text": "Between 100,000 and 170,000 wet tons of Macrocystis are harvested annually in New Mexico for alginate extraction and abalone feed.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u02c8\u025bt t\u02c8\u028cnz \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u026astiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026ast\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ld\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028an f\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "To be competitive and independent from fluctuating support from (local) policy on the long run, biofuels should equal or beat the cost level of fossil fuels.", "phonemes": "t\u0259bi k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm fl\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u028cn, b\u02cca\u026ao\u028afj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lz \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Here, algae-based fuels hold great promise, directly related to the potential to produce more biomass per unit area in a year than any other form of biomass.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0b\u02c8e\u026ast fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lz h\u02c8o\u028ald \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cca\u026ao\u028am\u02c8\u00e6s p\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026an \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv b\u02cca\u026ao\u028am\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "For centuries, seaweed has been used as a fertilizer; George Owen of Henllys writing in the 16th century referring to drift weed in South Wales:", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz, s\u02c8i\u02d0wi\u02d0d h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a; d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8o\u028a\u026an \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bn\u0259liz \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u026aft w\u02c8i\u02d0d \u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 w\u02c8e\u026alz:"}, {"text": "Today, algae are used by humans in many ways; for example, as fertilizers, soil conditioners, and livestock feed.", "phonemes": "t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a, \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni w\u02c8e\u026az; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00e6z f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az, s\u02c8\u0254\u026al k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025az, \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k f\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and are either harvested or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds.", "phonemes": "\u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025ad \u026an kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026ast\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02c8\u025bflu\u02d0\u0259nts p\u02c8\u028cmpt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz."}, {"text": "Naturally growing seaweeds are an important source of food, especially in Asia, leading some to label them as superfoods.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0wi\u02d0dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0d, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6z s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025af\u02ccu\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "They provide many vitamins including: A, B1, B2, B6, niacin, and C, and are rich in iodine, potassium, iron, magnesium, and calcium.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02c8\u025bni v\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259m\u026anz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b: \u02c8e\u026a, b\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn, b\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0, b\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks, n\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s\u02cc\u026an, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026an \u02c8a\u026a\u0259d\u02cci\u02d0n, p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, \u02c8a\u026a\u025an, m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0259m, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6lsi\u0259m."}, {"text": "In addition, commercially cultivated microalgae, including both algae and cyanobacteria, are marketed as nutritional supplements, such as spirulina, Chlorella and the vitamin-C supplement from Dunaliella, high in beta-carotene.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li k\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02cc\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02cca\u026a\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cpl\u026am\u0259nts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z sp\u02cc\u026a\u0279u\u02d0l\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, klo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259m\u026ans\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cpl\u026am\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm d\u02cc\u028cn\u0250l\u026a\u02c8\u025bl\u0259, h\u02c8a\u026a \u026an b\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028at\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Algae are national foods of many nations: China consumes more than 70 species, including fat choy, a cyanobacterium considered a vegetable; Japan, over 20 species such as nori and aonori; Ireland, dulse; Chile, cochayuyo.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz: t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0mz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u00e6t t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026a, \u0250 s\u02cca\u026a\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259m k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 v\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l; d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, \u02cco\u028av\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02cce\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i; \u02c8a\u026a\u025al\u0259nd, d\u02c8\u028cls; t\u0283\u02c8\u026ali, k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t\u0283e\u026a\u02c8u\u02d0jo\u028a."}, {"text": "It is also used along the west coast of North America from California to British Columbia, in Hawaii and by the M\u0101ori of New Zealand.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst k\u02c8o\u028ast \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259, \u026an h\u0259w\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0 \u00e6nd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028a\u0279i \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 z\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Chlorella: This form of alga is found in freshwater and contains photosynthetic pigments in its chloroplast.", "phonemes": "klo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259: \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259 \u026az f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259nts \u026an \u026ats kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279o\u028apl\u02cc\u00e6st."}, {"text": "For example, Parietochloris incisa is high in arachidonic acid, where it reaches up to 47% of the triglyceride pool.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279a\u026a\u0259t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0klo\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u026as \u026ans\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259 \u026az h\u02c8a\u026a \u026an \u025a\u0279\u02cc\u00e6k\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261l\u026as\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026ad p\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Some varieties of algae favored by vegetarianism and veganism contain the long-chain, essential omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad ba\u026a v\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd v\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an, \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l o\u028am\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0k\u0259s\u02cc\u00e6h\u026aksi\u02d0n\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u02cca\u026ak\u0259s\u02cce\u026ap\u0259nti\u02d0n\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Fish oil contains the omega-3 fatty acids, but the original source is algae (microalgae in particular), which are eaten by marine life such as copepods and are passed up the food chain.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u026al k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u026a o\u028am\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u026az \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02cc\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n l\u02c8a\u026af s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8o\u028app\u0251\u02d0dz \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u00e6st \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Algae have emerged in recent years as a popular source of omega-3 fatty acids for vegetarians who cannot get long-chain EPA and DHA from other vegetarian sources such as flaxseed oil, which only contains the short-chain alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 h\u00e6v \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6z \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv o\u028am\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nz h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0261\u025bt l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z fl\u02c8\u00e6kssi\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8o\u028anli k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259l\u026an\u02c8o\u028aln\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Sewage can be treated with algae, reducing the use of large amounts of toxic chemicals that would otherwise be needed.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ad\u0292 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az bi\u02d0 n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Aquaria and ponds can be filtered using algae, which absorb nutrients from the water in a device called an algae scrubber, also known as an algae turf scrubber.", "phonemes": "\u0250kw\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026alt\u025ad j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 sk\u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u025a, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f sk\u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u025a."}, {"text": "Agricultural Research Service scientists found that 60\u201390% of nitrogen runoff and 70\u2013100% of phosphorus runoff can be captured from manure effluents using a horizontal algae scrubber, also called an algal turf scrubber (ATS).", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026anti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u0254f \u00e6nd 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"\u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t kj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u028cmb\u025a \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n s\u02c8i\u02d0dl\u026a\u014bz \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a d\u02c8\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az."}, {"text": "Algae scrubbers, using bubbling upflow or vertical waterfall versions, are now also being used to filter aquaria and ponds.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 sk\u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u025az, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028cpflo\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0l v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u028a 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p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026am\u025az k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an fl\u02c8\u026apfl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u00e6nd \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "The alga Stichococcus bacillaris has been seen to colonize silicone resins used at archaeological sites; biodegrading the synthetic substance.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259 st\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0k\u0259s b\u02cc\u00e6s\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026as h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cca\u026az s\u02c8\u026al\u026ak\u02cco\u028an \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026anz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6\u027e \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026ats; b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ad\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The natural pigments (carotenoids and chlorophylls) produced by algae can be used as alternatives to chemical dyes and coloring agents.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259nts k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028atn\u02cc\u0254\u026adz \u00e6nd kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279o\u028af\u02c8\u026alz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz t\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts."}, {"text": "The presence of some individual algal pigments, together with specific pigment concentration ratios, are taxon-specific: analysis of their concentrations with various analytical methods, particularly high-performance liquid chromatography, can therefore offer deep insight into the taxonomic composition and relative abundance of natural algae populations in sea water samples.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l p\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259nts, t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak p\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259nt k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028az, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259nsp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak: \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali h\u02c8a\u026ap\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad k\u0279o\u028am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, k\u00e6n \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u025a d\u02c8i\u02d0p \u02c8\u026ansa\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u00e6ks\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259ns \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz."}, {"text": "\u2013 a database of all algal names including images, nomenclature, taxonomy, distribution, bibliography, uses, extracts", "phonemes": "\u0250 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u02cce\u026as \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026amz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, n\u0259m\u02c8\u025b\u014bkl\u0259t\u0283\u025a, t\u00e6ks\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, b\u02cc\u026abl\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz, \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u00e6kts"}, {"text": "Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models and their associated estimation procedures (such as the \"variation\" among and between groups) used to analyze the differences among means.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u026az \u0250 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 \"v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\" \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00e6nd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b m\u02c8i\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "ANOVA is based on the law of total variance, where the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of variation.", "phonemes": "\u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u028cv t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u026an \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u026az p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u028cv v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In its simplest form, ANOVA provides a statistical test of whether two or more population means are equal, and therefore generalizes the t-test beyond two means.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u026ats s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l\u026ast f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u0250 st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bst b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "While the analysis of variance reached fruition in the 20th century, antecedents extend centuries into the past according to Stigler.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t f\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259nts \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 st\u02c8\u026a\u0261l\u025a."}, {"text": "These include hypothesis testing, the partitioning of sums of squares, experimental techniques and the additive model.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as t\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u02c8\u028cmz \u028cv skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279z, \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l."}, {"text": "Around 1800, Laplace and Gauss developed the least-squares method for combining observations, which improved upon methods then used in astronomy and geodesy.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, l\u02c8\u00e6ple\u026as \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8a\u028as d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0stskw\u02c8\u025b\u0279z m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028ad\u02c8\u025bsi."}, {"text": "By 1827, Laplace was using least squares methods to address ANOVA problems regarding measurements of atmospheric tides.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, l\u02c8\u00e6ple\u026as w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b l\u02c8i\u02d0st skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279z m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz t\u028a \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025am\u0259nts \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026adz."}, {"text": "The experimental methods used in the study of the personal equation were later accepted by the emerging field of psychology  which developed strong (full factorial) experimental methods to which randomization and blinding were soon added.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u1d7bkw\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b f\u02c8\u028al f\u00e6kt\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd bl\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Ronald Fisher introduced the term variance and proposed its formal analysis in a 1918 article on theoretical population genetics,The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u026ats f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026an \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks,\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u0279\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u025bnd\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259n \u026anh\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u0259ns."}, {"text": "His first application of the analysis of variance to data analysis was published in 1921, Studies in Crop Variation", "phonemes": "h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns t\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as w\u028cz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n"}, {"text": "I,  This divided the variation of a time series into components representing annual causes and slow deterioration.", "phonemes": "\u02c8a\u026a,  \u00f0\u026as d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u00e6nd sl\u02c8o\u028a d\u026at\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Fisher's next piece, Studies in Crop Variation II, written with Winifred Mackenzie and published in 1923, studied the variation in yield across plots sown with different varieties and subjected to different fertiliser treatments.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025az n\u02c8\u025bkst p\u02c8i\u02d0s, st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u026an\u026af\u0279\u026ad m\u0259k\u02c8\u025bnzi \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, st\u02c8\u028cdid \u00f0\u0259 v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an j\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts s\u02c8o\u028an w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Analysis of variance became widely known after being included in Fisher's 1925 book Statistical Methods for Research Workers.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am w\u02c8a\u026adli n\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8\u028ak st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az."}, {"text": "A dog show is not a random sampling of the breed: it is typically limited to dogs that are adult, pure-bred, and exemplary.", "phonemes": "\u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m s\u02c8\u00e6mpl\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d: \u026a\u027e \u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt, pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279b\u0279\u02c8\u025bd, \u00e6nd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bmpl\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "A histogram of dog weights from a show might plausibly be rather complex, like the yellow-orange distribution shown in the illustrations.", "phonemes": "\u0250 h\u02c8\u026ast\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6m \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 w\u02c8e\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a m\u02cca\u026at pl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bbli bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u025blo\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u0279\u026and\u0292 d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Suppose we wanted to predict the weight of a dog based on a certain set of characteristics of each dog.", "phonemes": "s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az wi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026at \u0259v\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261."}, {"text": "One way to do that is to explain the distribution of weights by dividing the dog population into groups based on those characteristics.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8e\u026ats ba\u026a d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0o\u028az k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks."}, {"text": "A successful grouping will split dogs such that (a) each group has a low variance of dog weights (meaning the group is relatively homogeneous) and (b) the mean of each group is distinct (if two groups have the same mean, then it isn't reasonable to conclude that the groups are, in fact, separate in any meaningful way).", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p\u026a\u014b w\u026al spl\u02c8\u026at d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p h\u0250z \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 w\u02c8e\u026ats m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli h\u0259m\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292ni\u0259s \u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026az d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u026af t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u026a\u027e \u02cc\u026az\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u026an f\u02c8\u00e6kt, s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t \u026an \u02cc\u025bni m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bf\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "In the first illustration, the dogs are divided according to the product (interaction) of two binary groupings: young vs old, and short-haired vs long-haired (e.g., group 1 is young, short-haired dogs, group 2 is young, long-haired dogs, etc.).", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cc\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p\u026a\u014bz: j\u02c8\u028c\u014b v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ald, \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279th\u02c8\u025b\u0279d v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs l\u02c8\u0254\u014bh\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u02c8\u028cn \u026az j\u02c8\u028c\u014b, \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279th\u02c8\u025b\u0279d d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026az j\u02c8\u028c\u014b, l\u02c8\u0254\u014bh\u02c8\u025b\u0279d d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259.."}, {"text": "Since the distributions of dog weight within each of the groups (shown in blue) has a relatively large variance, and since the means are very similar across groups, grouping dogs by these characteristics does not produce an effective way to explain the variation in dog weights: knowing which group a dog is in doesn't allow us to predict its weight much better than simply knowing the dog is in a dog show.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 w\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u026an bl\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u0250z \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z ba\u026a \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250n \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av w\u02c8e\u026a t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 w\u02c8e\u026ats: n\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u026az \u026an d\u02c8\u028cz\u0259nt \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u02cc\u028cs t\u0259 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt \u026ats w\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u026ampli n\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u026az \u026an \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "An attempt to explain the weight distribution by grouping dogs as pet vs working breed and less athletic vs more athletic would probably be somewhat more successful (fair fit).", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026at d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u00e6z p\u02c8\u025bt v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6\u03b8l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak v\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6\u03b8l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak w\u028ad p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u026at."}, {"text": "The heaviest show dogs are likely to be big, strong, working breeds, while breeds kept as pets tend to be smaller and thus lighter.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u026ast \u0283\u02c8o\u028a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259bi b\u02c8\u026a\u0261, st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dz, w\u02cca\u026al b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dz k\u02c8\u025bpt \u00e6z p\u02c8\u025bts t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259bi sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "As shown by the second illustration, the distributions have variances that are considerably smaller than in the first case, and the means are more distinguishable.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0283\u02c8o\u028an ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02cc\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz h\u00e6v v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259bli sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02c8e\u026as, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "However, the significant overlap of distributions, for example, means that we cannot distinguish X1 and X2 reliably.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u00e6p \u028cv d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u00e6t wi\u02d0 k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u025bks w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bks t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259bli."}, {"text": "The method has some advantages over correlation: not all of the data must be numeric and one result of the method is a judgment in the confidence in an explanatory relationship.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d h\u0250z s\u02cc\u028cm \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02cco\u028av\u025a k\u02cc\u0254\u0279\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n: n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u026az \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ad\u0259ns \u026an \u0250n \u025bkspl\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "The fixed-effects model (class I) of analysis of variance applies to situations in which the experimenter applies one or more treatments to the subjects of the experiment to see whether the response variable values change.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026akst\u026af\u02c8\u025bkts m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l kl\u02c8\u00e6s a\u026a \u028cv \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt\u025a\u0279 \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292."}, {"text": "This allows the experimenter to estimate the ranges of response variable values that the treatment would generate in the population as a whole.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt w\u028ad d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "Because the levels themselves are random variables, some assumptions and the method of contrasting the treatments (a multi-variable generalization of simple differences) differ from the fixed-effects model.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259lz, s\u02cc\u028cm \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u028cv k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts \u0250 m\u02c8\u028clta\u026av\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u026af\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026akst\u026af\u02c8\u025bkts m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l."}, {"text": "A mixed-effects model (class III) contains experimental factors of both fixed and random-effects types, with appropriately different interpretations and analysis for the two types.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u026af\u02c8\u025bkts m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 f\u02c8\u026akst \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m\u026af\u02c8\u025bkts t\u02c8a\u026aps, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u0259tli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026aps."}, {"text": "Teaching experiments could be performed by a college or university department to find a good introductory textbook, with each text considered a treatment.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts k\u028ad bi\u02d0 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u025a\u0279i t\u02c8\u025bkstb\u028ak, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u02c8\u025bkst k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The random-effects model would determine whether important differences exist among a list of randomly selected texts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m\u026af\u02c8\u025bkts m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l w\u028ad d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259mli s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u025bksts."}, {"text": "The analysis of variance has been studied from several approaches, the most common of which uses a linear model that relates the response to the treatments and blocks.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n st\u02c8\u028cdid f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "Interpretation is easy when data is balanced across factors but much deeper understanding is needed for unbalanced data.", "phonemes": "\u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0zi w\u025bn d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u026az b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 d\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u026az n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cnb\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "The analysis of variance can be presented in terms of a linear model, which makes the following assumptions about the probability distribution of the responses:", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259nz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bz:"}, {"text": "Independence of observations \u2013 this is an assumption of the model that simplifies the statistical analysis.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns \u028cv \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u0250n \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u026ampl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "Equality (or \"homogeneity\") of variances, called homoscedasticity\u2014the variance of data in groups should be the same.", "phonemes": "i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mo\u028ad\u0292n\u02cce\u026a\u027ei\"\u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns\u1d7bz, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u02cco\u028amo\u028as\u02cc\u025bd\u0250st\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei\u2014\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am."}, {"text": "The separate assumptions of the textbook model imply that the errors are independently, identically, and normally distributed for fixed effects models, that is, that the errors () are independent and", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkstb\u028ak m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli, a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026akli, \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026akst \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz, \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u00e6nd"}, {"text": "In a randomized controlled experiment, the treatments are randomly assigned to experimental units, following the experimental protocol.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m\u02cca\u026azd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259mli \u0250s\u02c8a\u026and t\u028a \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l."}, {"text": "The objective random-assignment is used to test the significance of the null hypothesis, following the ideas of C. S. Peirce and Ronald Fisher.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m\u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u0259 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cl ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8\u025bs. p\u02c8\u025b\u0279s \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "This design-based analysis was discussed and developed by Francis J. Anscombe at Rothamsted Experimental Station and by Oscar Kempthorne at Iowa State University.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as d\u026az\u02c8a\u026anb\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as w\u028cz d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026as d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. \u02c8\u00e6nsku\u02d0m \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u00e6mst\u1d7bd \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd ba\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025a k\u02c8\u025bmp\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279n \u00e6\u027e \u02c8a\u026a\u0259w\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Kempthorne and his students make an assumption of unit treatment additivity, which is discussed in the books of Kempthorne and David R. Cox.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025bmp\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279n \u00e6nd h\u026az st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250n \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6d\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028aks \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bmp\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279n \u00e6nd d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "In its simplest form, the assumption of unit-treatment additivity states that the observed response  from experimental unit  when receiving treatment  can be written as the sum of the unit's response  and the treatment-effect , that is", "phonemes": "\u026an \u026ats s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l\u026ast f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026att\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6d\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns f\u0279\u028cm \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at w\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt\u026af\u02c8\u025bkt , \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az"}, {"text": "The assumption of unit-treatment additivity implies that, for every treatment , the th treatment has exactly the same effect  on every experiment unit.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026att\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6d\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt , \u00f0\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt h\u0250z \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6ktli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at."}, {"text": "The assumption of unit treatment additivity usually cannot be directly falsified, according to Cox and Kempthorne.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6d\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli f\u02c8\u0254ls\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bmp\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279n."}, {"text": "For a randomized experiment, the assumption of unit-treatment additivity implies that the variance is constant for all treatments.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u0279\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m\u02cca\u026azd \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt, \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026att\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6d\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Therefore, by contraposition, a necessary condition for unit-treatment additivity is that the variance is constant.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, ba\u026a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250 n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026att\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6d\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The use of unit treatment additivity and randomization is similar to the design-based inference that is standard in finite-population survey sampling.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6d\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026anb\u02c8e\u026ast \u02c8\u026anf\u025a\u0279\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u026an f\u02c8a\u026ana\u026atp\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a s\u02c8\u00e6mpl\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Kempthorne uses the randomization-distribution and the assumption of unit treatment additivity to produce a derived linear model, very similar to the textbook model discussed previously.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025bmp\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279n j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nd\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6d\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l, v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkstb\u028ak m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli."}, {"text": "The test statistics of this derived linear model are closely approximated by the test statistics of an appropriate normal linear model, according to approximation theorems and simulation studies.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u028cv \u00f0\u026as d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u0259v\u0259n \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u0259t n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259mz \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u026amj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8\u028cdiz."}, {"text": "For example, the randomization-based analysis results in a small but (strictly) negative correlation between the observations.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nb\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u026an \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02cc\u028ct st\u0279\u02c8\u026aktli n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u02cc\u0254\u0279\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In the randomization-based analysis, there is no assumption of a normal distribution and certainly no assumption of independence.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nb\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329li n\u02c8o\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The randomization-based analysis has the disadvantage that its exposition involves tedious algebra and extensive time.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nb\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u00e6t \u026ats \u025bksp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz t\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6ld\u0292\u1d7bb\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Since the randomization-based analysis is complicated and is closely approximated by the approach using a normal linear model, most teachers emphasize the normal linear model approach.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nb\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u026az kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l, m\u02c8o\u028ast t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283."}, {"text": "However, when applied to data from non-randomized experiments or observational studies, model-based analysis lacks the warrant of randomization.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m\u02cca\u026azd \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdiz, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lb\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as l\u02c8\u00e6ks \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "For observational data, the derivation of confidence intervals must use subjective models, as emphasized by Ronald Fisher and his followers.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ad\u0259ns \u02c8\u026ant\u025av\u0259lz m\u02c8\u028cst j\u02c8u\u02d0z s\u028cbd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz, \u00e6z \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025az."}, {"text": "In practice, the estimates of treatment-effects from observational studies generally are often inconsistent.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ts \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt\u026af\u02c8\u025bkts f\u0279\u028cm \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdiz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026a\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In practice, \"statistical models\" and observational data are useful for suggesting hypotheses that should be treated very cautiously by the public.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as, \"st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz\" \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0283\u0259sli ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak."}, {"text": "The normal-model based ANOVA analysis assumes the independence, normality, and homogeneity of variances of the residuals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259lm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026ast \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0mz \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns, no\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mo\u028ad\u0292n\u02cce\u026a\u027ei \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The randomization-based analysis assumes only the homogeneity of the variances of the residuals (as a consequence of unit-treatment additivity) and uses the randomization procedure of the experiment.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nb\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0mz \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mo\u028ad\u0292n\u02cce\u026a\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026att\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6d\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Both these analyses require homoscedasticity, as an assumption for the normal-model analysis and as a consequence of randomization and additivity for the randomization-based analysis.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a h\u02cco\u028amo\u028as\u02cc\u025bd\u0250st\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6z \u0250n \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259lm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6d\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nb\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "However, studies of processes that change variances rather than means (called dispersion effects) have been successfully conducted using ANOVA.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n m\u02c8i\u02d0nz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts h\u0250vb\u026an s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259li k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259."}, {"text": "There are no necessary assumptions for ANOVA in its full generality, but the F-test used for ANOVA hypothesis testing has assumptions and practical", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u026an \u026ats f\u02c8\u028al d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bft\u02c8\u025bst j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as t\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b h\u0250z \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l"}, {"text": "Problems which do not satisfy the assumptions of ANOVA can often be transformed to satisfy the assumptions.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md t\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The property of unit-treatment additivity is not invariant under a \"change of scale\", so statisticians often use transformations to achieve unit-treatment additivity.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026att\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6d\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026anv\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nt \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a \"t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv sk\u02c8e\u026al\", s\u02cco\u028a st\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u028a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026att\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6d\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "If the response variable is expected to follow a parametric family of probability distributions, then the statistician may specify (in the protocol for the experiment or observational study) that the responses be transformed to stabilize the variance.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u026az \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0250 p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u028cv p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 st\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdi \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bz bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u026al\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Also, a statistician may specify that logarithmic transforms be applied to the responses which are believed to follow a multiplicative model.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, \u0250 st\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u026ak t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz bi\u02d0 \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0250 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u02c8\u026ak\u0259t\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l."}, {"text": "According to Cauchy's functional equation theorem, the logarithm is the only continuous transformation that transforms real multiplication to addition.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t\u0283iz f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u1d7bkw\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259m, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u03b8\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "ANOVA is used in the analysis of comparative experiments, those in which only the difference in outcomes is of interest.", "phonemes": "\u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts, \u00f0o\u028az \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u026an \u02c8a\u028atk\u028cmz \u026az \u028cv \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst."}, {"text": "This ratio is independent of several possible alterations to the experimental observations: Adding a constant to all observations does not alter significance.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u026az \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02cc\u0254lt\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz: \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns."}, {"text": "So ANOVA statistical significance result is independent of constant bias and scaling errors as well as the units used in expressing observations.", "phonemes": "s\u02cco\u028a \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026az \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s \u00e6nd sk\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In the era of mechanical calculation it was common to subtract a constant from all observations (when equivalent to dropping leading digits) to simplify data entry.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026at w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0259 s\u028cbt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u025bn \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ampl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "The calculations of ANOVA can be characterized as computing a number of means and variances, dividing two variances and comparing the ratio to a handbook value to determine statistical significance.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns\u1d7bz, d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a t\u028a \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6ndb\u028ak v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Calculating a treatment effect is then trivial: \"the effect of any treatment is estimated by taking the difference between the mean of the observations which receive the treatment and the general mean\".", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn t\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u0259l: \"\u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u026az \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0n\"."}, {"text": "The definitional equation of sample variance is , where the divisor is called the degrees of freedom (DF), the summation is called", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u1d7bkw\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u026az , w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026az\u025a\u0279 \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m d\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf, \u00f0\u0259 s\u028cm\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld"}, {"text": "the sum of squares (SS), the result is called the mean square (MS) and the squared terms are deviations from the sample mean.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm \u028cv skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cci\u02d0v\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0n."}, {"text": "ANOVA estimates 3 sample variances: a total variance based on all the observation deviations from the grand mean, an error variance based on all the observation deviations from their appropriate treatment means, and a treatment variance.", "phonemes": "\u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ts \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns\u1d7bz: \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02cci\u02d0v\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02cci\u02d0v\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u0259t t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt m\u02c8i\u02d0nz, \u00e6nd \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The treatment variance is based on the deviations of treatment means from the grand mean, the result being multiplied by the number of observations in each treatment to account for the difference between the variance of observations and the variance of means.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0v\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt m\u02c8i\u02d0nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u02c8a\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u028cv \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "The fundamental technique is a partitioning of the total sum of squares SS into components related to the effects used in the model.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k \u026az \u0250 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u028cm \u028cv skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l."}, {"text": "The number of degrees of freedom DF can be partitioned in a similar way: one of these components (that for error) specifies a chi-squared distribution which describes the associated sum of squares, while the same is true for \"treatments\" if there is no treatment effect.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m d\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nd \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a w\u02c8e\u026a: w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az \u0250 k\u02c8a\u026askw\u02c8\u025b\u0279d d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u028cm \u028cv skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279z, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u026az t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts\" \u026af \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "For example, in one-way, or single-factor ANOVA, statistical significance is tested for by comparing the F test statistic", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026an w\u02c8\u028cnw\u02c8e\u026a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lf\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259, st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns \u026az t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bf t\u02c8\u025bst st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak"}, {"text": "to the F-distribution with  being the numerator degrees of freedom and  the denominator degrees of freedom.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bfd\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m."}, {"text": "Using the F-distribution is a natural candidate because the test statistic is the ratio of two scaled sums of squares each of which follows a scaled chi-squared distribution.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bfd\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 sk\u02c8e\u026ald s\u02c8\u028cmz \u028cv skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0259v w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az \u0250 sk\u02c8e\u026ald k\u02c8a\u026askw\u02c8\u025b\u0279d d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The expected value of F is  (where  is the treatment sample size) which is 1 for no treatment effect.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv \u02c8\u025bf \u026az w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "Two apparent experimental methods of increasing F are increasing the sample size and reducing the error variance by tight experimental controls.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bf \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns ba\u026a t\u02c8a\u026at \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz."}, {"text": "There are two methods of concluding the ANOVA hypothesis test, both of which produce the same result:", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as t\u02c8\u025bst, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt:"}, {"text": "The textbook method is to compare the observed value of F with the critical value of F determined from tables.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkstb\u028ak m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u026az t\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv \u02c8\u025bf w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv \u02c8\u025bf d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The critical value of F is a function of the degrees of freedom of the numerator and the denominator and the significance level (\u03b1).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv \u02c8\u025bf \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259."}, {"text": "The computer method calculates the probability (p-value) of a value of F greater than or equal to the observed value.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei p\u02c8i\u02d0v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u0259v\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv \u02c8\u025bf \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0."}, {"text": "The null hypothesis is rejected if this probability is less than or equal to the significance level (\u03b1).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cl ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026az \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026af \u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259."}, {"text": "The ANOVA F-test is known to be nearly optimal in the sense of minimizing false negative errors for a fixed rate of false positive errors (i.e. maximizing power for a fixed significance level).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u02c8\u025bft\u02c8\u025bst \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259bi n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026am\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0254ls n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az f\u025a\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8\u026akst \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254ls p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a f\u025a\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8\u026akst s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l."}, {"text": "For example, to test the hypothesis that various medical treatments have exactly the same effect, the F-test's p-values closely approximate the permutation test's p-values: The approximation is particularly close when the design is balanced.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u0259 ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts h\u00e6v \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6ktli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bft\u02c8\u025bsts p\u02c8i\u02d0v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0mju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bsts p\u02c8i\u02d0v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z: \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali kl\u02c8o\u028as w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u026az b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst."}, {"text": "Such permutation tests characterize tests with maximum power against all alternative hypotheses, as observed by Rosenbaum.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0mju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bsts k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az t\u02c8\u025bsts w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u0259m p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z, \u00e6z \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0259nb\u02cca\u028am."}, {"text": "The ANOVA F-test (of the null-hypothesis that all treatments have exactly the same effect) is recommended as a practical test, because of its robustness against many alternative distributions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u02c8\u025bft\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028clha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts h\u00e6v \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6ktli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u026az \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bst, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u026ats \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u028cstn\u0259s \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst m\u02c8\u025bni \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "ANOVA consists of separable parts; partitioning sources of variance and hypothesis testing can be used individually.", "phonemes": "\u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts; p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u00e6nd ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as t\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li."}, {"text": "Regression is first used to fit more complex models to data, then ANOVA is used to compare models with the objective of selecting simple(r) models that adequately describe the data.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026at m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz t\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u028cv s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6d\u026akw\u0259tli d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "\"Such models could be fit without any reference to ANOVA, but ANOVA tools could then be used to make some sense of the fitted models, and to test hypotheses about batches of coefficients.\"", "phonemes": "\"s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz k\u028ad bi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u02cc\u025bni \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u028a \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0lz k\u028ad \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz, \u00e6nd t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z \u0250b\u02cca\u028at b\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv k\u02cco\u028a\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nts.\""}, {"text": "\"[W]e think of the analysis of variance as a way of understanding and structuring multilevel models\u2014not as an alternative to regression but as a tool for summarizing complex high-dimensional inferences\u00a0...\"", "phonemes": "\"d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns \u00e6z \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u028clt\u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz\u2014n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6z \u0250n \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6z \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks h\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026anf\u025a\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz\u00a0...\""}, {"text": "The simplest experiment suitable for ANOVA analysis is the completely randomized experiment with a single factor.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l\u026ast \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt s\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m\u02cca\u026azd \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a."}, {"text": "More complex experiments with a single factor involve constraints on randomization and include completely randomized blocks and Latin squares (and variants:", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ants \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0259m\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m\u02cca\u026azd bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nts:"}, {"text": "A relatively complete discussion of the analysis (models, data summaries, ANOVA table) of the completely randomized experiment is available.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz, d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279iz, \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m\u02cca\u026azd \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt \u026az \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "There are some alternatives to conventional one-way analysis of variance, e.g.: Welch's heteroscedastic F test, Welch's heteroscedastic F test with trimmed means and Winsorized variances, Brown-Forsythe test, Alexander-Govern test, James second order test and Kruskal-Wallis test, available in onewaytests R", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz t\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cnw\u02c8e\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0.: w\u02c8\u025blt\u0283\u026az h\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cco\u028as\u026ad\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u02c8\u025bf t\u02c8\u025bst, w\u02c8\u025blt\u0283\u026az h\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cco\u028as\u026ad\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u02c8\u025bf t\u02c8\u025bst w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0279\u02c8\u026amd m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026ans\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns\u1d7bz, b\u0279\u02c8a\u028anf\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8a\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8\u025bst, \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an t\u02c8\u025bst, d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u028csk\u0259lw\u02c8\u0254liz t\u02c8\u025bst, \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u028cnwe\u026a\u027e\u026asts \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279"}, {"text": "\u03c4j = differential effect (response) associated with the j level of X;  this assumes that overall the values of \u03c4j add to zero (that is, )", "phonemes": "t\u02c8a\u028ad\u0292 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u025bks;  \u00f0\u026as \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u028cv t\u02c8a\u028ad\u0292 \u02c8\u00e6d t\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az,"}, {"text": "That is, we envision an additive model that says every data point can be represented by summing three quantities: the true mean, averaged over all factor levels being investigated, plus an incremental component associated with the particular column (factor level), plus a final component associated with everything else affecting that specific data value.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, wi\u02d0 \u025bnv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bz \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz: \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292d \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, pl\u02c8\u028cs \u0250n \u02cc\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cm f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l, pl\u02c8\u028cs \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bls \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0."}, {"text": "When the experiment includes observations at all combinations of levels of each factor, it is termed factorial.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a, \u026a\u027e \u026az t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md f\u00e6kt\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l."}, {"text": "Factorial experiments are more efficient than a series of single factor experiments and the efficiency grows as the number of factors increases.", "phonemes": "f\u00e6kt\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In a 3-way ANOVA with factors x, y and z, the ANOVA model includes terms for the main effects (x, y, z) and terms for interactions (xy, xz, yz, xyz).", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0w\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u02c8\u025bks, w\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd z\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u02c8\u025bks, w\u02c8a\u026a, z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u025bksw\u02c8a\u026a, \u02cc\u025bksz\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u026az, z\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "The proliferation of interaction terms increases the risk that some hypothesis test will produce a false positive by chance.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026ask \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02cc\u028cm ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as t\u02c8\u025bst w\u026al p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254ls p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns."}, {"text": "Testing one factor at a time hides interactions, but produces apparently inconsistent experimental results.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u00e6\u027e\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am h\u02c8a\u026adz \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ntli \u026a\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts."}, {"text": "Caution is advised when encountering interactions; Test interaction terms first and expand the analysis beyond ANOVA if interactions are found.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026azd w\u025bn \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz; t\u02c8\u025bst \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u026af \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "Texts vary in their recommendations regarding the continuation of the ANOVA procedure after encountering an interaction.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bksts v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u025bnd\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02cc\u026anju\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Neither the calculations of significance nor the estimated treatment effects can be taken at face value.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u00e6t f\u02c8e\u026as v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0."}, {"text": "One technique used in factorial designs is to minimize replication (possibly no replication with support of analytical trickery) and to combine groups when effects are found to be statistically (or practically) insignificant.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an f\u00e6kt\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l d\u026az\u02c8a\u026anz \u026az t\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u02cca\u026az \u0279\u02cc\u025bpl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli n\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02cc\u025bpl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd t\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps w\u025bn \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259bi st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026akli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026akli \u02cc\u026ans\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt."}, {"text": "An experiment with many insignificant factors may collapse into one with a few factors supported by many replications.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u026ans\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az m\u02c8e\u026a k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6ps \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u02cc\u025bpl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Some analysis is required in support of the design of the experiment while other analysis is performed after changes in the factors are formally found to produce statistically significant changes in the responses.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026az \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u026an s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026az p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026akli s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Because experimentation is iterative, the results of one experiment alter plans for following experiments.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a pl\u02c8\u00e6nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "In the design of an experiment, the number of experimental units is planned to satisfy the goals of the experiment.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u0259v\u0259n \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats \u026az pl\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028alz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Early experiments are often designed to provide mean-unbiased estimates of treatment effects and of experimental error.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u028cnb\u02c8a\u026a\u0259st \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ts \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u00e6nd \u028cv \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a."}, {"text": "Later experiments are often designed to test a hypothesis that a treatment effect has an important magnitude; in this case, the number of experimental units is chosen so that the experiment is within budget and has adequate power, among other goals.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst \u0250 ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt h\u0250z \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d; \u026an \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8e\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats \u026az t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az\u0259n s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt \u026az w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u02c8\u00e6d\u026akw\u0259t p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u02c8o\u028alz."}, {"text": "The analysis, which is written in the experimental protocol before the experiment is conducted, is examined in grant applications and administrative review boards.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt \u026az k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd, \u026az \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026and \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz."}, {"text": "Besides the power analysis, there are less formal methods for selecting the number of experimental units.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bs\u02cca\u026adz \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats."}, {"text": "These include graphical methods based on limiting the probability of false negative errors, graphical methods based on an expected variation increase (above the residuals) and methods based on achieving a desired confidence interval.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254ls n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ad\u0259ns \u02c8\u026ant\u025av\u0259l."}, {"text": "Power analysis is often applied in the context of ANOVA in order to assess the probability of successfully rejecting the null hypothesis if we assume a certain ANOVA design, effect size in the population, sample size and significance level.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst \u028cv \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cl ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026af wi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0m \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an, \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt s\u02c8a\u026az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l."}, {"text": "Power analysis can assist in study design by determining what sample size would be required in order to have a reasonable chance of rejecting the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is true.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as k\u00e6n \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast \u026an st\u02c8\u028cdi d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an ba\u026a d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u028ct s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026az w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259b\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cl ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as w\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026az t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Several standardized measures of effect have been proposed for ANOVA to summarize the strength of the association between a predictor(s) and the dependent variable or the overall standardized difference of the complete model.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad\u02cca\u026azd m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az \u028cv \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt h\u0250vb\u026an p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u025a \u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad\u02cca\u026azd d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l."}, {"text": "However, while standardized effect sizes are commonly used in much of the professional literature, a non-standardized measure of effect size that has immediately \"meaningful\" units may be preferable for reporting purposes.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, w\u02cca\u026al st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad\u02cca\u026azd \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt s\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a, \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad\u02cca\u026azd m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt s\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250z \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \"m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bf\u0259l\" j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Residuals should have the appearance of (zero mean normal distribution) noise when plotted as a function of anything including time and", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u0283\u02cc\u028ad\u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a m\u02c8i\u02d0n n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u0254\u026az w\u025bn pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd"}, {"text": "This can be done in order to assess which groups are different from which other groups or to test various other focused hypotheses.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cn \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bs w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Follow-up tests are often distinguished in terms of whether they are \"planned\" (a priori) or \"post hoc.\"", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u02cc\u028cp t\u02c8\u025bsts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \"pl\u02c8\u00e6nd\" \u0250 p\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"p\u02c8o\u028ast h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k.\""}, {"text": "Planned tests are determined before looking at the data, and post hoc tests are conceived only after looking at the data (though the term \"post hoc\" is inconsistently used).", "phonemes": "pl\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bsts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259, \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028ast h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k t\u02c8\u025bsts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"p\u02c8o\u028ast h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\" \u026az \u026a\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ntli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "The follow-up tests may be \"simple\" pairwise comparisons of individual group means or may be \"compound\" comparisons (e.g., comparing the mean pooling across groups A, B and C to the mean of group D).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u02cc\u028cp t\u02c8\u025bsts m\u02c8e\u026a b\u02c8i\u02d0 \"s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l\" p\u02c8\u025b\u0279wa\u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259nz \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026a b\u02c8i\u02d0 \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028and\" k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259nz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n p\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u02c8e\u026a, b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p d\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Comparisons can also look at tests of trend, such as linear and quadratic relationships, when the independent variable involves ordered levels.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259nz k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a l\u02c8\u028ak \u00e6t t\u02c8\u025bsts \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 \u00e6nd kw\u0251\u02d0d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Follow-up tests to identify which specific groups, variables, or factors have statistically different means include the Tukey's range test, and Duncan's new multiple range test.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u02cc\u028cp t\u02c8\u025bsts t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259lz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az h\u00e6v st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026akli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0kiz \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 t\u02c8\u025bst, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0259nz n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 t\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "In turn, these tests are often followed with a Compact Letter Display (CLD) methodology in order to render the output of the mentioned tests more transparent to a non-statistician audience.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8\u025bsts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6kt l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bld\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bsts m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt t\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Many statisticians base ANOVA on the design of the experiment, especially on the protocol that specifies the random assignment of treatments to subjects; the protocol's description of the assignment mechanism should include a specification of the structure of the treatments and of any blocking.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni st\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l \u00f0\u00e6t sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m \u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkts; \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lz d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt m\u02c8\u025bk\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250 sp\u02cc\u025bs\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "One-way ANOVA is used to test for differences among two or more independent groups (means), e.g. different levels of urea application in a crop, or different levels of antibiotic action on several different bacterial species, or different levels of effect of some medicine on groups of patients.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cnw\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps m\u02c8i\u02d0nz, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv ju\u02d0\u0279\u02c8i\u0259 \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026aba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nts."}, {"text": "However, should these groups not be independent, and there is an order in the groups (such as mild, moderate and severe disease), or in the dose of a drug (such as 5\u00a0mg/mL, 10\u00a0mg/mL, 20\u00a0mg/mL) given to the same group of patients, then a linear trend estimation should be used.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8a\u026ald, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u00e6nd s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279 d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u028as \u0259v\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z f\u02c8a\u026av \u02cc\u025bmd\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bm \u02c8\u025bl, t\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u025bmd\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bm \u02c8\u025bl, tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02cc\u025bmd\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bm \u02c8\u025bl \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nts, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0250 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u02cc\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "Typically, however, the one-way ANOVA is used to test for differences among at least three groups, since the two-group case can be covered by a t-test.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnw\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p k\u02c8e\u026as k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a \u0250 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "When there are only two means to compare, the t-test and the ANOVA F-test are equivalent; the relation between ANOVA and t is given by .", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz t\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u02c8\u025bft\u02c8\u025bst \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt; \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u00e6nd t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n b\u02c8a\u026a ."}, {"text": "Repeated measures ANOVA is used when the same subjects are used for each factor (e.g., in a longitudinal study).", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254nd\u0292\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d\u026an\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdi."}, {"text": "Balanced experiments (those with an equal sample size for each treatment) are relatively easy to interpret; unbalanced experiments offer more complexity.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u00f0o\u028az w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u02c8i\u02d0zi t\u028a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at; \u028cnb\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts \u02c8\u0254f\u025a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mpl\u02c8\u025bks\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "For single-factor (one-way) ANOVA, the adjustment for unbalanced data is easy, but the unbalanced analysis lacks both robustness and power.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lf\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnw\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u028cstm\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cnb\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0zi, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026a \u028cnb\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as l\u02c8\u00e6ks b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u028cstn\u0259s \u00e6nd p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a."}, {"text": "\"The orthogonality property of main effects and interactions present in balanced data does not carry over to the unbalanced case.", "phonemes": "\"\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259\u0261\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8e\u026an \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u028cnb\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst k\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Consequently, the analysis of unbalanced factorials is much more difficult than that for balanced designs.\"", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ntli, \u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv \u028cnb\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst f\u00e6kt\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259lz \u026az m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst d\u026az\u02c8a\u026anz.\""}, {"text": "In the general case, \"The analysis of variance can also be applied to unbalanced data, but then the sums of squares, mean squares, and F-ratios will depend on the order in which the sources of variation are considered.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as, \"\u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259ns k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u028a \u028cnb\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nst d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cmz \u028cv skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279z, m\u02c8i\u02d0n skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279z, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028az w\u026al d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u028cv v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad."}, {"text": "The American Psychological Association (and many other organisations) holds the view that simply reporting statistical significance is insufficient and that reporting confidence bounds is preferred.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u00f0\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u026ampli \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns \u026az \u026ans\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ad\u0259ns b\u02c8a\u028andz \u026az p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d."}, {"text": "ANOVA is considered to be a special case of linear regression which in turn is a special case of the general linear model.", "phonemes": "\u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u026az \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l."}, {"text": "The Kruskal\u2013Wallis test and the Friedman test are nonparametric tests which do not rely on an assumption of normality.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u028csk\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254liz t\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dm\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bst \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0np\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak t\u02c8\u025bsts w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv no\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Linearly re-order the data so that -th observation is associated with a response  and factors  where  denotes the different factors and  is the total number of factors.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279li \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az."}, {"text": "In order to obtain a fully general -way interaction ANOVA we must also concatenate every additional interaction term in the vector  and then add an intercept term.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an \u0250 f\u02c8\u028ali d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 wi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cst \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6t\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6d \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025as\u02c8\u025bpt t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "In order to overcome such issues we assume that the sum of the parameters within each set of interactions is equal to zero.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a \u02cco\u028av\u025ak\u02c8\u028cm s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z wi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u026a\u027e\u025az w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "From here, one can use F-statistics or other methods to determine the relevance of the individual factors.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8\u026a\u0279, w\u02c8\u028cn k\u00e6n j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bfst\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az."}, {"text": "We can consider the 2-way interaction example where we assume that the first factor has 2 levels and the second factor has 3 levels.", "phonemes": "wi\u02d0 k\u00e6n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0w\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 wi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a h\u0250z t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a h\u0250z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Define  if  and  if , i.e.  is the one-hot encoding of the first factor and  is the one-hot encoding of the second factor.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an \u026af \u00e6nd \u026af , \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0.  \u026az \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u025b\u014bk\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a."}, {"text": "Examples of all ANOVA and ANCOVA models with up to three treatment factors, including randomized block, split plot, repeated measures, and Latin squares, and their analysis in R (University of Southampton)", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00e6\u014bk\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m\u02cca\u026azd bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k, spl\u02c8\u026at pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279z, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv sa\u028a\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6mpt\u0259n"}, {"text": "In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259f\u02cc\u026an \u0250 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u0250z \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz, \u026az \u0250n \u0250k\u02c8a\u026akl\u026ak s\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n."}, {"text": "In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon\u2013carbon bonds are single.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u026an \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l."}, {"text": "The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane (), where n\u00a0=\u00a01 (sometimes called the parent molecule), to arbitrarily large and complex molecules, like pentacontane () or 6-ethyl-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) octane, an isomer of tetradecane ().", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026an k\u0259mpl\u02c8\u025bks\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l\u026ast k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259nt m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l, t\u028a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u026at\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz, l\u02c8a\u026ak p\u02c8\u025bnt\u0250k\u02cc\u0254nte\u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026aks\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026av w\u02c8\u028cnm\u02c8\u025b\u03b8a\u026al\u03b8\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kte\u026an, \u0250n \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279e\u026adk\u02cce\u026an."}, {"text": "The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines alkanes as \"acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u028cv pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00e6nd \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u02c8\u026aju\u02d0p\u02cc\u00e6k d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026anz \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u00e6z \"\u0250k\u02c8a\u026akl\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cnb\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 , \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz\"."}, {"text": "However, some sources use the term to denote any saturated hydrocarbon, including those that are either monocyclic (i.e. the cycloalkanes) or polycyclic, despite their having a distinct general formula (i.e. cycloalkanes are ).", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m t\u0259 d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028at \u02cc\u025bni s\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028as\u02c8a\u026akl\u026ak \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028alk\u02cce\u026anz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026as\u02c8a\u026akl\u026ak, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028alk\u02cce\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C\u2013C or C\u2013H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C\u2013H bond).", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u026az \u02cc\u025bsp\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u026ad\u02cca\u026azd w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd."}, {"text": "The longest series of linked carbon atoms in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton or carbon backbone.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n b\u02c8\u00e6kbo\u028an."}, {"text": "One group of the higher alkanes are waxes, solids at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP), for which the number of carbon atoms in the carbon backbone is greater than about 17.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026adz \u00e6t st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6mbi\u0259nt t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6tp, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n b\u02c8\u00e6kbo\u028an \u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "With their repeated \u2013 units, the alkanes constitute a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ in molecular mass by multiples of 14.03\u00a0u (the total mass of each such methylene-bridge unit, which comprises a single carbon atom of mass 12.01\u00a0u and two hydrogen atoms of mass ~1.01\u00a0u each).", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u0250 h\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259\u0261\u0259s s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az d\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279 \u026an m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6s ba\u026a m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259lz \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6s \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026al\u02cci\u02d0nb\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6s tw\u02c8\u025blv.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6s t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "Methane is produced by methanogenic bacteria and some long-chain alkanes function as pheromones in certain animal species or as protective waxes in plants and fungi.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0250no\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z f\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259m\u02cco\u028anz \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av w\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz \u026an pl\u02c8\u00e6nts \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261i."}, {"text": "They can be viewed as molecular trees upon which can be hung the more active/reactive functional groups of biological molecules.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6z m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "They are generally abbreviated with the symbol for any organyl group, R, although Alk is sometimes used to specifically symbolize an alkyl group (as opposed to an alkenyl group or aryl group).", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0250b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u02cca\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6lk \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259n\u02cca\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "Alkanes with more than three carbon atoms can be arranged in various ways, forming structural isomers.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u026an v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s w\u02c8e\u026az, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az."}, {"text": "The simplest isomer of an alkane is the one in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a single chain with no branches.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l\u026ast \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an \u026az \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u028a b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "This isomer is sometimes called the n-isomer (n for \"normal\", although it is not necessarily the most common).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025a\u0279 \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025a \u02c8\u025bn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l\", \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02cc\u025bs\u026as\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n."}, {"text": "C7: 9 isomers: heptane, methylhexane (2 isomers), dimethylpentane (4 isomers), 3-ethylpentane, 2,2,3-trimethylbutane", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n: n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az: h\u02c8\u025bpte\u026an, m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259lh\u02cc\u025bkse\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az, d\u02c8a\u026am\u03b8\u026alp\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259lp\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0,t\u02c8u\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u03b8\u0259lbj\u02ccu\u02d0te\u026an"}, {"text": "C8: 18 isomers: octane, 2-methylheptane, 3-methylheptane, 2,3-dimethylhexane, 3,4-dimethylhexane,  2,3,4-trimethylpentane, 3,3-dimethylhexane, 2,2-trimethylpentane, 2,4-dimethylhexane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane, 3,3,4-trimethyl-pentane, 3,4,4-trimethylpentane, 2,4,4-trimethylpentane, (5 isomers)", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at: \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az: \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kte\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259lh\u02cc\u025bpte\u026an, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259lh\u02cc\u025bpte\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u02c8a\u026am\u03b8\u026alh\u02cc\u025bkse\u026an, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8a\u026am\u03b8\u026alh\u02cc\u025bkse\u026an,  t\u02c8u\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u03b8\u0259lp\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u02c8a\u026am\u03b8\u026alh\u02cc\u025bkse\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0,t\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u03b8\u0259lp\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8a\u026am\u03b8\u026alh\u02cc\u025bkse\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0,t\u02c8u\u02d0,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u03b8\u0259lp\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u03b8\u0259lp\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025b\u03b8\u0259lp\u02c8\u025bnte\u026an, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u03b8\u0259lp\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u03b8\u0259lp\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an, f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az"}, {"text": "For example, 3-methylhexane and its higher homologues are chiral due to their stereogenic center at carbon atom number 3.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259lh\u02cc\u025bkse\u026an \u00e6nd \u026ats h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ao\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Such compounds are called cycloalkanes, and are also excluded from the above list because changing the number of rings changes the molecular formula.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028alk\u02cce\u026anz, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv l\u02c8\u026ast b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259."}, {"text": "For example, cyclobutane and methylcyclopropane are isomers of each other (C4H8), but are not isomers of butane (C4H10).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, s\u02c8a\u026akl\u0259bj\u02ccu\u02d0te\u026an \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259ls\u02cca\u026akl\u0259p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ape\u026an \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8e\u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az \u028cv bj\u02c8u\u02d0te\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "The IUPAC nomenclature (systematic way of naming compounds) for alkanes is based on identifying hydrocarbon chains.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026aju\u02d0p\u02cc\u00e6k n\u0259m\u02c8\u025b\u014bkl\u0259t\u0283\u025a s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "Unbranched, saturated hydrocarbon chains are named systematically with a Greek numerical prefix denoting the number of carbons and the suffix \"-ane\".", "phonemes": "\u028cnb\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t, s\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026amd s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks \"\u02c8e\u026an\"."}, {"text": "In 1866, August Wilhelm von Hofmann suggested systematizing nomenclature by using the whole sequence of vowels a, e, i, o and u to create suffixes -ane, -ene, -ine (or -yne), -one, -une, for the hydrocarbons CnH2n+2, CnH2n, CnH2n\u22122, CnH2n\u22124, CnH2n\u22126.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st w\u02c8\u026alh\u025blm v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0fm\u0259n s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m\u02cc\u00e6\u027ea\u026az\u026a\u014b n\u0259m\u02c8\u025b\u014bkl\u0259t\u0283\u025a ba\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns \u028cv v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz \u02c8e\u026a, \u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8a\u026a, \u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks\u1d7bz \u02c8e\u026an, \u02c8i\u02d0n, \u026an\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028cn, w\u02cc\u028cn, j\u02c8u\u02d0n, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bn pl\u02c8\u028cs t\u02c8u\u02d0, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bn, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s t\u02c8u\u02d0, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "In modern nomenclature, the first three specifically name hydrocarbons with single, double and triple bonds; while \"-one\" now represents a ketone.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an n\u0259m\u02c8\u025b\u014bkl\u0259t\u0283\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli n\u02c8e\u026am h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l, d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz; w\u02c8a\u026al \"w\u02cc\u028cn\" n\u02c8a\u028a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250 k\u02c8\u025bto\u028an."}, {"text": "Straight-chain alkanes are sometimes indicated by the prefix \"n-\" or \"n-\"(for \"normal\") where a non-linear isomer exists.", "phonemes": "st\u0279\u02c8e\u026att\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks \"\u02c8\u025bn\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u02c8\u025bn\"f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l\"w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nl\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts."}, {"text": "Although this is not strictly necessary and is not part of the IUPAC naming system, the usage is still common in cases where one wishes to emphasize or distinguish between the straight-chain and branched-chain isomers, e.g., \"n-butane\" rather than simply \"butane\" to differentiate it from isobutane.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u026as \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t st\u0279\u02c8\u026aktli n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026aju\u02d0p\u02cc\u00e6k n\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 \u026az st\u02c8\u026al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz t\u028a \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026att\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283tt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \"\u02c8\u025bnbj\u02c8u\u02d0te\u026an\" \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u026ampli \"bj\u02c8u\u02d0te\u026an\" t\u0259 d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u026at f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8a\u026as\u0259bj\u02ccu\u02d0te\u026an."}, {"text": "Alkanes with five or more carbon atoms are named by adding the suffix -ane to the appropriate numerical multiplier prefix with elision of any terminal vowel (-a or -o) from the basic numerical term.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8a\u026av \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026amd ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks \u02c8e\u026an t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u0259t nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u02c8a\u026a\u025a p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks w\u026a\u00f0 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l\u0250 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "The numeral prefix is generally Greek; however, alkanes with a carbon atom count ending in nine, for example nonane, use the Latin prefix non-.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m k\u02c8a\u028ant \u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u026an n\u02c8a\u026an, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8e\u026an, j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Simple branched alkanes often have a common name using a prefix to distinguish them from linear alkanes, for example n-pentane, isopentane, and neopentane.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n h\u00e6v \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026am j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks t\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u02c8\u025bnp\u02c8\u025bnte\u026an, \u02c8a\u026aso\u028ap\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an, \u00e6nd n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028ap\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an."}, {"text": "If there are multiple side chains of the same type, use prefixes such as \"di-\" and \"tri-\" to indicate it as such, and number each one.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026ap, j\u02c8u\u02d0s p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \"di\" \u00e6nd \"t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\" t\u028a \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u026a\u027e \u00e6z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 w\u02cc\u028cn."}, {"text": "Add side chain names in alphabetical (disregarding \"di-\" etc. prefixes) order in front of the name of the root chain", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6d s\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an n\u02c8e\u026amz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l d\u02cc\u026as\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \"di\" \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259. p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an"}, {"text": "Though technically distinct from the alkanes, this class of hydrocarbons is referred to by some as the \"cyclic alkanes.\"", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02cco\u028a t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026akli d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz, \u00f0\u026as kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz \u026az \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \"s\u02c8a\u026akl\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz.\""}, {"text": "Cycloalkanes are named as per their acyclic counterparts with respect to the number of carbon atoms in their backbones, e.g., cyclopentane (C5H10) is a cycloalkane with 5 carbon atoms just like pentane (C5H12), but they are joined up in a five-membered ring.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028alk\u02cce\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00e6z p\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8a\u026akl\u026ak k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ap\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6kbo\u028anz, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028ap\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8\u025bn \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028alk\u02cce\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8a\u026av k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst l\u02c8a\u026ak p\u02c8\u025bnte\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 tw\u02c8\u025blv, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u02cc\u028cp \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026avm\u02c8\u025bmb\u025ad \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Substituted cycloalkanes are named similarly to substituted alkanes \u2013 the cycloalkane ring is stated, and the substituents are according to their position on the ring, with the numbering decided by the Cahn\u2013Ingold\u2013Prelog priority rules.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028alk\u02cce\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026amd s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028alk\u02cce\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u026az st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u026a\u014b\u0261\u02c8o\u028ald p\u0279\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 p\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "They were coined before the development of systematic names, and have been retained due to familiar usage in industry.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u026and b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak n\u02c8e\u026amz, \u00e6nd h\u0250vb\u026an \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026and d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 f\u0259m\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 \u026an \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i."}, {"text": "\"Paraffin\" is a general term and often does not distinguish between pure compounds and mixtures of isomers, i.e., compounds of the same chemical formula, e.g., pentane and isopentane.", "phonemes": "\"p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259f\u02cc\u026an\" \u026az \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025az \u028cv \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az, \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., p\u02c8\u025bnte\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026aso\u028ap\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an."}, {"text": "Alkanes with the lowest molecular weights are gases, those of intermediate molecular weight are liquids, and the heaviest are waxy solids.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a w\u02c8e\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz, \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a w\u02c8e\u026at \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026adz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u026ast \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u00e6ksi s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026adz."}, {"text": "Under standard conditions, from CH4 to C4H10 alkanes are gaseous; from C5H12 to C17H36 they are liquids; and after C18H38 they are solids.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, f\u0279\u028cm s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259s; f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 tw\u02c8\u025blv t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026adz; \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026adz."}, {"text": "As the boiling point of alkanes is primarily determined by weight, it should not be a surprise that the boiling point has an almost linear relationship with the size (molecular weight) of the molecule.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u026az p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026at, \u026at \u0283\u02cc\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u0250 s\u025ap\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant h\u0250z \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026az m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a w\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l."}, {"text": "As a rule of thumb, the boiling point rises 20\u201330\u00a0\u00b0C for each carbon added to the chain; this rule applies to other homologous series.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u028cm, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an; \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026az t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259\u0261\u0259s s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "A straight-chain alkane will have a boiling point higher than a branched-chain alkane due to the greater surface area in contact, and thus greater van der Waals forces, between adjacent molecules.", "phonemes": "\u0250 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026att\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an w\u026al h\u00e6v \u0250 b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283tt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a v\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lz f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nt m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "For example, compare isobutane (2-methylpropane) and n-butane (butane), which boil at \u221212 and 0\u00a0\u00b0C, and 2,2-dimethylbutane and 2,3-dimethylbutane which boil at 50 and 58\u00a0\u00b0C, respectively.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8a\u026as\u0259bj\u02ccu\u02d0te\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259lp\u0279\u02c8o\u028ape\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bnbj\u02c8u\u02d0te\u026an bj\u02c8u\u02d0te\u026an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6t m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s tw\u02c8\u025blv \u00e6nd z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0,t\u02c8u\u02d0d\u02c8a\u026am\u03b8\u026albj\u02ccu\u02d0te\u026an \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u02c8a\u026am\u03b8\u026albj\u02ccu\u02d0te\u026an w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6t f\u02c8\u026afti \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "On the other hand, cycloalkanes tend to have higher boiling points than their linear counterparts due to the locked conformations of the molecules, which give a plane of intermolecular contact.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028alk\u02cce\u026anz t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 h\u00e6v h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ap\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "The melting points of the alkanes follow a similar trend to boiling points for the same reason as outlined above.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u00e6z \u02c8a\u028atla\u026and \u0259b\u02c8\u028cv."}, {"text": "This is because even-numbered alkanes pack well in the solid phase, forming a well-organized structure which requires more energy to break apart.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259nn\u02c8\u028cmb\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz p\u02c8\u00e6k w\u02c8\u025bl \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad f\u02c8e\u026az, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u02c8\u025bl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "The melting points of branched-chain alkanes can be either higher or lower than those of the corresponding straight-chain alkanes, again depending on the ability of the alkane in question to pack well in the solid phase.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283tt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8e\u026att\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz, \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an \u026an kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6k w\u02c8\u025bl \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad f\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "Alkanes do not conduct electricity in any way, nor are they substantially polarized by an electric field.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an \u02cc\u025bni w\u02c8e\u026a, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259li p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak f\u02c8i\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Since the hydrogen bonds between individual water molecules are aligned away from an alkane molecule, the coexistence of an alkane and water leads to an increase in molecular order (a reduction in entropy).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8a\u026and \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cco\u028a\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259pi."}, {"text": "As there is no significant bonding between water molecules and alkane molecules, the second law of thermodynamics suggests that this reduction in entropy should be minimized by minimizing the contact between alkane and water: Alkanes are said to be hydrophobic as they are insoluble in water.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u028cv \u03b8\u02cc\u025c\u02d0mo\u028ada\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aks s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259pi \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a: \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259bi h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259f\u02c8o\u028ab\u026ak \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026ans\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "The density of the alkanes usually increases with the number of carbon atoms but remains less than that of water.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "The carbon atoms in alkanes are described as sp3 hybrids; that is to say that, to a good approximation, the valence electrons are in orbitals directed towards the corners of a tetrahedron which are derived from the combination of the 2s orbital and the three 2p orbitals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \u02cc\u025bsp\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u026adz; \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az t\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, t\u028a \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u0250p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259lz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u025az \u0259v\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "This is exact for the case of methane, while larger alkanes containing a combination of C\u2013H and C\u2013C bonds generally have bonds that are within several degrees of this idealized value.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an, w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li h\u00e6v b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv \u00f0\u026as a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259la\u026azd v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0."}, {"text": "The former result from the overlap of an sp3 orbital of carbon with the 1s orbital of a hydrogen; the latter by the overlap of two sp3 orbitals on adjacent carbon atoms.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u00e6p \u0259v\u0259n \u02cc\u025bsp\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n; \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u00e6p \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bsp\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz."}, {"text": "The spatial arrangement of the bonds is similar to that of the four sp3 orbitals\u2014they are tetrahedrally arranged, with an angle of 109.47\u00b0 between them.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292m\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz \u026az s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bsp\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259lz\u2014\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259li \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "Structural formulae that represent the bonds as being at right angles to one another, while both common and useful, do not accurately depict the geometry.", "phonemes": "st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u02cci\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259lz t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, w\u02cca\u026al b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l, du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259tli d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292i\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i."}, {"text": "The structural formula and the bond angles are not usually sufficient to completely describe the geometry of a molecule.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt t\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292i\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l."}, {"text": "There is a further degree of freedom for each carbon\u2013carbon bond: the torsion angle between the atoms or groups bound to the atoms at each end of the bond.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd: \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps b\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u00e6\u027e \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd."}, {"text": "The spatial arrangement described by the torsion angles of the molecule is known as its conformation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292m\u0259nt d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u026ats k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Ethane forms the simplest case for studying the conformation of alkanes, as there is only one C\u2013C bond.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l\u026ast k\u02c8e\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u028cdi\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz, \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd."}, {"text": "The hydrogen atoms on both the front and rear carbon atoms have an angle of 120\u00b0 between them, resulting from the projection of the base of the tetrahedron onto a flat plane.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz h\u00e6v \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u0250 fl\u02c8\u00e6t pl\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "However, the torsion angle between a given hydrogen atom attached to the front carbon and a given hydrogen atom attached to the rear carbon can vary freely between 0\u00b0 and 360\u00b0.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n k\u00e6n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0li b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Despite this apparent freedom, only two limiting conformations are important: eclipsed conformation and staggered conformation.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u026as \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m, \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt: \u026akl\u02c8\u026apst k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u025ad k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The two conformations differ in energy: the staggered conformation is 12.6\u00a0kJ/mol (3.0 kcal/mol) lower in energy (more stable) than the eclipsed conformation (the least stable).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i: \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u025ad k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az tw\u02c8\u025blv.s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8e\u026a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02c8e\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6l sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u026akl\u02c8\u026apst k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0st st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l."}, {"text": "This difference in energy between the two conformations, known as the torsion energy, is low compared to the thermal energy of an ethane molecule at ambient temperature.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u026an \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i, \u026az l\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u00e6mbi\u0259nt t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The time taken for an ethane molecule to pass from one staggered conformation to the next, equivalent to the rotation of one CH3 group by 120\u00b0 relative to the other, is of the order of 10\u221211\u00a0seconds.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l t\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6s f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u025ad k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst, \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, \u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz."}, {"text": "The case of higher alkanes is more complex but based on similar principles, with the antiperiplanar conformation always being the most favored around each carbon\u2013carbon bond.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks b\u02cc\u028ct b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026ap\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026apl\u02c8e\u026an\u025a k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd."}, {"text": "The actual structure will always differ somewhat from these idealized forms, as the differences in energy between the conformations are small compared to the thermal energy of the molecules: Alkane molecules have no fixed structural form, whatever the models may suggest.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a w\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u025a s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0i\u02d0z a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259la\u026azd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz: \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8\u026akst st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, w\u028ct\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz m\u02c8e\u026a s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "Virtually all organic compounds contain carbon\u2013carbon and carbon\u2013hydrogen bonds, and so show some of the features of alkanes in their spectra.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz, \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a \u0283\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Alkanes are notable for having no other groups, and therefore for the absence of other characteristic spectroscopic features of a functional group like \u2013OH, \u2013CHO, \u2013COOH, etc.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b n\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak sp\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02cco\u028a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, t\u0283\u02c8o\u028a, k\u02c8u\u02d0, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The carbon\u2013hydrogen stretching mode gives a strong absorption between 2850 and 2960\u00a0cm\u22121, while the carbon\u2013carbon stretching mode absorbs between 800 and 1300\u00a0cm\u22121.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028ad \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028ad \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The carbon\u2013hydrogen bending modes depend on the nature of the group: methyl groups show bands at 1450\u00a0cm\u22121 and 1375\u00a0cm\u22121, while methylene groups show bands at 1465\u00a0cm\u22121 and 1450\u00a0cm\u22121.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n b\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028adz d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p: m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u0283\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6t w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02cca\u026al m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026al\u02cci\u02d0n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u0283\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6t w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The carbon-13 resonances depend on the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon: \u03b4C = 8\u201330 (primary, methyl, \u2013CH3), 15\u201355 (secondary, methylene, \u2013CH2\u2013), 20\u201360 (tertiary, methyne, C\u2013H) and quaternary.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259n\u0259ns\u1d7bz d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n: d\u02c8\u025blt\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz \u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i, m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259l, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i, m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026al\u02cci\u02d0n, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0, tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283j\u025a\u0279i, m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8a\u026an, s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u00e6nd kw\u0259t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The carbon-13 resonance of quaternary carbon atoms is characteristically weak, due to the lack of nuclear Overhauser effect and the long relaxation time, and can be missed in weak samples, or samples that have not been run for a sufficiently long time.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259n\u0259ns \u028cv kw\u0259t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u026az k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026akli w\u02c8i\u02d0k, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025ah\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u025a\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0279\u1d7bl\u0250ks\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00e6nd k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ast \u026an w\u02c8i\u02d0k s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cc\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028cn f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259ntli l\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "The fragmentation pattern can be difficult to interpret, but in the case of branched chain alkanes, the carbon chain is preferentially cleaved at tertiary or quaternary carbons due to the relative stability of the resulting free radicals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025an k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u028a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u026az p\u0279\u02cc\u025bf\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li kl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00e6t t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283j\u025a\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 kw\u0259t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The fragment resulting from the loss of a single methyl group (M\u00a0\u2212\u00a015) is often absent, and other fragments are often spaced by intervals of fourteen mass units, corresponding to sequential loss of CH2 groups.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nt \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254s \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02c8\u025bm m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u025av\u0259lz \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u00e6s j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats, k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u0259 si\u02d0kw\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "The acid dissociation constant (pKa) values of all alkanes are estimated to range from 50 to 70, depending on the extrapolation method, hence they are extremely weak acids that are practically inert to bases (see: carbon acids).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad d\u026as\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt p\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8\u026afti t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d, h\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026akli \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t t\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz s\u02c8i\u02d0: k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz."}, {"text": "They are also extremely weak bases, undergoing no observable protonation in pure sulfuric acid (H0 ~ \u221212), although superacids that are at least millions of times stronger have been known to protonate them to give hypercoordinate alkanium ions (see: methanium ion).", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli w\u02c8i\u02d0k b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b n\u02c8o\u028a \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259b\u0259l p\u0279\u02cco\u028at\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 s\u028clfj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u00e6s\u026adz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026amz st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a h\u0250vb\u026an n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av h\u02cca\u026ap\u025ako\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u0259t \u00e6lk\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz s\u02c8i\u02d0: m\u025b\u03b8\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Similarly, they only show reactivity with the strongest of electrophilic reagents (e.g., dioxiranes and salts containing the NF4+ cation).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali, \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast \u028cv \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028af\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026anz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0254lts k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02c8\u025bf f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u028cs k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259n."}, {"text": "By virtue of their strong C\u2013H bonds (~100 kcal/mol) and C\u2013C bonds (~90 kcal/mol, but usually less sterically accessible), they are also relatively unreactive toward free radicals, although many electron-deficient radicals will react with alkanes in the absence of other electron-rich bonds (see below).", "phonemes": "ba\u026a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad k\u02c8e\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6l sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti k\u02c8e\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6l sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l, b\u02cc\u028ct j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li l\u02c8\u025bs st\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026akli \u00e6ks\u02c8\u025bs\u0259b\u0259l, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u028cn\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bf\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz w\u026al \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz s\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Free radicals, molecules with unpaired electrons, play a large role in most reactions of alkanes, such as cracking and reformation where long-chain alkanes are converted into shorter-chain alkanes and straight-chain alkanes into branched-chain isomers.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz w\u026a\u00f0 \u028cnp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz, pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025at\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8e\u026att\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283tt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az."}, {"text": "Moreover, redox reactions of alkanes involving free radical intermediates, in particular with oxygen and the halogens, are possible as the carbon atoms are in a strongly reduced state; in the case of methane, carbon is in its lowest possible oxidation state (\u22124).", "phonemes": "mo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u028av\u025a, \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259ts, \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st st\u02c8e\u026at; \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u026az \u026an \u026ats l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Reaction with oxygen (if present in sufficient quantity to satisfy the reaction stoichiometry) leads to combustion without any smoke, producing carbon dioxide and water.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026af p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n st\u02cco\u028a\u026ak\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i l\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8\u028cst\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u02cc\u025bni sm\u02c8o\u028ak, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "In addition, alkanes have been shown to interact with, and bind to, certain transition metal complexes in C\u2013H bond activation reactions.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz h\u0250vb\u026an \u0283\u02c8o\u028an t\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0, \u00e6nd b\u02c8a\u026and tu\u02d0, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u1d7bz \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u02cc\u00e6kt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In highly branched alkanes, the bond angle may differ significantly from the optimal value (109.5\u00b0) to accommodate bulky groups.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u02c8a\u026ali b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8\u026af\u025a s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026am\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an.f\u02c8a\u026av d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259d\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8\u028clki \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "However, in general and perhaps surprisingly, when branching is not extensive enough to make highly disfavorable 1,2- and 1,3-alkyl\u2013alkyl steric interactions (worth ~3.1 kcal/mol and ~3.7 kcal/mol in the case of the eclipsing conformations of butane and pentane, respectively) unavoidable, the branched alkanes are actually more thermodynamically stable than their linear (or less branched) isomers.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps s\u025ap\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014bli, w\u02cc\u025bn b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u026a\u014b \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak h\u02c8a\u026ali d\u026asf\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cn,t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al st\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8e\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6l sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u026ald\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u02c8e\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6l sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026akl\u02c8\u026aps\u026a\u014b k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv bj\u02c8u\u02d0te\u026an \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025bnte\u026an, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u028cn\u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u0259b\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02cc\u025c\u02d0mo\u028ada\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026akli st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az."}, {"text": "For example, the highly branched 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is about 1.9 kcal/mol more stable than its linear isomer, n-octane.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ali b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t t\u02c8u\u02d0,t\u02c8u\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259lbj\u02ccu\u02d0te\u026an \u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028cn.n\u02c8a\u026an k\u02c8e\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6l sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n \u026ats l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025a, \u02c8\u025bn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kte\u026an."}, {"text": "Due to the subtlety of this effect, the exact reasons for this rule have been vigorously debated in the chemical literature and is yet unsettled.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l\u027ei \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt, \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l h\u0250vb\u026an v\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259sli d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u026az j\u02c8\u025bt \u028cns\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ld."}, {"text": "Several explanations, including stabilization of branched alkanes by electron correlation, destabilization of linear alkanes by steric repulsion, stabilization by neutral hyperconjugation, and/or electrostatic effects have been advanced as possibilities.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u025bkspl\u0250n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b st\u02cce\u026ab\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz ba\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u02cc\u0254\u0279\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, di\u02d0st\u02cce\u026ab\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz ba\u026a st\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n, st\u02cce\u026ab\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l h\u02cca\u026ap\u025ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028ast\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts h\u0250vb\u026an \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst \u00e6z p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "The controversy is related to the question of whether the traditional explanation of hyperconjugation is the primary factor governing the stability of alkyl radicals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02cc\u025c\u02d0si \u026az \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u025bkspl\u0250n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02cca\u026ap\u025ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz."}, {"text": "All alkanes react with oxygen in a combustion reaction, although they become increasingly difficult to ignite as the number of carbon atoms increases.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026an \u0250 k\u0259mb\u02c8\u028cst\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0e\u026a b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u028a \u026a\u0261n\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The standard enthalpy change of combustion, \u0394cH\u2296, for alkanes increases by about 650\u00a0kJ/mol per CH2 group.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u025bn\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6lpi t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv k\u0259mb\u02c8\u028cst\u0283\u0259n, d\u02c8\u025blt\u0259k \u02c8e\u026at\u0283, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz ba\u026a \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti k\u02c8e\u026a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l p\u025c\u02d0 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "Branched-chain alkanes have lower values of \u0394cH\u2296 than straight-chain alkanes of the same number of carbon atoms, and so can be seen to be somewhat more stable.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283tt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz h\u00e6v l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u028cv d\u02c8\u025blt\u0259k \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0250n st\u0279\u02c8e\u026att\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz, \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u0259bi s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l."}, {"text": "Free radicals are the reactive species that participate in the reaction, which usually leads to a mixture of products.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li l\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts."}, {"text": "Chain reaction or Propagation then takes place\u2014the halogen radical abstracts a hydrogen from the alkane to give an alkyl radical.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8e\u026aks pl\u02c8e\u026as\u2014\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l \u0250bst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kts \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l."}, {"text": "Experiments have shown that all halogenation produces a mixture of all possible isomers, indicating that all hydrogen atoms are susceptible to reaction.", "phonemes": "\u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts h\u00e6v \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u0250l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02c8a\u026as\u0259m\u025az, \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259s\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The mixture produced, however, is not a statistical mixture: Secondary and tertiary hydrogen atoms are preferentially replaced due to the greater stability of secondary and tertiary free-radicals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a: s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283j\u025a\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bf\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283j\u025a\u0279i f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of acid catalysts (usually solid acids such as silica-alumina and zeolites), which promote a heterolytic (asymmetric) breakage of bonds yielding pairs of ions of opposite charges, usually a carbocation and the very unstable hydride anion.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u026asts j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u026al\u026ak\u0259\u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259 \u00e6nd z\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0la\u026ats, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at \u0250 h\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u02cce\u026as\u026am\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz j\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u1d7bz, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n."}, {"text": "Carbon-localized free radicals and cations are both highly unstable and undergo processes of chain rearrangement, C\u2013C scission in position beta (i.e., cracking) and intra- and intermolecular hydrogen transfer or hydride transfer.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nl\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 h\u02c8a\u026ali \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292m\u0259nt, s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026ad t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "In both types of processes, the corresponding reactive intermediates (radicals, ions) are permanently regenerated, and thus they proceed by a self-propagating chain mechanism.", "phonemes": "\u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259ts \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259lz, \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259ntli \u0279i\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u025blfp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8\u025bk\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Isomerization and reformation are processes in which straight-chain alkanes are heated in the presence of a platinum catalyst.", "phonemes": "\u02cca\u026aso\u028am\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026att\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an\u0259m k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "In reformation, the alkanes become cycloalkanes or aromatic hydrocarbons, giving off hydrogen as a by-product.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u1d7bfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028alk\u02cce\u026anz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254f h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 ba\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt."}, {"text": "Butane is the most common alkane that is put under the process of isomerization, as it makes many branched alkanes with high octane numbers.", "phonemes": "bj\u02c8u\u02d0te\u026an \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az p\u02cc\u028at \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv \u02cca\u026aso\u028am\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u026at m\u02cce\u026aks m\u02c8\u025bni b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kte\u026an n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az."}, {"text": "A mixture of antimony pentafluoride (SbF5) and fluorosulfonic acid (HSO3F), called magic acid, can protonate alkanes.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nt\u026am\u0259ni p\u02c8\u025bnt\u0250fl\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad \u02cc\u025bsb\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bf f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd fl\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259s\u0259lf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bf, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad, k\u00e6n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz."}, {"text": "Alkanes form a small portion of the atmospheres of the outer gas planets such as Jupiter (0.1% methane, 2\u00a0ppm ethane), Saturn (0.2% methane, 5\u00a0ppm ethane), Uranus (1.99% methane, 2.5\u00a0ppm ethane) and Neptune (1.5% methane, 1.5\u00a0ppm ethane).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279z \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ats s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0p\u026a\u027e\u025a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an, s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an, f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an, j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u00e6n\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn.n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025bptu\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an, w\u02c8\u028cn.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Titan (1.6% methane), a satellite of Saturn, was examined by the Huygens probe, which indicated that Titan's atmosphere periodically rains liquid methane onto the moon's surface.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8a\u026at\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn.s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an, \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026at \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n, w\u028cz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ab, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026at\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026akli \u0279\u02c8e\u026anz l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "Also on Titan, the Cassini mission has imaged seasonal methane/ethane lakes near the polar regions of Titan.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8a\u026at\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u00e6s\u02c8i\u02d0ni m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292d s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an l\u02c8e\u026aks n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026at\u0259n."}, {"text": "Chemical analysis showed that the abundances of ethane and methane were roughly equal, which is thought to imply that its ices formed in interstellar space, away from the Sun, which would have evaporated these volatile molecules.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u028a \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t \u026ats \u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an \u02cc\u026ant\u025ast\u02c8\u025bl\u025a sp\u02c8e\u026as, \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028adh\u0250v \u026av\u02c8\u00e6p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0i\u02d0z v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0250\u027e\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "Traces of methane gas (about 0.0002% or 1745\u00a0ppb) occur in the Earth's atmosphere, produced primarily by methanogenic microorganisms, such as Archaea in the gut of ruminants.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u0250b\u02cca\u028at z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028at\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli ba\u026a m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0250no\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8i\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028ct \u028cv \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Natural gas contains primarily methane and ethane, with some propane and butane: oil is a mixture of liquid alkanes and other hydrocarbons.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ape\u026an \u00e6nd bj\u02c8u\u02d0te\u026an: \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz."}, {"text": "These hydrocarbons were formed when marine animals and plants (zooplankton and phytoplankton) died and sank to the bottom of ancient seas and were covered with sediments in an anoxic environment and converted over many millions of years at high temperatures and high pressure to their current form.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md w\u025bn m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6nts z\u02c8u\u02d0pl\u00e6\u014bkt\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259pl\u02cc\u00e6\u014bkt\u0259n d\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt s\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025bd\u026am\u0259nts \u026an \u0250n \u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u00e6nd k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cco\u028av\u025a m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u028cv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "These hydrocarbon deposits, collected in porous rocks trapped beneath impermeable cap rocks, comprise commercial oil fields.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats, k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6pt b\u1d7bn\u02cci\u02d0\u03b8 \u026amp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259b\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6p \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks, k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u026al f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz."}, {"text": "Alkanes have a low solubility in water, so the content in the oceans is negligible; however, at high pressures and low temperatures (such as at the bottom of the oceans), methane can co-crystallize with water to form a solid methane clathrate (methane hydrate).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz h\u00e6v \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz \u026az n\u02c8\u025b\u0261l\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz, m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an k\u00e6n k\u02c8o\u028ak\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259l\u02cca\u026az w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an kl\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0279e\u026at m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279e\u026at."}, {"text": "Although this cannot be commercially exploited at the present time, the amount of combustible energy of the known methane clathrate fields exceeds the energy content of all the natural gas and oil deposits put together.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u026as k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li \u025bkspl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv k\u0259mb\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028an m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an kl\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0279e\u026at f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u025bks\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u026al d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats p\u02cc\u028at t\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "Methane is present in what is called biogas, produced by animals and decaying matter, which is a possible renewable energy source.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an w\u028ct \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld b\u02cca\u026ao\u028a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6s, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00e6nd d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s."}, {"text": "Certain types of bacteria can metabolize alkanes: they prefer even-numbered carbon chains as they are easier to degrade than odd-numbered chains.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 k\u00e6n m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz: \u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259nn\u02c8\u028cmb\u025ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0zi\u025a t\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0dn\u02c8\u028cmb\u025ad t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "On the other hand, certain archaea, the methanogens, produce large quantities of methane by the metabolism of carbon dioxide or other oxidized organic compounds.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8i\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0250n\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02cca\u026azd \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz."}, {"text": "The methane output of cattle and other herbivores, which can release 30 to 50 gallons per day, and of termites, is also due to methanogens.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u026av\u02cco\u02d0\u0279z, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nz p\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd \u028cv t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats, \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0250n\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Methanogenic archaea are, hence, at the end of the carbon cycle, with carbon being released back into the atmosphere after having been fixed by photosynthesis.", "phonemes": "m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0250no\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak \u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8i\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279, h\u02c8\u025bns, \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8\u026akst ba\u026a f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "Alkanes also play a role, if a minor role, in the biology of the three eukaryotic groups of organisms: fungi, plants, and animals.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al, \u026af \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028al, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u0250\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz: f\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261i, pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Some specialized yeasts, e.g., Candida tropicale, Pichia sp., Rhodotorula sp., can use alkanes as a source of carbon or energy.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd j\u02c8i\u02d0sts, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ad\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u02cce\u026al, p\u02c8\u026aki\u0259 \u02cc\u025bsp\u02c8i\u02d0., \u0279\u02cco\u028ad\u0259t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279rj\u028al\u0259 \u02cc\u025bsp\u02c8i\u02d0., k\u00e6n j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i."}, {"text": "The fungus Amorphotheca resinae prefers the longer-chain alkanes in aviation fuel, and can cause serious problems for aircraft in tropical regions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u0259s \u0250m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u0259\u03b8\u02cc\u025bk\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ani\u02d0 p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025at\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u026an \u02cce\u026av\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l, \u00e6nd k\u00e6n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft \u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In plants, the solid long-chain alkanes are found in the plant cuticle and epicuticular wax of many species, but are only rarely major constituents.", "phonemes": "\u026an pl\u02c8\u00e6nts, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt kj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bp\u026akju\u02d0t\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a w\u02c8\u00e6ks \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279li m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nts."}, {"text": "They protect the plant against water loss, prevent the leaching of important minerals by the rain, and protect against bacteria, fungi, and harmful insects.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u0254s, p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026an, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, f\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261i, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mf\u0259l \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts."}, {"text": "The carbon chains in plant alkanes are usually odd-numbered, between 27 and 33 carbon atoms in length, and are made by the plants by decarboxylation of even-numbered fatty acids.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz \u026an pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8\u0251\u02d0dn\u02c8\u028cmb\u025ad, b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u026an l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nts ba\u026a d\u1d7bk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259nn\u02c8\u028cmb\u025ad f\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz."}, {"text": "The exact composition of the layer of wax is not only species-dependent but also changes with the season and such environmental factors as lighting conditions, temperature or humidity.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv w\u02c8\u00e6ks \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0zd\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u00e6z l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The Jeffrey pine is noted for producing exceptionally high levels of n-heptane in its resin, for which reason its distillate was designated as the zero point for one octane rating.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u0279i p\u02c8a\u026an \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n\u0259li h\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8\u025bnh\u02c8\u025bpte\u026an \u026an \u026ats \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026an, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u026ats d\u02c8\u026ast\u026al\u02cce\u026at w\u028cz d\u02c8\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kte\u026an \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Floral scents have also long been known to contain volatile alkane components, and n-nonane is a significant component in the scent of some roses.", "phonemes": "fl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnts h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02cc\u026an n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0250\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bnn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8e\u026an \u026az \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Emission of gaseous and volatile alkanes such as ethane, pentane, and hexane by plants has also been documented at low levels, though they are not generally considered to be a major component of biogenic air pollution.", "phonemes": "\u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259s \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0250\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an, p\u02c8\u025bnte\u026an, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bkse\u026an ba\u026a pl\u02c8\u00e6nts h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u00e6t l\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u028cv b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak \u02c8\u025b\u0279 p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Edible vegetable oils also typically contain small fractions of biogenic alkanes with a wide spectrum of carbon numbers, mainly 8 to 35, usually peaking in the low to upper 20s, with concentrations up to dozens of milligrams per kilogram (parts per million by weight) and sometimes over a hundred for the total alkane fraction.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bb\u0259l v\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u026alz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259m \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az, m\u02c8e\u026anli \u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li p\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a t\u028a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti z, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 d\u02c8\u028cz\u0259nz \u028cv m\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6mz p\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6m p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts p\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Alkanes are found in animal products, although they are less important than unsaturated hydrocarbons.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u00f0\u0250n \u028cns\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz."}, {"text": "One example is the shark liver oil, which is approximately 14% pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane, C19H40).", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k l\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt p\u0279\u02c8\u026aste\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0,s\u02c8\u026aks,t\u02c8\u025bn,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0nt\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259lp\u02cc\u025bnte\u026adk\u02cce\u026an, s\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "They are important as pheromones, chemical messenger materials, on which insects depend for communication.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u00e6z f\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259m\u02cco\u028anz, k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bs\u026and\u0292\u025a m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz, \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In some species, e.g. the support beetle Xylotrechus colonus, pentacosane (C25H52), 3-methylpentaicosane (C26H54) and 9-methylpentaicosane (C26H54) are transferred by body contact.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259l z\u02c8a\u026al\u0259t\u0279\u02cc\u025bt\u0283\u0259s k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028an\u0259s, p\u02c8\u025bnt\u0250k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0se\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259lp\u02cc\u025bnte\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0se\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anm\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259lp\u02cc\u025bnte\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0se\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d ba\u026a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "With others like the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans, the pheromone contains the four alkanes 2-methylheptadecane (C18H38), 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane (C39H80), 15,19-dimethylheptatriacontane (C39H80) and 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane (C40H82), and acts by smell over longer distances.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 ts\u02c8\u025btsi fl\u02c8a\u026a \u0261l\u02c8\u0254s\u026an\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u026at\u0259nz m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u026at\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259m\u02cco\u028an k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz t\u02c8u\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259lh\u02cc\u025bpte\u026adk\u02cce\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n,tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cnd\u02c8a\u026am\u03b8\u026alh\u02cc\u025bpt\u0250t\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u0250k\u02cc\u0254nte\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei, f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n,n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nd\u02c8a\u026am\u03b8\u026alh\u02cc\u025bpt\u0250t\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u0250k\u02cc\u0254nte\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n,n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n,tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u03b8\u0259lh\u02cc\u025bpt\u0250t\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u0250k\u02cc\u0254nte\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kts ba\u026a sm\u02c8\u025bl \u02cco\u028av\u025a l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "One example, in which both plant and animal alkanes play a role, is the ecological relationship between the sand bee (Andrena nigroaenea) and the early spider orchid (Ophrys sphegodes); the latter is dependent for pollination on the former.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al, \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279\u025bn\u0259 n\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0279o\u028a\u02cc\u025bni\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li sp\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u026ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0279iz sf\u02c8\u025b\u0261o\u028adz; \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a."}, {"text": "Sand bees use pheromones in order to identify a mate; in the case of A. nigroaenea, the females emit a mixture of tricosane (C23H48), pentacosane (C25H52) and heptacosane (C27H56) in the ratio 3:3:1, and males are attracted by specifically this odor.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0z j\u02c8u\u02d0s f\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259m\u02cco\u028anz \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026at; \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u0259v\u0259. n\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0279o\u028a\u02cc\u025bni\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz \u026am\u02c8\u026at \u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259s\u02cce\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, p\u02c8\u025bnt\u0250k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0se\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bpt\u0250k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0se\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0:\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0:w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026alz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd ba\u026a sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli \u00f0\u026as \u02c8o\u028ad\u025a."}, {"text": "The orchid takes advantage of this mating arrangement to get the male bee to collect and disseminate its pollen; parts of its flower not only resemble the appearance of sand bees but also produce large quantities of the three alkanes in the same ratio as female sand bees.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u026ad t\u02c8e\u026aks \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292m\u0259nt t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al b\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt \u00e6nd d\u026as\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u026ats p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n; p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u026ats fl\u02c8a\u028a\u025a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0z b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u00e6z f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "As a result, numerous males are lured to the blooms and attempt to copulate with their imaginary partner: although this endeavor is not crowned with success for the bee, it allows the orchid to transfer its pollen,", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt, n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s m\u02c8e\u026alz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u028a\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8u\u02d0mz \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02cce\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026am\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tn\u025a: \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u026as \u025bnd\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u026a\u00f0 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0, \u026a\u027e \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u026ad t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n,"}, {"text": "Alkanes are separated in an oil refinery by fractional distillation and processed into many products.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bst \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts."}, {"text": "The Fischer\u2013Tropsch process is a method to synthesize liquid hydrocarbons, including alkanes, from carbon monoxide and hydrogen.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u025a t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cca\u026az l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz, f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n m\u028cn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "There is usually little need for alkanes to be synthesized in the laboratory, since they are usually commercially available.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz t\u0259bi s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cca\u026azd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "Also, alkanes are generally unreactive chemically or biologically, and do not undergo functional group interconversions cleanly.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u028cn\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av k\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026akli, \u00e6nd du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz kl\u02c8i\u02d0nli."}, {"text": "For example, the use of n-butyllithium as a strong base gives the conjugate acid n-butane as a side-product:", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02c8\u025bnbj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u00e6z \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02c8e\u026as \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8\u025bnbj\u02c8u\u02d0te\u026an \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8a\u026adp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt:"}, {"text": "However, at times it may be desirable to make a section of a molecule into an alkane-like functionality (alkyl group) using the above or similar methods.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026amz \u026at m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anl\u02c8a\u026ak f\u02cc\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz."}, {"text": "For example, an ethyl group is an alkyl group; when this is attached to a hydroxy group, it gives ethanol, which is not an alkane.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p; w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u028a \u0250 ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksi \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u026at \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an."}, {"text": "Alkanes or alkyl groups can also be prepared directly from alkyl halides in the Corey\u2013House\u2013Posner\u2013Whitesides reaction.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i h\u02c8a\u028as p\u02c8o\u028azn\u025a w\u02c8a\u026atsa\u026adz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "and the Clemmensen reduction removes carbonyl groups from aldehydes and ketones to form alkanes or alkyl-substituted compounds e.g.:", "phonemes": "\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025bm\u025bns\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cca\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6ld\u026ah\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bto\u028anz t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026als\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0.:"}, {"text": "This hydrogenation reaction is typically performed using a powdered metal catalyst, such as palladium, platinum, or nickel.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8a\u028ad\u025ad m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u026ast, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u0250l\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m, pl\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an\u0259m, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l."}, {"text": "In the Wurtz reaction, a haloalkane is treated with sodium in dry ether to yield an alkane having double the number of carbon atoms.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ts \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, \u0250 h\u02c8e\u026alo\u028alk\u02cce\u026an \u026az t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026an d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u025a t\u0259 j\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz."}, {"text": "This reaction proceeds through a free radical intermediate and has the possibility of alkene formation in case of tertiary haloalkanes and vicinal dihalides.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028asi\u02d0dz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lki\u02d0n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283j\u025a\u0279i h\u02c8e\u026alo\u028alk\u02cce\u026anz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026as\u026an\u0259l da\u026ah\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz."}, {"text": "In Corey\u2013House synthesis, a haloalkane is treated with dialkyl lithium cuprate, a Gilman reagent, to yield a higher alkane:", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i h\u02c8a\u028as s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u0250 h\u02c8e\u026alo\u028alk\u02cce\u026an \u026az t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259lka\u026al l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m k\u02c8\u028cp\u0279e\u026at, \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026alm\u0259n \u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt, t\u0259 j\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an:"}, {"text": "Haloalkanes can be reduced to alkanes by reaction with hydride reagents such as lithium aluminium hydride.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8e\u026alo\u028alk\u02cce\u026anz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz ba\u026a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026ad \u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u02cc\u00e6lj\u028am\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026ad."}, {"text": "The first four alkanes are used mainly for heating and cooking purposes, and in some countries for electricity generation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd m\u02c8e\u026anli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Methane and ethane are the main components of natural gas; they are normally stored as gases under pressure.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s; \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00e6z \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "It is, however, easier to transport them as liquids: This requires both compression and cooling of the gas.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u026az, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8i\u02d0zi\u025a t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6z l\u02c8\u026akw\u026adz: \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "Propane and butane are gases at atmospheric pressure that can be liquefied at fairly low pressures and are commonly known as liquified petroleum gas (LPG).", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ape\u026an \u00e6nd bj\u02c8u\u02d0te\u026an \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u00e6\u027e \u02cc\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026af\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6t f\u02c8\u025b\u0279li l\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z l\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u02cc\u025blp\u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Propane is used in propane gas burners and as a fuel for road vehicles, butane in space heaters and disposable cigarette lighters.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ape\u026an \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ape\u026an \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025az \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259lz, bj\u02c8u\u02d0te\u026an \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd d\u026asp\u02c8o\u028az\u0259b\u0259l s\u02cc\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bt l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "They are used as fuels in internal combustion engines, as they vaporize easily on entry into the combustion chamber without forming droplets, which would impair the uniformity of the combustion.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lz \u026an \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l k\u0259mb\u02c8\u028cst\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026anz, \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a v\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az \u02c8i\u02d0zili \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8\u028cst\u0283\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pl\u026ats, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028ad \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8\u028cst\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Branched-chain alkanes are preferred as they are much less prone to premature ignition, which causes knocking, than their straight-chain homologues.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283tt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bs p\u0279\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 p\u0279\u026am\u0259t\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026att\u0283\u02c8e\u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261z."}, {"text": "This propensity to premature ignition is measured by the octane rating of the fuel, where 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane) has an arbitrary value of 100, and heptane has a value of zero.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 p\u0279\u026am\u0259t\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kte\u026an \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0,t\u02c8u\u02d0,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u03b8\u0259lp\u02cc\u025bnte\u026an \u02c8a\u026asu\u02d0kt\u02cce\u026an h\u0250z \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u026at\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bpte\u026an h\u0250z \u0250 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "Alkanes from nonane to, for instance, hexadecane (an alkane with sixteen carbon atoms) are liquids of higher viscosity, less and less suitable for use in gasoline.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz f\u0279\u028cm n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8e\u026an tu\u02d0, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, h\u02c8\u025bks\u0250d\u02cc\u025bke\u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026adz \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a v\u026ask\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7b\u027ei, l\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "However, the higher melting points of these alkanes can cause problems at low temperatures and in polar regions, where the fuel becomes too thick to flow correctly.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz k\u00e6n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u00e6t l\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd \u026an p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u026ak t\u0259 fl\u02c8o\u028a k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli."}, {"text": "In the latter function, they work at the same time as anti-corrosive agents, as their hydrophobic nature means that water cannot reach the metal surface.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0e\u026a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026ak\u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u026av \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts, \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259f\u02c8o\u028ab\u026ak n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "Alkanes with a chain length of approximately 35 or more carbon atoms are found in bitumen, used, for example, in road surfacing.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026an \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Some synthetic polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene are alkanes with chains containing hundreds or thousands of carbon atoms.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026am\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026al\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ap\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz."}, {"text": "These materials are used in innumerable applications, and billions of kilograms of these materials are made and used each year.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u026an\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u028cv k\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6mz \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ad \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Due to their lack of functional groups and low water solubility, alkanes show poor bioavailability for microorganisms.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 b\u02cca\u026ao\u028a\u0250v\u02cce\u026al\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz."}, {"text": "There are, however, some microorganisms possessing the metabolic capacity to utilize n-alkanes as both carbon and energy sources.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02cca\u026az \u02c8\u025bn\u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz \u00e6z b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Some bacterial species are highly specialised in degrading alkanes; these are referred to as hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ali sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u026an d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lke\u026anz; \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u0259kl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Methane is flammable, explosive and dangerous to inhale; because it is a colorless, odorless gas, special caution must be taken around methane.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u026az fl\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259b\u0259l, \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028as\u026av \u00e6nd d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279\u0259s t\u028a \u026anh\u02c8e\u026al; b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025al\u0259s, \u02c8o\u028ad\u025al\u0259s \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s, sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Methane is considered to be the greenhouse gas that is most dangerous to the environment, although the amount of methane in the atmosphere is relatively low.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nha\u028as \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279\u0259s t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8e\u026an \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "United States appellate procedure involves the rules and regulations for filing appeals in state courts and federal courts.", "phonemes": "ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u026an st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "The nature of an appeal can vary greatly depending on the type of case and the rules of the court in the jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l k\u00e6n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv k\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "However, most appeals begin when a party files a petition for review to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court's decision.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an w\u025bn \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026alz \u0250 p\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u028cv \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Depending on the particular legal rules that apply to each circumstance, a party to a court case who is unhappy with the result might be able to challenge that result in an appellate court on specific grounds.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026a t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259mst\u02cc\u00e6ns, \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u028a \u0250 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u02c8e\u026as h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az \u028cnh\u02c8\u00e6pi w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026an \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02cc\u0254n sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andz."}, {"text": "In different jurisdictions, appellate courts are also called appeals courts, courts of appeals, superior courts, or supreme courts.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz, su\u02d0p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "The specific procedures for appealing, including even whether there is a right of appeal from a particular type of decision, can vary greatly from state to state.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, k\u00e6n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli f\u0279\u028cm st\u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The right to file an appeal can also vary from state to state; for example, the New Jersey Constitution vests judicial power in a Supreme Court, a Superior Court, and other courts of limited jurisdiction, with an appellate court being part of the Superior Court.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026al \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i f\u0279\u028cm st\u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0si k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n v\u02c8\u025bsts d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u0250 su\u02d0p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "A party who files an appeal is called an \"appellant\", \"plaintiff in error\", \"petitioner\" or \"pursuer\", and a party on the other side is called an \"appellee\", \"defendant in error\", \"respondent\".", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei h\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026alz \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00e6n \"\u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt\", \"pl\u02c8e\u026ant\u026af \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\", \"p\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025a\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\", \u00e6nd \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8a\u026ad \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00e6n \"\u0250p\u02c8\u025bli\u02d0\", \"d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\", \"\u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259nt\"."}, {"text": "For example, suppose at trial the judge found for the plaintiff and ordered the defendant to pay $50,000.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az \u00e6t t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 f\u02c8a\u028and f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026ant\u026af \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt t\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8\u026afti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "If the defendant files an appeal arguing that he should not have to pay any money, then the plaintiff might file a cross-appeal arguing that the defendant should have to pay $200,000 instead of $50,000.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt f\u02c8a\u026alz \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0th\u00e6vt\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u025bni m\u02c8\u028cni, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026ant\u026af m\u02cca\u026at f\u02c8a\u026al \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s\u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u0283\u028adh\u02cc\u00e6vt\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8\u026afti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "The appellant is the party who, having lost part or all their claim in a lower court decision, is appealing to a higher court to have their case reconsidered.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei h\u02c8u\u02d0, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0254st p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u025b\u0279 kl\u02c8e\u026am \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u026az \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad."}, {"text": "This is usually done on the basis that the lower court judge erred in the application of law, but it may also be possible to appeal on the basis of court misconduct, or that a finding of fact was entirely unreasonable to make on the evidence.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u02c8\u028cn \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026at m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t m\u026ask\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u028ckt, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u028cz \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali \u028cn\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The appellant in the new case can be either the plaintiff (or claimant), defendant, third-party intervenor, or respondent (appellee) from the lower case, depending on who was the losing party.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026as k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026ant\u026af \u0254\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8e\u026am\u0259nt, d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02cc\u026ant\u025av\u02c8\u025bn\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259nt \u0250p\u02c8\u025bli\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8e\u026as, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "The appellee is required to respond to the petition, oral arguments, and legal briefs of the appellant.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bli\u02d0 \u026az \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts, \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In general, the appellee takes the procedural posture that the lower court's decision should be affirmed.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bli\u02d0 t\u02c8e\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0254st\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md."}, {"text": "An appeal \"as of right\" is one that is guaranteed by statute or some underlying constitutional or legal principle.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \"\u00e6z \u028cv \u0279\u02c8a\u026at\" \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u0261\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt\u02c8i\u02d0d ba\u026a st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u02cc\u028cnd\u025al\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l."}, {"text": "An appeal \"by leave\" or \"permission\" requires the appellant to obtain leave to appeal; in such a situation either or both of the lower court and the court may have the discretion to grant or refuse the appellant's demand to appeal the lower court's decision.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \"ba\u026a l\u02c8i\u02d0v\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"p\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\" \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt t\u028a \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an l\u02c8i\u02d0v t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l; \u026an s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nts d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "In the Supreme Court, review in most cases is available only if the Court exercises its discretion and grants a writ of certiorari.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026az \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8o\u028anli \u026af \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u026ats d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026at \u028cv s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279i."}, {"text": "And due to the double jeopardy principle, the state or prosecution may never appeal a jury or bench verdict of acquittal.", "phonemes": "\u00e6nd d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025bp\u025adi p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u026akt \u028cv \u0250kw\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "But in some jurisdictions, the state or prosecution may appeal \"as of right\" from a trial court's dismissal of an indictment in whole or in part or from a trial court's granting of a defendant's suppression motion.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \"\u00e6z \u028cv \u0279\u02c8a\u026at\" f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u026asm\u02c8\u026as\u0259l \u0259v\u0259n \u026and\u02c8a\u026atm\u0259nt \u026an h\u02c8o\u028al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026a\u014b \u0259v\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Likewise, in some jurisdictions, the state or prosecution may appeal an issue of law \"by leave\" from the trial court or the appellate court.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026akwa\u026az, \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \"ba\u026a l\u02c8i\u02d0v\" f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "The ability of the prosecution to appeal a decision in favor of a defendant varies significantly internationally.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0250 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u026an f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259li."}, {"text": "This can mean that where it is the defendant who appeals, the name of the case in the law reports reverses (in some cases twice) as the appeals work their way up the court hierarchy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u00e6n m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz tw\u02c8a\u026as \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki."}, {"text": "In the federal courts, the parties' names always stay in the same order as the lower court when an appeal is taken to the circuit courts of appeals, and are re-ordered only if the appeal reaches the Supreme Court.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz n\u02c8e\u026amz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az st\u02c8e\u026a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t w\u025bn \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026az t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad \u02c8o\u028anli \u026af \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "The first is the traditional \"direct\" appeal in which the appellant files an appeal with the next higher court of review.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \"d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\" \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt f\u02c8a\u026alz \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The second is the collateral appeal or post-conviction petition, in which the petitioner-appellant files the appeal in a court of first instance\u2014usually the court that tried the case.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8o\u028astk\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n p\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025a\u0279\u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt f\u02c8a\u026alz \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026an \u0250 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns\u2014j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "The key distinguishing factor between direct and collateral appeals is that the former occurs in state courts, and the latter in federal courts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u00e6nd k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u026an st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "The typical scenario involves an incarcerated defendant locating DNA evidence demonstrating the defendant's actual innocence.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l s\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u02cco\u028a \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u0250n \u026a\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u026an\u0259s\u0259ns."}, {"text": "\"Appellate review\" is the general term for the process by which courts with appellate jurisdiction take jurisdiction of matters decided by lower courts.", "phonemes": "\"\u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0\" \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8e\u026ak d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025az d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "It is distinguished from judicial review, which refers to the court's overriding constitutional or statutory right to determine if a legislative act or administrative decision is defective for jurisdictional or other reasons (which may vary by jurisdiction).", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t f\u0279\u028cm d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an \u026af \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u00e6kt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i ba\u026a d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In most jurisdictions the normal and preferred way of seeking appellate review is by filing an appeal of the final judgment.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026az ba\u026a f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Generally, an appeal of the judgment will also allow appeal of all other orders or rulings made by the trial court in the course of the case.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li, \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt w\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014bz m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "However, certain critical interlocutory court orders, such as the denial of a request for an interim injunction, or an order holding a person in contempt of court, can be appealed immediately although the case may otherwise not have been fully disposed of.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025al\u02c8o\u028akju\u02d0t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026am \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a h\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmpt \u028cv k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8\u028ali d\u026asp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv."}, {"text": "For example, a criminal defendant may be convicted in state court, and lose on \"direct appeal\" to higher state appellate courts, and if unsuccessful, mount a \"collateral\" action such as filing for a writ of habeas corpus in the federal courts.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u026an st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00e6nd l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u0254n \"d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l\" t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a st\u02c8e\u026at \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, \u00e6nd \u026af \u028cns\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l, m\u02c8a\u028ant \u02c8e\u026a \"k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l\" \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u0279\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026at \u028cv h\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Generally speaking, \"[d]irect appeal statutes afford defendants the opportunity to challenge the merits of a judgment and allege errors of law or fact. ...", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b, \"d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026a\u025akt \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0ts \u0250f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ats \u0259v\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292 \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u00e6kt. ..."}, {"text": "[Collateral review], on the other hand, provide[s] an independent and civil inquiry into the validity of a conviction and sentence, and as such are generally limited to challenges to constitutional, jurisdictional, or other fundamental violations that occurred at trial.\"", "phonemes": "k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u025bs \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014bkw\u025a\u0279i \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 v\u00e6l\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns, \u00e6nd \u00e6z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz t\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l va\u026a\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00e6t t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l.\""}, {"text": "In Anglo-American common law courts, appellate review of lower court decisions may also be obtained by filing a petition for review by prerogative writ in certain cases.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261lo\u028a\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and ba\u026a f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 ba\u026a p\u0279\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0279\u02c8\u026at \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "There is no corresponding right to a writ in any pure or continental civil law legal systems, though some mixed systems such as Quebec recognize these prerogative writs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u028a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026at \u026an \u02cc\u025bni pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8\u026akst s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z kw\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bk \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u0279\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0279\u02c8\u026ats."}, {"text": "After exhausting the first appeal as of right, defendants usually petition the highest state court to review the decision.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00e6z \u028cv \u0279\u02c8a\u026at, d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li p\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "The highest state court, generally known as the Supreme Court, exercises discretion over whether it will review the case.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025a w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026at w\u026al \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "On direct appeal, a prisoner challenges the grounds of the conviction based on an error that occurred at trial or some other stage in the adjudicative process.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l, \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00e6t t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026ak\u0259t\u02cc\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs."}, {"text": "Because constitutional claims are of great magnitude, appellate courts might be more lenient to review the claim even if it was not preserved.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d, \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259nt t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026af \u026at w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd."}, {"text": "For example, Connecticut applies the following standard to review unpreserved claims: 1.the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error; 2.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, k\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259t \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cnp\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd kl\u02c8e\u026amz: w\u02c8\u028cn.\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad \u026az \u02c8\u00e6d\u026akw\u0259t t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292d kl\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a; t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right; 3. the alleged constitutional violation clearly exists and clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial; 4.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8e\u026am \u026az \u028cv k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 va\u026a\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026at; \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292d k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l va\u026a\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts \u00e6nd kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l; f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "if subject to harmless error analysis, the state has failed to demonstrate harmlessness of the alleged constitutional violation beyond a reasonable doubt.", "phonemes": "\u026af s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ml\u0259s \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at h\u0250z f\u02c8e\u026ald t\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026at h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ml\u0259sn\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292d k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l va\u026a\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259b\u0259l d\u02c8a\u028at."}, {"text": "Similar to federal post-conviction relief, an appellant can petition the court to correct alleged fundamental errors that were not corrected on direct review.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8o\u028astk\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f, \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt k\u00e6n p\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292d f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Typical claims might include ineffective assistance of counsel and actual innocence based on new evidence.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l kl\u02c8e\u026amz m\u02cca\u026at \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026an\u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u026an\u0259s\u0259ns b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns."}, {"text": "These proceedings are normally separate from the direct appeal, however some states allow for collateral relief to be sought on direct appeal.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a s\u02cc\u028cm st\u02c8e\u026ats \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f t\u0259bi s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "If the petition is granted the appellant could be released from incarceration, the sentence could be modified, or a new trial could be ordered.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u0279\u028cm \u026a\u014bk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns k\u028ad bi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad."}, {"text": "The nature of this form can vary greatly from country to country and from court to court within a country.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u00e6n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "For example, the appellant might have to file the notice of appeal with the appellate court, or with the court from which the appeal is taken, or both.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt m\u02cca\u026ath\u0250v t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026az t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "In New Jersey, for example, the Administrative Office of the Court has promulgated a form of notice of appeal for use by appellants, though using this exact form is not mandatory and the failure to use it is not a jurisdictional defect provided that all pertinent information is set forth in whatever form of notice of appeal is used.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0si, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t h\u0250z p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259l\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s ba\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nts, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8i\u02d0f\u025bkt p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u026an\u0259nt \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az s\u02c8\u025bt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u026an w\u028ct\u02c8\u025bv\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "The deadline for beginning an appeal can often be very short: traditionally, it is measured in days, not months.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bdla\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n bi\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t: t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u026a\u027e \u026az m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad \u026an d\u02c8e\u026az, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s."}, {"text": "This can vary from country to country, as well as within a country, depending on the specific rules in force.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u00e6n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s."}, {"text": "In the U.S. federal court system, criminal defendants must file a notice of appeal within 10 days of the entry of either the judgment or the order being appealed, or the right to appeal is forfeited.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts m\u02c8\u028cst f\u02c8a\u026al \u0250 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an t\u02c8\u025bn d\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0ld, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279f\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Generally speaking the appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether that decision was legally sound or not.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026adz w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n w\u028cz l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259li s\u02c8a\u028and \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t."}, {"text": "The appellate court will typically be deferential to the lower court's findings of fact (such as whether a defendant committed a particular act), unless clearly erroneous, and so will focus on the court's application of the law to those facts (such as whether the act found by the court to have occurred fits a legal definition at issue).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t w\u026al t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli bi\u02d0 d\u02cc\u025bf\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014bz \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6kt s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt, \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li \u025b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259s, \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a w\u026al f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az f\u02c8\u00e6kts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt f\u02c8a\u028and ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u02c8\u026ats \u0250 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0."}, {"text": "If the appellate court does find a legal defect in the decision \"below\" (i.e., in the lower court), it may \"modify\" the ruling to correct the defect, or it may nullify (\"reverse\" or \"vacate\") the whole decision or any part of it.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u02c8\u028cz f\u02c8a\u026and \u0250 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l d\u02c8i\u02d0f\u025bkt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \"b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a\" \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u026at m\u02c8e\u026a \"m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\" \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b t\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0f\u025bkt, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026at m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8\u028cl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\"\u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"v\u02c8e\u026ake\u026at\"\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u026at."}, {"text": "It may, in addition, send the case back (\"remand\" or \"remit\") to the lower court for further proceedings to remedy the defect.", "phonemes": "\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a, \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as b\u02c8\u00e6k\"\u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026at\"t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bm\u0259di \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0f\u025bkt."}, {"text": "In some cases, an appellate court may review a lower court decision \"de novo\" (or completely), challenging even the lower court's findings of fact.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \"d\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028avo\u028a\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli, t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014bz \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "This might be the proper standard of review, for example, if the lower court resolved the case by granting a pre-trial motion to dismiss or motion for summary judgment which is usually based only upon written submissions to the trial court and not on any trial testimony.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026af \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as ba\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 d\u026asm\u02c8\u026as \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279i d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02c8o\u028anli \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u025bni t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ni."}, {"text": "Certain jurisdictions permit certain appeals to cause the trial to be heard afresh in the appellate court.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026at s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l t\u0259bi h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0250f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Sometimes, the appellate court finds a defect in the procedure the parties used in filing the appeal and dismisses the appeal without considering its merits, which has the same effect as affirming the judgment below.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz, \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8a\u026andz \u0250 d\u02c8i\u02d0f\u025bkt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00e6nd d\u026asm\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026ats m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ats, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u00e6z \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "(This would happen, for example, if the appellant waited too long, under the appellate court's rules, to file the appeal.)", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028ad h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026af \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz, t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Generally, there is no trial in an appellate court, only consideration of the record of the evidence presented to the trial court and all the pre-trial and trial court proceedings are reviewed\u2014unless the appeal is by way of re-hearing, new evidence will usually only be considered on appeal in \"very\" rare instances, for example if that material evidence was unavailable to a party for some very significant reason such as prosecutorial misconduct.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u026an \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u02c8o\u028anli k\u0259ns\u02cc\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u2014\u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026az ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u0279\u02cci\u02d0h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b, n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns w\u026al j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8o\u028anli bi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u02cc\u0254n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u026an \"v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\" \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns\u1d7bz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u026af \u00f0\u00e6t m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns w\u028cz \u028cn\u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l t\u028a \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026akju\u02d0t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l m\u026ask\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u028ckt."}, {"text": "In some systems, an appellate court will only consider the written decision of the lower court, together with any written evidence that was before that court and is relevant to the appeal.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t w\u026al \u02c8o\u028anli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u025bni \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "The appellant has the opportunity to present arguments for the granting of the appeal and the appellee (or respondent) can present arguments against it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt h\u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bli\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259nt k\u00e6n p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u026at."}, {"text": "Arguments of the parties to the appeal are presented through their appellate lawyers, if represented, or \"pro se\" if the party has not engaged legal representation.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025az, \u026af \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8i\u02d0\" \u026af \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei h\u0259zn\u0251\u02d0t \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Those arguments are presented in written briefs and sometimes in oral argument to the court at a hearing.", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u026an \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6\u027e\u0259 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "At such hearings each party is allowed a brief presentation at which the appellate judges ask questions based on their review of the record below and the submitted briefs.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014bz \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u026az \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz \u02c8\u00e6sk kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fs."}, {"text": "In an adversarial system, appellate courts do not have the power to review lower court decisions unless a party appeals it.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6dv\u025as\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u026at."}, {"text": "Therefore, if a lower court has ruled in an improper manner, or against legal precedent, that judgment will stand if not appealed \u2013 even if it might have been overturned on appeal.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, \u026af \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t h\u0250z \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ld \u026an \u0250n \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bd\u0259nt, \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt w\u026al st\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026af n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026af \u026at m\u02cca\u026ath\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u02cc\u0254n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "The United States legal system generally recognizes two types of appeals: a trial \"de novo\" or an appeal on the record.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz: \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \"d\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028avo\u028a\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad."}, {"text": "A trial de novo is usually available for review of informal proceedings conducted by some minor judicial tribunals in proceedings that do not provide all the procedural attributes of a formal judicial trial.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l d\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028avo\u028a \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l t\u0279a\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259lz \u026an p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz \u00f0\u00e6t du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0ts \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l."}, {"text": "If unchallenged, these decisions have the power to settle more minor legal disputes once and for all.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u028cnt\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d, \u00f0i\u02d0z d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l d\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0ts w\u02c8\u028cns \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "If a party is dissatisfied with the finding of such a tribunal, one generally has the power to request a trial \"de novo\" by a court of record.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u026az d\u026as\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 t\u0279a\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259l, w\u02c8\u028cn d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \"d\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028avo\u028a\" ba\u026a \u0250 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad."}, {"text": "In such a proceeding, all issues and evidence may be developed newly, as though never heard before, and one is not restricted to the evidence heard in the lower proceeding.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt n\u02c8u\u02d0li, \u00e6z \u00f0\u02cco\u028a n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Sometimes, however, the decision of the lower proceeding is itself admissible as evidence, thus helping to curb frivolous appeals.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026az \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf \u0250dm\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00e6z \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b t\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b f\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259s \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "In some cases, an application for \"trial de novo\" effectively erases the prior trial as if it had never taken place.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l d\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028avo\u028a\" \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u00e6z \u026af \u026at h\u00e6d n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n pl\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "The Supreme Court of Virginia has stated that '\"This Court has repeatedly held that the effect of an appeal to circuit court is to \"annul the judgment of the inferior tribunal as completely as if there had been no previous trial.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv v\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259 h\u0250z st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t\"\u00f0\u026as k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t h\u0250z \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bdli h\u02c8\u025bld \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u0259v\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026az tu\u02d0 \"\u0250n\u02c8\u028cl \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026anf\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a t\u0279a\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259l \u00e6z k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u00e6z \u026af \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u0250db\u026an n\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l."}, {"text": "\"'  The only exception to this is that if a defendant appeals a conviction for a crime having multiple levels of offenses, where they are convicted on a lesser offense, the appeal is of the lesser offense; the conviction represents an acquittal of the more serious offenses.", "phonemes": "\"\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u026af \u0250 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u0250 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u0279\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8a\u026am h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns, \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns; \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250n \u0250kw\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "\"[A] trial on the same charges in the circuit court does not violate double jeopardy principles, . . .", "phonemes": "\"\u0250 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259le\u026at d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025bp\u025adi p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz, . . ."}, {"text": "subject only to the limitation that conviction in [the] district court for an offense lesser included in the one charged constitutes an acquittal of the greater offense,", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u026am\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns l\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts \u0250n \u0250kw\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns,"}, {"text": "In an appeal on the record from a decision in a judicial proceeding, both appellant and respondent are bound to base their arguments wholly on the proceedings and body of evidence as they were presented in the lower tribunal.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u026an \u0250 d\u0292u\u02d0d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259nt \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts h\u02c8o\u028ali \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a t\u0279a\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259l."}, {"text": "In order for the appeal to succeed, the appellant must prove that the lower court committed reversible error, that is, an impermissible action by the court acted to cause a result that was unjust, and which would not have resulted had the court acted properly.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l t\u0259 s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d, \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt m\u02c8\u028cst p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a, \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, \u0250n \u026amp\u025am\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz \u028cnd\u0292\u02c8\u028cst, \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0250v \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ali."}, {"text": "Some examples of reversible error would be erroneously instructing the jury on the law applicable to the case, permitting seriously improper argument by an attorney, admitting or excluding evidence improperly, acting outside the court's jurisdiction, injecting bias into the proceeding or appearing to do so, juror misconduct, etc.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u025b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259sli \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0250pl\u02c8\u026ak\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as, p\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt ba\u026a \u0250n \u0250t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ni, \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ali, \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n, \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 so\u028a, d\u0292j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u025a m\u026ask\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u028ckt, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The failure to formally object at the time, to what one views as improper action in the lower court, may result in the affirmance of the lower court's judgment on the grounds that one did not \"preserve the issue for appeal\" by objecting.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, t\u0259 w\u028ct w\u02c8\u028cn vj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00e6z \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andz \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6tw\u02cc\u028cn d\u026adn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \"p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l\" ba\u026a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In cases where a judge rather than a jury decided issues of fact, an appellate court will apply an \"abuse of discretion\" standard of review.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6kt, \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t w\u026al \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6n \"\u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\" st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Under this standard, the appellate court gives deference to the lower court's view of the evidence, and reverses its decision only if it were a clear abuse of discretion.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad, \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0261\u02c8\u026avz d\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026ats d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02c8o\u028anli \u026af \u026at w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "On the other hand, the appellate court normally gives less deference to a lower court's decision on issues of law, and may reverse if it finds that the lower court applied the wrong legal standard.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li \u0261\u02c8\u026avz l\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u028a \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u026af \u026at f\u02c8a\u026andz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad."}, {"text": "In some cases, an appellant may successfully argue that the law under which the lower decision was rendered was unconstitutional or otherwise invalid, or may convince the higher court to order a new trial on the basis that evidence earlier sought was concealed or only recently discovered.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt m\u02c8e\u026a s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259li \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025ad w\u028cz \u028c\u014bk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az \u026anv\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ad, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026a k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t w\u028cz k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad."}, {"text": "In the case of new evidence, there must be a high probability that its presence or absence would have made a material difference in the trial.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259ns w\u028adh\u0250v m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l."}, {"text": "If a defendant has been convicted and can prove that his lawyer did not adequately handle his case and that there is a reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been different had the lawyer given competent representation, he is entitled to a new trial.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u0250 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u00e6nd k\u00e6n p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025a d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6d\u026akw\u0259tli h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259l h\u026az k\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259b\u0259l p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l w\u028adh\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u026at\u0259nt \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, hi\u02d0 \u026az \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld t\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l."}, {"text": "A lawyer traditionally starts an oral argument to any appellate court with the words \"May it please the court.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025a t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u0250n \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt t\u028a \u02cc\u025bni \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \"m\u02c8e\u026a \u026at pl\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "After an appeal is heard, the \"mandate\" is a formal notice of a decision by a court of appeal; this notice is transmitted to the trial court and, when filed by the clerk of the trial court, constitutes the final judgment on the case, unless the appeal court has directed further proceedings in the trial court.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026az h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, \u00f0\u0259 \"m\u02c8\u00e6nde\u026at\" \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as \u0259v\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n ba\u026a \u0250 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l; \u00f0\u026as n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as \u026az t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd, w\u02cc\u025bn f\u02c8a\u026ald ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as, \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t h\u0250z d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "The mandate is distinguished from the appeal court's opinion, which sets out the legal reasoning for its decision.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nde\u026at \u026az d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bts \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Reversed: Where the reviewing court basically disagrees with the result of the lower courts' ruling(s), and overturns their decision.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st: w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t b\u02c8e\u026as\u026akli d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bs, \u00e6nd \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Vacated: Where the reviewing court overturns the lower courts' ruling(s) as invalid, without necessarily disagreeing with it/them, e.g. because the case was decided on the basis of a legal principle that no longer applies.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8e\u026ake\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd: w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bs \u00e6z \u026anv\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ad, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at n\u02cc\u025bs\u026as\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u026at sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as w\u028cz d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "There can be multiple outcomes, so that the reviewing court can affirm some rulings, reverse others and remand the case all at the same time.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l \u02c8a\u028atk\u028cmz, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u00e6n \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m s\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014bz, \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "\"Generally speaking, an appellate court's judgment provides 'the final directive of the appeals courts as to the matter appealed, setting out with specificity the court's determination that the action appealed from should be affirmed, reversed, remanded or modified'\".", "phonemes": "\"d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b, \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0ld, s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u02cc\u025bs\u026af\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u026at\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0ld f\u0279\u028cm \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md, \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad\"."}, {"text": "Some reviewing courts who have discretionary review may send a case back without comment other than review improvidently granted.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250 k\u02c8e\u026as b\u02c8\u00e6k w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnt \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ad\u0259ntli \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The result for the case of review improvidently granted is effectively the same as affirmed, but without that extra higher court stamp of approval.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ad\u0259ntli \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u026az \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6z \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t st\u02c8\u00e6mp \u028cv \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l."}, {"text": "In law, an answer was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to someone or something, and thus generally any counter-statement or defense, a reply to a question or response, or objection, or a correct solution of a problem.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li \u0250 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259m \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u02cc\u025bni k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ast\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns, \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8a\u026a t\u028a \u0250 kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m."}, {"text": "In the common law, an answer is the first pleading by a defendant, usually filed and served upon the plaintiff within a certain strict time limit after a civil complaint or criminal information or indictment has been served upon the defendant.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st pl\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b ba\u026a \u0250 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li f\u02c8a\u026ald \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026ant\u026af w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 st\u0279\u02c8\u026akt t\u02c8a\u026am l\u02c8\u026am\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 s\u02c8\u026av\u0259l k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026ant \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026and\u02c8a\u026atm\u0259nt h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt."}, {"text": "It may have been preceded by an optional \"pre-answer\" motion to dismiss or demurrer; if such a motion is unsuccessful, the defendant must file an answer to the complaint or risk an adverse default judgment.", "phonemes": "\u026at m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an p\u0279\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \"p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a\" m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 d\u026asm\u02c8\u026as \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u025a; \u026af s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u028cns\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt m\u02c8\u028cst f\u02c8a\u026al \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026ant \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026ask \u0250n \u00e6dv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254lt d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In a criminal case, there is usually an arraignment or some other kind of appearance before the defendant comes to court.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250n \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt k\u02c8\u028cmz t\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "The pleading in the criminal case, which is entered on the record in open court, is usually either guilty or not guilty.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad \u026an \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u026alti \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0261\u02c8\u026alti."}, {"text": "There is only a judgment that grants money damages or some other kind of equitable remedy such as restitution or a permanent injunction.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts m\u02c8\u028cni d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv \u02c8\u025bkw\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bm\u0259di s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0279\u1d7bst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The famous Latin Responsa Prudentium (\"answers of the learned ones\") were the accumulated views of many successive generations of Roman lawyers, a body of legal opinion which gradually became authoritative.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259 p\u0279u\u02d0d\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259m\"\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u1d7bd w\u02cc\u028cnz\"w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0mj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd vj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u026av d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025az, \u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u028cv l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u0279\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av."}, {"text": "During debates of a contentious nature, deflection, colloquially known as 'changing the topic', has been widely observed, and is often seen as a failure to answer a question.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bb\u02c8e\u026ats \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259s n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a, d\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028akw\u026a\u0259li n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak, h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n w\u02c8a\u026adli \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd, \u00e6nd \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a\u0279 \u0250 kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "An appellate court, commonly called a court of appeal(s), appeal court, court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bs, \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u026az \u02cc\u025bni k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u025bmp\u02c8a\u028a\u025ad t\u0259 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0259v\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a t\u0279a\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259l."}, {"text": "In much of the world, court systems are divided into at least three levels: the trial court, which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case; at least one intermediate appellate court; and a supreme court (or court of last resort) which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts, often on a discretionary basis.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz: \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li h\u02c8\u026a\u0279z k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ni t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as; \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t; \u00e6nd \u0250 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6st \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as."}, {"text": "Under its standard of review, an appellate court decides the extent of the deference it would give to the lower court's decision, based on whether the appeal were one of fact or of law.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u026ats st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026adz \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns \u026at w\u028ad \u0261\u02c8\u026av t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0."}, {"text": "In reviewing an issue of fact, an appellate court ordinarily gives deference to the trial court's findings.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6kt, \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u0261\u02c8\u026avz d\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "It is the duty of trial judges or juries to find facts, view the evidence firsthand, and observe witness testimony.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279iz t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and f\u02c8\u00e6kts, vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0sth\u00e6nd, \u00e6nd \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259ni."}, {"text": "The appellate court reviews issues of law  (anew, no deference) and may reverse or modify the lower court's decision if the appellate court believes the lower court misapplied the facts or the law.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0250n\u02c8u\u02d0, n\u02c8o\u028a d\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u026af \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t m\u026as\u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0."}, {"text": "An appellate court may also review the lower judge's discretionary decisions, such as whether the judge properly granted a new trial or disallowed evidence.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ali \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The authority of appellate courts to review the decisions of lower courts varies widely from one jurisdiction to another.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts v\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz w\u02c8a\u026adli f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "Generally, an appellate court's judgment provides the final directive of the appeals courts as to the matter appealed, setting out with specificity the court's determination that the action appealed from should be affirmed, reversed, remanded or modified.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li, \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292m\u0259nt p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0ld, s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u02cc\u025bs\u026af\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u026at\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0ld f\u0279\u028cm \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md, \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad."}, {"text": "Depending on the type of case and the decision below, appellate review primarily consists of: an entirely new hearing (a non trial de novo); a hearing where the appellate court gives deference to factual findings of the lower court; or review of particular legal rulings made by the lower court (an appeal on the record).", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv k\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a, \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv: \u0250n \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali n\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l d\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028avo\u028a; \u0250 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0261\u02c8\u026avz d\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t; \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014bz m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad."}, {"text": "While many appellate courts have jurisdiction over all cases decided by lower courts, some systems have appellate courts divided by the type of jurisdiction they exercise.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al m\u02c8\u025bni \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts h\u00e6v d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz h\u00e6v \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u025bks\u025as\u02cca\u026az."}, {"text": "Some jurisdictions have specialized appellate courts, such as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, which only hears appeals raised in criminal cases, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has general jurisdiction but derives most of its caseload from patent cases, on one hand, and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims on the other.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz h\u00e6v sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8o\u028anli h\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u026ats k\u02c8e\u026aslo\u028ad f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "In the United States, Alabama, Tennessee, and Oklahoma also have separate courts of criminal appeals.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u02cco\u028akl\u0250h\u02c8o\u028am\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "Texas and Oklahoma have the final determination of criminal cases vested in their respective courts of criminal appeals, while Alabama and Tennessee allow decisions of its court of criminal appeals to be finally appealed to the state supreme court.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s \u00e6nd \u02cco\u028akl\u0250h\u02c8o\u028am\u0259 h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l d\u026at\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz v\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz, w\u02cca\u026al \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259 \u00e6nd t\u02cc\u025bn\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv \u026ats k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz t\u0259bi f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0ld t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Further, it has an constitutionally entrenched general power of appeal from the Supreme Courts of the States and Territories.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, \u026at h\u0250z \u00e6n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u025bnt\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283t d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Appeals to the High Court are by special leave only, which is generally only granted in cases of public importance, matters involving the interpretation of the Commonwealth Constitution, or where the law has been inconsistently applied across the States and Territories.[19]", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u02c8o\u028anli, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u02c8o\u028anli \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u026an k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns, m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025az \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nw\u02cc\u025bl\u03b8 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u026a\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ntli \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz.n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n"}, {"text": "Therefore, in the vast majority of cases, the appellate divisions of the Supreme Courts of each State and Territory and the Federal Court are the final courts of appeal.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6st m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "The Court of Appeal of New Zealand, located in Wellington, is New Zealand's principal intermediate appellate court.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 z\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259nd, lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, \u026az n\u02c8u\u02d0 z\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259ndz p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "In practice, most appeals are resolved at this intermediate appellate level, rather than in the Supreme Court.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u00e6t \u00f0\u026as \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "The Court of Appeals of the Philippines is the principal intermediate appellate court of that country.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0nz \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i."}, {"text": "The Court of Appeals is primarily found in Manila, with three divisions each in Cebu City and Cagayan de Oro.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u026az p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an m\u0250n\u02c8\u026al\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an s\u02c8\u025bbu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0261e\u026a\u0259n d\u0259 \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "Other appellate courts include the Sandiganbayan for cases involving graft and corruption, and the Court of Tax Appeals for cases involving tax.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u0261\u02cc\u00e6nbe\u026a\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft \u00e6nd k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u00e6ks."}, {"text": "The Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka, located in Colombo, is the second senior court in the Sri Lankan legal system.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u028cv s\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259, lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an k\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mbo\u028a, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8i\u02d0nj\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259n l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "In the United States, both state and federal appellate courts are usually restricted to examining whether the lower court made the correct legal determinations, rather than hearing direct evidence and determining what the facts of the case were.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 st\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l d\u026at\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u00e6nd d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as w\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "Furthermore, U.S. appellate courts are usually restricted to hearing appeals based on matters that were originally brought up before the trial court.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u02cc\u028cp b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Hence, such an appellate court will not consider an appellant's argument if it is based on a theory that is raised for the first time in the appeal.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bns, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t w\u026al n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nts \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u026af \u026a\u027e \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "In most U.S. states, and in U.S. federal courts, parties before the court are allowed one appeal as of right.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00e6z \u028cv \u0279\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "This means that a party who is unsatisfied with the outcome of a trial may bring an appeal to contest that outcome.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az \u028cns\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atk\u028cm \u0259v\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026a b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8a\u028atk\u028cm."}, {"text": "However, appeals may be costly, and the appellate court must find an error on the part of the court below that justifies upsetting the verdict.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254stli, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t m\u02c8\u028cst f\u02c8a\u026and \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az \u028cps\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u026akt."}, {"text": "Some appellate courts, particularly supreme courts, have the power of discretionary review, meaning that they can decide whether they will hear an appeal brought in a particular case.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0e\u026a w\u026al h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026an \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a k\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Both terms are used in the United States, but the plural form is more common in American English, while in contrast, British English uses only the singular form.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283, w\u02cca\u026al \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "The correct form is whichever is the statutorily prescribed or customary form for a particular court and particular jurisdiction; in other words, one should never write \"court of appeal\" when the court at issue clearly prefers to be called a \"court of appeals\", and vice versa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u026az w\u026at\u0283\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279\u0259li p\u0279\u026ask\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259m\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n; \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, w\u02c8\u028cn \u0283\u02cc\u028ad n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \"k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l\" w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259bi k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8e\u026a \"k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz\", \u00e6nd v\u02c8a\u026as v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259."}, {"text": "Historically, certain jurisdictions have titled their appellate court a court of errors (or court of errors and appeals), on the premise that it was intended to correct errors made by lower courts.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz h\u00e6v t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0250 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bm\u026as \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Examples of such courts include the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals (which existed from 1844 to 1947), the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors (which has been renamed the Connecticut Supreme Court), the Kentucky Court of Errors (renamed the Kentucky Supreme Court), and the Mississippi High Court of Errors and Appeals (since renamed the Supreme Court of Mississippi).", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0si k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259t su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259t su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00f0\u0259 k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u0259 k\u025bnt\u02c8\u028cki su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api h\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz s\u02c8\u026ans \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv m\u02cc\u026as\u026as\u02c8\u026api."}, {"text": "The Supreme Court of Maryland was known as the Court of Appeals, and the Appellate Court of Maryland was known as the Court of Special Appeals, until a 2022 constitutional amendment changed their names.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al\u02cc\u00e6nd w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026al\u02cc\u00e6nd w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz, \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nt t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026amz."}, {"text": "Depending on the system, certain courts may serve as both trial courts and appellate courts, hearing appeals of decisions made by courts with more limited jurisdiction.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts m\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6z b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u028cv d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Arraignment is a formal reading of a criminal charging document in the presence of the defendant, to inform them of the charges against them.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0259v\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt, t\u028a \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u1d7bz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "In response to arraignment, in some jurisdictions, the accused is expected to enter a plea; in other jurisdictions, no plea is required.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u028a \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt, \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u026a \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026az \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u0250 pl\u02c8i\u02d0; \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, n\u02c8o\u028a pl\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad."}, {"text": "Acceptable pleas vary among jurisdictions, but they generally include guilty, not guilty, and the peremptory pleas, or pleas in bar, setting out reasons why a trial cannot proceed.", "phonemes": "\u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259b\u0259l pl\u02c8i\u02d0z v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0261\u02c8\u026alti, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0261\u02c8\u026alti, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bmpt\u025a\u0279i pl\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8i\u02d0z \u026an b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz w\u02cca\u026a \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "In Australia, arraignment is the first of 11 stages in a criminal trial, and involves the clerk of the court reading out the indictment.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259, \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cv \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8a\u026atm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In British Columbia, arraignment takes place in one of the first few court appearances by the defendant or their lawyer.", "phonemes": "\u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259, \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt t\u02c8e\u026aks pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st fj\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "In France, the general rule is that one cannot remain in police custody for more than 24 hours from the time of the arrest.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6tw\u02cc\u028cn k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u026an p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259di f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "However, police custody can last another 24 hours in specific circumstances, especially if the offence is punishable by at least one year's imprisonment, or if the investigation is deemed to require the extra time, and can last up to 96 hours in certain cases involving terrorism, drug trafficking or organised crime.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259di k\u00e6n l\u02c8\u00e6st \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u026an sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259mst\u02cc\u00e6ns\u1d7bz, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026af \u00f0\u026a \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns \u026az p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283\u0259b\u0259l ba\u026a \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259nm\u0259nt, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026af \u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02cc\u025bst\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az d\u02c8i\u02d0md t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00e6nd k\u00e6n l\u02c8\u00e6st \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u02cca\u026azd k\u0279\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "In Germany, if one has been arrested and taken into custody by the police, one must be brought before a judge as soon as possible and at the latest on the day after the arrest.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni, \u026af w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259di ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s, w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 \u00e6z s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "In New Zealand law, at the first appearance of the accused, they are read the charges and asked for a plea.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 z\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259nd l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6skt f\u025a\u0279\u0259 pl\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The response of \"no plea\" allows the defendant to get legal advice on the plea, which must be made on the second appearance.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns \u028cv \"n\u02c8o\u028a pl\u02c8i\u02d0\" \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026as \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns."}, {"text": "In South Africa, arraignment is defined as the calling upon the accused to appear, the informing of the accused of the crime charged against them, the demanding of the accused whether they plead guilty or not guilty, and the entering of their plea.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt \u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00f0\u026a \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8a\u026am t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0e\u026a pl\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0261\u02c8\u026alti \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0261\u02c8\u026alti, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 pl\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, arraignment is the first of 11 stages in a criminal trial, and involves the clerk of the court reading out the indictment.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd, w\u02c8e\u026alz, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u02c8a\u026a\u025al\u0259nd, \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cv \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8a\u026atm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In England and Wales, the police cannot legally detain anyone for more than 24 hours without charging them unless an officer with the rank of superintendent (or above) authorises detention for a further 12 hours (i.e. 36 hours total), or a judge (who will be a magistrate) authorises detention by the police before charge for up to a maximum of 96 hours; for terrorism-related offences a person can be held by the police for up to 28 days before charge.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd \u00e6nd w\u02c8e\u026alz, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259li d\u026at\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u025bn\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u028cv s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz d\u026at\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a tw\u02c8\u025blv \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8a\u028a\u025az t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u026al bi\u02d0 \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz d\u026at\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u0259m \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8a\u028a\u025az; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026az\u0259m\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bz \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bld ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8e\u026az b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292."}, {"text": "If they are not released after being charged, they should be brought before a court as soon as practicable.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d, \u00f0e\u026a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6z s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "In Scotland, the police cannot detain anyone for more than 12 hours without charging them unless an officer of the rank of superintendent (or above) authorises detention for a further 12 hours (i.e. up to 24 hours in total); for terrorism-related offences a person can be held by the police for up to 14 days before charge.", "phonemes": "\u026an sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tl\u0259nd, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t d\u026at\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u025bn\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n tw\u02c8\u025blv \u02c8a\u028a\u025az w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u028cv s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz d\u026at\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a tw\u02c8\u025blv \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u026an t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026az\u0259m\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bz \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bld ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8i\u02d0s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n d\u02c8e\u026az b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292."}, {"text": "If they are not released after being charged, they should be brought before a court as soon as practicable.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d, \u00f0e\u026a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6z s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution grants criminal defendants the right to be notified of the charges against them.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025bndm\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259bi n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u1d7bz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "Under the United States' Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, arraignment shall consist of an open reading of the indictment (and delivery of a copy) to the defendant and a call for them to plead.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025a, \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt \u0283\u02cc\u00e6l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8a\u026atm\u0259nt \u00e6nd d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pi t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0250 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 pl\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "The first is called the \"initial arraignment\" and must take place within 48 hours of an individual's arrest, within 72 hours if the individual was arrested on the weekend and not able to go before a judge until Monday.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 \"\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt\" \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028cst t\u02c8e\u026ak pl\u02c8e\u026as w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u0259v\u0259n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u026af \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025bnd \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al m\u02c8\u028cnde\u026a."}, {"text": "During this stage, the defendant is informed of the pending legal charges and is informed of his or her right to retain counsel.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u026az \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u026az \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u028cv h\u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l."}, {"text": "In New York, a person arrested without a warrant and kept in custody must be brought before a local criminal court for arraignment \"without unnecessary delay\".", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k, \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0250 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bpt \u026an k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259di m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt \"w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u028cnn\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\"."}, {"text": "In California, arraignments must be conducted without unnecessary delay and, in any event, within 48 hours of arrest, excluding weekends and holidays.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nts m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u028cnn\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd, \u026an \u02cc\u025bni \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u028cv \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst, \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025bndz \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u02cce\u026az."}, {"text": "The charge against the accused person is read, including the alleged date, time, and place of offense (and sometimes the names of the state's witnesses and the range of punishment for the charge(s)); and,", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u026a \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bd, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292d d\u02c8e\u026at, t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atz w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u025bs; \u00e6nd,"}, {"text": "Video arraignment is the act of conducting the arraignment process using some form of videoconferencing technology.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Use of video arraignment system allows the court to conduct the requisite arraignment process without the need to transport the defendant to the courtroom by using an audio-visual link between the location where the defendant is being held and the courtroom.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bkw\u026as\u02cc\u026at \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279u\u02d0m ba\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028av\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u026az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025bld \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0279u\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Use of the video arraignment process addresses the problems associated with having to transport defendants.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts."}, {"text": "The transportation of defendants requires time, puts additional demands on the public safety organizations to provide for the safety of the public, court personnel and for the security of the population held in detention.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az t\u02c8a\u026am, p\u02cc\u028ats \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02c8e\u026afti \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026afti \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak, k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u025bld \u026an d\u026at\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "During the hearing, the judge assesses the offense, the mitigating factors, and the defendant's character, and passes sentence.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 \u0250s\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u0259f\u02c8\u025bns, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns."}, {"text": "In the past, a defendant who refused to plead (or \"stood mute\") was subject to peine forte et dure (Law French for \"strong and hard punishment\").", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st, \u0250 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 pl\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"st\u02c8\u028ad mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\"w\u028cz s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ee\u026a \u02c8\u025bt d\u02c8\u028a\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d p\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt\"."}, {"text": "Today, in common law jurisdictions, the court enters a plea of not guilty for a defendant who refuses to enter a plea.", "phonemes": "t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a, \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u025bnt\u025az \u0250 pl\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0261\u02c8\u026alti f\u025a\u0279\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u0250 pl\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "This is also often the stage at which arguments for or against pre-trial release and bail may be made, depending on the alleged crime and jurisdiction.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6t w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026al m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026ad, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292d k\u0279\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Its lyrics were written by Katharine Lee Bates and its music was composed by church organist and choirmaster Samuel A. Ward at Grace Episcopal Church in Newark, New Jersey.", "phonemes": "\u026ats l\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026aks w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd \u026ats mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak w\u028cz k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u00e6st\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6mju\u02d0l \u02c8e\u026a. w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00e6t \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u1d7bp\u02c8\u026ask\u0251\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ak, n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0si."}, {"text": "It was first published in the Fourth of July 1895 edition of the church periodical, The Congregationalist.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u028cv d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "Ward had initially composed the song's melody in 1882 to accompany lyrics to \"Materna\", basis of the hymn, \"O Mother dear, Jerusalem\", though the hymn was not first published until 1892.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d h\u00e6d \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz m\u02c8\u025bl\u0259di \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni l\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026aks tu\u02d0 \"m\u0259t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259\", b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026am, \"\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u026a\u0279, d\u0292\u025a\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0259l\u0259m\", \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026am w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The combination of Ward's melody and Bates's poem was first entitled \"America the Beautiful\" in 1910.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz m\u02c8\u025bl\u0259di \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026ats\u1d7bz p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld \"\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l\" \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "In 1893, at the age of 33, Bates, an English professor at Wellesley College, had taken a train trip to Colorado Springs, Colorado, to teach at Colorado College.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, b\u02c8e\u026ats, \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t w\u02c8\u025bl\u025bsli k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292, h\u00e6d t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u026ap t\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a, t\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6t k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Several of the sights on her trip inspired her, and they found their way into her poem, including the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, the \"White City\" with its promise of the future contained within its gleaming white buildings; the wheat fields of North America's heartland Kansas, through which her train was riding on July 16; and the majestic view of the Great Plains from high atop Pikes Peak.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ats \u02cc\u0254n h\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8\u026ap \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad h\u025c\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u028a h\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259n \u025bksp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 \"w\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei\" w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u026ats \u0261l\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026a\u014b w\u02c8a\u026at b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz; \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0t f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259z h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tl\u0259nd k\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0259s, \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n; \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026ak vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at pl\u02c8e\u026anz f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8a\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p p\u02c8a\u026aks p\u02c8i\u02d0k."}, {"text": "On the pinnacle of that mountain, the words of the poem started to come to her, and she wrote them down upon returning to her hotel room at the original Antlers Hotel.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026an\u0259k\u0259l \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cm t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u0283i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm d\u02cca\u028an \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0 ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ntl\u025az ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "The poem was initially published two years later in The Congregationalist to commemorate the Fourth of July.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm w\u028cz \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast t\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u028cv d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "The first known melody written for the song was sent in by Silas Pratt when the poem was published in The Congregationalist.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8o\u028an m\u02c8\u025bl\u0259di \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an ba\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259z p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6t w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm w\u028cz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "A hymn tune composed in 1882 by Samuel A. Ward, the organist and choir director at Grace Church, Newark, was generally considered the best music as early as 1910 and is still the popular tune today.", "phonemes": "\u0250 h\u02c8\u026am t\u02c8u\u02d0n k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 ba\u026a s\u02c8\u00e6mju\u02d0l \u02c8e\u026a. w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026as t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, n\u02c8u\u02d0\u025ak, w\u028cz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak \u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6z n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The tune came to him while he was on a ferryboat trip from Coney Island back to his home in New York City after a leisurely summer day and he immediately wrote it down.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0n k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am w\u02cca\u026al hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ab\u02cco\u028at t\u0279\u02c8\u026ap f\u0279\u028cm k\u0259n\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 h\u026az h\u02c8o\u028am \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u025ali s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a d\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u026at d\u02c8a\u028an."}, {"text": "Ward's music combined with Bates's poem were first published together in 1910 and titled \"America the Beautiful\".", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8e\u026ats\u1d7bz p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld \"\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "Bates was more fortunate, since the song's popularity was well established by the time of her death in 1929.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8e\u026ats w\u028cz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u0259n\u0259t, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei w\u028cz w\u02c8\u025bl \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "At various times in the more than one hundred years that have elapsed since the song was written, particularly during the John F. Kennedy administration, there have been efforts to give \"America the Beautiful\" legal status either as a national hymn or as a national anthem equal to, or in place of, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", but so far this has not succeeded.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s t\u02c8a\u026amz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6pst s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bf. k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u0250vb\u026an \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \"\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l\" l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l h\u02c8\u026am \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259m \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l tu\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an pl\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv, \"\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279sp\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259ld b\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a\", b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8o\u028a f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as h\u0259zn\u0251\u02d0t s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Proponents prefer \"America the Beautiful\" for various reasons, saying it is easier to sing, more melodic, and more adaptable to new orchestrations while still remaining as easily recognizable as \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 \"\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l\" f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz, s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0zi\u025a t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u025bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cca\u026al st\u02c8\u026al \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u02c8i\u02d0zili \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6z \"\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279sp\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259ld b\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a\"."}, {"text": "Some prefer \"America the Beautiful\" over \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" due to the latter's war-oriented imagery, while others object to the implicit support of slavery and racism in its third verse;  others prefer \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" because of its war themes.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 \"\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l\" \u02c8o\u028av\u025a \"\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279sp\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259ld b\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a\" d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025az w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u0279i, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026ampl\u02c8\u026as\u026at s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u026az\u0259m \u026an \u026ats \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s;  \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 \"\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279sp\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259ld b\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a\" b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u026ats w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz."}, {"text": "While that national dichotomy has stymied any effort at changing the tradition of the national anthem, \"America the Beautiful\" continues to be held in high esteem by a large number of Americans, and was even being considered before 1931 as a candidate to become the national anthem of the United States.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l da\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259mi h\u0250z st\u02c8a\u026amid \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u025bf\u025at \u00e6t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259m, \"\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l\" k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0z t\u0259bi h\u02c8\u025bld \u026an h\u02c8a\u026a \u025bst\u02c8i\u02d0m ba\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz, \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Frank Sinatra recorded the song with Nelson Riddle during the sessions for The Concert Sinatra in February 1963, for a projected 45 single release.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk s\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0279\u025a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u025bls\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025at s\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0279\u0259 \u026an f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s."}, {"text": "The 45 was not commercially issued however, but the song was later added as a bonus track to the enhanced 2012 CD release of The Concert Sinatra.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 b\u02c8o\u028an\u0259s t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6nst t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv s\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025at s\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "In 1976, while the United States celebrated its bicentennial, a soulful version popularized by Ray Charles peaked at number 98 on the US R&B chart.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026ats ba\u026as\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259l, \u0250 s\u02c8o\u028alf\u0259l v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8e\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz p\u02c8i\u02d0kt \u00e6t n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Aretha Franklin performed a rendition before an undisputed audience of 93,173 to open WrestleMania III, a performance meta-critic RJ City called \"a lovely version\".", "phonemes": "\u00e6\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkl\u026an p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0250 \u0279\u025bnd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u028cnd\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026ani\u025a \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250 p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u0250 l\u02c8\u028cvli v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "An all-star version of \"America the Beautiful\" performed by country singers Trace Adkins, Sherri\u00e9 Austin, Billy Dean, Vince Gill, Carolyn Dawn Johnson, Toby Keith, Brenda Lee, Lonestar, Lyle Lovett, Lila McCann, Lorrie Morgan, Jamie O'Neal, The Oak Ridge Boys, Collin Raye, Kenny Rogers, Keith Urban and Phil Vassar reached number 58 in July 2001.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lst\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \"\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l\" p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025az t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8\u00e6dk\u026anz, \u0283\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u026an, b\u02c8\u026ali d\u02c8i\u02d0n, v\u02c8\u026ans \u0261\u02c8\u026al, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026an d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n, t\u02c8o\u028abi k\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8, b\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0, l\u02c8o\u028anst\u0251\u02d0\u0279, l\u02c8a\u026al l\u02c8\u028cv\u026at, l\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259 m\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6n, l\u02c8\u0254\u0279i m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8e\u026ami o\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0l, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ak \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292 b\u02c8\u0254\u026az, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bn \u0279\u02c8e\u026a, k\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025az, k\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026al v\u02c8\u00e6s\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at \u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Whitney Houston also recorded the song, covering Ray Charles' soulful rearranged version as the b-side to her 1991 rendition of \"The Star Spangled Banner\".", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u026atni hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b, k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8e\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz s\u02c8o\u028alf\u0259l \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 h\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u025bnd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \"\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259ld b\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a\"."}, {"text": "The US singer/songwriter Martin Sexton recorded a gospel-tinged version on his LP 'Black Sheep', released in 1996.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u026an s\u02c8\u025bkst\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u0259lt\u02c8\u026and\u0292d v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az \u02cc\u025blp\u02c8i\u02d0 bl\u02c8\u00e6k \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Popularity of the song increased greatly in the decades following 9/11; at some sporting events it was sung in addition to the traditional singing of the national anthem.", "phonemes": "p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026an sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n; \u00e6t s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u026at w\u028cz s\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259m."}, {"text": "During the first taping of the Late Show with David Letterman following the attacks, CBS newsman Dan Rather cried briefly as he quoted the fourth verse.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8e\u026ap\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at \u0283\u02c8o\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025am\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks, s\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs n\u02c8u\u02d0zm\u00e6n d\u02c8\u00e6n \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a k\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fli \u00e6z hi\u02d0 kw\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s."}, {"text": "For Super Bowl XLVIII, The Coca-Cola Company aired a multilingual version of the song, sung in several different languages.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a b\u02c8o\u028al \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259k\u02c8o\u028al\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u0250 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u0259l v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b, s\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The commercial received some criticism on social media sites, such as Twitter and Facebook, and from some conservatives, such as Glenn Beck.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd s\u02cc\u028cm k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ats, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z tw\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026asb\u028ak, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm s\u02cc\u028cm k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0261l\u02c8\u025bn b\u02c8\u025bk."}, {"text": "Despite the controversies, Coca-Cola later reused the Super Bowl ad during Super Bowl LI, the opening ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics and for patriotic holidays.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02cc\u025c\u02d0siz, k\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259k\u02c8o\u028al\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279i\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a b\u02c8o\u028al \u02c8\u00e6d d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a b\u02c8o\u028al \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8a\u026a, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bm\u0259niz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a\u0279 \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026aks \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279 \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026aks \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cce\u026at\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u02cce\u026az."}, {"text": "In 2016, American five-piece girl group Fifth Harmony performed a rendition to honor the United States women's national soccer team on defeating Japan 5\u20132 in the Final to win the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup last July at BC Place in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada before an undisputed AT&T Stadium audience of 101,763 to open WrestleMania 32 in Dallas, Texas.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8a\u026avp\u02c8i\u02d0s \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ni p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0250 \u0279\u025bnd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u02c8\u026am\u026anz n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u025a t\u02c8i\u02d0m \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n f\u02c8i\u02d0f\u0259 w\u02c8\u026am\u026anz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld k\u02c8\u028cp l\u02c8\u00e6st d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6t b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an v\u00e6\u014bk\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a, b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259, k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u028cnd\u026aspj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0\u0259nt\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0di\u0259ns \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an d\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s, t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s."}, {"text": "In 2017, Jackie Evancho released Together We Stand, a disc containing three patriotic songs including \"America the Beautiful\".", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6ki \u026av\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283o\u028a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a wi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u0250 d\u02c8\u026ask k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02cce\u026at\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \"\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "An abbreviated cover with the 1911 lyrics was performed by Greg Jong for the soundtrack of the 2020 video game Wasteland 3, and is played during the final hostile encounters in the Denver section.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026aks w\u028cz p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028andt\u0279\u00e6k \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u0261\u02c8e\u026am w\u02c8e\u026astl\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u026az pl\u02c8e\u026ad d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0259l \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bnv\u025a s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 2021, Jennifer Lopez performed the song at the inauguration of Joe Biden, as the second half of a medley with \"This Land Is Your Land\" by Woody Guthrie.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u025a l\u02c8o\u028ap\u025bz p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd h\u02c8\u00e6f \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bdli w\u026a\u00f0 \"\u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026az j\u028a\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\" ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028adi \u0261\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u0279i."}, {"text": "In her rendition, Salvant notably skipped ahead to the lyrics of the second half of the second verse while singing the first verse (replacing \"God shed His grace on thee...\" with \"God mend thine every flaw...\"", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u025bnd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u00e6lv\u0259nt n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli sk\u02c8\u026apt \u0250h\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026aks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s w\u02cca\u026al s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \"\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u0283\u02c8\u025bd h\u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0...\" w\u026a\u00f0 \"\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d m\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0a\u026an \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0...\""}, {"text": "Jazz Critic Nate Chinen wrote the following day of the performance: \"What does it mean for a singer such as Salvant to inhabit a platform like the US Open, and implore God to mend America\u2019s every flaw?", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6z k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak n\u02c8e\u026at t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259n \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns: \"w\u02cc\u028ct d\u02c8\u028cz \u026at m\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u00e6lv\u0259nt t\u028a \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at \u0250 pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026ampl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259z \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0?"}, {"text": "What does it mean, in the Year of Our Lord 2023, for a singer like Salvant to urge the nation to confirm thy soul in self-control, and find liberty in law?", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u028ct d\u02c8\u028cz \u026at m\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u025a l\u02c8a\u026ak s\u02c8\u00e6lv\u0259nt t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u00f0\u02cca\u026a s\u02c8o\u028al \u026an s\u02c8\u025blfk\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026and l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u027ei \u026an l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0?"}, {"text": "\"From sea to shining sea\", originally used in the charters of some of the English Colonies in North America, is an American idiom meaning \"from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean\" (or vice versa).", "phonemes": "\"f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0\", \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259niz \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u026az \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026ad\u026a\u0259m m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8a\u026as v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259."}, {"text": "Other songs that have used this phrase include the American patriotic song \"God Bless the U.S.A.\" and Schoolhouse Rock's \"Elbow Room\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u026as f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n p\u02cce\u026at\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \"\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d bl\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs.\u02c8e\u026a.\" \u00e6nd sk\u02c8u\u02d0lha\u028as \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \"\u02c8\u025blbo\u028a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\"."}, {"text": "The phrase and the song are also the namesake of the Shining Sea Bikeway, a bike path in Bates's hometown of Falmouth, Massachusetts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amse\u026ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8a\u026akwe\u026a, \u0250 b\u02c8a\u026ak p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 \u026an b\u02c8e\u026ats\u1d7bz h\u02c8o\u028amta\u028an \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6lm\u0259\u03b8, m\u02cc\u00e6s\u0250t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ats."}, {"text": "The phrase is similar to the Latin phrase \"\" (\"From sea to sea\"), which is the official motto of Canada.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u026az s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \"\"\"f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259."}, {"text": "\"Purple mountain majesties\" refers to the shade of Pikes Peak in Colorado Springs, Colorado, which inspired Bates to write the poem.", "phonemes": "\"p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259l m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u1d7bstiz\" \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8e\u026ad \u028cv p\u02c8a\u026aks p\u02c8i\u02d0k \u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad b\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm."}, {"text": "In 2003, Tori Amos appropriated the phrase \"for amber waves of grain\" to create a personification for her song \"Amber Waves\".", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i \u02c8e\u026am\u0251\u02d0s \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \"f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6mb\u025a w\u02c8e\u026avz \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\" t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 p\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \"\u02c8\u00e6mb\u025a w\u02c8e\u026avz\"."}, {"text": "Amos imagines Amber Waves as an exotic dancer, like the character of the same name portrayed by Julianne Moore in Boogie Nights.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026am\u0251\u02d0s \u026am\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026anz \u02c8\u00e6mb\u025a w\u02c8e\u026avz \u00e6z \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak d\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am n\u02c8e\u026am po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0li\u0259n m\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u026an b\u02c8\u028a\u0261i n\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "Lynn Sherr's 2001 book America the Beautiful: The Stirring True Story Behind Our Nations's Favorite Song discusses the origins of the song and the backgrounds of its authors in depth.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026an \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8\u028ak \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l: \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u02cca\u028a\u025a n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz\u1d7bz f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt s\u02c8\u0254\u014b d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cs\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028andz \u028cv \u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az \u026an d\u02c8\u025bp\u03b8."}, {"text": "The book points out that the poem has the same meter as that of \"Auld Lang Syne\"; the songs can be sung interchangeably.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \u028cv \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b s\u02c8a\u026an\"; \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u025at\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u0259bli."}, {"text": "Additionally, Sherr discusses the evolution of the lyrics, for instance, changes to the original third verse written by Bates.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cs\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026aks, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a b\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Melinda M. Ponder, in her 2017 biography Katharine Lee Bates: From Sea to Shining Sea, draws heavily on Bates's diaries and letters to trace the history of the poem and its place in American culture.", "phonemes": "m\u0259l\u02c8\u026and\u0259 \u02c8\u025bm. p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u025a, \u026an h\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8e\u026ats: f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z h\u02c8\u025bvili \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8e\u026ats\u1d7bz d\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279iz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm \u00e6nd \u026ats pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Assistive technology (AT) is a term for assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices for people with disabilities and the elderly.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6t \u026az \u0250 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av, \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026av, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026al\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bld\u025ali."}, {"text": "Disabled people often have difficulty performing activities of daily living (ADLs) independently, or even with assistance.", "phonemes": "d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n h\u00e6v d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026ali l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259lz \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns."}, {"text": "ADLs are self-care activities that include toileting, mobility (ambulation), eating, bathing, dressing, grooming, and personal device care.", "phonemes": "\u02cce\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025blz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025blfk\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, mo\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u02cc\u00e6mbj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b, b\u02c8e\u026a\u00f0\u026a\u014b, d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b, \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as k\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "Assistive technology can ameliorate the effects of disabilities that limit the ability to perform ADLs.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u00e6n \u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026am\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02cce\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "Assistive technology promotes greater independence by enabling people to perform tasks they were formerly unable to accomplish, or had great difficulty accomplishing, by providing enhancements to, or changing methods of interacting with, the technology needed to accomplish such tasks.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028ats \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns ba\u026a \u025bn\u02c8e\u026abl\u026a\u014b p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m t\u02c8\u00e6sks \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025ali \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u00e6d \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b, ba\u026a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6nsm\u0259nts tu\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0, \u00f0\u0259 t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 t\u02c8\u00e6sks."}, {"text": "For example, wheelchairs provide independent mobility for those who cannot walk, while assistive eating devices can enable people who cannot feed themselves to do so.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, w\u02c8i\u02d0lt\u0283\u025b\u0279z p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt mo\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k, w\u02cca\u026al \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av \u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz k\u00e6n \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 so\u028a."}, {"text": "Due to assistive technology, disabled people have an opportunity of a more positive and easygoing lifestyle, with an increase in \"social participation\", \"security and control\", and a greater chance to \"reduce institutional costs without significantly increasing household expenses.\"", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u00e6v \u0250n \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0z\u026a\u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026afsta\u026al, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u02c8\u026an \"s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", \"s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\", \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns tu\u02d0 \"\u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254sts w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028ald \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bz.\""}, {"text": "In schools, assistive technology can be critical in allowing students with disabilities to access the general education curriculum.", "phonemes": "\u026an sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u026an \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u0259m."}, {"text": "Students who experience challenges writing or keyboarding, for example, can use voice recognition software instead.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, k\u00e6n j\u02c8u\u02d0z v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd."}, {"text": "Assistive technologies assist people who are recovering from strokes and people who have sustained injuries that affect their daily tasks.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm st\u0279\u02c8o\u028aks \u00e6nd p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026and \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279iz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026ali t\u02c8\u00e6sks."}, {"text": "Assistive technology is something that is used to help disabled people, while adaptive technology covers items that are specifically designed for disabled people and would seldom be used by a non-disabled person.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, w\u02cca\u026al \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u02c8\u028cv\u025az \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6nd w\u028ad s\u02c8\u025bld\u0259m bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n."}, {"text": "In other words, assistive technology is any object or system that helps people with disabilities, while adaptive technology is specifically designed for disabled people.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u025blps p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz, w\u02cca\u026al \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "Occupational therapy (OT) is a healthcare profession that specializes in maintaining or improving the quality of life for individuals that experience challenges when independently performing life's occupations.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259pi \u02cco\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8k\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u026an me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz w\u025bn \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026afz \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "AOTA, 2014), occupations include areas related to all basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs), rest and sleep, education, work, play, leisure and social participation.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026a\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026ali l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259lz, \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd sl\u02c8i\u02d0p, \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k, pl\u02c8e\u026a, l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Occupational therapists have the specialized skill of employing assistive technology (AT) in the improvement and maintenance of optimal, functional participation in occupations.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd sk\u02c8\u026al \u028cv \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6t \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026ant\u0259n\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026am\u0259l, f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The application of AT enables an individual to adapt aspects of the environment, that may otherwise be challenging, to the user in order to optimize functional participation in those occupations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6\u027e \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l t\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt, \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az bi\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u014b, t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026am\u02cca\u026az f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u00f0o\u028az \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "As a result, occupational therapists may educate, recommend, and promote the use of AT to improve the quality of life for their clients.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u026asts m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026at, \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnd, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u00e6t t\u028a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 kl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Wheelchairs are devices that can be manually propelled or electrically propelled, and that include a seating system and are designed to be a substitute for the normal mobility that most people have.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8i\u02d0lt\u0283\u025b\u0279z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bld \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026akli p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bld, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259bi \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l mo\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6v."}, {"text": "Wheelchairs and other mobility devices allow people to perform mobility-related activities of daily living which include feeding, toileting, dressing, grooming, and bathing.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8i\u02d0lt\u0283\u025b\u0279z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a mo\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m mo\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026ali l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, t\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b, \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026a\u00f0\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The devices come in a number of variations where they can be propelled either by hand or by motors where the occupant uses electrical controls to manage motors and seating control actuators through a joystick, sip-and-puff control, head switches or other input devices.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u028cm \u026an \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bld \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a ba\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u0259nt j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ast\u026ak, s\u02c8\u026ap\u00e6ndp\u02c8\u028cf k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al, h\u02c8\u025bd sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026anp\u028at d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Often there are handles behind the seat for someone else to do the pushing or input devices for caregivers.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259lz b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn \u02c8\u025bls t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anp\u028at d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0261\u026av\u025az."}, {"text": "Wheelchairs are used by people for whom walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury, or disability.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8i\u02d0lt\u0283\u025b\u0279z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8u\u02d0m w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8\u026aln\u0259s, \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "Newer advancements in wheelchair design enable wheelchairs to climb stairs, go off-road or propel using segway technology or additional add-ons like handbikes or power assists.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0279 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nsm\u0259nts \u026an w\u02c8i\u02d0lt\u0283\u025b\u0279 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l w\u02c8i\u02d0lt\u0283\u025b\u0279z t\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am st\u02c8\u025b\u0279z, \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u0254f\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bl j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025b\u0261we\u026a t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6d\u02cc\u0254nz l\u02c8a\u026ak h\u02c8\u00e6ndba\u026aks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026asts."}, {"text": "Patient transfer devices generally allow patients with impaired mobility to be moved by caregivers between beds, wheelchairs, commodes, toilets, chairs, stretchers, shower benches, automobiles, swimming pools, and other patient support systems (i.e., radiology, surgical, or examining tables).", "phonemes": "p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nt t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d mo\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259bi m\u02c8u\u02d0vd ba\u026a k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0261\u026av\u025az b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n b\u02c8\u025bdz, w\u02c8i\u02d0lt\u0283\u025b\u0279z, k\u0259m\u02c8o\u028adz, t\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026ats, t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z, st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u025az, \u0283\u02c8a\u028a\u025a b\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u1d7bz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259b\u02cci\u0259lz, sw\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u014b p\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nt s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The most common devices are transfer benches, stretcher or convertible chairs (for lateral, supine transfer), sit-to-stand lifts (for moving patients from one seated position to another i.e., from wheelchairs to commodes), air bearing inflatable mattresses (for supine transfer i.e., transfer from a gurney to an operating room table),  gait belts (or transfer belt) and a slider board (or transfer board), usually used for transfer from a bed to a wheelchair or from a bed to an operating table.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u1d7bz, st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l, s\u02c8u\u02d0pa\u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0, s\u02c8\u026att\u0259st\u02c8\u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026afts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8i\u02d0lt\u0283\u025b\u0279z t\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8o\u028adz, \u02c8\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026anfl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0259s\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8u\u02d0pa\u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ni t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l,  \u0261\u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u025blts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025blt \u00e6nd \u0250 sl\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 b\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u0250 w\u02c8i\u02d0lt\u0283\u025b\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 b\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l."}, {"text": "Highly dependent patients who cannot assist their caregiver in moving them often require a patient lift (a floor or ceiling-suspended sling lift) which though invented in 1955 and in common use since the early 1960s is still considered the state-of-the-art transfer device by OSHA and the American Nursing Association.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026ali d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nts h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0261\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u026an m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0250 p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nt l\u02c8\u026aft \u0250 fl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014bs\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd sl\u02c8\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026aft w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0s s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z \u026az st\u02c8\u026al k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u028cv\u00f0\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as ba\u026a \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "A walker or walking frame or Rollator is a tool for disabled people who need additional support to maintain balance or stability while walking.", "phonemes": "\u0250 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279o\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 n\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei w\u02cca\u026al w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "It consists of a frame that is about waist high, approximately twelve inches deep and slightly wider than the user.", "phonemes": "\u026at k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u0259v\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8e\u026ast h\u02c8a\u026a, \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli tw\u02c8\u025blv \u02c8\u026ant\u0283\u1d7bz d\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00e6nd sl\u02c8a\u026atli w\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a."}, {"text": "The front two legs of the walker may or may not have wheels attached depending on the strength and abilities of the person using it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a m\u02c8e\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0250v w\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026at."}, {"text": "It is also common to see caster wheels or glides on the back legs of a walker with wheels on the front.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a w\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261l\u02c8a\u026adz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt."}, {"text": "Bodyweight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) are used to enhance walking ability of people with neurological injury.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026aw\u02cce\u026ats\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0279\u02c8\u025bdm\u026al t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b b\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cc\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bst\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6ns w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "These machines are therapist-assisted devices that are used in the clinical setting, but is limited by the personnel and labor requirements placed on physical therapists.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u026ast\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u026an\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nts pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "The BWSTT device, and many others like it, assist physical therapists by providing task-specific practice of walking in people following neurological injury.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cc\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bst\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az l\u02c8a\u026ak \u026at, \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u026asts ba\u026a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u00e6sksp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u026an p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b n\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "It is part of the field of biomechatronics, the science of using mechanical devices with human muscular, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems to assist or enhance motor control lost by trauma, disease, or defect.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv b\u02cca\u026ao\u028am\u02cc\u025bk\u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026aks, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n m\u02c8\u028cskj\u028al\u025a, m\u02c8\u028cskj\u028al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0sk\u026al\u1d7b\u027e\u0259l, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6ns m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al l\u02c8\u0254st ba\u026a t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0m\u0259, d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8i\u02d0f\u025bkt."}, {"text": "Prostheses are typically used to replace parts lost by injury (traumatic) or missing from birth (congenital) or to supplement defective body parts.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u03b8\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts l\u02c8\u0254st ba\u026a \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i t\u0279\u0254\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 k\u0259nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cpl\u026am\u0259nt d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Inside the body, artificial heart valves are in common use with artificial hearts and lungs seeing less common use but under active technology development.", "phonemes": "\u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t v\u02c8\u00e6lvz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025bs k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0s b\u02cc\u028ct \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Other medical devices and aids that can be considered prosthetics include hearing aids, artificial eyes, palatal obturator, gastric bands, and dentures.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026adz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad p\u0279\u0259s\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026adz, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8a\u026az, p\u02c8\u00e6l\u00e6\u027e\u0259l \u0251\u02d0bt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u0261\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u026ak b\u02c8\u00e6ndz, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Prostheses are specifically not orthoses, although given certain circumstances a prosthesis might end up performing some or all of the same functionary benefits as an orthosis.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u03b8\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8o\u028az\u1d7bz, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259mst\u02cc\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as m\u02cca\u026at \u02c8\u025bnd \u02cc\u028cp p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats \u00e6z \u0250n \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8o\u028as\u026as."}, {"text": "The complete prosthesis would consist of the attachment system\u00a0 to the residual limb \u2014 usually a \"socket\", and all the attachment hardware components all the way down to and including the terminal device.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as w\u028ad k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283m\u0259nt s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8\u026am \u2014 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8e\u026a \"s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at\", \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283m\u0259nt h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u025b\u0279 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a d\u02cca\u028an t\u028a \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as."}, {"text": "The terms \"prosthetic\" and \"orthotic\" are adjectives used to describe devices such as a prosthetic knee.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \"p\u0279\u0259s\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\" \u00e6nd \"\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\" \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026avz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250 p\u0279\u0259s\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak n\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Prosthetic training includes orientation to prosthetics components and terminology, donning and doffing, wearing schedule, and how to care for residual limb and the prosthesis.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259s\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u02cco\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u00e6nd t\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026a\u014b, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0l, \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u028a t\u0259 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8\u026am \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "A powered exoskeleton is a wearable mobile machine that is powered by a system of electric motors, pneumatics, levers, hydraulics, or a combination of technologies that allow for limb movement with increased strength and endurance.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025ad \u02c8\u025bkso\u028ask\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n \u026az \u0250 w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259b\u0259l m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az p\u02c8a\u028a\u025ad ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az, nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks, l\u02c8\u025bv\u025az, ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026aks, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026am m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u025bnd\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Its design aims to provide back support, sense the user's motion, and send a signal to motors which manage the gears.", "phonemes": "\u026ats d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8e\u026amz t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad b\u02c8\u00e6k s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, s\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "The exoskeleton supports the shoulder, waist and thigh, and assists movement for lifting and holding heavy items, while lowering back stress.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkso\u028ask\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028ald\u025a, w\u02c8e\u026ast \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8a\u026a, \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u026asts m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026aft\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025bvi \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz, w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6k st\u0279\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "People with balance and motor function challenges often need specialized equipment to sit or stand safely and securely.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n n\u02c8i\u02d0d sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8e\u026afli \u00e6nd s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279li."}, {"text": "This equipment is frequently specialized for specific settings such as in a classroom or nursing home.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt \u026az f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026an \u0250 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u0279u\u02d0m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026a\u014b h\u02c8o\u028am."}, {"text": "Positioning is often important in seating arrangements to ensure that user's body pressure is distributed equally without inhibiting movement in a desired way.", "phonemes": "p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292m\u0259nts t\u028a \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u026anh\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u026an \u0250 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad w\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Positioning devices have been developed to aid in allowing people to stand and bear weight on their legs without risk of a fall.", "phonemes": "p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz h\u0250vb\u026an d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt t\u028a \u02c8e\u026ad \u026an \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u026ask \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Prone standers distribute the body weight to the front of the individual and usually have a tray in front of them.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8o\u028an st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di w\u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li h\u00e6v \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "Supine standers distribute the body weight to the back and are good for cases where the user has more limited mobility or is recovering from injury.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8u\u02d0pa\u026an st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di w\u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a h\u0250z m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd mo\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026az \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Children with severe disabilities can develop learned helplessness, which makes them lose interest in their environment.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz k\u00e6n d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd h\u02c8\u025blpl\u0259sn\u0259s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026aks \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Many people with serious visual impairments live independently, using a wide range of tools and techniques.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u0259nts l\u02c8a\u026av \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "Examples of assistive technology for visually impairment include screen readers, screen magnifiers, Braille embossers, desktop video magnifiers, and voice recorders.", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u0259nt \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az, sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025az, b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al \u025bmb\u02c8\u0254s\u025az, d\u02c8\u025bskt\u0251\u02d0p v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025az, \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025az."}, {"text": "These software programs run on a computer in order to convey the displayed information through voice (text-to-speech) or braille (refreshable braille displays) in combination with magnification for low vision users in some cases.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ad \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u0254\u026as t\u02c8\u025bkstt\u0259sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259b\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026az \u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261n\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028a v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "There are a variety of platforms and applications available for a variety of costs with differing feature sets.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l f\u025a\u0279\u0259 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv k\u02c8\u0254sts w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a s\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "Apple VoiceOver includes the option to magnify the screen, control the keyboard, and provide verbal descriptions to describe what is happening on the screen.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n, k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279d, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259l d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab w\u028ct \u026az h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n."}, {"text": "It also has the capacity to read aloud file content, as well as web pages, E-mail messages, and word processing files.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad f\u02c8a\u026al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bb p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u02c8i\u02d0m\u02c8e\u026al m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u026alz."}, {"text": "To use the text-to-speech tools, the documents must in an electronic form, that is uploaded as the digital format.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkstt\u0259sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts m\u02c8\u028cst \u026an \u0250n \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u02c8\u028cplo\u028ad\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t."}, {"text": "However, people usually will use the hard copy documents scanned into the computer, which cannot be recognized by the text-to-speech software.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li w\u026al j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pi d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts sk\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkstt\u0259sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "To solve this issue, people always use Optical Character Recognition technology accompanied with text-to-speech software.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0, p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0250k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259nid w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8\u025bkstt\u0259sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "A full braille cell is made up of six dots, with two parallel rows of three dots, but other combinations and quantities of dots represent other letters, numbers, punctuation marks, or words.", "phonemes": "\u0250 f\u02c8\u028al b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al s\u02c8\u025bl \u026az m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u028cp \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aks d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts, w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl \u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az, p\u02cc\u028c\u014bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "A braille translator is a computer program that can translate inkprint into braille or braille into inkprint.", "phonemes": "\u0250 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0250 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026at \u026a\u014bkp\u0279\u02c8\u026ant \u02cc\u026ant\u028a b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u026a\u014bkp\u0279\u02c8\u026ant."}, {"text": "A braille translator can be an app on a computer or be built into a website, a smartphone, or a braille device.", "phonemes": "\u0250 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6p \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 bi\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026alt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 w\u02c8\u025bbsa\u026at, \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tfo\u028an, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as."}, {"text": "Instead of a standard printer adding ink onto a page, the braille embosser imprints the raised dots of braille onto a page.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u0259v\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u0250 p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al \u025bmb\u02c8\u0254s\u025a\u0279 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u026ants \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u0250 p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Some braille embossers combine both braille and ink so the documents can be read with either sight or touch.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al \u025bmb\u02c8\u0254s\u025az k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u014bk s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8a\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283."}, {"text": "A refreshable braille display or braille terminal is an electro-mechanical device for displaying braille characters, usually by means of round-tipped pins raised through holes in a flat surface.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0279\u1d7bf\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259b\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l \u026az \u0250n \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028am\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li ba\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8a\u028andt\u02c8\u026apt p\u02c8\u026anz \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 h\u02c8o\u028alz \u026an \u0250 fl\u02c8\u00e6t s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "Computer users who cannot use a computer monitor use it to read a braille output version of the displayed text.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026at t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bkst."}, {"text": "Desktop video magnifiers are electronic devices that use a camera and a display screen to perform digital magnification of printed materials.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u025bskt\u0251\u02d0p v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0250 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261n\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz."}, {"text": "A camera connects to a monitor that displays real-time images, and the user can control settings such as magnification, focus, contrast, underlining, highlighting, and other screen preferences.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkts t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026az \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259lt\u02c8a\u026am \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a k\u00e6n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261n\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025al\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b, h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "They come in a variety of sizes and styles; some are small and portable with handheld cameras, while others are much larger and mounted on a fixed stand.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a k\u02c8\u028cm \u026an \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u00e6nd st\u02c8a\u026alz; s\u02cc\u028cm \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259b\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u00e6ndh\u025bld k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259z, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 f\u02c8\u026akst st\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "A screen magnifier is software that interfaces with a computer's graphical output to present enlarged screen content.", "phonemes": "\u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u026az s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026ant\u025af\u02cce\u026as\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at t\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt \u025bnl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt."}, {"text": "After the user loads the software into their computer's memory, it serves as a kind of \"computer magnifying glass\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a l\u02c8o\u028adz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i, \u026at s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv \"k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6s\"."}, {"text": "On the keyboard shown, the round buttons at the top control software which can magnify the screen (zoom in), change the background color of the screen, or make the mouse cursor on the screen larger.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279d \u0283\u02c8o\u028an, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u028and b\u02c8\u028c\u0294n\u0329z \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n z\u02c8u\u02d0m \u02c8\u026an, t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028as k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a."}, {"text": "The \"bump dots\" on the keys, installed in this case by the organization using the keyboards, help the user find the right keys in a tactile way.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"b\u02c8\u028cmp d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts\" \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u026anst\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u026an \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8e\u026as ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279dz, h\u02c8\u025blp \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a f\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at k\u02c8i\u02d0z \u026an \u0250 t\u02c8\u00e6kta\u026al w\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Assistive technology for navigation has exploded on the IEEE Xplore database since 2000, with over 7,500 engineering articles written on assistive technologies and visual impairment in the past 25 years, and over 1,300 articles on solving the problem of navigation for people who are blind or visually impaired.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026a\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u02cce\u026as s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cco\u028av\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00e6nd \u02cco\u028av\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u028cv n\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 bl\u02c8a\u026and \u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d."}, {"text": "As well, over 600 articles on augmented reality and visual impairment have appeared in the engineering literature since 2000.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl, \u02cco\u028av\u025a s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u02cc\u0254n \u0254\u02d0\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u0259nt h\u00e6v \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Most of these articles were published within the past 5 years, and the number of articles in this area is increasing every year.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st f\u02c8a\u026av j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026az \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and cameras can pinpoint the exact location of the user and provide information on what is in the immediate vicinity, and assistance in getting to a destination.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, \u0250ks\u02cc\u025bl\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025az, d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259sk\u02cco\u028aps, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259z k\u00e6n p\u02c8\u026anp\u0254\u026ant \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n w\u028ct \u026az \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259t v\u026as\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u026an \u0261\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 d\u02cc\u025bst\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Wearable technology are smart electronic devices that can be worn on the body as an implant or an accessory.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 w\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u026ampl\u00e6nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "New technologies are exploring how the visually impaired can receive visual information through wearable devices.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259b\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Personal emergency response systems (PERS), or Telecare (UK term), are a particular sort of assistive technology that use electronic sensors connected to an alarm system to help caregivers manage risk and help vulnerable people stay independent at home longer.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz p\u025c\u02d0z, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bk\u02cc\u025b\u0279 j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bns\u025az k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250n \u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0261\u026av\u025az m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u02c8\u026ask \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025blp v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u00e6t h\u02c8o\u028am l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a."}, {"text": "An example would be the systems being put in place for senior people such as fall detectors, thermometers (for hypothermia risk), flooding and unlit gas sensors (for people with mild dementia).", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u02cc\u028at \u026an pl\u02c8e\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0nj\u025a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az, \u03b8\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cca\u026apo\u028a\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mi\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026ask, fl\u02c8\u028cd\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u028cnl\u02c8\u026at \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s s\u02c8\u025bns\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8a\u026ald d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259."}, {"text": "When the alert is triggered, a message is sent to a caregiver or contact center who can respond appropriately.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t \u026az t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025ad, \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292 \u026az s\u02c8\u025bnt t\u028a \u0250 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0261\u026av\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u0259tli."}, {"text": "In human\u2013computer interaction, computer accessibility (also known as accessible computing) refers to the accessibility of a computer system to all people, regardless of disability or severity of impairment, examples include web accessibility guidelines.", "phonemes": "\u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6ks\u02cc\u025bs\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00e6ks\u02c8\u025bs\u0259b\u0259l k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u00e6ks\u02cc\u025bs\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dl\u0259s \u028cv d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u0259nt, \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d w\u02c8\u025bb \u00e6ks\u02cc\u025bs\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0261\u02c8a\u026adla\u026anz."}, {"text": "Another approach is for the user to present a token to the computer terminal, such as a smart card, that has configuration information to adjust the computer speed, text size, etc. to their particular needs.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 \u026az f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a t\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 t\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d, \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250z k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a sp\u02c8i\u02d0d, t\u02c8\u025bkst s\u02c8a\u026az, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259. t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a n\u02c8i\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "This is useful where users want to access public computer based terminals in Libraries, ATM, Information kiosks etc.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az w\u02c8\u0254nt t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a b\u02c8e\u026ast t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259lz \u026an l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279iz, \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm, \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8i\u02d0\u0251\u02d0sks \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "This development of this standard has been supported in Europe by SNAPI and has been successfully incorporated into the Lasseo specifications, but with limited success due to the lack of interest from public computer terminal suppliers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p ba\u026a sn\u02c8\u00e6pi \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259li \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u02cco\u028a sp\u02cc\u025bs\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "People in the d/Deaf and hard of hearing community have a more difficult time receiving auditory information as compared to hearing individuals.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 d\u02c8\u025bf \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei h\u00e6v \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u02c8a\u026am \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz."}, {"text": "These individuals often rely on visual and tactile mediums for receiving and communicating information.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u0254n v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6kta\u026al m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259mz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The use of assistive technology and devices provides this community with various solutions to auditory communication needs by providing higher sound (for those who are hard of hearing), tactile feedback, visual cues and improved technology access.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u00f0\u026as k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8i\u02d0dz ba\u026a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a s\u02c8a\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b, t\u02c8\u00e6kta\u026al f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6k, v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l kj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs."}, {"text": "Individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing utilize a variety of assistive technologies that provide them with different access to information in numerous environments.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bf \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02cca\u026az \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u028a \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Most devices either provide amplified sound or alternate ways to access information through vision and/or vibration.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6mpl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad s\u02c8a\u028and \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t w\u02c8e\u026az t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02cca\u026ab\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "These technologies can be grouped into three general categories: Hearing Technology, alerting devices, and communication support.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz: h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0250l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "A hearing aid or deaf aid is an electro-acoustic device which is designed to amplify sound for the wearer, usually with the aim of making speech more intelligible, and to correct impaired hearing as measured by audiometry.", "phonemes": "\u0250 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bf \u02c8e\u026ad \u026az \u0250n \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028a\u0250k\u02c8u\u02d0st\u026ak d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6mpl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a s\u02c8a\u028and f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026am \u028cv m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l, \u00e6nd t\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad ba\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02c8o\u028am\u0259t\u0279i."}, {"text": "This type of assistive technology helps people with hearing loss participate more fully in their hearing communities by allowing them to hear more clearly.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i h\u02c8\u025blps p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0254s p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u028ali \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz ba\u026a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li."}, {"text": "There is a wide variety of hearing aids available, including digital, in-the-ear, in-the-canal, behind-the-ear, and on-the-body aids.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026adz \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l, \u026an\u00f0\u026a\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u026an\u00f0\u0259k\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l, b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and\u00f0\u026a\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00e6nd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u02c8e\u026adz."}, {"text": "This type of technology allows people with hearing difficulties to focus on a speaker or subject by getting rid of extra background noises and distractions, making places like auditoriums, classrooms, and meetings much easier to participate in.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt ba\u026a \u0261\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u026ad \u028cv \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and n\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u1d7bz \u00e6nd d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02cc\u0254\u02d0d\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259mz, kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u0279u\u02d0mz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014bz m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02c8i\u02d0zi\u025a t\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "The assistive listening device usually uses a microphone to capture an audio source near to its origin and broadcast it wirelessly over an FM (Frequency Modulation) transmission, IR (Infra Red) transmission, IL (Induction Loop) transmission, or other transmission methods.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av l\u02c8\u026as\u0259n\u026a\u014b d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279\u0259f\u02cco\u028an t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 t\u028a \u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u026at w\u02c8a\u026a\u025al\u0259sli \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250n \u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bm f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02cca\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026anf\u0279\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bd t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02cca\u026a\u02c8\u025bl \u026and\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8u\u02d0p t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz."}, {"text": "The person who is listening may use an FM/IR/IL Receiver to tune into the signal and listen at his/her preferred volume.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az l\u02c8\u026as\u0259n\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250n \u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bm sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cca\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cca\u026a\u02c8\u025bl \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025a t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026as\u0259n \u00e6t h\u02c8\u026az\u0254\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m."}, {"text": "This type of assistive technology allows users to amplify the volume and clarity of their phone calls so that they can easily partake in this medium of communication.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6mpl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m \u00e6nd kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u028an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n \u02c8i\u02d0zili p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026ak \u026an \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m \u028cv k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "There are also options to adjust the frequency and tone of a call to suit their individual hearing needs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259nz t\u028a \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi \u00e6nd t\u02c8o\u028an \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b n\u02c8i\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Additionally, there is a wide variety of amplified telephones to choose from, with different degrees of amplification.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6mpl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u02cco\u028anz t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm, w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6mpl\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "For example, a phone with 26 to 40 decibel is generally sufficient for mild hearing loss, while a phone with 71 to 90 decibel is better for more severe hearing loss.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0250 f\u02c8o\u028an w\u026a\u00f0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei d\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bb\u0259l \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026ald h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0254s, w\u02cca\u026al \u0250 f\u02c8o\u028an w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti d\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bb\u0259l \u026az b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279 h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0254s."}, {"text": "Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is an umbrella term that encompasses methods of communication for those with impairments or restrictions on the production or comprehension of spoken or written language.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cce\u026a\u02cce\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u0250n \u028cmb\u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u00f0\u00e6t \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u1d7bz m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0o\u028az w\u026a\u00f0 \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u0259nts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279ih\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "They may be as basic as pictures on a board that are used to request food, drink, or other care; or they can be advanced speech generating devices, based on speech synthesis, that are capable of storing hundreds of phrases and words.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u00e6z b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak \u00e6z p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8\u025bst f\u02c8u\u02d0d, d\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bk, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u025b\u0279; \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u1d7bz \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Assistive Technology for Cognition (ATC) is the use of technology (usually high tech) to augment and assist cognitive processes such as attention, memory, self-regulation, navigation, emotion recognition and management, planning, and sequencing activity.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u025bk t\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i, s\u02c8\u025blf\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, n\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt, pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns\u026a\u014b \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Systematic reviews of the field have found that the number of ATC are growing rapidly, but have focused on memory and planning, that there is emerging evidence for efficacy, that a lot of scope exists to develop new ATC.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld h\u00e6v f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u00e6v f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bf\u026ak\u0259si, \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u028cv sk\u02c8o\u028ap \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Examples of ATC include: NeuroPage which prompts users about meetings, Wakamaru, which provides companionship and reminds users to take medicine and calls for help if something is wrong, and telephone Reassurance systems.", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv \u02cce\u026at\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d: n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpts j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014bz, w\u02c8\u00e6k\u0250m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279u\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8a\u026andz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025blp \u026af s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u02cco\u028an \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0259\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259ns s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Memory aids are any type of assistive technology that helps a user learn and remember certain information.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i \u02c8e\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u025blps \u0250 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Many memory aids are used for cognitive impairments such as reading, writing, or organizational difficulties.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i \u02c8e\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u0259nts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz."}, {"text": "For example, a Smartpen records handwritten notes by creating both a digital copy and an audio recording of the text.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tp\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025adz h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279\u026a\u0294\u02ccn\u0329 n\u02c8o\u028ats ba\u026a k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pi \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkst."}, {"text": "Digital voice recorders are also used to record \"in the moment\" information for fast and easy recall at a later time.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \"\u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nt\" \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u00e6st \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0zi \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "A 2017 Cochrane Review highlighted the current lack of high-quality evidence to determine whether assistive technology effectively supports people with dementia to manage memory issues.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279e\u026an \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026akw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259 t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Thus, it is not presently sure whether or not assistive technology is beneficial for memory problems.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntli \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az b\u02cc\u025bn\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Educational software is software that assists people with reading, learning, comprehension, and organizational difficulties.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 \u026az s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250s\u02c8\u026asts p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b, k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279ih\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz."}, {"text": "Any accommodation software such as text readers, notetakers, text enlargers, organization tools, word predictions, and talking word processors falls under the category of educational software.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bni \u0250k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u02c8\u025bkst \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az, n\u02c8o\u028atte\u026ak\u025az, t\u02c8\u025bkst \u025bnl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025az, \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0lz, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u025az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "Adaptive eating devices include items commonly used by the general population like spoons and forks and plates.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026av \u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026ak sp\u02c8u\u02d0nz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ks \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "However they become assistive technology when they are modified to accommodate the needs of people who have difficulty using standard cutlery due to a disabling condition.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u00f0e\u026a b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259d\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u02c8\u028ctl\u025a\u0279i d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250 d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026abl\u026a\u014b k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Plates and bowls may have a guard on the edge that stops food being pushed off of the dish when it is being scooped.", "phonemes": "pl\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028alz m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bd\u0292 \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps f\u02c8u\u02d0d b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u028a\u0283t \u02c8\u0254f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026a\u0283 w\u025bn \u026a\u027e \u026az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8u\u02d0pt."}, {"text": "These devices support those who have little or no hand and arm function and enable them to eat independently.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a h\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "Assistive technology is the array of new devices created to enable sports enthusiasts who have disabilities to play.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u025bn\u03b8\u02c8u\u02d0zi\u02cc\u00e6sts h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Assistive technology may be used in adaptive sports, where an existing sport is modified to enable players with a disability to participate; or, assistive technology may be used to invent completely new sports with athletes with disabilities exclusively in mind.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026av sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u026az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad t\u028a \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at; \u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli n\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8li\u02d0ts w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026avli \u026an m\u02c8a\u026and."}, {"text": "An increasing number of people with disabilities are participating in sports, leading to the development of new assistive technology.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Assistive technology devices can be simple, or \"low-technology\", or they may use highly advanced technology.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"l\u02c8o\u028at\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i\", \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z h\u02c8a\u026ali \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Accordingly, assistive technology can be found in sports ranging from local community recreation to the elite Paralympic Games.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bli, \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8i\u02d0t p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026ak \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz."}, {"text": "More complex assistive technology devices have been developed over time, and as a result, sports for people with disabilities \"have changed from being a clinical therapeutic tool to an increasingly competition-oriented activity\".", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz h\u0250vb\u026an d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt, sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz \"h\u00e6v t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d f\u0279\u028cm b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250 kl\u02c8\u026an\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u0259pj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026ak t\u02c8u\u02d0l t\u028a \u0250n \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u1d7bd \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei\"."}, {"text": "In the United States there are two major pieces of legislation that govern the use of assistive technology within the school system.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u028cv l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The first is Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the second being the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) which was first enacted in 1975 under the name The Education for All Handicapped Children Act.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026az s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bh\u02cc\u00e6b\u026al\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kt a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u025bn\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ak\u02cc\u00e6pt t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "In 2004, during the reauthorization period for IDEA, the National Instructional Material Access Center (NIMAC) was created which provided a repository of accessible text including publisher's textbooks to students with a qualifying disability.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a n\u02c8\u026am\u00e6k w\u028cz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv \u00e6ks\u02c8\u025bs\u0259b\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bkst \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283\u025az t\u02c8\u025bkstb\u028aks t\u0259 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "Files provided are in XML format and used as a starting platform for braille readers, screen readers, and other digital text software.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026alz p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u02cc\u025bks\u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bl f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az, sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bkst s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "IDEA defines assistive technology as follows: \"any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of a child with a disability.", "phonemes": "a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026anz \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az: \"\u02cc\u025bni \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259m, p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025blf, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259m\u02cca\u026azd, \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s, me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02cce\u026ap\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0259v\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "(B) Exception.--The term does not include a medical device that is surgically implanted, or the replacement of such device.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n.\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026akli \u026ampl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt \u028cv s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as."}, {"text": "These devices help students both with and without disabilities access the curriculum in a way they were previously unable to (Koch, 2017).", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz h\u02c8\u025blp st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 w\u026a\u00f0 \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs \u00f0\u0259 k\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u0259m \u026an \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Occupational therapists play an important role in educating students, parents and teachers about the assistive technology they may interact with.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u026asts pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an \u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts, p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259nts \u00e6nd t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0."}, {"text": "Low tech encompasses equipment that is often low cost and does not include batteries or requires charging.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u025bk \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u1d7bz \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n l\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u0254st \u00e6nd d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279iz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Mid tech supports used in the school setting include the use of handheld spelling dictionaries and portable word processors used to keyboard writing.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bk s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8u\u02d0l s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6ndh\u025bld sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259b\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u025az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279d \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Software supports for writing include the use of auditory feedback while keyboarding, word prediction for spelling, and speech to text.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6k w\u02cca\u026al k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkst."}, {"text": "Supports for reading include the use of text to speech (TTS) software and font modification via access to digital text.", "phonemes": "s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bkst t\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254nt m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bkst."}, {"text": "Limited supports are available for math instruction and mostly consist of grid based software to allow younger students to keyboard equations and auditory feedback of more complex equations using MathML and Daisy.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028astli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026ad b\u02c8e\u026ast s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279d \u1d7bkw\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i f\u02c8i\u02d0db\u00e6k \u028cv m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u1d7bkw\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd d\u02c8e\u026azi."}, {"text": "An experiment performed in Massachusetts utilized 20 people with various sensors attached to their arms.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an m\u02cc\u00e6s\u0250t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02cca\u026azd tw\u02c8\u025bnti p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u02c8\u025bns\u025az \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "Assistive technology may attempt to improve the ergonomics of the devices themselves such as Dvorak and other alternative keyboard layouts, which offer more ergonomic layouts of the keys.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i m\u02c8e\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u028a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0259v\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0292\u00e6k \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279d l\u02c8e\u026aa\u028ats, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254f\u025a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak l\u02c8e\u026aa\u028ats \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Assistive technology devices have been created to enable disabled people to use modern touch screen mobile computers such as the iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz h\u0250vb\u026an k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a p\u02c8\u00e6d, \u02c8a\u026a f\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283."}, {"text": "The Pererro is a plug and play adapter for iOS devices which uses the built in Apple VoiceOver feature in combination with a basic switch.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028a \u026az \u0250 pl\u02c8\u028c\u0261 \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a \u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u025bs d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026alt \u026an \u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u02cco\u028av\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283."}, {"text": "Switch access could be activated either through an external bluetooth connected switch, single touch of the screen, or use of right and left head turns using the device's camera.", "phonemes": "sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250n \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l bl\u02c8u\u02d0tu\u02d0\u03b8 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283, s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bft h\u02c8\u025bd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Additional accessibility features include the use of Assistive Touch which allows a user to access multi-touch gestures through pre-programmed onscreen buttons.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6ks\u02cc\u025bs\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u0250 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs m\u02c8\u028clta\u026at\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u025az \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6md \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nsk\u0279i\u02d0n b\u02c8\u028c\u0294n\u0329z."}, {"text": "For users with physical disabilities a large variety of switches are available and customizable to the user's needs varying in size, shape, or amount of pressure required for activation.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259m\u02cca\u026az\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az n\u02c8i\u02d0dz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u026an s\u02c8a\u026az, \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6kt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Switch access may be placed near any area of the body which has consistent and reliable mobility and less subject to fatigue.", "phonemes": "sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ast n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259b\u0259l mo\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt t\u0259 f\u0250t\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261."}, {"text": "A user may utilize single or multiple switch sites and the process often involves a scanning through items on a screen and activating the switch once the desired object is highlighted.", "phonemes": "\u0250 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a m\u02c8e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02cca\u026az s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8a\u026ats \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u0250 sk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cns \u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u026az h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The form of home automation called assistive domotics focuses on making it possible for elderly and disabled people to live independently.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv h\u02c8o\u028am \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av d\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026aks f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bld\u025ali \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "Home automation is becoming a viable option for the elderly and disabled who would prefer to stay in their own homes rather than move to a healthcare facility.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8o\u028am \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u0250 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bld\u025ali \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028ad p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026a \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an h\u02c8o\u028amz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n m\u02c8u\u02d0v t\u028a \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8k\u025b\u0279 f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "This field uses much of the same technology and equipment as home automation for security, entertainment, and energy conservation but tailors it towards elderly and disabled users.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as f\u02c8i\u02d0ld j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt \u00e6z h\u02c8o\u028am \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, \u02cc\u025bnt\u025at\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct t\u02c8e\u026al\u025az \u026at t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u02c8\u025bld\u025ali \u00e6nd d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az."}, {"text": "For example, automated prompts and reminders utilize motion sensors and pre-recorded audio messages; an automated prompt in the kitchen may remind the resident to turn off the oven, and one by the front door may remind the resident to lock the door.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpts \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8a\u026and\u025az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02cca\u026az m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bns\u025az \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz; \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nt t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028cv\u0259n, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u1d7bd\u0259nt t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Innovation is happening in assistive technology either through improvements to existing devices or the creation of new products.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts t\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts."}, {"text": "In the WIPO published 2021 report on Technology Trends, assistive products are grouped into either conventional or emerging technologies.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0po\u028a p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02cc\u0254n t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz, \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz."}, {"text": "Conventional assisting technology tracks innovation within well-established assistive products, whereas emerging assistive technology refers to more advanced products.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ks \u02cc\u026an\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an w\u02c8\u025bl\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts."}, {"text": "These identified advanced assistive products are distinguished from the conventional ones by the use of one or more enabling technologies (for instance, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, advanced sensors, new material, additive manufacturing, advanced robotics, augmented and virtual reality) or by the inclusion of implantable products/components.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cnz ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u025bn\u02c8e\u026abl\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u026ant\u02c8\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259ns, \u02c8\u026ant\u025an\u02cc\u025bt \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst s\u02c8\u025bns\u025az, n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b, \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026aks, \u0254\u02d0\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u026ampl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259b\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Such emerging assistive products are either more sophisticated or more functional versions of conventional assistive products, or completely novel assistive devices.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259f\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "For instance, in conventional self-care assistive technology, technologies involved typically include adaptive clothing, adaptive eating devices, incontinence products, assistive products for manicure, pedicure, hair and facial care, dental care, or assistive products for sexual activities.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, \u026an k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025blfk\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026av kl\u02c8o\u028a\u00f0\u026a\u014b, \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026av \u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz, \u026a\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259ns p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts, \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026akj\u02cc\u028a\u0279, p\u02c8\u025bd\u026akj\u02cc\u028a\u0279, h\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u025b\u0279, d\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "In comparison, emerging self-care assistive technologies include health and emotion monitoring, smart diapers, smart medication dispensing and management or feeding assistant robot.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n, \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025blfk\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b, sm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t d\u02c8a\u026ap\u025az, sm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t m\u02cc\u025bd\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u026asp\u02c8\u025bns\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028ab\u0251\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Although the distinction between conventional and emerging technologies is not always clear-cut, emerging assistive technology tends to be \"smarter\", using AI and being more connected and interactive, and including body-integrated solutions or components.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279k\u02c8\u028ct, \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0 \"sm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\", j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av, \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts."}, {"text": "To a great extent this \u00ab conventional \u00bb versus \u00ab emerging \u00bb classification is based on the WHO's Priority Assistive Products List  and the ISO 9999 standard for assistive products for persons with disabilities, the APL delineating the absolute minimum that countries should be offering to their citizens and ISO 9999 defining those products which are already well established in the market.", "phonemes": "t\u028a \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u02c8\u026as \u00ab k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00bb v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00ab \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00bb kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02ccu\u02d0 p\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts l\u02c8\u026ast \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8a\u026an \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027eiz, \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026ap\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ani\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259l\u02ccu\u02d0t m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8a\u026an \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi w\u02c8\u025bl \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at."}, {"text": "Patent registrations for assistive technologies identified as conventional are nearly eight times larger than the ones for emerging assistive technologies.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t \u0279\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8a\u026amz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz."}, {"text": "However, patent filings related to more recent emerging assistive technologies are growing almost three times as fast as those pertaining to conventional ones.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014bz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00e6z f\u02c8\u00e6st \u00e6z \u00f0o\u028az p\u025at\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l w\u02cc\u028cnz."}, {"text": "Patent filings in both conventional and emerging assistive technology are highly concentrated on mobility, hearing and vision.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014bz \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ali k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n mo\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "In the conventional sector, mobility represent 54% of all patents fillings, and is an indication of increased interest in advanced mobility assistive product categories, such as advanced prosthetics, walking aids, wheelchairs, and exoskeletons.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a, mo\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329ts f\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014bz, \u00e6nd \u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst mo\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst p\u0279\u0259s\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026aks, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026adz, w\u02c8i\u02d0lt\u0283\u025b\u0279z, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bkso\u028ask\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In the past, the top patent offices for filing, and therefore perceived target markets, in assistive technology have been the U.S. and Japan.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats, \u026an \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i h\u0250vb\u026an \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u00e6nd d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "At the same time, there has been a surge in patent filings in China and an increase in filings in the Republic of Korea.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014bz \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u028cv k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259."}, {"text": "This pattern is observed for both conventional and emerging assistive technology, with China's annual filings surpassing those of the U.S. in 2008 for conventional and 2014 for emerging assistive technology.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025an \u026az \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259z \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014bz s\u025ap\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Patent filings related to conventional assistive technology have also declined in Europe, especially in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Norway.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014bz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026and \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni, f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025c\u02d0l\u0259ndz \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279we\u026a."}, {"text": "Patenting activity indicates the amount of interest and the investment made in respect to an invention's applicability and its commercialization potential.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02c8\u025bstm\u0259nt m\u02cce\u026ad \u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt t\u028a \u0250n \u026anv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u0250pl\u02cc\u026ak\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u026ats k\u0259m\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l."}, {"text": "There is typically a lag between filing a patent application and commercialization, with a product being classified in various stages of readiness levels, research concept, proof of concept, minimum viable product and finally commercial product.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n f\u02c8a\u026al\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u0259m\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u026an v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u025bdin\u0259s l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt, p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt, m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259b\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt."}, {"text": "According to the 2021 WIPO report, the emerging technologies closest to a fully commercial product were for example:", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8i\u02d0po\u028a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz kl\u02c8o\u028as\u026ast t\u028a \u0250 f\u02c8\u028ali k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt w\u025c\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l:"}, {"text": "multifocal intraocular lenses and artificial retina, along with Virtual and Augmented Reality wearables (vision);", "phonemes": "m\u02cc\u028clt\u026af\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028al\u025a l\u02c8\u025bnz\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u026an\u0259, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259b\u0259lz v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n;"}, {"text": "The technology readiness level and the related patenting activity can also be explained through the following factors which contribute to a product's entry to market, such as the expected impact on a person's participation in different aspects of life, the ease of adoption (need for training, fitting, additional equipment for interoperability, and so on), the societal acceptance and potential ethical concerns, and the need for regulatory approval.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0279\u02c8\u025bdin\u0259s l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026and \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t t\u028a \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b, f\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u0254n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027e\u0259l \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259ns \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l."}, {"text": "Among these aspects, acceptability and ethical considerations are particularly relevant to those technologies that are extremely invasive (such as cortical or auditory brainstem implants), or replace the human caregiver and human interaction, or collect and use data on cloud-based services or interconnected devices (e.g., companion robots, smart nursing and health-monitoring technologies), raising privacy issues and requiring connectivity, or raise safety concerns, such as autonomous wheelchairs.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts, \u0250ks\u02cc\u025bpt\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02cc\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli \u026anv\u02c8e\u026as\u026av s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i b\u0279\u02c8e\u026anst\u0259m \u02c8\u026ampl\u00e6nts, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0261\u026av\u025a \u00e6nd hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u02cc\u0254n kl\u02c8a\u028adb\u02c8e\u026ast s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259n \u0279\u02c8o\u028ab\u0251\u02d0ts, sm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz, \u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259si \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b k\u0251\u02d0n\u026akt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az s\u02c8e\u026afti k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259s w\u02c8i\u02d0lt\u0283\u025b\u0279z."}, {"text": "Beyond the patent landscape, industrial designs have an added importance for the field of assistive technology.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t l\u02c8\u00e6ndske\u026ap, \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l d\u026az\u02c8a\u026anz h\u00e6v \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "Assistive technology is often not adopted, or else abandoned entirely, because of issues to do with design (lack of appeal) or comfort (poor ergonomics).", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bls \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u028cmf\u025at p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks."}, {"text": "Design often plays a role after the patenting activity, as a product needs to be re-designed for mass production.", "phonemes": "d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n pl\u02c8e\u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt n\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u0259bi \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6s p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Overall, assistive technology aims to allow disabled people to \"participate more fully in all aspects of life (home, school, and community)\" and increases their opportunities for \"education, social interactions, and potential for meaningful employment\".", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8e\u026amz t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l tu\u02d0 \"p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u028ali \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af h\u02c8o\u028am, sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, \u00e6nd k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei\" \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bf\u0259l \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt\"."}, {"text": "For example, in one study of 1,342 infants, toddlers and preschoolers, all with some kind of developmental, physical, sensory, or cognitive disability, the use of assistive technology created improvements in child development.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn,\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u026anf\u0259nts, t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dl\u025az \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0sku\u02d0l\u025az, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l, f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l, s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "These included improvements in \"cognitive, social, communication, literacy, motor, adaptive, and increases in engagement in learning activities\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u02c8\u026an \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261n\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av, s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l, k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259si, m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a, \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026av, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026an \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u026an l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz\"."}, {"text": "Through its use, the time that a family member or friend would need to care for a patient significantly decreases.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0s, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd w\u028ad n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nt s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "However, studies show that care time for a professional caregiver increases when assistive technology is used.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026am f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0261\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz w\u025bn \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "Nonetheless, their work load is significantly easier as the assistive technology frees them of having to perform certain tasks.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u028cn\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k l\u02c8o\u028ad \u026az s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli \u02c8i\u02d0zi\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u028cv h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 t\u02c8\u00e6sks."}, {"text": "There are several platforms that use machine learning to identify the appropriate assistive device to suggest to patients, making assistive devices more accessible.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u0259t \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as t\u0259 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst t\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nts, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u026av d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6ks\u02c8\u025bs\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "In 1988 the National institute on disability and rehabilitation research, NIDRR, awarded Gaulladet University a grant for the project \"Robotic finger spelling hand for communication and access to text by deaf-blind persons\".", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u02cc\u0254n d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bh\u02cc\u00e6b\u026al\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, n\u02c8\u026ad\u025a, \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u00e6d\u026at j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \"\u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u025a sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bkst ba\u026a d\u02c8\u025bfbl\u02c8a\u026and p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz\"."}, {"text": "NIDRR funded research appears to be moving from the fabrication of robotic arms that can be used by disabled persons to perform daily activities, to developing robotics that assist with therapy in the hopes of achieving long-term performance gains.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u026ad\u025a f\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259bi m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02cc\u00e6b\u0279\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m d\u02c8e\u026ali \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz, t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026aks \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259pi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028aps \u028cv \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u0261\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "If there is success in development of robotics, these mass-marketed products could assist tomorrow's longer-living elderly individuals enough to postpone nursing home stays.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u026an d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026aks, \u00f0i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u00e6sm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts k\u028ad \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast t\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028az l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025al\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bld\u025ali \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259 po\u028astp\u02c8o\u028an n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026a\u014b h\u02c8o\u028am st\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "\"Jim Osborn, executive director of the Quality of Life Technology Center, told a 2007 gathering of long-term care providers that if such advances could delay all nursing home admissions by a month, societal savings could be $1 billion monthly\".", "phonemes": "\"d\u0292\u02c8\u026am \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sb\u0254\u02d0\u0279n, \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a, t\u02c8o\u028ald \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t \u026af s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz k\u028ad d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026a\u014b h\u02c8o\u028am \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz ba\u026a \u0250 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8, s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014bz k\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8li\"."}, {"text": "Shortage of both paid personal assistants and available family members makes artificial assistance a necessity.", "phonemes": "\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 p\u02c8e\u026ad p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az m\u02cce\u026aks \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u0250 n\u0259s\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "The abacus (: abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool of unknown origin used since ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, millennia before the adoption of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s: \u02c8\u00e6b\u0250s\u02cca\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6b\u0250k\u0259s\u1d7bz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250 k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am, \u026az \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026amz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0st, j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259, m\u026al\u02c8\u025bni\u0259 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "Each rod typically represents one digit of a multi-digit number laid out using a positional numeral system such as base ten (though some cultures used different numerical bases).", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026at \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8\u028clta\u026ad\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026at n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a l\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8a\u028at j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u02c8e\u026as t\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u02cco\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Roman and East Asian abacuses use a system resembling bi-quinary coded decimal, with a top deck (containing one or two beads) representing fives and a bottom deck (containing four or five beads) representing ones.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6b\u0250k\u0259s\u1d7bz j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmbl\u026a\u014b b\u02c8a\u026akw\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p d\u02c8\u025bk k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u026avz \u00e6nd \u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m d\u02c8\u025bk k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u028cnz."}, {"text": "Natural numbers are normally used, but some allow simple fractional components (e.g. , , and  in Roman abacus), and a decimal point can be imagined for fixed-point arithmetic.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. , , \u00e6nd \u026an \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s, \u00e6nd \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u026am\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026akstp\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak."}, {"text": "Any particular abacus design supports multiple methods to perform calculations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square and cube roots.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bni p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u028cbt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd kj\u02c8u\u02d0b \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "The beads are first arranged to represent a number, then are manipulated to perform a mathematical operation with another number, and their final position can be read as the result (or can be used as the starting number for subsequent operations).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Although calculators and computers are commonly used today instead of abacuses, abacuses remain in everyday use in some countries.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6b\u0250k\u0259s\u1d7bz, \u02c8\u00e6b\u0250k\u0259s\u1d7bz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u026an \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026ad\u02cce\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "The abacus has an advantage of not requiring a writing implement and paper (needed for algorism) or an electric power source.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s h\u0250z \u0250n \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt \u00e6nd p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s."}, {"text": "Merchants, traders, and clerks in some parts of Eastern Europe, Russia, China, and Africa use abacuses.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u0259nts, t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az, \u00e6nd kl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259, t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6b\u0250k\u0259s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The word abacus dates to at least AD 1387 when a Middle English work borrowed the word from Latin that described a sandboard abacus.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s d\u02c8e\u026ats t\u028a \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u025bn \u0250 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6ndbo\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s."}, {"text": "The Latin word is derived from ancient Greek  (abax) which means something without a base, and colloquially, any piece of rectangular material.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026az d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6ks w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026as, \u00e6nd k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028akw\u026a\u0259li, \u02cc\u025bni p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv \u0279\u025bkt\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u025a m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l."}, {"text": "Alternatively, without reference to ancient texts on etymology, it has been suggested that it means \"a square tablet strewn with dust\", or \"drawing-board covered with dust (for the use of mathematics)\" (the exact shape of the Latin perhaps reflects the genitive form of the Greek word,  (abakos)).", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u028a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt t\u02c8\u025bksts \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \"\u0250 skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u00e6bl\u0259t st\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u028cst\", \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bb\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u028cst f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks\" \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d,  \u0250b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ko\u028az."}, {"text": "While the table strewn with dust definition is popular, some argue evidence is insufficient for that conclusion.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u028cst d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a, s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u026az \u026ans\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Greek  probably borrowed from a Northwest Semitic language like Phoenician, evidenced by a cognate with the Hebrew word \u02be\u0101b\u0101q (), or \"dust\" (in the post-Biblical sense \"sand used as a writing surface\").", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 l\u02c8a\u026ak fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259nst ba\u026a \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261ne\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cce\u026am\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cce\u026am\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n kj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"d\u02c8\u028cst\" \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028astb\u02c8\u026abl\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bns \"s\u02c8\u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\"."}, {"text": "It held a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal (base 60) number system.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u02c8\u025bld \u0250 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u028cv s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u026av k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cmz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bkse\u026ad\u0292s\u02cc\u026am\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "Some scholars point to a character in Babylonian cuneiform that may have been derived from a representation of the abacus.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant t\u028a \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u026an b\u02cc\u00e6b\u026al\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cne\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s."}, {"text": "It is the belief of Old Babylonian scholars, such as Ettore Carruccio, that Old Babylonians \"seem to have used the abacus for the operations of addition and subtraction; however, this primitive device proved difficult to use for more complex calculations\".", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u028cv \u02c8o\u028ald b\u02cc\u00e6b\u026al\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a k\u00e6\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a, \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8o\u028ald b\u02cc\u00e6b\u026al\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259nz \"s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259 h\u00e6v j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u028cbt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz\"."}, {"text": "He wrote that the Egyptians manipulated the pebbles from right to left, opposite in direction to the Greek left-to-right method.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bb\u0259lz f\u0279\u028cm \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bft, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at \u026an d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k l\u02c8\u025bftt\u0259\u0279\u02c8a\u026at m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d."}, {"text": "Archaeologists have found ancient disks of various sizes that are thought to have been used as counters.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6v f\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt d\u02c8\u026asks \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az."}, {"text": "Under the Parthian, Sassanian, and Iranian empires, scholars concentrated on exchanging knowledge and inventions with the countries around them \u2013 India, China, and the Roman Empire- which is how the abacus may have been exported to other countries.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u0259n, s\u00e6s\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025az, sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u025bksp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Demosthenes (384 BC\u2013322 BC) complained that the need to use pebbles for calculations was too difficult.", "phonemes": "d\u025bm\u02c8o\u028asth\u0259n\u02cci\u02d0z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z p\u02c8\u025bb\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u028cz t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt."}, {"text": "A play by Alexis from the 4th century BC mentions an abacus and pebbles for accounting, and both Diogenes and Polybius use the abacus as a metaphor for human behavior, stating \"that men that sometimes stood for more and sometimes for less\" like the pebbles on an abacus.", "phonemes": "\u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026a ba\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u025bks\u026as f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025bb\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u026a\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292i\u02d0nz \u00e6nd p\u0251\u02d0l\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u0259s j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a, st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \"\u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz st\u02c8\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs\" l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bb\u0259lz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s."}, {"text": "The Greek abacus was a table of wood or marble, pre-set with small counters in wood or metal for mathematical calculations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s w\u028cz\u0250 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u028cv w\u02c8\u028ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259l, p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8\u025bt w\u026a\u00f0 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az \u026an w\u02c8\u028ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "This Greek abacus was used in Achaemenid Persia, the Etruscan civilization, Ancient Rome, and the Western Christian world until the French Revolution.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259n\u02cc\u026ad p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u026at\u0279\u02c8\u028csk\u0259n s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028am, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "A tablet found on the Greek island Salamis in 1846 AD (the Salamis Tablet) dates to 300 BC, making it the oldest counting board discovered so far.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8\u00e6bl\u0259t f\u02c8a\u028and \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd s\u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0miz \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0miz t\u02c8\u00e6bl\u0259t d\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad s\u02c8o\u028a f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "In the tablet's center is a set of 5 parallel lines equally divided by a vertical line, capped with a semicircle at the intersection of the bottom-most horizontal line and the single vertical line.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6bl\u0259ts s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl l\u02c8a\u026anz \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an, k\u02c8\u00e6pt w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bm\u026as\u02cc\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259mm\u02c8o\u028ast h\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Below this crack is another group of eleven parallel lines, again divided into two sections by a line perpendicular to them, but with the semicircle at the top of the intersection; the third, sixth and ninth of these lines are marked with a cross where they intersect with the vertical line.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u026as k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k \u026az \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl l\u02c8a\u026anz, \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz ba\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026an p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0259nd\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bm\u026as\u02cc\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n; \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z l\u02c8a\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025as\u02c8\u025bkt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "It was covered with pictures, including a \"treasurer\" holding a wax tablet in one hand while manipulating counters on a table with the other.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026a \"t\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279\u025a\" h\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u02c8\u00e6ks t\u02c8\u00e6bl\u0259t \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u02cca\u026al m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "The normal method of calculation in ancient Rome, as in Greece, was by moving counters on a smooth table.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u028cv k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028am, \u00e6z \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s, w\u028cz ba\u026a m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l."}, {"text": "Writing in the 1st century BC, Horace refers to the wax abacus, a board covered with a thin layer of black wax on which columns and figures were inscribed using a stylus.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u00e6ks \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s, \u0250 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u026an l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv bl\u02c8\u00e6k w\u02c8\u00e6ks \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cmz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 st\u02c8a\u026al\u0259s."}, {"text": "One example of archaeological evidence of the Roman abacus, shown nearby in reconstruction, dates to the 1st century AD.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s, \u0283\u02c8o\u028an n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a \u026an \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, d\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "It has eight long grooves containing up to five beads in each and eight shorter grooves having either one or no beads in each.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u0250z \u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026at \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vz h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "The beads in the shorter grooves denote fives (five units, five tens, etc.) resembling a bi-quinary coded decimal system related to the Roman numerals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vz d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028at f\u02c8a\u026avz f\u02c8a\u026av j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats, f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8\u025bnz, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259.\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmbl\u026a\u014b \u0250 b\u02c8a\u026akw\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The Roman system of 'counter casting' was used widely in medieval Europe, and persisted in limited use into the nineteenth century.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u02c8a\u026adli \u026an m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u00e6nd p\u025as\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u026an l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Due to Pope Sylvester II's reintroduction of the abacus with modifications, it became widely used in Europe again during the 11th century It used beads on wires, unlike the traditional Roman counting boards, which meant the abacus could be used much faster and was more easily moved.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028ap s\u02c8\u026alv\u025bst\u025a \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u026at j\u02c8u\u02d0zd b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8a\u026a\u025az, \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s k\u028ad bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a \u00e6nd w\u028cz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0zili m\u02c8u\u02d0vd."}, {"text": "There are two beads on each rod in the upper deck and five beads each in the bottom one, to represent numbers in a bi-quinary coded decimal-like system.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a d\u02c8\u025bk \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m w\u02cc\u028cn, t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u026an \u0250 b\u02c8a\u026akw\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259ll\u02c8a\u026ak s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The beads are counted by moving them up or down towards the beam; beads moved toward the beam are counted, while those moved away from it are not.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02cc\u028cp \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cca\u028an t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0m; b\u02c8i\u02d0dz m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0o\u028az m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm \u026a\u027e \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t."}, {"text": "The suanpan can be reset to the starting position instantly by a quick movement along the horizontal axis to spin all the beads away from the horizontal beam at the center.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u0250np\u02cc\u00e6n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ntli ba\u026a \u0250 kw\u02c8\u026ak m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026as t\u0259 sp\u02c8\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 h\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259l b\u02c8i\u02d0m \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a."}, {"text": "The Song dynasty and earlier used the 1:4 type or four-beads abacus similar to the modern abacus including the shape of the beads commonly known as Japanese-style abacus.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250sti \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn:f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0zst\u02c8a\u026al \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s."}, {"text": "In the long scroll Along the River During the Qingming Festival painted by Zhang Zeduan during the Song dynasty (960\u20131297), a suanpan is clearly visible beside an account book and doctor's prescriptions on the counter of an apothecary's (Feibao).", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b sk\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0259m\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l p\u02c8e\u026ant\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0292\u02c8\u00e6\u014b z\u02c8\u025bdu\u02d0\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250sti n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u0250 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u0250np\u02cc\u00e6n \u026az kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li v\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l b\u1d7bs\u02cca\u026ad \u0250n \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant b\u02c8\u028ak \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025az p\u0279\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u026ak\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz f\u02c8e\u026aba\u028a."}, {"text": "The similarity of the Roman abacus to the Chinese one suggests that one could have inspired the other, given evidence of a trade relationship between the Roman Empire and China.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z w\u02c8\u028cn s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6tw\u02cc\u028cn k\u02cc\u028ad\u0250v \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259."}, {"text": "However, no direct connection has been demonstrated, and the similarity of the abacuses may be coincidental, both ultimately arising from counting with five fingers per hand.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, n\u02c8o\u028a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u0250k\u0259s\u1d7bz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 ko\u028a\u02cc\u026ans\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8a\u026av f\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u025az p\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Where the Roman model (like most modern Korean and Japanese) has 4 plus 1 bead per decimal place, the standard suanpan has 5 plus 2.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8o\u028ast m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z h\u0250z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8i\u02d0d p\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad s\u02c8u\u02d0\u0250np\u02cc\u00e6n h\u0250z f\u02c8a\u026av pl\u02c8\u028cs t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Incidentally, this allows use with a hexadecimal numeral system (or any base up to 18) which may have been used for traditional Chinese measures of weight.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026ans\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li, \u00f0\u026as \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az j\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bks\u0250d\u02cc\u025bs\u026am\u0259l n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni b\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az \u028cv w\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "(Instead of running on wires as in the Chinese, Korean, and Japanese models, the Roman model used grooves, presumably making arithmetic calculations much slower.)", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z, k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vz, p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259bli m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 sl\u02c8o\u028a\u025a."}, {"text": "Another possible source of the suanpan is Chinese counting rods, which operated with a decimal system but lacked the concept of zero as a placeholder.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u0250np\u02cc\u00e6n \u026az t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6z \u0250 pl\u02c8e\u026asho\u028ald\u025a."}, {"text": "The zero was probably introduced to the Chinese in the Tang dynasty (618\u2013907) when travel in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East would have provided direct contact with India, allowing them to acquire the concept of zero and the decimal point from Indian merchants and mathematicians.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6\u014b d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250sti s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u025bn t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st w\u028adh\u0250v p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u028a \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u0259nts \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The Abhidharmako\u015babh\u0101\u1e63ya of Vasubandhu (316-396), a Sanskrit work on Buddhist philosophy, says that the second-century CE philosopher Vasumitra said that \"placing a wick (Sanskrit vartik\u0101) on the number one (ek\u0101\u1e45ka) means it is a one while placing the wick on the number hundred means it is called a hundred, and on the number one thousand means it is a thousand\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250 b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8a\u026a d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u0250 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bm \u0250 k\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u025bs\u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0t \u0250 b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02cce\u026am\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8a\u026a \u0250 \u028cv v\u02cc\u00e6su\u02d0b\u02c8\u00e6ndhu\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026ast f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, s\u02c8\u025bz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nds\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a v\u02c8\u00e6su\u02d0m\u02cc\u026at\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u02c8\u026ak s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026a \u02cce\u026am\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279f\u02c8a\u026av k\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250 w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02cca\u026al pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ak \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u026a\u027e \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250 h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, \u00e6nd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd\"."}, {"text": "Around the 5th century, Indian clerks were already finding new ways of recording the contents of the abacus.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n kl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s."}, {"text": "It was probably in use by the working class a century or more before the ruling class adopted it, as the class structure obstructed such changes.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u026at, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0259bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The top bead on the upper deck was equal to five and the bottom one is similar to the Chinese or Korean abacus, and the decimal number can be expressed, so the abacus is designed as a one:four device.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p b\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a d\u02c8\u025bk w\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cn \u026az s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u026az d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z \u0250 w\u02cc\u028cn:f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as."}, {"text": "The quotient division is generally used instead of the division method; at the same time, in order to make the multiplication and division digits consistently use the division multiplication.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nt d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d; \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am, \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ntli j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Later, Japan had a 3:5 abacus called \u5929\u4e09\u7b97\u76e4, which is now in the Ize Rongji collection of Shansi Village in Yamagata City.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n h\u00e6d \u0250 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0:f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026az \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bd\u0292i k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u00e6nsi v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292 \u026an j\u02cc\u00e6m\u0250\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "The file is next to the four beads, and pressing the \"clearing\" button put the upper bead in the upper position, and the lower bead in the lower position.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026al \u026az n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \"kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b\" b\u02c8\u028c\u0294n\u0329 p\u02cc\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a b\u02c8i\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a b\u02c8i\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The abacus is still manufactured in Japan even with the proliferation, practicality, and affordability of pocket electronic calculators.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u026az st\u02c8\u026al m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025ad \u026an d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u0250f\u02cco\u02d0\u0279d\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "The use of the soroban is still taught in Japanese primary schools as part of mathematics, primarily as an aid to faster mental calculation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0b\u0259n \u026az st\u02c8\u026al t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026an d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks, p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8e\u026ad t\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The word Nep\u014dhualtzintzin  comes from Nahuatl, formed by the roots; Ne \u2013 personal -; p\u014dhual or p\u014dhualli  \u2013 the account -; and tzintzin  \u2013 small similar elements.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d n\u02c8\u025bpo\u028ahj\u02ccu\u02d0\u0250lts\u02cc\u026ants\u026an k\u02c8\u028cmz f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u00e6hju\u02d0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259l, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts; n\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l; p\u02c8o\u028ahju\u02d0\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8o\u028ahju\u02d0\u02cc\u00e6li \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant; \u00e6nd t\u02c8i\u02d0z\u02c8\u026ants\u026an sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Its use was taught in the Calmecac to the temalpouhqueh , who were students dedicated to taking the accounts of skies, from childhood.", "phonemes": "\u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0s w\u028cz t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u02cc\u00e6k t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bm\u0250lp\u02cca\u028ahkwe\u026a , h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv sk\u02c8a\u026az, f\u0279\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad."}, {"text": "Beads in the first row have unitary values (1, 2, 3, and 4), and on the right side,  three beads had values of 5, 10, and 15, respectively.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u02c8o\u028a h\u00e6v j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z w\u02c8\u028cn, t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8a\u026ad,  \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz h\u00e6d v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av, t\u02c8\u025bn, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "In order to know the value of the respective beads of the upper rows, it is enough to multiply by 20 (by each row), the value of the corresponding count in the first row.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028az, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u02c8a\u026a ba\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti ba\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0279\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b k\u02c8a\u028ant \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "One Nep\u014dhualtzintzin (91) represented the number of days that a season of the year lasts, two Nep\u014dhualtzitzin (182) is the number of days of the corn's cycle, from its sowing to its harvest, three Nep\u014dhualtzintzin (273) is the number of days of a baby's gestation, and four Nep\u014dhualtzintzin (364) completed a cycle and approximated one year.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8\u025bpo\u028ahj\u02ccu\u02d0\u0250lts\u02cc\u026ants\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026az \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6sts, t\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8\u025bpo\u028ahj\u02ccu\u02d0\u0250lts\u02cc\u026ats\u026an w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l, f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats s\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u026ats h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026ast, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u025bpo\u028ahj\u02ccu\u02d0\u0250lts\u02cc\u026ants\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u02c8e\u026az \u0259v\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026abiz d\u0292\u025bst\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u025bpo\u028ahj\u02ccu\u02d0\u0250lts\u02cc\u026ants\u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "When translated into modern computer arithmetic, the Nep\u014dhualtzintzin amounted to the rank from 10 to 18 in floating point, which precisely calculated large and small amounts, although round off was not allowed.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bpo\u028ahj\u02ccu\u02d0\u0250lts\u02cc\u026ants\u026an \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8\u025bn t\u028a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n \u026an fl\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026asli k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8\u0254f w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad."}, {"text": "The rediscovery of the Nep\u014dhualtzintzin was due to the Mexican engineer David Esparza Hidalgo, who in his travels throughout Mexico found diverse engravings and paintings of this instrument and reconstructed several of them in gold, jade, encrustations of shell, etc.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bpo\u028ahj\u02ccu\u02d0\u0250lts\u02cc\u026ants\u026an w\u028cz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad \u025bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z\u0259 h\u026ad\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261o\u028a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026an h\u026az t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259lz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a f\u02c8a\u028and da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u025b\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014bz \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026an \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald, d\u0292\u02c8e\u026ad, \u025b\u014bk\u0279\u0259st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u025bl, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Very old Nep\u014dhualtzintzin are attributed to the Olmec culture, and some bracelets of Mayan origin, as well as a diversity of forms and materials in other cultures.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02c8o\u028ald n\u02c8\u025bpo\u028ahj\u02ccu\u02d0\u0250lts\u02cc\u026ants\u026an \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0lm\u025bk k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm b\u0279\u02c8e\u026asl\u026ats \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0250 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Sanchez wrote in Arithmetic in Maya that another base 5, base 4 abacus had been found in the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula that also computed calendar data.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u025bz \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u026an \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak \u026an m\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u02c8e\u026as f\u02c8a\u026av, b\u02c8e\u026as f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s h\u0250db\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nd\u025a d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "This was a finger abacus, on one hand, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 were used; and on the other hand 0, 1, 2, and 3 were used.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028cz\u0250 f\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s, \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u00e6nd, z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, w\u02c8\u028cn, t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd; \u00e6nd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, w\u02c8\u028cn, t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "The quipu of the Incas was a system of colored knotted cords used to record numerical data, like advanced tally sticks \u2013 but not used to perform calculations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u026apu\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0259z w\u028cz\u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv k\u02c8\u028cl\u025ad n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst t\u02c8\u00e6li st\u02c8\u026aks b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Calculations were carried out using a yupana (Quechua for \"counting tool\"; see figure) which was still in use after the conquest of Peru.", "phonemes": "k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02c8a\u028at j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 ju\u02d0p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 kw\u02c8\u025bt\u0283ju\u02d0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0l\"; s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz st\u02c8\u026al \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bkw\u025bst \u028cv p\u025a\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The working principle of a yupana is unknown, but in 2001 Italian mathematician De Pasquale proposed an explanation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 ju\u02d0p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 \u026az \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6skw\u0251\u02d0l p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u0250n \u025bkspl\u0250n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "By comparing the form of several yupanas, researchers found that calculations were based using the Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 and powers of 10, 20, and 40 as place values for the different fields in the instrument.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l ju\u02d0p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259z, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8e\u026ast j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02cc\u026ab\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283i s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02c8\u028cn, t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bn, tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u00e6z pl\u02c8e\u026as v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The Russian abacus, the schoty (, plural from , counting), usually has a single slanted deck, with ten beads on each wire (except one wire with four beads for quarter-ruble fractions).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8o\u028a\u027ei, pl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm , k\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li h\u0250z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l sl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u025bk, w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8\u025bn b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 w\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8a\u026a\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "For easy viewing, the middle 2 beads on each wire (the 5th and 6th bead) usually are of a different color from the other eight.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0zi vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 w\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 b\u02c8i\u02d0d j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Likewise, the left bead of the thousands wire (and the million wire, if present) may have a different color.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026akwa\u026az, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bft b\u02c8i\u02d0d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259ndz w\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n w\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, \u026af p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a."}, {"text": "The Russian abacus was in use in shops and markets throughout the former Soviet Union, and its usage was taught in most schools until the 1990s.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s w\u028cz \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 w\u028cz t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z."}, {"text": "Even the 1874 invention of mechanical calculator, Odhner arithmometer, had not replaced them in Russia; according to Yakov Perelman.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0dn\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u03b8m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025a, h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259; \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 j\u02c8\u00e6k\u0251\u02d0v p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025blm\u0259n."}, {"text": "Some businessmen attempting to import calculators into the Russian Empire were known to leave in despair after watching  a skilled abacus operator.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259sm\u02cc\u025bn \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u026an d\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0250 sk\u02c8\u026ald \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Likewise, the mass production of Felix arithmometers since 1924 did not significantly reduce abacus use in the Soviet Union.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026akwa\u026az, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026aks \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u03b8m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025az s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Russian abacus began to lose popularity only after the mass production of domestic microcalculators in 1974.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0z p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u026ak m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "The Russian abacus was brought to France around 1820 by mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet, who had served in Napoleon's army and had been a prisoner of war in Russia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s w\u028cz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti ba\u026a m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0nv\u02c8\u026akt\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bl\u026at, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026an n\u0250p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0259nz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u00e6nd h\u0250db\u026an \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259."}, {"text": "The abacus had fallen out of use in western Europe in the 16th century with the rise of decimal notation and algorismic methods.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s h\u00e6d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0259n \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6l\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026asm\u026ak m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz."}, {"text": "Around the world, abacuses have been used in pre-schools and elementary schools as an aid in teaching the numeral system and arithmetic.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u02c8\u00e6b\u0250k\u0259s\u1d7bz h\u0250vb\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bl\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8e\u026ad \u026an t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak."}, {"text": "In Western countries, a bead frame similar to the Russian abacus but with straight wires and a vertical frame is common (see image).", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, \u0250 b\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026a\u00f0 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u00e6nd \u0250 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "The wireframe may be used either with positional notation like other abacuses (thus the 10-wire version may represent numbers up to 9,999,999,999), or each bead may represent one unit (e.g. 74 can be represented by shifting all beads on 7 wires and 4 beads on the 8th wire, so numbers up to 100 may be represented).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026a\u025af\u0279e\u026am m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6b\u0250k\u0259s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bnw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an,n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an,n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an,n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 b\u02c8i\u02d0d m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u03b8 w\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, s\u02cco\u028a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "In the bead frame shown, the gap between the 5th and 6th wire, corresponding to the color change between the 5th and the 6th bead on each wire, suggests the latter use.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am \u0283\u02c8o\u028an, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6p b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 w\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 b\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 w\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "The red-and-white abacus is used in contemporary primary schools for a wide range of number-related lessons.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u00e6ndw\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i sk\u02c8u\u02d0lz f\u025a\u0279\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u025bs\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The twenty bead version, referred to by its Dutch name rekenrek (\"calculating frame\"), is often used, either on a string of beads or on a rigid framework.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti b\u02c8i\u02d0d v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 ba\u026a \u026ats d\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 n\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u025bn\u0279\u025bk\"k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am\", \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv b\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ad f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amw\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "He wrote about an encounter in Brazil with a Japanese abacus expert, who challenged him to speed contests between Feynman's pen and paper, and the abacus.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250n \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a\u0279 \u026an b\u0279\u0250z\u02c8\u026al w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u02c8\u025bksp\u025c\u02d0t, h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0d k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bsts b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n f\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nz p\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s."}, {"text": "The abacus was much faster for addition, somewhat faster for multiplication, but Feynman was faster at division.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s w\u028cz m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct f\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259n w\u028cz f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "However, the number chosen at random was close to a number Feynman happened to know was an exact cube, allowing him to use approximate methods.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az\u0259n \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259m w\u028cz kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a f\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259nd t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a w\u028cz \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt kj\u02c8u\u02d0b, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259t m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz."}, {"text": "Abacus-based mental calculation (AMC), which was derived from the abacus, is the act of performing calculations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, in the mind by manipulating an imagined abacus.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259sb\u02c8e\u026ast m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bms\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s, \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u028cbt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u026am\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026and \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s."}, {"text": "People doing long-term AMC training show higher numerical memory capacity and experience more effectively connected neural pathways.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l d\u02ccu\u02d0\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bms\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8o\u028a h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8we\u026az."}, {"text": "AMC involves both visuospatial and visuomotor processing that generate the visual abacus and move the imaginary beads.", "phonemes": "\u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bms\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 v\u02cc\u026asju\u02d0\u0259sp\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026asju\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mo\u028a\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i b\u02c8i\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Since it only requires that the final position of beads be remembered, it takes less memory and less computation time.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u026a\u027e \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02c8i\u02d0dz bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bmb\u025ad, \u026at t\u02c8e\u026aks l\u02c8\u025bs m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bs k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "The abacus shows how numbers, letters, and signs can be stored in a binary system on a computer, or via ASCII.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u0283\u02c8o\u028az h\u02cca\u028a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az, l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026anz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u026an \u0250 b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ski."}, {"text": "An adapted abacus, invented by Tim Cranmer, and called a Cranmer abacus is commonly used by visually impaired users.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s, \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a t\u02c8\u026am k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nm\u025a, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nm\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az."}, {"text": "A piece of soft fabric or rubber is placed behind the beads, keeping them in place while the users manipulate them.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv s\u02c8\u0254ft f\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u025a\u0279 \u026az pl\u02c8e\u026ast b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0dz, k\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026an pl\u02c8e\u026as w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az m\u0259n\u02c8\u026apj\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "The device is then used to perform the mathematical functions of multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, square root, and cube root.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u028cbt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t, \u00e6nd kj\u02c8u\u02d0b \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Although blind students have benefited from talking calculators, the abacus is often taught to these students in early grades.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a bl\u02c8a\u026and st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts h\u00e6v b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0i\u02d0z st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026adz."}, {"text": "Blind students can also complete mathematical assignments using a braille-writer and Nemeth code (a type of braille code for mathematics) but large multiplication and long division problems are tedious.", "phonemes": "bl\u02c8a\u026and st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nts j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd n\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259\u03b8 k\u02c8o\u028ad \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8e\u026al k\u02c8o\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254\u014b d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259s."}, {"text": "The abacus gives these students a tool to compute mathematical problems that equals the speed and mathematical knowledge required by their sighted peers using pencil and paper.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6b\u00e6k\u0259s \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u00f0i\u02d0z st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0l t\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0t m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025bns\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a."}, {"text": "An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n k\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n, \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "In the special case of aqueous solutions, proton donors form the hydronium ion H3O+ and are known as Arrhenius acids.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n d\u02c8o\u028an\u025az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz."}, {"text": "A Br\u00f8nsted or Arrhenius acid usually contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a chemical structure that is still energetically favorable after loss of H+.", "phonemes": "\u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u02cc\u025bn\u025ad\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs."}, {"text": "Aqueous Arrhenius acids have characteristic properties that provide a practical description of an acid.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz h\u00e6v k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour taste, can turn blue litmus red, and react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8a\u028a\u025a t\u02c8e\u026ast, k\u00e6n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n bl\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026atm\u0259s \u0279\u02c8\u025bd, \u00e6nd \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz l\u02c8a\u026ak k\u02c8\u00e6lsi\u0259m t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m s\u02c8\u0254lts."}, {"text": "An aqueous solution of an acid has a pH less than 7 and is colloquially also referred to as \"acid\" (as in \"dissolved in acid\"), while the strict definition refers only to the solute.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad h\u0250z \u0250 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026az k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028akw\u026a\u0259li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z \"\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\" \u00e6z \u02c8\u026an \"d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad\", w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u026akt d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0t."}, {"text": "A lower pH means a higher acidity, and thus a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6s\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Common aqueous acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride that is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and citric acid (found in citrus fruits).", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u0250 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cm\u0259k \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026ats da\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026av \u02c8\u025bnza\u026amz, \u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad v\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0250 da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0t \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad, s\u028clfj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279iz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026at\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an s\u02c8\u026at\u0279\u0259s f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "As these examples show, acids (in the colloquial sense) can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from acids (in the strict sense) that are solids, liquids, or gases.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0i\u02d0z \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a, \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028akw\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bns k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u026akt s\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026adz, l\u02c8\u026akw\u026adz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are corrosive, but there are exceptions such as carboranes and boric acid.", "phonemes": "st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u026av, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279bo\u02d0\u0279\u02cce\u026anz \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "An example is boron trifluoride (BF3), whose boron atom has a vacant orbital that can form a covalent bond by sharing a lone pair of electrons on an atom in a base, for example the nitrogen atom in ammonia (NH3).", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u026az b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n t\u0279\u02c8a\u026afl\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02cca\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, h\u02ccu\u02d0z b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m h\u0250z \u0250 v\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259nt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd ba\u026a \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028an p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u026an \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026as, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u026an \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 \u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Lewis considered this as a generalization of the Br\u00f8nsted definition, so that an acid is a chemical species that accepts electron pairs either directly or by releasing protons (H+) into the solution, which then accept electron pairs.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u026as \u00e6z \u0250 d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpts \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z."}, {"text": "Hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, and most other Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowry acids cannot form a covalent bond with an electron pair, however, and are therefore not Lewis acids.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad, \u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz."}, {"text": "In modern terminology, an acid is implicitly a Br\u00f8nsted acid and not a Lewis acid, since chemists almost always refer to a Lewis acid explicitly as a Lewis acid.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az \u026ampl\u02c8\u026as\u026atli \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad, s\u02c8\u026ans k\u02c8\u025bm\u026asts \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026atli \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "Most acids encountered in everyday life are aqueous solutions, or can be dissolved in water, so the Arrhenius and Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowry definitions are the most relevant.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad \u026an \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026ad\u02cce\u026a l\u02c8a\u026af \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0279i d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowry definition is the most widely used definition; unless otherwise specified, acid\u2013base reactions are assumed to involve the transfer of a proton (H+) from an acid to a base.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0279i d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n; \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad, \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad b\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md t\u028a \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad t\u028a \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Although alcohols and amines can be Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowry acids, they can also function as Lewis bases due to the lone pairs of electrons on their oxygen and nitrogen atoms.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ma\u026anz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028an p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz."}, {"text": "In 1884, Svante Arrhenius attributed the properties of acidity to hydrogen ions (H+), later described as protons or hydrons.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, sv\u02c8\u00e6nt \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv \u00e6s\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs, l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259nz."}, {"text": "An Arrhenius acid is a substance that, when added to water, increases the concentration of H+ ions in the water.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, w\u02cc\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Chemists often write H+(aq) and refer to the hydrogen ion when describing acid\u2013base reactions but the free hydrogen nucleus, a proton, does not exist alone in water, it exists as the hydronium ion (H3O+) or other forms (H5O2+, H9O4+).", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025bm\u026asts \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8\u00e6k \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n w\u025bn d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad b\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s, \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n, d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u026a\u027e \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a pl\u02c8\u028cs \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u028cs, \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u028cs."}, {"text": "Thus, an Arrhenius acid can also be described as a substance that increases the concentration of hydronium ions when added to water.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u0250n \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz w\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "An Arrhenius base, on the other hand, is a substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide (OH\u2212) ions when dissolved in water.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s b\u02c8e\u026as, \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u02cco\u028a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz w\u025bn d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Due to this equilibrium, any increase in the concentration of hydronium is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of hydroxide.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as \u02cci\u02d0kw\u026al\u02c8\u026ab\u0279i\u0259m, \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m \u026az \u0250k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259nid ba\u026a \u0250 d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad."}, {"text": "Thus, an Arrhenius acid could also be said to be one that decreases hydroxide concentration, while an Arrhenius base increases it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u0250n \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad k\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cca\u026al \u0250n \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s b\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026at."}, {"text": "Since pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydronium ions, acidic solutions thus have a pH of less than 7.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u03b8\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, \u0250s\u02c8\u026ad\u026ak s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs h\u00e6v \u0250 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "While the Arrhenius concept is useful for describing many reactions, it is also quite limited in its scope.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a kw\u02c8a\u026at l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u026ats sk\u02c8o\u028ap."}, {"text": "In 1923, chemists Johannes Nicolaus Br\u00f8nsted and Thomas Martin Lowry independently recognized that acid\u2013base reactions involve the transfer of a proton.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u02c8\u025bm\u026asts d\u0292\u02c8o\u028ah\u00e6nz n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cca\u028as b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u026an l\u02c8o\u028a\u0279i \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad b\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "A Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowry acid (or simply Br\u00f8nsted acid) is a species that donates a proton to a Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowry base.", "phonemes": "\u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026ampli b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az \u0250 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t do\u028an\u02c8e\u026ats \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n t\u028a \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0279i b\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Consider the following reactions of acetic acid (CH3COOH), the organic acid that gives vinegar its characteristic taste:", "phonemes": "k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u02c8\u026avz v\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u026ats k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ast:"}, {"text": "Both theories easily describe the first reaction: CH3COOH acts as an Arrhenius acid because it acts as a source of H3O+ when dissolved in water, and it acts as a Br\u00f8nsted acid by donating a proton to water.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u02c8i\u02d0zili d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n: s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6kts \u00e6z \u0250n \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u00e6kts \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u025bn d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u00e6kts \u00e6z \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad ba\u026a do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "In the second example CH3COOH undergoes the same transformation, in this case donating a proton to ammonia (NH3), but does not relate to the Arrhenius definition of an acid because the reaction does not produce hydronium.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u0279\u00e6nsfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026an \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8e\u026as do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n t\u028a \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 \u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025arh\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259s d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m."}, {"text": "Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowry theory can be used to describe reactions of molecular compounds in nonaqueous solution or the gas phase.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0279i \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u026an n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s f\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and ammonia combine under several different conditions to form ammonium chloride, NH4Cl.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad, \u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "As with the acetic acid reactions, both definitions work for the first example, where water is the solvent and hydronium ion is formed by the HCl solute.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u0259nt \u00e6nd ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u026az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026at\u0283s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0t."}, {"text": "In the second reaction hydrogen chloride and ammonia (dissolved in benzene) react to form solid ammonium chloride in a benzene solvent and in the third gaseous HCl and NH3 combine to form the solid.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u00e6nd \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an b\u02c8\u025bnzi\u02d0n \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u026an \u0250 b\u02c8\u025bnzi\u02d0n s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259s \u02cce\u026at\u0283s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad."}, {"text": "A third, only marginally related concept was proposed in 1923 by Gilbert N. Lewis, which includes reactions with acid\u2013base characteristics that do not involve a proton transfer.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026an\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u026alb\u025at \u02c8\u025bn. l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad b\u02c8e\u026as k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u00f0\u00e6t du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "A Lewis acid is a species that accepts a pair of electrons from another species; in other words, it is an electron pair acceptor.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az \u0250 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpts \u0250 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z; \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u025a."}, {"text": "Br\u00f8nsted acid\u2013base reactions are proton transfer reactions while Lewis acid\u2013base reactions are electron pair transfers.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad b\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad b\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0z."}, {"text": "In the first reaction a fluoride ion, F\u2212, gives up an electron pair to boron trifluoride to form the product tetrafluoroborate.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0250 fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n, \u02c8\u025bf m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s, \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u02cc\u028cp \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n t\u0279\u02c8a\u026afl\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02cca\u026ad t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250fl\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259b\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "Fluoride \"loses\" a pair of valence electrons because the electrons shared in the B\u2014F bond are located in the region of space between the two atomic nuclei and are therefore more distant from the fluoride nucleus than they are in the lone fluoride ion.", "phonemes": "fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad \"l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz\" \u0250 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0\u2014\u02c8\u025bf b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026as b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028an fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "A proton is transferred from an unspecified Br\u00f8nsted acid to ammonia, a Br\u00f8nsted base; alternatively, ammonia acts as a Lewis base and transfers a lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a hydrogen ion.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n \u026az t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u028cnsp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad t\u028a \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259, \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u1d7bd b\u02c8e\u026as; \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli, \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6kts \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as b\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0z \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028an p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The species that gains the electron pair is the Lewis acid; for example, the oxygen atom in H3O+ gains a pair of electrons when one of the H\u2014O bonds is broken and the electrons shared in the bond become localized on oxygen.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u026an \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a pl\u02c8\u028cs \u0261\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz w\u025bn w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u2014\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz \u026az b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "They dissociate in water to produce a Lewis acid, H+, but at the same time also yield an equal amount of a Lewis base (acetate, citrate, or oxalate, respectively, for the acids mentioned).", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a d\u026as\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad, \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a j\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as b\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026at\u02cce\u026at, s\u02c8\u026at\u0279e\u026at, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u0250l\u02cce\u026at, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli, f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Reactions of acids are often generalized in the form , where HA represents the acid and A\u2212 is the conjugate base.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m , w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u00e6nd \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Acid\u2013base conjugate pairs differ by one proton, and can be interconverted by the addition or removal of a proton (protonation and deprotonation, respectively).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad b\u02c8e\u026as k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z d\u02c8\u026af\u025a ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n, \u00e6nd k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n p\u0279\u02cco\u028at\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02cco\u028at\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "Note that the acid can be the charged species and the conjugate base can be neutral in which case the generalized reaction scheme could be written as .", "phonemes": "n\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n sk\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u00e6z ."}, {"text": "The equilibrium constant K is an expression of the equilibrium concentrations of the molecules or the ions in solution.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0kw\u026al\u02c8\u026ab\u0279i\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt k\u02c8e\u026a \u026az \u0250n \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0kw\u026al\u02c8\u026ab\u0279i\u0259m k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u026an s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Brackets indicate concentration, such that [H2O] means the concentration of H2O. The acid dissociation constant Ka is generally used in the context of acid\u2013base reactions.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ats \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a. \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad d\u026as\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad b\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The numerical value of Ka is equal to the product (multiplication) of the concentrations of the products divided by the concentration of the reactants, where the reactant is the acid (HA) and the products are the conjugate base and H+.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0259nts, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs."}, {"text": "The stronger of two acids will have a higher Ka than the weaker acid; the ratio of hydrogen ions to acid will be higher for the stronger acid as the stronger acid has a greater tendency to lose its proton.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz w\u026al h\u00e6v \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad; \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad w\u026al bi\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad h\u0250z \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi t\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Because the range of possible values for Ka spans many orders of magnitude, a more manageable constant, pKa is more frequently used, where pKa = \u2212log10 Ka.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u00e6nz m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025az \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6\u0261n\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d, \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt, p\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s l\u02c8\u0254\u0261 t\u02c8\u025bn k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0."}, {"text": "Experimentally determined pKa at 25\u00a0\u00b0C in aqueous solution are often quoted in textbooks and reference material.", "phonemes": "\u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and p\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u00e6t tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n kw\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an t\u02c8\u025bkstb\u028aks \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l."}, {"text": "In the classical naming system, the ionic suffix is dropped and replaced with a new suffix, according to the table following.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u00f0\u026a a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks \u026az d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "For example, HCl has chloride as its anion, so the hydro- prefix is used, and the -ide suffix makes the name take the form hydrochloric acid.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u02cce\u026at\u0283s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl h\u0250z kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u00e6z \u026ats \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026ad s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks m\u02cce\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8e\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "A strong acid is one that completely dissociates in water; in other words, one mole of a strong acid HA dissolves in water yielding one mole of H+ and one mole of the conjugate base, A\u2212, and none of the protonated acid HA.", "phonemes": "\u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli d\u026as\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026ats \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a; \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8o\u028al \u0259v\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8e\u026a d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a j\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as, \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "In contrast, a weak acid only partially dissociates and at equilibrium both the acid and the conjugate base are in solution.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, \u0250 w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8o\u028anli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li d\u026as\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026ats \u00e6nd \u00e6\u027e \u02cci\u02d0kw\u026al\u02c8\u026ab\u0279i\u0259m b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydroiodic acid (HI), hydrobromic acid (HBr), perchloric acid (HClO4), nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4).", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl, h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0254\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8a\u026a, h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259b\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, p\u025akl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8o\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u028clfj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02cco\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the polarity of the H\u2014A bond and the size of atom A, which determines the strength of the H\u2014A bond.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02cco\u028at\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 po\u028al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u2014\u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u02c8e\u026a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u2014\u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd."}, {"text": "In fact, polystyrene functionalized into polystyrene sulfonate is a solid strongly acidic plastic that is filterable.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u02c8\u00e6kt, p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ast\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u025bn f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ast\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u025bn s\u02c8\u028clf\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u0250s\u02c8\u026ad\u026ak pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az f\u02c8\u026alt\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "While Ka measures the strength of an acid compound, the strength of an aqueous acid solution is measured by pH, which is an indication of the concentration of hydronium in the solution.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028and, \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026az m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad ba\u026a p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The pH of a simple solution of an acid compound in water is determined by the dilution of the compound and the compound's Ka.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028and \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028and \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0."}, {"text": "Lewis acids have been classified in the ECW model and it has been shown that there is no one order of acid strengths.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz h\u0250vb\u026an kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028aw\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8s."}, {"text": "The relative acceptor strength of Lewis acids toward a series of bases, versus other Lewis acids, can be illustrated by C-B plots.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz, v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "It has been shown that to define the order of Lewis acid strength at least two properties must be considered.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad."}, {"text": "For Pearson's qualitative HSAB theory the two properties are hardness and strength while for Drago's quantitative ECW model the two properties are electrostatic and covalent.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u026a\u0279s\u0259nz kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av \u02c8e\u026at\u0283s\u02c8\u00e6b \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dn\u0259s \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 w\u02cca\u026al f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028az kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av \u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028ast\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Monoprotic acids, also known as monobasic acids, are those acids that are able to donate one proton per molecule during the process of dissociation (sometimes called ionization) as shown below (symbolized by HA):", "phonemes": "m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028ab\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0o\u028az \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 do\u028an\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u028cn p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n p\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv d\u026as\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0283\u02c8o\u028an b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8e\u026a:"}, {"text": "Common examples of monoprotic acids in mineral acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3).", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u026an m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8o\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "On the other hand, for organic acids the term mainly indicates the presence of one carboxylic acid group and sometimes these acids are known as monocarboxylic acid.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m m\u02c8e\u026anli \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "Examples in organic acids include formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH) and benzoic acid (C6H5COOH).", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at\u0283k\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd b\u025bnz\u02c8o\u028a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8a\u026av k\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Polyprotic acids, also known as polybasic acids, are able to donate more than one proton per acid molecule, in contrast to monoprotic acids that only donate one proton per molecule.", "phonemes": "p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ab\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 do\u028an\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n p\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l, \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8o\u028anli do\u028an\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u028cn p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n p\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Specific types of polyprotic acids have more specific names, such as diprotic (or dibasic) acid (two potential protons to donate), and triprotic (or tribasic) acid (three potential protons to donate).", "phonemes": "sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz h\u00e6v m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak n\u02c8e\u026amz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026ab\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz t\u0259 do\u028an\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd t\u0279\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279a\u026ab\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz t\u0259 do\u028an\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Some macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids can have a very large number of acidic protons.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ati\u02d0nz \u00e6nd nu\u02d0kl\u02c8\u026a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz k\u00e6n h\u00e6v \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ad\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "A diprotic acid (here symbolized by H2A) can undergo one or two dissociations depending on the pH. Each dissociation has its own dissociation constant, Ka1 and Ka2.", "phonemes": "\u0250 d\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026a k\u00e6n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u026as\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 d\u026as\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an d\u026as\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "For example, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can donate one proton to form the bisulfate anion (HSO), for which Ka1 is very large; then it can donate a second proton to form the sulfate anion (SO), wherein the Ka2 is intermediate strength.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, s\u028clfj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02cco\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u00e6n do\u028an\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u028cn p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 ba\u026as\u02c8\u028clfe\u026at \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292; \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u026at k\u00e6n do\u028an\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028clfe\u026at \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028a, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026an \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026az \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8."}, {"text": "In a similar manner, the weak unstable carbonic acid  can lose one proton to form bicarbonate anion  and lose a second to form carbonate anion (CO).", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l k\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad k\u00e6n l\u02c8u\u02d0z w\u02c8\u028cn p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m ba\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "A triprotic acid (H3A) can undergo one, two, or three dissociations and has three dissociation constants, where Ka1 > Ka2 > Ka3.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u0279\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026a k\u00e6n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028a w\u02cc\u028cn, t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u026as\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u026as\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nts, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "An inorganic example of a triprotic acid is orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4), usually just called phosphoric acid.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02cc\u026ano\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 t\u0279\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259f\u0259sf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld f\u0259sf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "All three protons can be successively lost to yield H2PO, then HPO, and finally PO, the orthophosphate ion, usually just called phosphate.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u026avli l\u02c8\u0254st t\u0259 j\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02cce\u026at\u0283p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0sfe\u026at \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfe\u026at."}, {"text": "Even though the positions of the three protons on the original phosphoric acid molecule are equivalent, the successive Ka values differ since it is energetically less favorable to lose a proton if the conjugate base is more negatively charged.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l f\u0259sf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt, \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u026av k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z d\u02c8\u026af\u025a s\u02c8\u026ans \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02cc\u025bn\u025ad\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli l\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n \u026af \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d."}, {"text": "An organic example of a triprotic acid is citric acid, which can successively lose three protons to finally form the citrate ion.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 t\u0279\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az s\u02c8\u026at\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u026avli l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026at\u0279e\u026at \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Although the subsequent loss of each hydrogen ion is less favorable, all of the conjugate bases are present in solution.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The fractional concentrations can be calculated as below when given either the pH (which can be converted to the [H+]) or the concentrations of the acid with all its conjugate bases:", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a w\u025bn \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz:"}, {"text": "A plot of these fractional concentrations against pH, for given K1 and K2, is known as a Bjerrum plot.", "phonemes": "\u0250 pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n k\u02c8e\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd k\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u0250 bj\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259m pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t."}, {"text": "A pattern is observed in the above equations and can be expanded to the general n -protic acid that has been deprotonated i -times:", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025an \u026az \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u1d7bkw\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nz \u00e6nd k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025bn p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u00f0\u0250th\u0250zb\u02cc\u026an d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8a\u026amz:"}, {"text": "Neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base, producing a salt and neutralized base; for example, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide form sodium chloride and water:", "phonemes": "n\u02ccu\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u00e6nd \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026as, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u0254lt \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd b\u02c8e\u026as; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a:"}, {"text": "Neutralization is the basis of titration, where a pH indicator shows equivalence point when the equivalent number of moles of a base have been added to an acid.", "phonemes": "n\u02ccu\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv ta\u026at\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259ns p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant w\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028alz \u0259v\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as h\u0250vb\u026an \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "It is often wrongly assumed that neutralization should result in a solution with pH 7.0, which is only the case with similar acid and base strengths during a reaction.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02ccu\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026an \u0250 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026as st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8s d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "An example is the weakly acidic ammonium chloride, which is produced from the strong acid hydrogen chloride and the weak base ammonia.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u026az \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0kli \u0250s\u02c8\u026ad\u026ak \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0k b\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259."}, {"text": "Conversely, neutralizing a weak acid with a strong base gives a weakly basic salt (e.g., sodium fluoride from hydrogen fluoride and sodium hydroxide).", "phonemes": "k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0sli, n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02c8e\u026as \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u0250 w\u02c8i\u02d0kli b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak s\u02c8\u0254lt \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad."}, {"text": "In order for a protonated acid to lose a proton, the pH of the system must rise above the pKa of the acid.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad t\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m m\u02c8\u028cst \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "The decreased concentration of H+ in that basic solution shifts the equilibrium towards the conjugate base form (the deprotonated form of the acid).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0st k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u026an \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u026afts \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0kw\u026al\u02c8\u026ab\u0279i\u0259m t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "In lower-pH (more acidic) solutions, there is a high enough H+ concentration in the solution to cause the acid to remain in its protonated form.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ap\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ad\u026ak s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u028cf \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u026an \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "To determine the concentration of an acid in an aqueous solution, an acid\u2013base titration is commonly performed.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026an \u0250n \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad b\u02c8e\u026as ta\u026at\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md."}, {"text": "A strong base solution with a known concentration, usually NaOH or KOH, is added to neutralize the acid solution according to the color change of the indicator with the amount of base added.", "phonemes": "\u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02c8e\u026as s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 n\u02c8o\u028an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u02cco\u028a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cce\u026a\u02cco\u028a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, \u026az \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv b\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The titration curve of an acid titrated by a base has two axes, with the base volume on the x-axis and the solution's pH value on the y-axis.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ta\u026at\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad ta\u026at\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026as h\u0250z t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bks\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026as \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026as."}, {"text": "For each diprotic acid titration curve, from left to right, there are two midpoints, two equivalence points, and two buffer regions.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 d\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad ta\u026at\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v, f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u025bft t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026adp\u0254\u026ants, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259ns p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants, \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u028cf\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Due to the successive dissociation processes, there are two equivalence points in the titration curve of a diprotic acid.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u026av d\u026as\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259ns p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ta\u026at\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u0259v\u0259 d\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "The first equivalence point occurs when all first hydrogen ions from the first ionization are titrated.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259ns p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z w\u025bn \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 ta\u026at\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "In other words, the amount of OH\u2212 added equals the original amount of H2A at the first equivalence point.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02cco\u028a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026a \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259ns p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant."}, {"text": "For a weak diprotic acid titrated by a strong base, the second equivalence point must occur at pH above 7 due to the hydrolysis of the resulted salts in the solution.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u0279\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0k d\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad ta\u026at\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02c8e\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259ns p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant m\u02c8\u028cst \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u0254lts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "At either equivalence point, adding a drop of base will cause the steepest rise of the pH value in the system.", "phonemes": "\u00e6\u027e \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259ns p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv b\u02c8e\u026as w\u026al k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026ast \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "Since there are two different Ka values, the first midpoint occurs at pH=pKa1 and the second one occurs at pH=pKa2.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u026adp\u0254\u026ant \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u00e6t p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz p\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u00e6t p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz p\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Because the buffer regions consist of the acid and its conjugate base, it can resist pH changes when base is added until the next equivalent points.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028cf\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u00e6nd \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as, \u026at k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u026ast p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz w\u025bn b\u02c8e\u026as \u026az \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants."}, {"text": "Sulfuric acid, a diprotic acid, is the most widely used acid in industry, and is also the most-produced industrial chemical in the world.", "phonemes": "s\u028clfj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad, \u0250 d\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026an \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028astp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "It is mainly used in producing fertilizer, detergent, batteries and dyes, as well as used in processing many products such like removing impurities.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az m\u02c8e\u026anli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a, d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nt, b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279iz \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026az, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u026ampj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "According to the statistics data in 2011, the annual production of sulfuric acid was around 200 million tonnes in the world.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u028clfj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8\u028cnz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "For example, phosphate minerals react with sulfuric acid to produce phosphoric acid for the production of phosphate fertilizers, and zinc is produced by dissolving zinc oxide into sulfuric acid, purifying the solution and electrowinning.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfe\u026at m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 s\u028clfj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s f\u0259sf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfe\u026at f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az, \u00e6nd z\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b z\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u028clfj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad, pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028aw\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Tartaric acid is an important component of some commonly used foods like unripened mangoes and tamarind.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u02c8u\u02d0dz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u028cn\u0279\u02c8a\u026ap\u0259nd m\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261o\u028az \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026and."}, {"text": "Oxalic acid is present in tomatoes, spinach, and especially in carambola and rhubarb; rhubarb leaves and unripe carambolas are toxic because of high concentrations of oxalic acid.", "phonemes": "\u0251\u02d0ks\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an t\u0259m\u02c8e\u026a\u027eo\u028az, sp\u02c8\u026an\u026at\u0283, \u00e6nd \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250mb\u02c8o\u028al\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0251\u02d0\u0279b; \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0251\u02d0\u0279b l\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u00e6nd \u028cn\u0279\u02c8a\u026ap k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250mb\u02c8o\u028al\u0259z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u0251\u02d0ks\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is an essential vitamin for the human body and is present in such foods as amla (Indian gooseberry), lemon, citrus fruits, and guava.", "phonemes": "\u0250sk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad v\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259m\u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u0250n \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l v\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259m\u026an f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u00e6nd \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 f\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6ml\u0259 \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u0261\u02c8u\u02d0sb\u025b\u0279i, l\u02c8\u025bm\u0259n, s\u02c8\u026at\u0279\u0259s f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts, \u00e6nd \u0261w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259."}, {"text": "Many acids can be found in various kinds of food as additives, as they alter their taste and serve as preservatives.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026avz, \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026ast \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6z p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz."}, {"text": "During the manufacturing process, CO2 is usually pressurized to dissolve in these drinks to generate carbonic acid.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd t\u0259 d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u026an \u00f0i\u02d0z d\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bks t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at k\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "Carbonic acid is very unstable and tends to decompose into water and CO2 at room temperature and pressure.", "phonemes": "k\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Therefore, when bottles or cans of these kinds of soft drinks are opened, the soft drinks fizz and effervesce as CO2 bubbles come out.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u025bn b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6nz \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8a\u026andz \u028cv s\u02c8\u0254ft d\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254ft d\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bks f\u02c8\u026az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bf\u025av\u02cc\u025bs \u00e6z s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lz k\u02c8\u028cm \u02c8a\u028at."}, {"text": "The hydrochloric acid present in the stomach aids digestion by breaking down large and complex food molecules.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cm\u0259k \u02c8e\u026adz da\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks f\u02c8u\u02d0d m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "Nucleic acids are important for the manufacturing of DNA and RNA and transmitting of traits to offspring through genes.", "phonemes": "nu\u02d0kl\u02c8\u026a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats t\u028a \u02c8\u0254fsp\u0279\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Human bodies contain a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, among those dicarboxylic acids play an essential role in many biological behaviors.", "phonemes": "hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ano\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0o\u028az d\u02cc\u026ak\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250n \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025az."}, {"text": "Other weak acids serve as buffers with their conjugate bases to keep the body's pH from undergoing large scale changes that would be harmful to cells.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6z b\u02c8\u028cf\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 sk\u02c8e\u026al t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad bi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mf\u0259l t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "The rest of the dicarboxylic acids also participate in the synthesis of various biologically important compounds in human bodies.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u026ak\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026akli \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz."}, {"text": "Acids are used as catalysts in industrial and organic chemistry; for example, sulfuric acid is used in very large quantities in the alkylation process to produce gasoline.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u026asts \u026an \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, s\u028clfj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6lk\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Some acids, such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and hydrochloric acids, also effect dehydration and condensation reactions.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u028clfj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak, f\u0259sf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak, \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt d\u02cci\u02d0ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u0251\u02d0nd\u025bns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Nucleic acids contain the genetic code that determines many of an organism's characteristics, and is passed from parents to offspring.", "phonemes": "nu\u02d0kl\u02c8\u026a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026anz m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u00e6nd \u026az p\u02c8\u00e6st f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259nts t\u028a \u02c8\u0254fsp\u0279\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "DNA contains the chemical blueprint for the synthesis of proteins, which are made up of amino acid subunits.", "phonemes": "d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026a k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l bl\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0279\u026ant f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ati\u02d0nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u028cp \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad s\u02c8\u028cbju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ats."}, {"text": "An \u03b1-amino acid has a central carbon (the \u03b1 or alpha carbon) that is covalently bonded to a carboxyl group (thus they are carboxylic acids), an amino group, a hydrogen atom and a variable group.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259\u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad h\u0250z \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259ntli b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u02cc\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "The variable group, also called the R group or side chain, determines the identity and many of the properties of a specific amino acid.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an, d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026anz \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u0259v\u0259 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "In glycine, the simplest amino acid, the R group is a hydrogen atom, but in all other amino acids it is contains one or more carbon atoms bonded to hydrogens, and may contain other elements such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0261l\u02c8a\u026asi\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l\u026ast \u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026az \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u026a\u027e \u026az k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u028clf\u025c\u02d0, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "With the exception of glycine, naturally occurring amino acids are chiral and almost invariably occur in the L-configuration.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0261l\u02c8a\u026asi\u02d0n, n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u026anv\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259bli \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025blk\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "At physiological pH, typically around 7, free amino acids exist in a charged form, where the acidic carboxyl group (-COOH) loses a proton (-COO\u2212) and the basic amine group (-NH2) gains a proton (-NH).", "phonemes": "\u00e6t f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283, t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u026an \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u026ad\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u02cc\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pk\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0ns\u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028a\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6ma\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026at\u0283."}, {"text": "The entire molecule has a net neutral charge and is a zwitterion, with the exception of amino acids with basic or acidic side chains.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l h\u0250z \u0250 n\u02c8\u025bt n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd \u026az \u0250 zw\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ad\u026ak s\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "Aspartic acid, for example, possesses one protonated amine and two deprotonated carboxyl groups, for a net charge of \u22121 at physiological pH.", "phonemes": "\u0250sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz w\u02c8\u028cn p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ma\u026an \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u02cc\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, f\u025a\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bt t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6t f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283."}, {"text": "Fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives are another group of carboxylic acids that play a significant role in biology.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u00f0\u00e6t pl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "The cell membrane of nearly all organisms is primarily made up of a phospholipid bilayer, a micelle of hydrophobic fatty acid esters with polar, hydrophilic phosphate \"head\" groups.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026an \u028cv n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u026az p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u028cp \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sf\u0259l\u02cc\u026ap\u026ad b\u02c8\u026ale\u026a\u025a, \u0250 ma\u026as\u02c8\u025bl \u028cv h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259f\u02c8o\u028ab\u026ak f\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8\u025bst\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a, h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u026al\u026ak f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfe\u026at \"h\u02c8\u025bd\" \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "In humans and many other animals, hydrochloric acid is a part of the gastric acid secreted within the stomach to help hydrolyze proteins and polysaccharides, as well as converting the inactive pro-enzyme, pepsinogen into the enzyme, pepsin.", "phonemes": "\u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cm\u0259k t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026az p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ati\u02d0nz \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026as\u02c8\u00e6k\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cca\u026adz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u02c8\u025bnza\u026am, p\u02c8\u025bps\u026an\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnza\u026am, p\u02c8\u025bps\u026an."}, {"text": "Oxygen gas (O2) drives cellular respiration, the process by which animals release the chemical potential energy stored in food, producing carbon dioxide (CO2) as a byproduct.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz s\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bsp\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u026an f\u02c8u\u02d0d, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6z \u0250 b\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279\u0259d\u02cc\u028ckt."}, {"text": "Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs, and the body responds to changing energy demands by adjusting the rate of ventilation.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6ndz ba\u026a \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv v\u02cc\u025bnt\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "For example, during periods of exertion the body rapidly breaks down stored carbohydrates and fat, releasing CO2 into the blood stream.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz \u028cv \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli b\u0279\u02c8e\u026aks d\u02cca\u028an st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279bo\u028ah\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279e\u026ats \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u00e6t, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cd st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m."}, {"text": "It is the decrease in pH that signals the brain to breathe faster and deeper, expelling the excess CO2 and resupplying the cells with O2.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259lz \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0 f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a \u00e6nd d\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a, \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bs s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cci\u02d0s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Cell membranes are generally impermeable to charged or large, polar molecules because of the lipophilic fatty acyl chains comprising their interior.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bl m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u026amp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292, p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u026ap\u0259f\u02c8\u026al\u026ak f\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei \u0250k\u02c8\u026al t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a."}, {"text": "Many biologically important molecules, including a number of pharmaceutical agents, are organic weak acids that can cross the membrane in their protonated, uncharged form but not in their charged form (i.e., as the conjugate base).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026akli \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026an \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u028cnt\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0292u\u02d0\u0261\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "For this reason the activity of many drugs can be enhanced or inhibited by the use of antacids or acidic foods.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni d\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261z k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6nst \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026anh\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u00e6nt\u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ad\u026ak f\u02c8u\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "When the extracellular environment is more acidic than the neutral pH within the cell, certain acids will exist in their neutral form and will be membrane soluble, allowing them to cross the phospholipid bilayer.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bkst\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ad\u026ak \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz w\u026al \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd w\u026al bi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026an s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sf\u0259l\u02cc\u026ap\u026ad b\u02c8\u026ale\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "Acids that lose a proton at the intracellular pH will exist in their soluble, charged form and are thus able to diffuse through the cytosol to their target.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 w\u026al \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l, t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 d\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at."}, {"text": "Hydrogen halides and their solutions: hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydroiodic acid (HI)", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz: h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8\u025bf, h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl, h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259b\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0254\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8a\u026a"}, {"text": "Halogen oxoacids: hypochlorous acid (HClO), chlorous acid (HClO2), chloric acid (HClO3), perchloric acid (HClO4), and corresponding analogs for bromine and iodine", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kso\u028as\u02cc\u026adz: h\u02cca\u026apo\u028akl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8o\u028a, kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0, kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8o\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, p\u025akl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6n\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ama\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026a\u0259d\u02cci\u02d0n"}, {"text": "Halogenation at alpha position increases acid strength, so that the following acids are all stronger than acetic acid.", "phonemes": "h\u0250l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad."}, {"text": "In vinylogous carboxylic acids, a carbon-carbon double bond separates the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups.", "phonemes": "\u026an v\u026an\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u0261\u0259s k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cca\u026al \u00e6nd ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "Acid\u2013Base equilibria diagrams, pH calculation and titration curves simulation and analysis \u2013 freeware", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad b\u02c8e\u026as \u02cci\u02d0kw\u026al\u02c8\u026ab\u0279i\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6mz, p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd ta\u026at\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz s\u02cc\u026amj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0w\u025b\u0279"}, {"text": "Depending on its exact composition it can be a sticky, black liquid or an apparently solid mass that behaves as a liquid over very large time scales.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026at k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250 st\u02c8\u026aki, bl\u02c8\u00e6k l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ntli s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad m\u02c8\u00e6s \u00f0\u00e6t b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avz \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u02cco\u028av\u025a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 t\u02c8a\u026am sk\u02c8e\u026alz."}, {"text": "The word derives from the ancient Greek \u1f04\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u00e1sphaltos, which referred to natural bitumen or pitch.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259f\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259t\u02c8a\u028a\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u0259ns\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259 \u00e6sf\u02c8\u00e6lto\u028az, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u026at\u0283."}, {"text": "The largest natural deposit of bitumen in the world, estimated to contain 10 million tons, is the Pitch Lake of southwest Trinidad.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n t\u02c8\u028cnz, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8e\u026ak \u028cv sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst t\u0279\u02c8\u026an\u026ad\u02cc\u00e6d."}, {"text": "In this application bitumen is used to bind aggregate particles like gravel and forms a substance referred to as asphalt concrete, which is  colloquially termed asphalt.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026and \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0t, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028akw\u026a\u0259li t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt."}, {"text": "In material sciences and engineering the terms \"asphalt\" and \"bitumen\" are often used interchangeably and refer both to natural and manufactured forms of the substance, although there is regional variation as to which term is most common.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt\" \u00e6nd \"b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn\" \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02cc\u026ant\u025at\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u0259bli \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 t\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025ad f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u026az m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n."}, {"text": "For the manufactured material, which is a refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils, \"bitumen\" is the prevalent term in much of the world; however, in American English, \"asphalt\" is more commonly used.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025ad m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u02ccu\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u028cv s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026alz, \"b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn\" \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l\u0259nt t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u026an m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283, \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt\" \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "To help avoid confusion, the phrases \"liquid asphalt\", \"asphalt binder\", or \"asphalt cement\" are used in the U.S. Colloquially, various forms of asphalt are sometimes referred to as \"tar\", as in the name of the La Brea Tar Pits.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u1d7bz \"l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt\", \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt b\u02c8a\u026and\u025a\", \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt s\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bnt\" \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028akw\u026a\u0259li, v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z \"t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\", \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 b\u0279\u02c8i\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u026ats."}, {"text": "Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at  is sometimes referred to as \"refined bitumen\".", "phonemes": "\u026ats v\u026ask\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv k\u02c8o\u028ald m\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b \u00e6\u027e \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z \"\u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn\"."}, {"text": "The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands, which cover , an area larger than England.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259 h\u0250z m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02cc\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a , \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd."}, {"text": "The Latin word traces to the Proto-Indo-European root *g\u02b7et- \"pitch\"; see that link for other cognates.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u02c8\u026ando\u028aj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ask d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8i\u02d0 \"p\u02c8\u026at\u0283\"; s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261ne\u026ats."}, {"text": "The expression \"bitumen\" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words \"jatu\", meaning \"pitch\", and \"jatu-krit\", meaning \"pitch creating\", \"pitch producing\" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \"b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn\" \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 wi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026and \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \"d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eu\u02d0\", m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"p\u02c8\u026at\u0283\", \u00e6nd \"d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eu\u02d0k\u0279\u02c8\u026at\", m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"p\u02c8\u026at\u0283 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b\", \"p\u02c8\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b\" \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026an\u0259s t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally \"gwitu-men\" (pertaining to pitch), and by others, \"pixtumens\" (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to \"bitumen\", thence passing via French into English.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt \u026az kl\u02c8e\u026amd ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0259bi \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li \"\u0261w\u02c8\u026a\u027eu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bn\" p\u025at\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u0259 p\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \u00e6nd ba\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, \"p\u02c8\u026akstu\u02d0m\u02cc\u025bnz\" \u025b\u0261zj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u026at\u0283, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0294n\u0329d tu\u02d0 \"b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn\", \u00f0\u02c8\u025bns p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word \"cwidu\" (Mastix), the German word \"Kitt\" (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word \"kvada\".", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t \u026az d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261lo\u028a s\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"s\u02c8i\u02d0w\u02c8\u026adu\u02d0\" m\u02c8\u00e6st\u026aks, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"k\u02c8\u026at\" s\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bnt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"k\u02c8e\u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259\"."}, {"text": "The word \"a\u0161phalt\" is claimed to have been derived from the Accadian term \"asphaltu\" or \"sphallo,\" meaning \"to split.\"", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"\u02c8\u00e6\u0283f\u0254lt\" \u026az kl\u02c8e\u026amd t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0250lt\u02ccu\u02d0\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"sf\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028a,\" m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"t\u0259 spl\u02c8\u026at.\""}, {"text": "It was later adopted by the Homeric Greeks in the form of the adjective \u1f04\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1f24\u03c2, \u1f10\u03c2  signifying \"firm,\" \"stable,\" \"secure,\" and the corresponding verb \u1f04\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03c9, \u03af\u03c3\u03c9 meaning \"to make firm or stable,\" \"to secure\".", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 ho\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026av l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259 l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bft\u02c8u\u02d0f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259, l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02cc\u028cn\u02cc\u025bfw\u02c8\u028cnz\u02cci\u0259\u0279o\u028as\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \"f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m,\" \"st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l,\" \"s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279,\" \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259f\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259a\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259ks\u02c8a\u026ao\u028am\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259, a\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259o\u028am\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l,\" \"t\u0259 s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\"."}, {"text": "The word \"asphalt\" is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek  (\u00e1sphaltos, \u00e1sphalton), a word meaning \"asphalt/bitumen/pitch\", which perhaps derives from , \"not, without\", i.e. the alpha privative, and  (sphallein), \"to cause to fall, baffle, (in passive) err, (in passive) be balked of\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt\" \u026az d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283, \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6t\u026an\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u00e6sf\u02c8\u00e6lto\u028az, \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt\u0259n, \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 p\u02c8\u026at\u0283\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz f\u0279\u028cm , \"n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, w\u026a\u00f0\u02c8a\u028at\", \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, \u00e6nd sf\u02c8\u00e6la\u026an, \"t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, b\u02c8\u00e6f\u0259l, \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av \u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av bi\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kt \u028cv\"."}, {"text": "The first use of asphalt by the ancients was as a cement to secure or join various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nts w\u028cz \u00e6z \u0250 s\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts, \u00e6nd \u026at \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs s\u02c8i\u02d0mz l\u02c8a\u026akli \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf w\u028cz \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Specifically, Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall.", "phonemes": "sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli, h\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259\u027e\u0259s m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd \u00f0\u00e6t b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn w\u028cz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6b\u026al\u0259n t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald \u026ats d\u0292a\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English (\"asphaltum\" and \"asphalt\").", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d p\u02c8\u00e6st \u02cc\u026ant\u028a l\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bns \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283\"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt\u0259m\" \u00e6nd \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt\"."}, {"text": "In French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring asphalt-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the \"asphaltic concrete\" used to pave roads.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lts\u02c8o\u028akt l\u02c8a\u026amsto\u028an d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats, \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025ad p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts w\u026a\u00f0 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a v\u02c8\u0254\u026adz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 \"\u00e6sf\u02c8\u00e6lt\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0t\" j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026av \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz."}, {"text": "However, \"asphalt\" is also commonly used as a shortened form of \"asphalt concrete\" (therefore equivalent to the British \"asphalt\" or \"tarmac\").", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt\" \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0294n\u0329d f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0t\" \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6k\"."}, {"text": "In Canadian English, the word \"bitumen\" is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil, while \"asphalt\" is used for the oil refinery product.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn\" \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6st k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u028cv \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli h\u02c8\u025bvi k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al, w\u02c8a\u026al \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt\" \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt."}, {"text": "Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as \"dilbit\" in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen \"upgraded\" to synthetic crude oil is known as \"syncrude\", and syncrude blended with bitumen is called \"synbit\".", "phonemes": "da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u00e6f\u03b8\u0259 t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u026at fl\u02c8o\u028a \u026an p\u02c8a\u026apla\u026anz \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \"d\u02c8\u026alb\u026at\" \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i, w\u02cca\u026al b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \"\u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd\" t\u0259 s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \"s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279u\u02d0d\", \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279u\u02d0d bl\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"s\u02c8\u026anb\u026at\"."}, {"text": "\"Bitumen\" is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum.", "phonemes": "\"b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn\" \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m."}, {"text": "Tar is the thick liquid product of the dry distillation and pyrolysis of organic hydrocarbons primarily sourced from vegetation masses, whether fossilized as with coal, or freshly harvested.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026ak l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u02cca\u026a\u0279o\u028al\u02c8a\u026asiz \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st f\u0279\u028cm v\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz, w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8o\u028al, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283li h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026ast\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The majority of bitumen, on the other hand, was formed naturally when vast quantities of organic animal materials were deposited by water and buried hundreds of metres deep at the diagenetic point, where the disorganized fatty hydrocarbon molecules joined in long chains in the absence of oxygen.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li w\u025bn v\u02c8\u00e6st kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025b\u0279id h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025az d\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cca\u026a\u0259d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026as\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd f\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u026an l\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Bitumen, and coal using the Bergius process, can be refined into petrols such as gasoline, and bitumen may be distilled into tar, not the other way around.", "phonemes": "b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, \u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u028al j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs, k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u02cc\u026ant\u028a p\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0n, \u00e6nd b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026ald \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8e\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "Naphthene aromatics (naphthalene), consisting of partially hydrogenated polycyclic aromatic compounds", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6f\u03b8i\u02d0n \u025a\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks n\u02c8\u00e6f\u03b8e\u026al\u02cci\u02d0n, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026as\u02c8a\u026akl\u026ak \u025a\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz"}, {"text": "Polar aromatics, consisting of high molecular weight phenols and carboxylic acids produced by partial oxidation of the material", "phonemes": "p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u025a\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a w\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u025bn\u0251\u02d0lz \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l"}, {"text": "Saturated hydrocarbons; the percentage of saturated compounds in asphalt correlates with its softening point", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz; \u00f0\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u026an \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt k\u02c8\u0254\u0279\u026al\u02cce\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats s\u02c8\u0254f\u0259n\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant"}, {"text": "Bitumen typically contains, elementally 80% by weight of carbon; 10% hydrogen; up to 6% sulfur; and molecularly, between 5 and 25% by weight of asphaltenes dispersed in 90% to 65% maltenes.", "phonemes": "b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz, \u02cc\u025bl\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n; t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n; \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02c8\u028clf\u025c\u02d0; \u00e6nd m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025ali, b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0250lt\u02cci\u02d0nz d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u0254lti\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Most natural bitumens also contain organosulfur compounds,  Nickel and vanadium are found at <10 parts per million, as is typical of some petroleum.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bnz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028as\u02c8\u028clf\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz,  n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd v\u00e6n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6t t\u02c8\u025bn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts p\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, \u02cc\u00e6z\u02cc\u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m."}, {"text": "It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259ld \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0254\u026ad, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0250lt\u02cci\u02d0nz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u026asp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8e\u026az \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0254lti\u02d0nz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s f\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "\"It is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of bitumen, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large\".", "phonemes": "\"\u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00e6nd a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\"."}, {"text": "Asphalt may be confused with coal tar, which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8o\u028al t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u0250 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a bl\u02c8\u00e6k, \u03b8\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u0259pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "During the early and mid-20th century, when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, w\u02cc\u025bn t\u02c8a\u028an \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st, k\u02c8o\u028al t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u028cz\u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l b\u02c8a\u026ap\u0279\u0259d\u02cc\u028ckt \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026avli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026and\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026ats."}, {"text": "The addition of coal tar to macadam roads led to the word \"tarmac\", which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8o\u028al t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 m\u0259k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6k\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259ns t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028adm\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz."}, {"text": "However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, bitumen has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti z, w\u02cc\u025bn n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u02c8a\u028an \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s, b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn h\u0250z k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv k\u02c8o\u028al t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Other examples of this confusion include La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv \u00f0\u026as k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d l\u02cc\u00e6 b\u0279\u02c8i\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u026ats \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "For economic and other reasons, bitumen is sometimes sold combined with other materials, often without being labeled as anything other than simply \"bitumen\".", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz, b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz s\u02c8o\u028ald k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \u00e6z \u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u026ampli \"b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn\"."}, {"text": "Of particular note is the use of re-refined engine oil bottoms \u2013 \"REOB\" or \"REOBs\"the residue of recycled automotive engine oil collected from the bottoms of re-refining vacuum distillation towers, in the manufacture of asphalt.", "phonemes": "\u028cv p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a n\u02c8o\u028at \u026az \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u026al b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259mz \"\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\"\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u02ccu\u02d0 \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259ld \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028am\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026av \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u026al k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259mz \u028cv \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0m d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8a\u028a\u025az, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt."}, {"text": "REOB contains various elements and compounds found in recycled engine oil: additives to the original oil and materials accumulating from its circulation in the engine (typically iron and copper).", "phonemes": "\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259ld \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u026al: \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026avz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0mj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a."}, {"text": "Some research has indicated a correlation between this adulteration of bitumen and poorer-performing pavement.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 h\u0250z \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 k\u02cc\u0254\u0279\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026as \u0250d\u02cc\u028clt\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u025ap\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt, m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027e\u0259mz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnsl\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "These natural deposits of bitumen have been formed during the Carboniferous period, when giant swamp forests dominated many parts of the Earth.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn h\u0250vb\u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259s p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, w\u02cc\u025bn d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025bni p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "Under the heat (above 50\u00a0\u00b0C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv f\u02c8\u026afti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259l d\u02c8i\u02d0p \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m."}, {"text": "Natural deposits of bitumen include lakes such as the Pitch Lake in Trinidad and Tobago and Lake Bermudez in Venezuela.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d l\u02c8e\u026aks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8e\u026ak \u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u026an\u026ad\u02cc\u00e6d \u00e6nd to\u028ab\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026ak b\u025c\u02d0mj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u025bz \u026an v\u02cc\u025bn\u026azw\u02c8e\u026al\u0259."}, {"text": "Natural seeps occur in the La Brea Tar Pits and the McKittrick Tar Pits in California, as well as in the Dead Sea.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0ps \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 b\u0279\u02c8i\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u026ats \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259 k\u02c8\u026at\u0279\u026ak t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u026ats \u026an k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bd s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as \"oil sands\" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar \"tar sands\" in Utah, US.", "phonemes": "b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u026an \u028c\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u00e6ndsto\u028anz n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \"\u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz\" \u026an \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259, k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a \"t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u00e6ndz\" \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0254, j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves, in three huge deposits covering , an area larger than England or New York state.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259 h\u0250z m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz, \u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 hj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b , \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "These bituminous sands contain  of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259s s\u02c8\u00e6ndz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the output is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli \u026at w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026av \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz, n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279iz \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands, is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02cc\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz, \u026az lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259k m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279e\u026a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li k\u0279\u025bt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259s, \u00e6nd \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s l\u02c8\u025bnz\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u026alb\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u0254\u026al."}, {"text": "Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a b\u02cc\u028ct st\u02c8\u026al v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ald l\u02c8e\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz, t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02cc\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "Of the Alberta deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining.", "phonemes": "\u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats, \u02c8o\u028anli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02cc\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u00e6lo\u028a \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259bi s\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as m\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt h\u0250z t\u0259bi p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026al w\u02c8\u025blz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6nst \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks l\u02c8a\u026ak st\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7b\u027ei d\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "An example of this is within the Uinta Basin of Utah, in the US, where there is a swarm of laterally and vertically extensive veins composed of a solid hydrocarbon termed Gilsonite.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u026az w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ant\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259n \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0254, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 sw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026akli \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026av v\u02c8e\u026anz k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md \u0261\u02c8\u026als\u0259n\u02cca\u026at."}, {"text": "These veins formed by the polymerization and solidification of hydrocarbons that were mobilized from the deeper oil shales of the Green River Formation during burial and diagenesis.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z v\u02c8e\u026anz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026am\u025a\u0279a\u026az\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u0259l\u02cc\u026ad\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028ab\u026al\u02cca\u026azd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0283\u02c8e\u026alz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd d\u02cca\u026a\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bs\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "The vast Alberta bitumen resources are considered to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6st \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259 h\u00e6v st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8a\u028at \u00e6z l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n pl\u02c8\u00e6nts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, m\u02c8e\u026anli \u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u02d0, \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u028cv j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a w\u025bn \u0250n \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "They were covered by mud, buried deeply over time, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of .", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a m\u02c8\u028cd, b\u02c8\u025b\u0279id d\u02c8i\u02d0pli \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bntli k\u02c8\u028akt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u026al ba\u026a d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028a\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l h\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00e6\u027e\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv ."}, {"text": "Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres and trapped into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ki m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u026an sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259, \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026al w\u028cz d\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259n n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv k\u02c8\u026al\u0259m\u02cci\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and s\u02c8\u00e6nd d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats l\u02c8\u025bft b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a b\u02c8\u025bdz \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz."}, {"text": "The use of natural bitumen for waterproofing, and as an adhesive dates at least to the fifth millennium BC, with a crop storage basket discovered in Mehrgarh, of the Indus Valley civilization, lined with it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ap\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0f\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250n \u0250dh\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026av d\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 m\u026al\u02c8\u025bni\u0259m b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 b\u02c8\u00e6sk\u026at d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an m\u02c8e\u026a\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u028cs v\u02c8\u00e6li s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 \u026at."}, {"text": "By the 3rd millennium BC refined rock asphalt was in use in the region, and was used to waterproof the Great Bath in Mohenjo-daro.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d m\u026al\u02c8\u025bni\u0259m b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt w\u028cz \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ap\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0f \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at b\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 \u026an mo\u028ah\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292o\u028ad\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "In the ancient Near East, the Sumerians used natural bitumen deposits for mortar between bricks and stones, to cement parts of carvings, such as eyes, into place, for ship caulking, and for waterproofing.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0st, \u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0m\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259nz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd st\u02c8o\u028anz, t\u0259 s\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bnt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026a\u014bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8a\u026az, \u02cc\u026ant\u028a pl\u02c8e\u026as, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u026ap k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ap\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0f\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The  long Euphrates Tunnel beneath the river Euphrates at Babylon in the time of Queen Semiramis () was reportedly constructed of burnt bricks covered with bitumen as a waterproofing agent.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b ju\u02d0f\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027ei\u02d0z t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l b\u1d7bn\u02cci\u02d0\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a ju\u02d0f\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027ei\u02d0z \u00e6t b\u02c8\u00e6b\u026al\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv kw\u02c8i\u02d0n s\u02cc\u025bm\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0miz w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bdli k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u028cv b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nt b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u00e6z \u0250 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ap\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0f\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The Egyptians' primary source of bitumen was the Dead Sea, which the Romans knew as Palus Asphaltites (Asphalt Lake).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bd s\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nz n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6z p\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0250lt\u02cca\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt l\u02c8e\u026ak."}, {"text": "In approximately 40 AD, Dioscorides described the Dead Sea material as Judaicum bitumen, and noted other places in the region where it could be found.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u02d0\u0279\u02cca\u026adz d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bd s\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u00e6z d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0de\u026ak\u0259m b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at k\u028ad bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "It was the object of the first known battle for a hydrocarbon deposit \u2013 between the Seleucids and the Nabateans in 312 BC.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8o\u028an b\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l f\u025a\u0279\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blu\u02d0s\u02cc\u026adz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u00e6be\u026at\u02c8i\u0259nz \u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "In the ancient Far East, natural bitumen was slowly boiled to get rid of the higher fractions, leaving a thermoplastic material of higher molecular weight that, when layered on objects, became hard upon cooling.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0st, n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn w\u028cz sl\u02c8o\u028ali b\u02c8\u0254\u026ald t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt \u0279\u02c8\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u03b8\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u0259pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a w\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, w\u02cc\u025bn l\u02c8e\u026a\u025ad \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts, b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Statuettes of household deities were also cast with this type of material in Japan, and probably also in China.", "phonemes": "st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bts \u028cv h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028ald d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259tiz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u00e6st w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u026an d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259."}, {"text": "In North America, archaeological recovery has indicated that bitumen was sometimes used to adhere stone projectile points to wooden shafts.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i h\u0250z \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn w\u028cz s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279 st\u02c8o\u028an p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259l p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028ad\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u00e6fts."}, {"text": "In Canada, aboriginal people used bitumen seeping out of the banks of the Athabasca and other rivers to waterproof birch bark canoes, and also heated it in smudge pots to ward off mosquitoes in the summer.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259, \u02cc\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0zd b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn s\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02cc\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025az t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ap\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0f b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k k\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0z, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026a\u027e \u026an sm\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8\u0254f m\u0259sk\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a."}, {"text": "In 1553, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in the Republic of Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia) for tarring of ships.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, p\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u0279 b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u026an h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02cc\u026as\u0250sf\u02c8\u00e6lto\u028a, \u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00e6nd b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261ju\u02d0s\u0259 n\u02c8a\u028a du\u02d0b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vn\u026ak, k\u0279o\u028a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u026aps."}, {"text": "A pamphlet dated 1621, by \"a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel\", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways \u2013 \"principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth\", which at that time made the water unusable.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6mfl\u026at d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, b\u02c8a\u026a \"\u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 m\u0259sj\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026aniz, st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt\u0259m \u026an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u026as\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0ft\u0283e\u026a\u027e\u0259l\", \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u026a\u027e \u026an \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv w\u02c8e\u026az \"p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259li \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n\u025a\u0279iz, \u00e6nd \u026an p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b, ba\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ak\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026al\u03b8\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "\"He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces\" in palaces, \"the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation\".", "phonemes": "\"hi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bks\u0259l\u0259ns \u028cv \u00f0\u026as m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026as\u1d7bz\" \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6l\u026as\u1d7bz, \"\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ts n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u0259v\u0259 p\u00e6\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "In the 1830s there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used \"for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes\".", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei z \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292 \u028cv \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \"f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nts, fl\u02c8\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0fs, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u02c8\u026ast\u025anz, \u00e6nd \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd, s\u02cc\u028cm j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u026at h\u0250db\u026an m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv \u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz\"."}, {"text": "Its rise in Europe was \"a sudden phenomenon\", after natural deposits were found \"in France at Osbann (Bas-Rhin), the Parc (Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-D\u00f4me)\", although it could also be made artificially.", "phonemes": "\u026ats \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p w\u028cz \"\u0250 s\u02c8\u028cd\u0259n f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259n\", \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \"\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sb\u00e6n b\u02c8\u00e6s\u0279\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259l\u02cc\u00e6pw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 p\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259d\u02c8o\u028am\", \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026at k\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li."}, {"text": "One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz \u028cv s\u02c8e\u026as\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026as d\u0259 l\u02cc\u00e6 k\u0259\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "William Salmon's Polygraphice (1673) provides a recipe for varnish used in etching, consisting of three ounces of virgin wax, two ounces of mastic, and one ounce of asphaltum.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m s\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259nz p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026as w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u026a\u014b, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8a\u028ans\u1d7bz \u028cv v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026an w\u02c8\u00e6ks, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8a\u028ans\u1d7bz \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8a\u028ans \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt\u0259m."}, {"text": "Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement, having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad t\u02c8\u00e6p\u026an kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv s\u02c8e\u026as\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t h\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026a\u027e \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bld\u0292\u0259m w\u025bn v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak w\u02c8\u0254lt\u025a s\u02c8\u026amz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02cc\u026am \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n."}, {"text": "Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also \"instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)\".", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a t\u02c8i\u02d0. l\u02c8\u00e6m f\u02c8\u026aps\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, s\u02c8\u00e6mju\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8a\u026al\u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026aps\u0259n, \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292, w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \"\u02cc\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u026an \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks\"."}, {"text": "Claridge obtained a patent in Scotland on 27 March 1838, and obtained a patent in Ireland on 23 April 1838.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and \u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t \u026an sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tl\u0259nd \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and \u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t \u026an \u02c8a\u026a\u025al\u0259nd \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "In 1851, extensions for the 1837 patent and for both 1838 patents were sought by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329ts w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u028csti\u02d0z \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Claridge's Patent Asphalte Companyformed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain \"Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France\",\"laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall\".", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0250n\u02cc\u026af\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n \"\u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt \u026an \u026ats n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6t p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026am\u02cc\u0254nt s\u02c8e\u026as\u025bl \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns\",\"l\u02c8e\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nts \u026an w\u02c8a\u026ath\u0254\u02d0l\"."}, {"text": "Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, \"and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park\".", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028atwe\u026a \u026an w\u02c8a\u026ath\u0254\u02d0l, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6t n\u02c8a\u026atsb\u0279\u026ad\u0292 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259ks, \"\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u025bps l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025al\u02ccu\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026as t\u0259 s\u0259nt. d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\"."}, {"text": "\"The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry\".", "phonemes": "\"\u00f0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u028cv kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t l\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv \u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u0259nz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026as\u0250mb\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d b\u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l \u00e6z, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli, \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u028csti\u02d0 \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u0250n \u026an\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259s \u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u027e\u0259s t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u0259v\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i\"."}, {"text": "\"By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production\", with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving \"continue(d) in good order\".", "phonemes": "\"ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026ans\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u00e6st\u02c8\u025bn k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni, w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n\", w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b l\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6z p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00e6t b\u0279\u02c8a\u026at\u0259n, h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n b\u02c8e\u026a, k\u02c8\u00e6nt\u025ab\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, k\u02c8\u025bns\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 fl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026an b\u02c8\u028cnh\u026al\u0279\u02c8o\u028a, w\u02cca\u026al m\u02c8i\u02d0nta\u026am kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u02c8a\u026ath\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b \"k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\"."}, {"text": "The Bonnington Chemical Works manufactured asphalt using coal tar and by 1839 had installed it in Bonnington.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u014bt\u0259n k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b k\u02c8o\u028al t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an h\u00e6d \u026anst\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u026a\u027e \u026an b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u014bt\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving bitumen, which had uses beyond paving.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 fl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026ap\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "For example, bitumen could also be used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, both of which were also proliferating in the 19th century.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 fl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b, d\u02c8\u00e6mp p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f\u026a\u014b \u026an b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz, \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ap\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0f\u026a\u014b \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv p\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8s, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "One of the earliest surviving examples of its use can be seen at Highgate Cemetery where it was used in 1839 to seal the roof of the terrace catacombs.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv \u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0s k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a\u0261e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bm\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026as k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250k\u02cco\u028amz."}, {"text": "On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the exclusivity of bitumen quality from France, Germany and England.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0km\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02cc\u026at, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u00e6z t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025bksklu\u02d0s\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0279\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd."}, {"text": "And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other.", "phonemes": "\u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329ts w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ant v\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8a\u028and m\u0259k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025ad \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026adj\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6k \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., although Clarmac was more widely used.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd, n\u02c8e\u026amli kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6k, \u00e6nd kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279f\u00e6lt, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025ad ba\u026a kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6k \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a ba\u026a kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t \u02c8\u00e6sf\u00e6lt k\u02c8o\u028a., \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6k w\u028cz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "The failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Company, which was itself compulsorily wound up, ceasing operations in 1917, having invested a substantial amount of funds into the new venture, both at the outset and in a subsequent attempt to save the Clarmac Company.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 \u028cv kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6k \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u00e6d \u0250 fl\u02c8o\u028a\u02cc\u0254n \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt t\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf k\u0259mp\u02c8\u028clso\u02d0\u0279\u0259li w\u02cca\u028and \u02c8\u028cp, s\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv f\u02c8\u028cndz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028ats\u025bt \u00e6nd \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6k k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni."}, {"text": "Extracts from bitumen were used to treat catarrh and some forms of asthma and as a remedy against worms, especially the tapeworm.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u00e6kts f\u0279\u028cm b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t k\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6zm\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bm\u0259di \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026apw\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luise\u00f1o and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst k\u02c8o\u028ast, \u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bv\u0259, lju\u02d0\u02c8a\u026asnjo\u028a \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0m\u00e6\u0283 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8i\u02d0pt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u02cc\u028cnd\u025al\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats."}, {"text": "It was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying water, possibly poisoning those who drank the water.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8\u00e6sk\u026ats t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025at\u02cca\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "At first naturally occurring \"bituminous rock\" was used, such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \"ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259s \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\" w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283i m\u02c8a\u026anz \u026an m\u02c8\u00e6kf\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u0259n \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283i k\u02c8a\u028anti, w\u02c8\u025bst v\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254ltb\u02c8e\u026ast p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026av p\u02cc\u025bns\u026alv\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6v\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n d\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u026an t\u02c8a\u026am f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u025bnt\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259l."}, {"text": "Especially where mud or trenching often made streets difficult to pass, pavements were sometimes made of diverse materials including wooden planks, cobble stones or other stone blocks, or bricks.", "phonemes": "\u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u028cd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n m\u02cce\u026ad st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ts d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6s, p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028ad\u0259n pl\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259l st\u02c8o\u028anz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8o\u028an bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "In the late 19th century with the rise of the popular bicycle, bicycle clubs were important in pushing for more general pavement of streets.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a b\u02c8a\u026as\u026ak\u0259l, b\u02c8a\u026as\u026ak\u0259l kl\u02c8\u028cbz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u026an p\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt \u028cv st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "In 1900, Manhattan alone had 130,000 horses, pulling streetcars, wagons, and carriages, and leaving their waste behind.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, m\u00e6nh\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329 \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an h\u00e6d w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, p\u02c8\u028al\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tk\u0251\u02d0\u0279z, w\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259nz, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8e\u026ast b\u1d7bh\u02c8a\u026and."}, {"text": "In 1890, a third of Chicago's 2000 miles of streets were paved, chiefly with wooden blocks, which gave better traction than mud.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti, \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u028cv \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028az t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd m\u02c8a\u026alz \u028cv st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ts w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8e\u026avd, t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0fli w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028ad\u0259n bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u02c8e\u026av b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0250n m\u02c8\u028cd."}, {"text": "Brick surfacing was a good compromise, but even better was asphalt paving, which was easy to install and to cut through to get at sewers.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u026a\u014b w\u028cz\u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u026az, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0zi t\u028a \u026anst\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6nd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028ct \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt \u00e6t s\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az."}, {"text": "With London and Paris serving as models, Washington laid 400,000 square yards of asphalt paving by 1882; it became the model for Buffalo, Philadelphia and elsewhere.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00e6z m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz, w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n l\u02c8e\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0; \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u028cf\u0259l\u02cco\u028a, f\u026al\u0250d\u02c8\u025blfi\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025blsw\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "By the end of the century, American cities boasted 30 million square yards of asphalt paving, well ahead of brick.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz b\u02c8o\u028ast\u1d7bd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b, w\u02c8\u025bl \u0250h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak."}, {"text": "Electric trolleys (at 12 miles per hour) became the main transportation service for middle class shoppers and office workers until they bought automobiles after 1945 and commuted from more distant suburbs in privacy and comfort on asphalt highways.", "phonemes": "\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liz \u00e6t tw\u02c8\u025blv m\u02c8a\u026alz p\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u025a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0e\u026a b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259b\u02cci\u0259lz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt s\u02c8\u028cb\u025c\u02d0bz \u026an p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259si \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028cmf\u025at \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026az."}, {"text": "Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands, and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02cc\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz, \u00e6nd k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02cc\u00e6sk\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u0254\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026at t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ap\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0f \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "In 1719, a Cree named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson's Bay Company, who was the first recorded European to see it.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8e\u026amd w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i k\u02c8\u025blsi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cds\u0259nz b\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026at."}, {"text": "However, it wasn't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said, \"At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026at w\u02c8\u028czn\u0329t \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025a \u00e6nd \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6k k\u02c8\u025bnzi s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02cc\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bd, \"\u00e6\u027e \u0250b\u02cca\u028at tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026alz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02cc\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6nd kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259s f\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250 p\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8i\u02d0t l\u02c8\u0254\u014b m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen was not.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at w\u028cz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bvi\u0259s f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn w\u028cz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t."}, {"text": "The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta, was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u026ast t\u02c8a\u028an, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t m\u0259k m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279e\u026a, \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259, w\u028cz\u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b p\u02c8o\u028ast, \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ats w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nspo\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254sts w\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026a t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026ap \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259s s\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the product to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, s\u02c8\u026adni \u02c8\u025blz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8a\u026anz b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt t\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026av s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8i\u02d0t \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad \u026an \u02c8\u025bdm\u0254nt\u0259n, \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "Other roads in Alberta were paved with material extracted from oil sands, but it was generally not economic.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz \u026an \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8e\u026avd w\u026a\u00f0 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026at w\u028cz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak."}, {"text": "During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to  per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti z d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a. k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l \u02c8e\u026a. kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026ap\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at s\u02c8i\u02d0. f\u026atss\u02c8\u026am\u0259nz b\u02c8\u026alt \u00f0\u0259 ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0ma\u028ant \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n pl\u02c8\u00e6nt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 p\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a. kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d."}, {"text": "Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust- and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ap\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0f\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0fs, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lz, l\u02ccu\u02d0b\u0279\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u026alz, p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u025az \u02c8\u026a\u014bk, m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259nz, \u0279\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f p\u02c8e\u026ants, f\u02c8a\u026a\u025ap\u0279u\u02d0f \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f\u026a\u014b, st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329t l\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025bns p\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz."}, {"text": "In 1826, or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u026at w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026ast d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f n\u02c8\u026ase\u026af\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u026ae\u026aps t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained.", "phonemes": "\u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a t\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad \u026a\u027e \u026ans\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025bn \u026at w\u028cz s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli \u0279\u02c8\u026anst w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u0259nt \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259ntli l\u02c8a\u026atst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and."}, {"text": "Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u028cv \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, b\u02cc\u028ct f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti z \u026at w\u028cz \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026ats f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028am\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014b, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li w\u025bn m\u02c8\u026akst w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n d\u02c8\u026alu\u02d0\u0259nts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z l\u02c8\u026ansi\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259nt\u02cca\u026an."}, {"text": "Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact.", "phonemes": "\u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u03b8\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028ali da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd, b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a f\u02c8\u028ali s\u0259l\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az \u00e6nd w\u026al \u026an t\u02c8a\u026am k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026at k\u02c8\u028cmz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt."}, {"text": "The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many paintings, for instance those of Delacroix.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u00e6z \u0250 \u0261l\u02c8e\u026az t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bt \u026an \u0283\u02c8\u00e6do\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026akst w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cl\u025az t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279 \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025a t\u02c8o\u028an \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l d\u026at\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014bz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6krw\u0251\u02d0."}, {"text": "Perhaps the most famous example of the destructiveness of bitumen is Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault's Raft of the Medusa (1818\u20131819), where his use of bitumen caused the brilliant colors to degenerate into dark greens and blacks and the paint and canvas to buckle.", "phonemes": "p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u026avn\u0259s \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az \u03b8\u02c8e\u026ao\u028ad\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u0254lts \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 h\u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nt k\u02c8\u028cl\u025az t\u0259 d\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u00e6ks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026ant \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6nv\u0259s t\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ck\u0259l."}, {"text": "The vast majority of refined bitumen is used in construction: primarily as a constituent of products used in paving and roofing applications.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6st m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n: p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u00e6z \u0250 k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nt \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Typically, the production of asphalt concrete involves mixing fine and coarse aggregates such as sand, gravel and crushed rock with asphalt, which acts as the binding agent.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0t \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz m\u02c8\u026aks\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026ats s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283t \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6kts \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Other materials, such as recycled polymers (e.g., rubber tyres), may be added to the bitumen to modify its properties according to the application for which the bitumen is ultimately intended.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259ld p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026am\u025az \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u025a t\u02c8a\u026a\u025az, m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "A further 10% of global bitumen production is used in roofing applications, where its waterproofing qualities are invaluable.", "phonemes": "\u0250 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026ats w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ap\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0f\u026a\u014b kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "The remaining 5% of bitumen is used mainly for sealing and insulating purposes in a variety of building materials, such as pipe coatings, carpet tile backing and paint.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd m\u02c8e\u026anli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ans\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz \u026an \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02c8a\u026ap k\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014bz, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p\u026at t\u02c8a\u026al b\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd p\u02c8e\u026ant."}, {"text": "Bitumen is applied in the construction and maintenance of many structures, systems, and components, such as the following:", "phonemes": "b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026ant\u0259n\u0259ns \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az, s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, \u00e6nd k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b:"}, {"text": "The largest use of bitumen is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces; this accounts for approximately 85% of the bitumen consumed in the United States.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz; \u00f0\u026as \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ants f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0md \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5% bitumen (known as asphalt cement in the US) and 95% aggregates (stone, sand, and gravel).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0t p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt m\u02c8\u026aks\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt s\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026ats st\u02c8o\u028an, s\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l."}, {"text": "Due to its highly viscous nature, bitumen must be heated so it can be mixed with the aggregates at the asphalt mixing facility.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats h\u02c8a\u026ali v\u02c8\u026ask\u0259s n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a, b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02cco\u028a \u026at k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026akst w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026ats \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt m\u02c8\u026aks\u026a\u014b f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The temperature required varies depending upon characteristics of the bitumen and the aggregates, but warm-mix asphalt technologies allow producers to reduce the temperature required.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad v\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026ats, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mm\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad."}, {"text": "The weight of an asphalt pavement depends upon the aggregate type, the bitumen, and the air void content.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026at \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026at t\u02c8a\u026ap, \u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt."}, {"text": "An average example in the United States is about 112 pounds per square yard, per inch of pavement thickness.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv p\u02c8a\u028andz p\u025c\u02d0 skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d, p\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u0283 \u028cv p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt \u03b8\u02c8\u026akn\u0259s."}, {"text": "When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn m\u02c8e\u026ant\u0259n\u0259ns \u026az p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v \u0250 w\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292d s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u028a \u0250 f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u028a n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "With some 95% of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt, a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv p\u02c8e\u026avd \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt, \u0250 s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u026az \u0279\u1d7bkl\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association, more than 99% of the bitumen removed each year from road surfaces during widening and resurfacing projects is reused as part of new pavements, roadbeds, shoulders and embankments or stockpiled for future use.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026az k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkts \u026az \u0279i\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nts, \u0279\u02c8o\u028adb\u025bdz, \u0283\u02c8o\u028ald\u025az \u00e6nd \u025bmb\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkm\u0259nts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kpa\u026ald f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt that differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7\u201310% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% asphalt.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt \u026az \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u026af\u025az f\u0279\u028cm d\u02c8\u025bns \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0t \u026an \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at h\u0250z \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn b\u02c8a\u026and\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0t, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z \u02c8o\u028anli \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt."}, {"text": "This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u03b8\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u0259pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u026az w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025ap\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0f\u026a\u014b fl\u02c8\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0fs \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of  and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about  thick.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt \u026az h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6nd \u026az sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u026an l\u02c8e\u026a\u025az t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vi\u0259s b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u025a\u0279 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u02c8\u026ak."}, {"text": "Due to the different surface tensions of the two liquids, stable emulsions cannot be created simply by mixing.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026adz, st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259nz k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026ampli ba\u026a m\u02c8\u026aks\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The emulsifier charge defines the type of emulsion: anionic (negatively charged) and cationic (positively charged).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8\u028cls\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n: \u02cc\u00e6na\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026avli t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d."}, {"text": "The concentration of an emulsifier is a critical parameter affecting the size of the bitumen particles - higher concentrations lead to smaller bitumen particles.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u026am\u02c8\u028cls\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Thus, emulsifiers have a great impact on the stability, viscosity, breaking strength, and adhesion of the bitumen emulsion.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u026am\u02c8\u028cls\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025az h\u00e6v \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, v\u026ask\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7b\u027ei, b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8, \u00e6nd \u0250dh\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The size of bitumen particles is usually between 0.1 and 50\u00a0\u00b5m with a main fraction between 1\u00a0\u00b5m and 10\u00a0\u00b5m.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026afti m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02c8\u025bm w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02c8\u025bm \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02c8\u025bm."}, {"text": "Laser diffraction techniques can be used to determine the particle size distribution quickly and easily.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026az\u025a d\u1d7bf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026az d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n kw\u02c8\u026akli \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0zili."}, {"text": "Cationic emulsifiers primarily include long-chain amines such as imidazolines, amido-amines, and diamines, which acquire a positive charge when an acid is added.", "phonemes": "k\u02cc\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u026am\u02c8\u028cls\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025az p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6ma\u026anz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026am\u02c8\u026ad\u0250z\u02cc\u0251\u02d0li\u02d0nz, \u0250m\u02c8i\u02d0do\u028a\u02c8\u00e6ma\u026anz, \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259m\u02cca\u026anz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 w\u025bn \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Anionic emulsifiers are often fatty acids extracted from lignin, tall oil, or tree resin saponified with bases such as NaOH, which creates a negative charge.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6na\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u026am\u02c8\u028cls\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u026an, t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026an s\u00e6p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u02cco\u028a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026ats \u0250 n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292."}, {"text": "During the storage of bitumen emulsions, bitumen particles sediment, agglomerate (flocculation), or fuse (coagulation), which leads to a certain instability of the bitumen emulsion.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259nz, b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz s\u02c8\u025bd\u026am\u0259nt, \u0250\u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at fl\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 fj\u02c8u\u02d0z ko\u028a\u02cc\u00e6\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u026anst\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "How fast this process occurs depends on the formulation of the bitumen emulsion but also storage conditions such as temperature and humidity.", "phonemes": "h\u02cca\u028a f\u02c8\u00e6st \u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "When emulsified bitumen gets into contact with aggregates, emulsifiers lose their effectiveness, the emulsion breaks down, and an adhering bitumen film is formed referred to as 'breaking'.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cls\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u0261\u02c8\u025bts \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026ats, \u026am\u02c8\u028cls\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025az l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avn\u0259s, \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8e\u026aks d\u02c8a\u028an, \u00e6nd \u0250n \u00e6dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn f\u02c8\u026alm \u026az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Bitumen particles almost instantly create a continuous bitumen film by coagulating and separating from water which evaporates.", "phonemes": "b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ntli k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn f\u02c8\u026alm ba\u026a ko\u028a\u02c8\u00e6\u0261j\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026av\u02c8\u00e6p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats."}, {"text": "That enables a classification into Rapid-setting (R), Slow-setting (SS), and Medium-setting (MS) emulsions, but also an individual, application-specific optimization of the formulation and a wide field of application (1).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u00e6t \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz \u0250 kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ads\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, sl\u02c8o\u028as\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs, \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259ms\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bs \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l, \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nsp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02cc\u0251\u02d0pt\u026am\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "For example, Slow-breaking emulsions ensure a longer processing time which is particularly advantageous for fine aggregates (1).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, sl\u02c8o\u028ab\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259nz \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b t\u02c8a\u026am w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u0250dv\u0250nt\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026ats w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Here, a classification of bitumen emulsions based on letters and numbers is described, considering charges, viscosities, and the type of bitumen.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u0250 kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259nz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u026az d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u1d7bz, v\u026ask\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn."}, {"text": "Two methods are commonly used, the \"Colloid mill\" method and the \"High Internal Phase Ratio (HIPR)\" method.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, \u00f0\u0259 \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0254\u026ad m\u02c8\u026al\" m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \"h\u02c8a\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l f\u02c8e\u026az \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a h\u02c8\u026ap\u025a\" m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d."}, {"text": "In the \"Colloid mill\" method, a rotor moves at high speed within a stator by adding bitumen and a water-emulsifier mixture.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0254\u026ad m\u02c8\u026al\" m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d, \u0250 \u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a m\u02c8u\u02d0vz \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a sp\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u00e6nd \u0250 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u028cls\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025a m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The resulting shear forces generate bitumen particles between 5\u00a0\u00b5m and 10\u00a0\u00b5m coated with emulsifiers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02c8\u025bm \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02c8\u025bm k\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u026am\u02c8\u028cls\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "The \"High Internal Phase Ratio (HIPR)\" method is used for creating smaller bitumen particles, monomodal, narrow particle size distributions, and very high bitumen concentrations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"h\u02c8a\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l f\u02c8e\u026az \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a h\u02c8\u026ap\u025a\" m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028am\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l, n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026az d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Here, a highly concentrated bitumen emulsion is produced first by moderate stirring and diluted afterward.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ali k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a\u0279\u0259t st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025ad."}, {"text": "In contrast to the \"Colloid-Mill\" method, the aqueous phase is introduced into hot bitumen, enabling very high bitumen concentrations.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0254\u026adm\u02c8\u026al\" m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s f\u02c8e\u026az \u026az \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u02cc\u026ant\u028a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, \u025bn\u02c8e\u026abl\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "T The \"High Internal Phase Ratio (HIPR)\" method is used for creating smaller bitumen particles, monomodal, narrow particle size distributions, and very high bitumen concentrations.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \"h\u02c8a\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l f\u02c8e\u026az \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a h\u02c8\u026ap\u025a\" m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028am\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l, n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026az d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Here, a highly concentrated bitumen emulsion is produced first by moderate stirring and diluted afterward.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ali k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a\u0279\u0259t st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025ad."}, {"text": "In contrast to the \"Colloid-Mill\" method, the aqueous phase is introduced into hot bitumen, enabling very high bitumen concentrations (1).he \"High Internal Phase Ratio (HIPR)\" method is used for creating smaller bitumen particles, monomodal, narrow particle size distributions, and very high bitumen concentrations.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0254\u026adm\u02c8\u026al\" m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s f\u02c8e\u026az \u026az \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u02cc\u026ant\u028a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, \u025bn\u02c8e\u026abl\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02c8\u028cn.hi\u02d0 \"h\u02c8a\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l f\u02c8e\u026az \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a h\u02c8\u026ap\u025a\" m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028am\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l, n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026az d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Here, a highly concentrated bitumen emulsion is produced first by moderate stirring and diluted afterward.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ali k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a\u0279\u0259t st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025ad."}, {"text": "In contrast to the \"Colloid-Mill\" method, the aqueous phase is introduced into hot bitumen, enabling very high bitumen concentrations (1).", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0254\u026adm\u02c8\u026al\" m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s f\u02c8e\u026az \u026az \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u02cc\u026ant\u028a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, \u025bn\u02c8e\u026abl\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "They are used in road construction and building protection and primarily include the application in cold recycling mixtures, adhesive coating, and surface treatment (1).", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an k\u02c8o\u028ald \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026akl\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025az, \u0250dh\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026av k\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Due to the lower viscosity in comparison to hot bitumen, processing requires less energy and is associated with significantly less risk of fire and burns.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a v\u026ask\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n t\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az l\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u00e6nd \u026az \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli l\u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u02c8\u026ask \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with bitumen emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8\u026apsi\u0259l \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz sp\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as w\u026a\u00f0 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283t \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283t sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261."}, {"text": "Slurry seal is a mixture of bitumen emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road.", "phonemes": "sl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i s\u02c8i\u02d0l \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283t \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad."}, {"text": "Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from bitumen emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth, and bitumen emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8o\u028aldm\u02c8\u026akst \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nts s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tm\u02c8\u026akst \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026ant\u0283\u1d7bz \u026an d\u02c8\u025bp\u03b8, \u00e6nd b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bl\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259ld h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tm\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8o\u028ak\u02c8\u0254st p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Bitumen emulsion based techniques are known to be useful for all classes of roads, their use may also be possible in the following applications:", "phonemes": "b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8e\u026ast t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259bi j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz:"}, {"text": "Half-warm technology, in which aggregates are heated up to 100 degrees, producing mixtures with similar properties to those of hot asphalts 4.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u00e6fw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lts f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada.", "phonemes": "s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279u\u02d0d, \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025a f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259."}, {"text": "Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100-ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400-ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility.", "phonemes": "ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259s s\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026and j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026an\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adt\u02c8\u028cn k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u0283\u02c8\u028cv\u0259lz \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adt\u02c8\u028cn k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02c8\u028cmp t\u0279\u02c8\u028cks f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt t\u028a \u0250n \u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026az \u0250 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt ba\u026a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a. k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti z."}, {"text": "After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az f\u02c8\u025bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ts \u026a\u027e \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026at k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt."}, {"text": "This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u026az fl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ad \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259bi t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u02c8a\u026apla\u026anz \u00e6nd k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279iz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u02cc\u025bni f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over  per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a p\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u028cz \u025bksp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279iz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259, f\u02c8a\u026av b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts: \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025a n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t m\u0259k m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279e\u026a, \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al pl\u02c8\u028cs d\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259l fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l; \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279u\u02d0d k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259, k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025bks\u0259n \u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t m\u0259k m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279e\u026a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al; \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025bl sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0tf\u025ad \u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025a n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bdm\u0254nt\u0259n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al pl\u02c8\u028cs \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t f\u02c8i\u02d0dst\u0251\u02d0k f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a \u0283\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "A sixth upgrader, under construction in 2015 near Redwater, Alberta, will upgrade half of its crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel, with the remainder of the output being sold as feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025a, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bdw\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259, w\u026al \u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv \u026ats k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli t\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259l fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b s\u02c8o\u028ald \u00e6z f\u02c8i\u02d0dst\u0251\u02d0k t\u0259 n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279iz \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028ak\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6nts."}, {"text": "Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery.", "phonemes": "k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u02c8\u026af\u025a s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259li f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u026alz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z v\u02cc\u025bn\u026azw\u02c8e\u026al\u00e6n \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259h\u02c8\u025bvi \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n h\u02c8\u025bvi \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u026an k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti \u026az m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli v\u02c8\u026ask\u0259s b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u02c8a\u026apla\u026anz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Many modern oil refineries are extremely sophisticated and can process non-upgraded bitumen directly into products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and refined asphalt without any preprocessing.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279iz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli s\u0259f\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd k\u00e6n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u02cc\u026ant\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0n, d\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259l fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u02cc\u025bni p\u0279\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "This is particularly common in areas such as the US Gulf coast, where refineries were designed to process Venezuelan and Mexican oil, and in areas such as the US Midwest where refineries were rebuilt to process heavy oil as domestic light oil production declined.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u0261\u02c8\u028clf k\u02c8o\u028ast, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279iz w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs v\u02cc\u025bn\u026azw\u02c8e\u026al\u00e6n \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u00e6nd \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs m\u026adw\u02c8\u025bst w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279iz w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026alt t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs h\u02c8\u025bvi \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6z d\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u026ak l\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026and."}, {"text": "Given the choice, such heavy oil refineries usually prefer to buy bitumen rather than synthetic oil because the cost is lower, and in some cases because they prefer to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 h\u02c8\u025bvi \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279iz j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u026al b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st \u026az l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a, \u00e6nd \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259l fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bs \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "By 2015 Canadian production and exports of non-upgraded bitumen exceeded that of synthetic crude oil at over  per day, of which about 65% was exported to the United States.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bkspo\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u025bks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6\u027e \u02cco\u028av\u025a p\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt w\u028cz \u025bksp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti \u028cv m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 p\u02c8a\u026apla\u026anz, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u0261\u02c8\u00e6s k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bnse\u026at \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld d\u02c8\u026alb\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld s\u02c8\u026anb\u026at."}, {"text": "However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u028cp\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a s\u02c8o\u028ald \u00e6z \u0250 bl\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026adz \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al, s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u00e6nd k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bnse\u026at \u026an \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad\u02cca\u026azd b\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283m\u0251\u02d0\u0279k p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as s\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, h\u02c8\u025bvi k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al bl\u02c8\u025bnd \u026az d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 h\u00e6v j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks t\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0t w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u025bvi \u02c8\u0254\u026alz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259n m\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259n d\u02c8u\u02d0ba\u026a k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Bitumen was used starting in the 1960s as a hydrophobic matrix aiming to encapsulate radioactive waste such as medium-activity salts (mainly soluble sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate) produced by the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels or radioactive sludges from sedimentation ponds.", "phonemes": "b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259f\u02c8o\u028ab\u026ak m\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026aks \u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6psj\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av w\u02c8e\u026ast s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei s\u02c8\u0254lts m\u02c8e\u026anli s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279e\u026at \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m s\u02c8\u028clfe\u026at p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u028cv sp\u02c8\u025bnt n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av sl\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm s\u02cc\u025bd\u026am\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz."}, {"text": "Bituminised radioactive waste containing highly radiotoxic alpha-emitting transuranic elements from nuclear reprocessing plants have been produced at industrial scale in France, Belgium and Japan, but this type of waste conditioning has been abandoned because operational safety issues (risks of fire, as occurred in a bituminisation plant at Tokai Works in Japan) and long-term stability problems related to their geological disposal in deep rock formations.", "phonemes": "ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u02cca\u026azd \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av w\u02c8e\u026ast k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026ali \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028at\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259\u026am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u00e6ns\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u00e6nts h\u0250vb\u026an p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00e6\u027e \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l sk\u02c8e\u026al \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, b\u02c8\u025bld\u0292\u0259m \u00e6nd d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv w\u02c8e\u026ast k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8e\u026afti \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8\u026asks \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, \u00e6z \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an \u0250 ba\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0m\u026an\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u00e6t t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ka\u026a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u026an d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l d\u026asp\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u026an d\u02c8i\u02d0p \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Bitumen swelling is first induced by radiation because of the presence of hydrogen gas bubbles generated by alpha and gamma radiolysis.", "phonemes": "b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn sw\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026and\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s b\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028al\u02c8a\u026asiz."}, {"text": "A second mechanism is the matrix swelling when the encapsulated hygroscopic salts exposed to water or moisture start to rehydrate and to dissolve.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd m\u02c8\u025bk\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026aks sw\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b w\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6psj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02cca\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak s\u02c8\u0254lts \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast\u0283\u025a st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bh\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279e\u026at \u00e6nd t\u0259 d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv."}, {"text": "The high concentration of salt in the pore solution inside the bituminised matrix is then responsible for osmotic effects inside the bituminised matrix.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8\u0254lt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u02cca\u026azd m\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026aks \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0zm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u02cca\u026azd m\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026aks."}, {"text": "The water moves in the direction of the concentrated salts, the bitumen acting as a semi-permeable membrane.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8u\u02d0vz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u0254lts, \u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026ap\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259b\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026an."}, {"text": "If not properly managed, this high pressure can cause fractures in the near field of a disposal gallery of bituminised medium-level waste.", "phonemes": "\u026af n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ali m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d, \u00f0\u026as h\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a k\u00e6n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u0259v\u0259 d\u026asp\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u025a\u0279i \u028cv ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u02cca\u026azd m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259ml\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026ast."}, {"text": "When the bituminised matrix has been altered by swelling, encapsulated radionuclides are easily leached by the contact of ground water and released in the geosphere.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u02cca\u026azd m\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026aks h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u02c8\u0254lt\u025ad ba\u026a sw\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b, \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6psj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028an\u02c8u\u02d0kla\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0zili l\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028asf\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "The high ionic strength of the concentrated saline solution also favours the migration of radionuclides in clay host rocks.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8e\u026ali\u02d0n s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8e\u026av\u025az \u00f0\u0259 ma\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028an\u02c8u\u02d0kla\u026adz \u026an kl\u02c8e\u026a h\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "The presence of chemically reactive nitrate can also affect the redox conditions prevailing in the host rock by establishing oxidizing conditions, preventing the reduction of redox-sensitive radionuclides.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279e\u026at k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k ba\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kss\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028an\u02c8u\u02d0kla\u026adz."}, {"text": "Under their higher valences, radionuclides of elements such as selenium, technetium, uranium, neptunium and plutonium have a higher solubility and are also often present in water as non-retarded anions.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028an\u02c8u\u02d0kla\u026adz \u028cv \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u025bl\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259m, t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0\u027ei\u0259m, j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m, n\u025bpt\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259m \u00e6nd plu\u02d0t\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m h\u00e6v \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Different types of bitumen have been used: blown bitumen (partly oxidized with air oxygen at high temperature after distillation, and harder) and direct distillation bitumen (softer).", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn h\u0250vb\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd: bl\u02c8o\u028an b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02cca\u026azd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u00e6nd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn s\u02c8\u0254ft\u025a."}, {"text": "Blown bitumens like Mexphalte, with a high content of saturated hydrocarbons, are more easily biodegraded by microorganisms than direct distillation bitumen, with a low content of saturated hydrocarbons and a high content of aromatic hydrocarbons.", "phonemes": "bl\u02c8o\u028an b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bnz l\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8\u025bksf\u00e6lt, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0zili b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ad\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u00f0\u0250n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u028cv \u025a\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Concrete encapsulation of radwaste is presently considered a safer alternative by the nuclear industry and the waste management organisations.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0t \u025b\u014bk\u02cc\u00e6psu\u02d0l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u00e6dwe\u026ast \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 s\u02c8e\u026af\u025a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026ast m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some exterior paint supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink, and to make the color darker.", "phonemes": "b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n bl\u02c8\u00e6k, \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6k\u025a n\u02c8o\u028an \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u00e6nd st\u02c8i\u02d0l, \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an p\u02c8e\u026ant \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u014bks ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a p\u02c8e\u026ant s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026ant \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk, \u00e6nd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025a."}, {"text": "Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel).", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0m d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u026at f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts \u026an k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u02c8\u00e6f\u03b8\u0259, \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd d\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259l."}, {"text": "The resulting material is typically further treated to extract small but valuable amounts of lubricants and to adjust the properties of the material to suit applications.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02cc\u028ct v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0\u0259b\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nts \u00e6nd t\u028a \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l t\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0t \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In a de-asphalting unit, the crude bitumen is treated with either propane or butane in a supercritical phase to extract the lighter molecules, which are then separated.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 di\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ape\u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 bj\u02c8u\u02d0te\u026an \u026an \u0250 s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025ak\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8e\u026az t\u028a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz d\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026akst \u026an b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an l\u026akw\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei; \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279i, \u00f0i\u02d0z l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm d\u02c8\u028cmp t\u0279\u02c8\u028cks \u0279\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 p\u02c8a\u026aps \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u028cmp b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "The backs of tippers carrying asphalt, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6ks \u028cv t\u02c8\u026ap\u025az k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z s\u02cc\u028cm h\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u026a\u014b \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli sp\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8e\u026ad \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s."}, {"text": "Naturally occurring crude bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from \"oil sands\", currently under development in Alberta, Canada.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261ne\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an s\u02cc\u025bd\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am f\u02c8i\u02d0d st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \"\u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz\", k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u026an \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259, k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259."}, {"text": "Canada has most of the world's supply of natural bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 h\u0250z m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u026al\u0259m\u02cci\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "The Athabasca oil sands are the largest bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining, although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by in situ methods.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0250b\u02cc\u00e6sk\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at \u026an k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6ks\u02c8\u025bs\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as m\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt t\u02cc\u025bkn\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0z h\u00e6v \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd \u026an d\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l ba\u026a \u026an s\u02c8\u026a\u027eu\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz."}, {"text": "Because of oil price increases after 2003, producing bitumen became highly profitable, but as a result of the decline after 2014 it became uneconomic to build new plants again.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u026al p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am h\u02c8a\u026ali p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u028cn\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak t\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald n\u02c8u\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u00e6nts \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "By 2014, Canadian crude bitumen production averaged about  per day and was projected to rise to  per day by 2020.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292d \u0250b\u02cca\u028at p\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 p\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti."}, {"text": "The total amount of crude bitumen in Alberta that could be extracted is estimated to be about , which at a rate of  would last about 200 years.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026an \u00e6lb\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u026az \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u0250b\u02c8a\u028at , w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00e6\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv w\u028ad l\u02c8\u00e6st \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Although uncompetitive economically, bitumen can be made from nonpetroleum-based renewable resources such as sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato starches.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u028c\u014bk\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026akli, b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0np\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259mb\u02c8e\u026ast \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259b\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0261\u025a, m\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026as, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8e\u026a\u027eo\u028a st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Bitumen can also be made from waste material by fractional distillation of used motor oil, which is sometimes otherwise disposed of by burning or dumping into landfills.", "phonemes": "b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8e\u026ast m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0zd m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az d\u026asp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv ba\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u028cmp\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u028a l\u02c8\u00e6ndf\u026alz."}, {"text": "Use of motor oil may cause premature cracking in colder climates, resulting in roads that need to be repaved more frequently.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al m\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z p\u0279\u026am\u0259t\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u026an k\u02c8o\u028ald\u025a kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259ts, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259bi \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8e\u026avd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "Lighter-colored roads absorb less heat from solar radiation, reducing their contribution to the urban heat island effect.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025ak\u02c8\u028cl\u025ad \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b l\u02c8\u025bs h\u02c8i\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n h\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in native deposits in Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259 \u026az \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u026an s\u02c8\u025bl\u025bn\u026as, \u026an \u00e6lb\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt m\u02c8a\u026an st\u02c8\u026al \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "The bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% (soluble in carbon disulphide), with a penetration value near to zero and a softening point (ring and ball) around 120\u00a0\u00b0C.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n d\u02c8a\u026as\u0259lf\u02cca\u026ad, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 p\u02cc\u025bn\u026at\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u02c8\u0254f\u0259n\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published the first geological description of the deposits of Albanian bitumen.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ns, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u02c8o\u028anli \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283m\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kw\u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u028cv \u00e6lb\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn."}, {"text": "In 1875, the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government and in 1912, they were transferred to the Italian company Simsa.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00f0\u026a \u025bkspl\u0254\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni s\u02c8\u026ams\u0259."}, {"text": "Since 1945, the mine was exploited by the Albanian government and from 2001 to date, the management passed to a French company, which organized the mining process for the manufacture of the natural bitumen on an industrial scale.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an w\u028cz \u025bkspl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u00e6lb\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt p\u02c8\u00e6st t\u028a \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l sk\u02c8e\u026al."}, {"text": "Today the mine is predominantly exploited in an open pit quarry but several of the many underground mines (deep and extending over several km) still remain viable.", "phonemes": "t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an \u026az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u025bkspl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n p\u02c8\u026at kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02cca\u028and m\u02c8a\u026anz d\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bm st\u02c8\u026al \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "Selenizza is produced primarily in granular form, after melting the bitumen pieces selected in the mine.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259 \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nj\u028al\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn p\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az m\u02c8\u026akst w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn t\u028a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02cc\u026asko\u028al\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns t\u028a \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of normal asphalt plants.", "phonemes": "\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 bl\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026an t\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026ats \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nj\u028al\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u026at t\u0259bi f\u02c8\u025bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026aks\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026akl\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt pl\u02c8\u00e6nts."}, {"text": "Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts for sidewalks, bridges, car-parks and urban roads as well as drilling fluid additives for the oil and gas industry.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026adw\u0254\u02d0ks, b\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u0279\u02c8o\u028adz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z d\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b fl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026avz f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i."}, {"text": "Selenizza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in sacks or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259 \u026az \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u026an p\u02c8a\u028ad\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nj\u028al\u025a m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u026az p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ad\u0292d \u026an s\u02c8\u00e6ks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l fj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bb\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026al\u02cci\u02d0n b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261z."}, {"text": "A life-cycle assessment study of the natural selenizza compared with petroleum bitumen has shown that the environmental impact of the selenizza is about half the impact of the road asphalt produced in oil refineries in terms of carbon dioxide emission.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8a\u026afs\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bsm\u0259nt st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn h\u0250z \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259 \u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u02c8\u00e6f \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279iz \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The two most common recycled materials that contain bitumen are reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and reclaimed asphalt shingles (RAS).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259ld m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bkl\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cce\u026ap\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bkl\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt \u0283\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lz \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "RAP is recycled at a greater rate than any other material in the United States, and typically contains approximately 5\u20136% bitumen binder.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cce\u026ap\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259ld \u00e6\u027e\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn b\u02c8a\u026and\u025a."}, {"text": "Bitumen naturally becomes stiffer over time due to oxidation, evaporation, exudation, and physical hardening.", "phonemes": "b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz st\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026av\u02cc\u00e6p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u025b\u0261zju\u02d0d\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "For this reason, recycled asphalt is typically combined with virgin asphalt, softening agents, and/or rejuvenating additives to restore its physical and chemical properties.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259ld \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt \u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026an \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt, s\u02c8\u0254f\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts, \u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026avz t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "For information on the different types of RAS and associated health and safety concerns, see Asphalt Shingles.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd s\u02c8e\u026afti k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz, s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt \u0283\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259lz."}, {"text": "For information on in-place recycling methods used to restore pavements and roadways, see Road Surface.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n \u026anpl\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026akl\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028adwe\u026az, s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "Although bitumen typically makes up only 4 to 5 percent (by weight) of the pavement mixture, as the pavement's binder, it is also the most expensive part of the cost of the road-paving material.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli m\u02cce\u026aks \u02cc\u028cp \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nts b\u02c8a\u026and\u025a, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns\u026av p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028adp\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l."}, {"text": "By the end of 2006, the cost had doubled to approximately $320 per ton, and then it almost doubled again in 2012 to approximately $610 per ton.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st h\u00e6d d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259ld t\u028a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti p\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259ld \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv t\u028a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The report indicates that an \"average\" 1-mile (1.6-kilometer)-long, four-lane highway would include \"300 tons of asphalt,\" which, \"in 2002 would have cost around $48,000.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \u00e6n \"\u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292\" w\u02c8\u028cnm\u02c8a\u026al w\u02c8\u028cn.s\u02c8\u026aksk\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025al\u02c8\u0254\u014b, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279l\u02c8e\u026an h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a w\u028ad \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \"\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u028cnz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt,\" w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \"\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028adh\u0250v k\u02c8\u0254st \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "By 2006 this would have increased to $96,000 and by 2012 to $183,000... an increase of about $135,000 for every mile of highway in just 10 years.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks \u00f0\u026as w\u028adh\u0250v \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd ba\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a... \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i m\u02c8a\u026al \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026a \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst t\u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit of 5\u00a0mg/m3 over a 15-minute period.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8e\u026afti \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 n\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283 h\u0250z s\u02c8\u025bt \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a l\u02c8\u026am\u026at \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av \u02cc\u025bmd\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0nm\u02c8\u026an\u026at p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "Bitumen is basically an inert material that must be heated or diluted to a point where it becomes workable for the production of materials for paving, roofing, and other applications.", "phonemes": "b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026az b\u02c8e\u026as\u026akli \u0250n \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 da\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259b\u0259l f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In examining the potential health hazards associated with bitumen, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) determined that it is the application parameters, predominantly temperature, that affect occupational exposure and the potential bioavailable carcinogenic hazard/risk of the bitumen emissions.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 h\u02c8\u00e6z\u025adz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a \u02c8a\u026a\u025ak d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u026a\u027e\u025az, p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a, \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l b\u02cca\u026ao\u028a\u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026ano\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak h\u02c8\u00e6z\u025ad sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u026ask \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In particular, temperatures greater than 199\u00a0\u00b0C (390\u00a0\u00b0F), were shown to produce a greater exposure risk than when bitumen was heated to lower temperatures, such as those typically used in asphalt pavement mix production and placement.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a, t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bf, w\u025c\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026ask \u00f0\u0250n w\u025bn b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn w\u028cz h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0o\u028az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt p\u02c8e\u026avm\u0259nt m\u02c8\u026aks p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "IARC has classified paving asphalt fumes as a Class 2B possible carcinogen, indicating inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.", "phonemes": "\u02c8a\u026a\u025ak h\u0250z kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad p\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6sf\u0254lt fj\u02c8u\u02d0mz \u00e6z \u0250 kl\u02c8\u00e6s t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026an\u0259d\u0292\u0259n, \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an\u02c8\u00e6d\u026akw\u0259t \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026ano\u028ad\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In 2020, scientists reported that bitumen currently is a significant and largely overlooked source of air pollution in urban areas, especially during hot and sunny periods.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli \u026az \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u028akt s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279 p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cni p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz."}, {"text": "A bitumen-like substance found in the Himalayas and known as shilajit is sometimes used as an Ayurveda medicine, but is not in fact a tar, resin or bitumen.", "phonemes": "\u0250 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bnl\u02c8a\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0259z \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u0283\u02c8\u026al\u0250d\u0292\u02cc\u026at \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8a\u026a\u025av\u02cc\u025bd\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026an f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0250 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn."}, {"text": "The American National Standards Institute (ANSI  ) is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6nsi \u026az \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0np\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026at \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cco\u028av\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u0259ts j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad."}, {"text": "ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nsi \u0250k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026ats st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt ba\u026a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsiz, k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u00e6nd p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt, \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am w\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nsi \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026ats \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u02c8a\u028at p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nts d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u026an \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz."}, {"text": "The organization's headquarters are in Washington, D.C. ANSI's operations office is located in New York City.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u025bdkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, d\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8\u00e6nsi \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u026az lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "The ANSI annual operating budget is funded by the sale of publications, membership dues and fees, accreditation services, fee-based programs, and international standards programs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nsi \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u026az f\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap d\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u0250k\u0279\u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz, f\u02c8i\u02d0b\u02c8e\u026ast p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz."}, {"text": "Many ANSI regulations are incorporated by reference into United States federal statutes (i.e. by OSHA regulations referring to individual ANSI specifications).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6nsi \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns \u02cc\u026ant\u028a ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0ts \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. ba\u026a \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6nsi sp\u02cc\u025bs\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "ANSI does not make these standards publicly available, and charges money for access to these documents; it further claims that it is copyright infringement for them to be provided to the public by others free of charge.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nsi d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0i\u02d0z st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026akli \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l, \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u1d7bz m\u02c8\u028cni f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u0259 \u00f0i\u02d0z d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts; \u026at f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u0279\u02cca\u026at \u026anf\u0279\u02c8\u026and\u0292m\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259bi p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak ba\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292."}, {"text": "ANSI was most likely formed in 1918, when five engineering societies and three government agencies founded the American Engineering Standards Committee (AESC).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nsi w\u028cz m\u02c8o\u028ast l\u02c8a\u026akli f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u025bn f\u02c8a\u026av \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsiz f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u02c8i\u02d0sk."}, {"text": "American Institute of Mining Engineers (AIME, now American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers)", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8e\u026am, n\u02c8a\u028a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b, m\u025b\u027e\u0250l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l, \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279z"}, {"text": "At the behest of the AIEE, they invited the U.S. government Departments of War, Navy (combined in 1947 to become the Department of Defense or DOD) and Commerce to join in founding a national standards organization.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bh\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u0259, \u00f0e\u026a \u026anv\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nts \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, n\u02c8e\u026avi k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u028cv d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cco\u028ad\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025c\u02d0s t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an \u026an f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "According to Adam Stanton, the first permanent secretary and head of staff in 1919, AESC started as an ambitious program and little else.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m st\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv st\u02c8\u00e6f \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u02c8i\u02d0sk st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250n \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u025bls."}, {"text": "Staff for the first year consisted of one executive, Clifford B. LePage, who was on loan from a founding member, ASME.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u00e6f f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av, kl\u02c8\u026af\u025ad b\u02c8i\u02d0. l\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8o\u028an f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a, \u0250sm\u02c8\u025b."}, {"text": "In 1931, the organization (renamed ASA in 1928) became affiliated with the U.S. National Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), which had been formed in 1904 to develop electrical and electronics standards.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026amd \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250f\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028at\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cca\u026a\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250db\u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026aks st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz."}, {"text": "ANSI's members are government agencies, organizations, academic and international bodies, and individuals.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nsi m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsiz, \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In total, the Institute represents the interests of more than 270,000 companies and organizations and 30 million professionals worldwide.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bsts \u028cv m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259lz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad."}, {"text": "ANSI's market-driven, decentralized approach has been criticized in comparison with more planned and organized international approaches to standardization.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nsi m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026atd\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259n, d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd \u026an k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz t\u0259 st\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025ad\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "An underlying issue is the difficulty of balancing \"the interests of both the nation's industrial and commercial sectors and the nation as a whole.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025al\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti \u028cv b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns\u026a\u014b \"\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bsts \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "Although ANSI itself does not develop standards, the Institute oversees the development and use of standards by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6nsi \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u02cco\u028av\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz ba\u026a \u0250k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025az \u028cv st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "ANSI accreditation signifies that the procedures used by standards developing organizations meet the institute's requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nsi \u0250k\u0279\u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nn\u0259s, b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s, \u00e6nd d\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs."}, {"text": "ANSI also designates specific standards as American National Standards, or ANS, when the Institute determines that the standards were developed in an environment that is equitable, accessible and responsive to the requirements of various stakeholders.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nsi \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u02c8\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02cce\u026ats sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u00e6z \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nz, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026anz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u026an \u0250n \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u02c8\u025bkw\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l, \u00e6ks\u02c8\u025bs\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026av t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nts \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s st\u02c8e\u026akho\u028ald\u025az."}, {"text": "Voluntary consensus standards quicken the market acceptance of products while making clear how to improve the safety of those products for the protection of consumers.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz kw\u02c8\u026ak\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259ns \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts w\u02cca\u026al m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 h\u02cca\u028a t\u028a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026afti \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025az."}, {"text": "availability of an appeal by any participant alleging that these principles were not respected during the standards-development process.", "phonemes": "\u0250v\u02cce\u026al\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0259v\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l ba\u026a \u02cc\u025bni p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nt \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adzd\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs."}, {"text": "In addition to facilitating the formation of standards in the United States, ANSI promotes the use of U.S. standards internationally, advocates U.S. policy and technical positions in international and regional standards organizations, and encourages the adoption of international standards as national standards where appropriate.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u02c8\u00e6nsi p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u02c8\u00e6dv\u0259k\u02cce\u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u00e6z n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u0259t."}, {"text": "The institute is the official U.S. representative to the two major international standards organizations, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), as a founding member, and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), via the U.S. National Committee (USNC).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025ad\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028at\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cca\u026a\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u02c8\u028cs\u014bk."}, {"text": "ANSI participates in almost the entire technical program of both the ISO and the IEC, and administers many key committees and subgroups.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nsi p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026ats \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026a\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025az m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cb\u0261\u0279u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "In many instances, U.S. standards are taken forward to ISO and IEC, through ANSI or the USNC, where they are adopted in whole or in part as international standards.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns\u1d7bz, j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad t\u028a \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u02cca\u026a\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6nsi \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028cs\u014bk, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u026an h\u02c8o\u028al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6z \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz."}, {"text": "Adoption of ISO and IEC standards as American standards increased from 0.2% in 1986 to 15.5% in May 2012.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u02cca\u026a\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u00e6z \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u0279\u028cm z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an m\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "Each of the panels works to identify, coordinate, and harmonize voluntary standards relevant to these areas.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259lz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a, ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u0259t, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n\u02cca\u026az v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z."}, {"text": "In 2009, ANSI and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) formed the Nuclear Energy Standards Coordination Collaborative (NESCC).", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, \u02c8\u00e6nsi \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i n\u02c8\u026ast f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av n\u02c8\u025bsk."}, {"text": "NESCC is a joint initiative to identify and respond to the current need for standards in the nuclear industry.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u025bsk \u026az \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283i\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt n\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i."}, {"text": "The ASA (as for American Standards Association) photographic exposure system, originally defined in ASA Z38.2.1 (since 1943) and ASA PH2.5 (since 1954), together with the DIN system (DIN 4512 since 1934), became the basis for the ISO system (since 1974), currently used worldwide (ISO 6, ISO 2240, ISO 5800, ISO 12232).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02cco\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u026an \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at.t\u02c8u\u02d0.w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cca\u026a\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cca\u026a\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u026aks, \u02c8a\u026azo\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, \u02c8a\u026azo\u028a f\u02c8a\u026av \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, \u02c8a\u026azo\u028a tw\u02c8\u025blv \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The ANSI code standard extended the previously created ASCII seven bit code standard (ASA X3.4-1963), with additional codes for European alphabets (see also Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code or EBCDIC).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nsi k\u02c8o\u028ad st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ski s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n b\u02c8\u026at k\u02c8o\u028ad st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8o\u028adz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025at\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 k\u02c8o\u028ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bbkd\u026ak."}, {"text": "In Microsoft Windows, the phrase \"ANSI\" refers to the Windows ANSI code pages (even though they are not ANSI standards).", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ft w\u02c8\u026ando\u028az, \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \"\u02c8\u00e6nsi\" \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ando\u028az \u02c8\u00e6nsi k\u02c8o\u028ad p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6nsi st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz."}, {"text": "Since these characters are based on a draft of the ISO-8859 series, some of Microsoft's symbols are visually very similar to the ISO symbols, leading many to falsely assume that they are identical.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fts s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254lsli \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l."}, {"text": "The first computer programming language standard was \"American Standard Fortran\" (informally known as \"FORTRAN 66\"), approved in March 1966 and published as ASA X3.9-1966.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad w\u028cz \"\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u00e6n\" \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \"f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u00e6n s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks\", \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u00e6z \u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "The original standard implementation of the C programming language was standardized as ANSI X3.159-1989, becoming the well-known ANSI C.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u02cc\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 w\u028cz st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6nsi \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bln\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u00e6nsi s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The X3J13 committee was created in 1986 to formalize the ongoing consolidation of Common Lisp, culminating in 1994 with the publication of ANSI's first object-oriented programming standard.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bks \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei w\u028cz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261o\u028a\u026a\u014b k\u0259ns\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n l\u02c8\u026asp, k\u02c8\u028clm\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nsi f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad."}, {"text": "A popular Unified Thread Standard for nuts and bolts is ANSI/ASME B1.1 which was defined in 1935, 1949, 1989, and 2003.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cca\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025bd st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u028cts \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028alts \u026az \u02c8\u00e6nsi sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0250sm\u02c8\u025b b\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn.w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The ANSI-NSF International standards used for commercial kitchens, such as restaurants, cafeterias, delis, etc.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nsi\u02cc\u025bn\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bf \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l k\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0251\u02d0nts, k\u02cc\u00e6f\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259z, d\u02c8\u025bl\u026az, \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The ANSI/APSP (Association of Pool & Spa Professionals) standards used for pools, spas, hot tubs, barriers, and suction entrapment avoidance.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nsi sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6psp \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8u\u02d0l \u00e6nd sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259lz st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025adz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8u\u02d0lz, sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t t\u02c8\u028cbz, b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0279z, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u025bnt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6pm\u0259nt \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The ANSI for eye protection is Z87.1, which gives a specific impact resistance rating to the eyewear.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nsi f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u026az z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u0250 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026aw\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "This standard is commonly used for shop glasses, shooting glasses, and many other examples of protective eyewear.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz, \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8a\u026aw\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "While compliance to this standard is required by United States federal law, it is not made freely available by ANSI, who charges $65 to read a PDF of it.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al k\u0259mpl\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u026az \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02cce\u026ad f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0li \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nsi, h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u1d7bz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250 p\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf \u028cv \u026at."}, {"text": "In logic and philosophy, an argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something, or give evidence or reasons for accepting a particular conclusion.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak \u00e6nd f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi, \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u026az \u0250n \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u0259 p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026ad s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn \u028cv s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Oral argument in the United States, a spoken presentation to a judge or appellate court by a lawyer (or parties when representing themselves) of the legal reasons why they should prevail", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u0250 sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t ba\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz w\u025bn \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz w\u02cca\u026a \u00f0e\u026a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad p\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026al"}, {"text": "Closing argument, in law, the concluding statement of each party's counsel reiterating the important arguments in a court case", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt, \u026an l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027eiz k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u026an \u0250 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u02c8e\u026as"}, {"text": "Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC, and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC.", "phonemes": "k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a n\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259t b\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6t tw\u02c8\u025bnti:s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 st\u02c8\u025bp \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6t z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0:f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later, and they spent about two and a quarter hours together exploring the site they had named Tranquility Base upon landing.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and h\u02cc\u026am n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0250 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d n\u02c8e\u026amd t\u0279\u00e6\u014bkw\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei b\u02c8e\u026as \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Armstrong and Aldrin collected  of lunar material to bring back to Earth as pilot Michael Collins flew the Command Module Columbia in lunar orbit, and were on the Moon's surface for 21 hours, 36 minutes before lifting off to rejoin Columbia.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6z p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259t m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz fl\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 \u026an l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8a\u028a\u025az, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026aft\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254f t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259."}, {"text": "Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16 at 13:32 UTC, and it was the fifth crewed mission of NASA's Apollo program.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u028cz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0259, \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n \u00e6t \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n:\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m."}, {"text": "The Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages\u2014a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft h\u00e6d \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts: \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026an f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8; \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a; \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d t\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz\u2014\u0250 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0250n \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u026ant\u028a l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V's third stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered lunar orbit.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0z \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft f\u0279\u028cm \u026at \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259ld f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "The astronauts used Eagles ascent stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259lz \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026aft \u02c8\u0254f f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "They jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that propelled Columbia out of the last of its 30 lunar orbits onto a trajectory back to Earth.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026as\u0259nd \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bld k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u028cv \u026ats \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026ats \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u0250 t\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279i b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "They returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 after more than eight days in space.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd spl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283t d\u02cca\u028an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8e\u026az \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Apollo 11 effectively proved U.S. victory in the Space Race to demonstrate spaceflight superiority, by fulfilling a national goal proposed in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy, \"before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u02c8e\u026as t\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026at sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at su\u02d0p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, ba\u026a f\u028alf\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u02c8o\u028al p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bf. k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di, \"b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as d\u02c8\u025bke\u026ad \u026az \u02c8a\u028at, \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am s\u02c8e\u026afli t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the Cold War, a geopolitical rivalry with the Soviet Union.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u028cz \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u0250 d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028ap\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l\u0279i w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "It demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, and challenged American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority.", "phonemes": "\u026at d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cce\u026ap\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bp\u0259nz \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak, \u00e6nd t\u02cc\u025bkn\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l su\u02d0p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "This precipitated the Sputnik crisis, and triggered the Space Race to prove which superpower would achieve superior spaceflight capability.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u026as\u02c8\u026ap\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u028ctn\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u026as, \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u02c8e\u026as t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025ap\u02cca\u028a\u025a w\u028ad \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v su\u02d0p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at k\u02cce\u026ap\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded to the Sputnik challenge by creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and initiating Project Mercury, which aimed to launch a man into Earth orbit.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt dw\u02c8a\u026at d\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8a\u026az\u0259nh\u02cca\u028a\u025a \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u028ctn\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292 ba\u026a k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u025b\u0279o\u028an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250, \u00e6nd \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8e\u026amd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "But on April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space, and the first to orbit the Earth.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l tw\u02c8\u025blv, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "Nearly a month later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, completing a 15-minute suborbital journey.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u0250 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8a\u026av, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u025bp\u025ad b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as, k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0nm\u02c8\u026an\u026at s\u028cb\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ni."}, {"text": "After being recovered from the Atlantic Ocean, he received a congratulatory telephone call from Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0250 k\u0259\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u028al\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u02cco\u028an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8a\u026az\u0259nh\u02cca\u028a\u025az s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u025a, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bf. k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di."}, {"text": "Since the Soviet Union had higher lift capacity launch vehicles, Kennedy chose, from among options presented by NASA, a challenge beyond the capacity of the existing generation of rocketry, so that the US and Soviet Union would be starting from a position of equality.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n h\u00e6d h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a l\u02c8\u026aft k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259lz, k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az, f\u0279\u028cm \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250, \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292 b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at\u0279i, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n w\u028ad bi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "On May 25, 1961, Kennedy addressed the United States Congress on \"Urgent National Needs\" and declared:", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8e\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u0254n \"\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nt n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l n\u02c8i\u02d0dz\" \u00e6nd d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d:"}, {"text": "On September 12, 1962, Kennedy delivered another speech before a crowd of about 40,000 people in the Rice University football stadium in Houston, Texas.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025blv, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0, k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025ad \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8a\u028ad \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026as j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei f\u02c8\u028atb\u0254\u02d0l st\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n, t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s."}, {"text": "In spite of that, the proposed program faced the opposition of many Americans and was dubbed a \"moondoggle\" by Norbert Wiener, a mathematician at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.", "phonemes": "\u026an sp\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m f\u02c8e\u026asd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz \u00e6nd w\u028cz d\u02c8\u028cbd \u02c8e\u026a \"m\u02c8u\u02d0nd\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259l\" ba\u026a n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u025at w\u02c8i\u02d0n\u025a, \u0250 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6s\u0250t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ats \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "When Kennedy met with Nikita Khrushchev, the Premier of the Soviet Union in June 1961, he proposed making the Moon landing a joint project, but Khrushchev did not take up the offer.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di m\u02c8\u025bt w\u026a\u00f0 n\u026ak\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0283\u025bf, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u026an d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, hi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ant p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0283\u025bf d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u02c8e\u026ak \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254f\u025a."}, {"text": "Kennedy again proposed a joint expedition to the Moon in a speech to the United Nations General Assembly on September 20, 1963.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u026an \u0250 sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli \u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "An early and crucial decision was choosing lunar orbit rendezvous over both direct ascent and Earth orbit rendezvous.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259l d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n w\u028cz t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026av\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02cco\u028av\u025a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026av\u02ccu\u02d0."}, {"text": "A space rendezvous is an orbital maneuver in which two spacecraft navigate through space and meet up.", "phonemes": "\u0250 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026av\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft n\u02c8\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026at \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02c8\u028cp."}, {"text": "In July 1962 NASA head James Webb announced that lunar orbit rendezvous would be used and that the Apollo spacecraft would have three major parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages\u2014a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 h\u02c8\u025bd d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz w\u02c8\u025bb \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026av\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028ad bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u028adh\u0250v \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts: \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026an f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8; \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a; \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d t\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz\u2014\u0250 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u0250n \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u026ant\u028a l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "This design meant the spacecraft could be launched by a single Saturn V rocket that was then under development.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft k\u028ad bi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The Apollo project was enabled by NASA's adoption of new advances in semiconductor electronic technology, including metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) in the Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) and silicon integrated circuit (IC) chips in the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt w\u028cz \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld ba\u026a n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u026an s\u02cc\u025bm\u026ak\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad s\u02cc\u025bm\u026ak\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026af\u02c8\u025bkt t\u0279\u00e6nz\u02c8\u026ast\u025az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sf\u026ats \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025apl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u00e6tf\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bmp\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026al\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at \u02cca\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u026aps \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259ns k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Project Apollo was abruptly halted by the Apollo 1 fire on January 27, 1967, in which astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger B. Chaffee died, and the subsequent investigation.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u028cz \u0250b\u0279\u02c8\u028cptli h\u02c8\u0254lt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0261\u02c8\u028cs \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u0259m, \u02c8\u025bd w\u02c8a\u026at, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a b\u02c8i\u02d0. t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6fi\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026ad, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt \u026anv\u02cc\u025bst\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In October 1968, Apollo 7 evaluated the command module in Earth orbit, and in December Apollo 8 tested it in lunar orbit.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026av\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, \u00e6nd \u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026a\u027e \u026an l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "In March 1969, Apollo 9 put the lunar module through its paces in Earth orbit, and in May Apollo 10 conducted a \"dress rehearsal\" in lunar orbit.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a n\u02c8a\u026an p\u02cc\u028at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u026ats p\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, \u00e6nd \u026an m\u02c8e\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8\u025bn k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u02c8e\u026a \"d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u1d7bh\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259l\" \u026an l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "The Soviet Union appeared  to be winning the Space Race by beating the US to firsts, but its early lead was overtaken by the US Gemini program and Soviet failure to develop the N1 launcher, which would have been comparable to the Saturn V.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u02c8e\u026as ba\u026a b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs t\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0sts, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026ats \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li l\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u028cz \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u0292\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cca\u026a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn w\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0nt\u0283\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028adh\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "On July 13, three days before Apollo 11's launch, the Soviet Union launched Luna 15, which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "During descent, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in Mare Crisium about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon's surface to begin their voyage home.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt, \u0250 m\u02cc\u00e6lf\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u026an m\u02c8\u025b\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u026asi\u0259m \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an t\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8\u0254f f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as t\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u026ad\u0292 h\u02c8o\u028am."}, {"text": "The Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories radio telescope in England recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent, and these were released in July 2009 for the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cfi\u02d0ld \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279iz \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bsk\u02cco\u028ap \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026ats d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt, \u00e6nd \u00f0i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei\u0259\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "The initial crew assignment of Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Jim Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP)", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt \u028cv k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a n\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b, k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259t s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bmp\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u026am l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl, \u00e6nd l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259t \u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bmp\u02c8i\u02d0"}, {"text": "Due to design and manufacturing delays in the LM, Apollo\u00a08 and Apollo\u00a09 swapped prime and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became the backup for Apollo\u00a08.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026az \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a n\u02c8a\u026an sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6k\u028cp k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014bz k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u028cp f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025az d\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261n\u02c8o\u028azd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u00e6z \u0250 b\u02c8o\u028ani \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n h\u026az f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cci\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Lovell took his place on the Apollo\u00a08 crew, and when Collins recovered he joined Armstrong's crew as CMP.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl t\u02c8\u028ak h\u026az pl\u02c8e\u026as \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd w\u025bn k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad hi\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014bz k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6z s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bmp\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Apollo 11 was the second American mission where all the crew members had prior spaceflight experience, the first being Apollo 10.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "Deke Slayton gave Armstrong the option to replace Aldrin with Lovell, since some thought Aldrin was difficult to work with.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8i\u02d0k sl\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl, s\u02c8\u026ans s\u02cc\u028cm \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an w\u028cz d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k w\u026a\u00f0."}, {"text": "The Apollo 11 prime crew had none of the close cheerful camaraderie characterized by that of Apollo 12.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u00e6d n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0283\u02c8\u026a\u0279f\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "Armstrong in particular was notoriously aloof, but Collins, who considered himself a loner, confessed to rebuffing Aldrin's attempts to create a more personal relationship.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a w\u028cz no\u028at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259sli \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0f, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028an\u025a, k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bst t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u028cf\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026anz \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "Armstrong did not agree with the assessment, and said \"...\u00a0all the crews I was on worked very well together.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bsm\u0259nt, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bd \"...\u00a0\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z a\u026a w\u028cz \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u025bl t\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with the National Aeronautics and Space Council effective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u025b\u0279o\u028an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026as k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst hi\u02d0 w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Ken Mattingly was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u014bli w\u028cz m\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6z b\u02c8\u00e6k\u028cp s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bmp\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an k\u02c8e\u026as \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u028cz d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ad p\u02c8\u00e6st \u026ats \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 d\u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6t w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u028cn\u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "By the normal crew rotation in place during Apollo, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled to fly on Apollo 14, but the three of them were bumped to Apollo 13: there was a crew issue for Apollo 13 as none of them except Edgar Mitchell flew in space again.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an pl\u02c8e\u026as d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl, m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u014bli, \u00e6nd h\u02c8e\u026az w\u025c\u02d0 sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0ld t\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u0254n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u028cmpt t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n: \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u00e6z n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt \u02c8\u025bd\u0261\u025a m\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u0259l fl\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "The support crew maintained the flight plan, checklists and mission ground rules, and ensured the prime and backup crews were apprised of changes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at pl\u02c8\u00e6n, t\u0283\u02c8\u025bkl\u026asts \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u00e6nd \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6k\u028cp k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8a\u026azd \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "They developed procedures, especially those for emergency situations, so these were ready for when the prime and backup crews came to train in the simulators, allowing them to concentrate on practicing and mastering them.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025az, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u00f0o\u028az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6k\u028cp k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "The capsule communicator (CAPCOM) was an astronaut at the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6psju\u02d0l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6pk\u0251\u02d0m w\u028cz \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n, t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were: Charles Duke, Ronald Evans, Bruce McCandless II, James Lovell, William Anders, Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, Don L. Lind, Owen K. Garriott and Harrison Schmitt.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pk\u0251\u02d0m w\u025c\u02d0: t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz d\u02c8u\u02d0k, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld \u02c8\u025bv\u0259nz, b\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u0259s \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0, d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl, w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az, k\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u014bli, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd h\u02c8e\u026az, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bl. l\u02c8\u026and, \u02c8o\u028a\u026an k\u02c8e\u026a. \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0259t \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n \u0283m\u02c8\u026at."}, {"text": "The Apollo 11 mission emblem was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for \"peaceful lunar landing by the United States\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmbl\u0259m w\u028cz d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"p\u02c8i\u02d0sf\u0259l l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats\"."}, {"text": "At Lovell's suggestion, he chose the bald eagle, the national bird of the United States, as the symbol.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t l\u02c8\u028cv\u025blz s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n, hi\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l."}, {"text": "Tom Wilson, a simulator instructor, suggested an olive branch in its beak to represent their peaceful mission.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m w\u02c8\u026als\u0259n, \u0250 s\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026anst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u025a, s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026av b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u026an \u026ats b\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0sf\u0259l m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction; the shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the left.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cnla\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 w\u028cz k\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n; \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u00e6do\u028a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad\u0259v b\u02cc\u026an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bft."}, {"text": "Aldrin, Armstrong and Collins decided the Eagle and the Moon would be in their natural colors, and decided on a blue and gold border.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u028cl\u025az, \u00e6nd d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 bl\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "Armstrong was concerned that \"eleven\" would not be understood by non-English speakers, so they went with \"Apollo 11\", and they decided not to put their names on the patch, so it would \"be representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b w\u028cz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\" w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad ba\u026a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a w\u02c8\u025bnt w\u026a\u00f0 \"\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\", \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259 p\u02cc\u028at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283, s\u02cco\u028a \u026at w\u02c8\u028ad \"bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b\"."}, {"text": "An illustrator at the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) did the artwork, which was then sent off to NASA officials for approval.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tw\u025c\u02d0k, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u0254f t\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l."}, {"text": "When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971, the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026az\u0259nh\u02cca\u028a\u025a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u026an w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s s\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft Charlie Brown and Snoopy, assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to George Low, the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office at the MSC, to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279li b\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u00e6nd sn\u02c8u\u02d0pi, \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0250f\u02c8\u025b\u0279z d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0li\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 l\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0, t\u0259 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 bi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bs fl\u02c8\u026ap\u0259nt \u026an n\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "The name Snowcone was used for the CM and Haystack was used for the LM in both internal and external communications during early mission planning.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am sn\u02c8o\u028ako\u028an w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u00e6nd h\u02c8e\u026ast\u00e6k w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "At Scheer's suggestion, the CM was named Columbia after Columbiad, the giant cannon that launched a spacecraft (also from Florida) in Jules Verne's 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u0283\u02c8\u026a\u0279z s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm w\u028cz n\u02c8e\u026amd k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259mb\u02cc\u026a\u00e6d, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u0250 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u0279\u028cm fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0259 \u026an d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0lz v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The astronauts had personal preference kits (PPKs), small bags containing personal items of significance they wanted to take with them on the mission.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts h\u00e6d p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns k\u02c8\u026ats p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u025bs, sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261z k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz \u028cv s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns \u00f0e\u026a w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Five  PPKs were carried on Apollo 11: three (one for each astronaut) were stowed on Columbia before launch, and two on Eagle.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026az w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02cc\u0254n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n: \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t w\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8o\u028ad \u02cc\u0254n k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283, \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l."}, {"text": "Neil Armstrong's LM PPK contained a piece of wood from the Wright brothers' 1903 Wright Flyers left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing, along with a diamond-studded astronaut pin originally given to Slayton by the widows of the Apollo\u00a01 crew.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014bz \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and \u0250 p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv w\u02c8\u028ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at fl\u02c8a\u026a\u025az l\u02c8\u025bft p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bl\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250 p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u026ak f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats w\u02c8\u026a\u014b, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259m\u0259ndst\u02c8\u028cd\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t p\u02c8\u026an \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ado\u028az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "This pin had been intended to be flown on that mission and given to Slayton afterwards, but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as p\u02c8\u026an h\u0250db\u026an \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259bi fl\u02c8o\u028an \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025adz, b\u02cc\u028ct f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259s l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 p\u02c8\u00e6d f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt fj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u0259lz, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ado\u028az \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026an t\u0259 sl\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n."}, {"text": "These were the result of two years' worth of studies based on high-resolution photography of the lunar surface by the five uncrewed probes of the Lunar Orbiter program and information about surface conditions provided by the Surveyor program.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u028cv st\u02c8\u028cdiz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n f\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av \u028c\u014bk\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u0279\u02c8o\u028abz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m."}, {"text": "The best Earth-bound telescopes could not resolve features with the resolution Project Apollo required.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8b\u02c8a\u028and t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bsk\u02cco\u028aps k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad."}, {"text": "The landing site had to be close to the lunar equator to minimize the amount of propellant required, clear of obstacles to minimize maneuvering, and flat to simplify the task of the landing radar.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026at h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u026akw\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad, kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bst\u0259k\u0259lz t\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u02cca\u026az m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd fl\u02c8\u00e6t t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ampl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6sk \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Areas that appeared promising on photographs taken on Earth were often found to be totally unacceptable.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026as\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259bi t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259li \u028cn\u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "The original requirement that the site be free of craters had to be relaxed, as no such site was found.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026at bi\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025az h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6kst, \u00e6z n\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 s\u02c8a\u026at w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "Five sites were considered: Sites\u00a01 and\u00a02 were in the Sea of Tranquility (Mare Tranquillitatis); Site\u00a03 was in the Central Bay (Sinus Medii); and Sites\u00a04 and\u00a05 were in the Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum).", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8a\u026ats w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad: s\u02c8a\u026ats w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv t\u0279\u00e6\u014bkw\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei m\u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u014bkw\u026al\u026at\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eiz; s\u02c8a\u026at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u028cz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cca\u026a; \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026ats f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026av w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279mz \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8o\u028as\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259m."}, {"text": "with approach paths free of large hills, tall cliffs or deep craters that might confuse the landing radar and cause it to issue incorrect readings;", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8s f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 h\u02c8\u026alz, t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l kl\u02c8\u026afs \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8i\u02d0p k\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cca\u026at k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u026at t\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 \u026a\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014bz;"}, {"text": "providing the Apollo spacecraft with a free-return trajectory, one that would allow it to coast around the Moon and safely return to Earth without requiring any engine firings should a problem arise on the way to the Moon;", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279i, w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u026at t\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ast \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd s\u02c8e\u026afli \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014bz \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n;"}, {"text": "with good visibility during the landing approach, meaning the Sun would be between 7\u00a0and 20 degrees behind the LM; and", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad v\u02cc\u026az\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn w\u028ad bi\u02d0 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm; \u00e6nd"}, {"text": "The requirement for the Sun angle was particularly restrictive, limiting the launch date to one day per month.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l w\u028cz p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026akt\u026av, l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 d\u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8e\u026a p\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8."}, {"text": "A landing just after dawn was chosen to limit the temperature extremes the astronauts would experience.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n w\u028cz t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az\u0259n t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026am\u026at \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts w\u028ad \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The Apollo Site Selection Board selected Site\u00a02, with Sites 3\u00a0and\u00a05 as backups in the event of the launch being delayed.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8a\u026at s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd s\u02c8a\u026at t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8a\u026ats \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6z b\u02c8\u00e6k\u028cps \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "During the first press conference after the Apollo 11 crew was announced, the first question was, \"Which one of you gentlemen will be the first man to step onto the lunar surface?\"", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz, \"w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv ju\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259lm\u0259n w\u026al bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 st\u02c8\u025bp \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as?\""}, {"text": "Slayton told the reporter it had not been decided, and Armstrong added that it was \"not based on individual desire\".", "phonemes": "sl\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n t\u02c8o\u028ald \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026at h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cc\u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz \"n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\"."}, {"text": "One of the first versions of the egress checklist had the lunar module pilot exit the spacecraft before the commander, which matched what had been done on Gemini missions, where the commander had never performed the spacewalk.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a i\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs t\u0283\u02c8\u025bkl\u026ast h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259t \u02c8\u025b\u0261z\u026at \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t w\u028ct h\u0250db\u026an d\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a h\u00e6d n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026asw\u0254\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Reporters wrote in early 1969 that Aldrin would be the first man to walk on the Moon, and Associate Administrator George Mueller told reporters he would be first as well.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 mj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l\u025a t\u02c8o\u028ald \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az hi\u02d0 w\u028ad bi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "Aldrin heard that Armstrong would be the first because Armstrong was a civilian, which made Aldrin livid.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b w\u028cz\u0250 s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an l\u02c8\u026av\u026ad."}, {"text": "Aldrin attempted to persuade other lunar module pilots he should be first, but they responded cynically about what they perceived as a lobbying campaign.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ts hi\u02d0 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026an\u026akli \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026a\u026a\u014b k\u00e6mp\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Attempting to stem interdepartmental conflict, Slayton told Aldrin that Armstrong would be first since he was the commander.", "phonemes": "\u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u026a\u014b t\u0259 st\u02c8\u025bm \u02cc\u026ant\u025ad\u1d7bp\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt, sl\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n t\u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b w\u028ad bi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u026ans hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a."}, {"text": "For decades, Aldrin believed the final decision was largely driven by the lunar module's hatch location.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n w\u028cz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li d\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0lz h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Because the astronauts had their spacesuits on and the spacecraft was so small, maneuvering to exit the spacecraft was difficult.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts h\u00e6d \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sp\u02c8e\u026assu\u02d0ts \u02cc\u0254n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u028cz s\u02cco\u028a sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z\u026at \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u028cz d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt."}, {"text": "The crew tried a simulation in which Aldrin left the spacecraft first, but he damaged the simulator while attempting to egress.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 s\u02cc\u026amj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an l\u02c8\u025bft \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02cca\u026al \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "While this was enough for mission planners to make their decision, Aldrin and Armstrong were left in the dark on the decision until late spring.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026as w\u028cz \u026an\u02c8\u028cf f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u025az t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bft \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al l\u02c8e\u026at sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Chris Kraft revealed in his 2001 autobiography that a meeting occurred between Gilruth, Slayton, Low, and himself to make sure Aldrin would not be the first to walk on the Moon.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u026as k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026an h\u026az t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028aba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0261\u02c8\u026al\u0279u\u02d0\u03b8, sl\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n, l\u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6nd h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "They argued that the first person to walk on the Moon should be like Charles Lindbergh, a calm and quiet person.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz l\u02c8\u026andb\u025a\u0261, \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u00e6nd kw\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n."}, {"text": "They made the decision to change the flight plan so the commander was the first to egress from the spacecraft.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at pl\u02c8\u00e6n s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u028a \u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "The ascent stage of LM-5 Eagle arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and CSM-107 Columbia on January 23.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8e\u026at, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026az l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "There were several differences between Eagle and Apollo 10's LM-4 Snoopy; Eagle had a VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar surface; a lighter ascent engine; more thermal protection on the landing gear; and a package of scientific experiments known as the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package (EASEP).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sn\u02c8u\u02d0pi; \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l h\u00e6d \u0250 v\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8\u025bf \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nt\u02c8\u025bn\u0259 t\u0259 f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026at k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as; \u0250 l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an; m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u026a\u0279; \u00e6nd \u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8i\u02d0z\u025bp."}, {"text": "The only change in the configuration of the command module was the removal of some insulation from the forward hatch.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm \u02cc\u026ans\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283."}, {"text": "The CSM was mated on January 29, and moved from the Operations and Checkout Building to the Vehicle Assembly Building on April 14.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm w\u028cz m\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u025bka\u028at b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The S-IVB third stage of Saturn V AS-506 had arrived on January 18, followed by the S-II second stage on February 6, S-IC first stage on February 20, and the Saturn V Instrument Unit on February 27.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6z f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aks h\u00e6d \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026aks, \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nt j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "At 12:30 on May 20, the  assembly departed the Vehicle Assembly Building atop the crawler-transporter, bound for Launch Pad 39A, part of Launch Complex 39, while Apollo 10 was still on its way to the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t tw\u02c8\u025blv:\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8e\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025at\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a, b\u02c8a\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 p\u02c8\u00e6d \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8e\u026a, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, w\u02cca\u026al \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8\u025bn w\u028cz st\u02c8\u026al \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The launch complex was floodlit on the night of July 15, when the crawler-transporter carried the mobile service structure back to its parking area.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks w\u028cz fl\u02c8\u028cdl\u026at \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025at\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u026ats p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "In the early hours of the morning, the fuel tanks of the S-II and S-IVB stages were filled with liquid hydrogen.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l t\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026ald w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Slayton roused the crew shortly after 04:00, and they showered, shaved, and had the traditional pre-flight breakfast of steak and eggs with Slayton and the backup crew.", "phonemes": "sl\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u028azd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a \u0283\u02c8a\u028a\u025ad, \u0283\u02c8e\u026avd, \u00e6nd h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fl\u02c8a\u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkf\u0259st \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0261z w\u026a\u00f0 sl\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u028cp k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "An estimated one million spectators watched the launch of Apollo 11 from the highways and beaches in the vicinity of the launch site.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n sp\u025bkt\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025az w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026awe\u026az \u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u026as\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 s\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "Dignitaries included the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General William Westmoreland, four cabinet members, 19 state governors, 40 mayors, 60 ambassadors and 200 congressmen.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f \u028cv st\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m w\u02c8\u025bstmo\u02d0\u0279l\u0259nd, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6b\u1d7bn\u0259t m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n st\u02c8e\u026at \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei m\u02c8e\u026a\u025az, s\u02c8\u026aksti \u0250mb\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259d\u025az \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259sm\u02cc\u025bn."}, {"text": "Vice President Spiro Agnew viewed the launch with former president Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8a\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0261nu\u02d0 vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt l\u02c8\u026and\u0259n b\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026af l\u02c8e\u026adi b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n."}, {"text": "The launch was televised live in 33 countries, with an estimated 25\u00a0million viewers in the United States alone.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 w\u028cz t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cca\u026azd l\u02c8\u026av \u026an \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "President Richard Nixon viewed the launch from his office in the White House with his NASA liaison officer, Apollo astronaut Frank Borman.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259n vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 f\u0279\u028cm h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8a\u028as w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 li\u02d0\u02c8e\u026az\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u025a, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n."}, {"text": "At 13.2 seconds into the flight, the launch vehicle began to roll into its flight azimuth of 72.058\u00b0.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n.t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u026ats fl\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u00e6z\u026am\u02cc\u028c\u03b8 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Full shutdown of the first-stage engines occurred about 2\u00a0minutes and 42 seconds into the mission, followed by separation of the S-IC and ignition of the S-II engines.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u028al \u0283\u02c8\u028ctda\u028an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0stst\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026anz \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026anz."}, {"text": "The second stage engines then cut off and separated at about 9\u00a0minutes and 8\u00a0seconds, allowing the first ignition of the S-IVB engine a few seconds later.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026anz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn k\u02c8\u028ct \u02c8\u0254f \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6\u027e \u0250b\u02cca\u028at n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Apollo 11 entered a near-circular Earth orbit at an altitude of  by , twelve minutes into its flight.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u0250 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lt\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u028cv b\u02c8a\u026a , tw\u02c8\u025blv m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u026ats fl\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "After one and a half orbits, a second ignition of the S-IVB engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6f \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026ats, \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an p\u02c8\u028a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u026ats t\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279i t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nzl\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8a\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00e6t s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n:tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0:\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "About 30 minutes later, with Collins in the left seat and at the controls, the transposition, docking, and extraction maneuver was performed.", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bft s\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00e6nd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a w\u028cz p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md."}, {"text": "This involved separating Columbia from the spent S-IVB stage, turning around, and docking with Eagle still attached to the stage.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l st\u02c8\u026al \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "After the LM was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm w\u028cz \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft h\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 fl\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 t\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279i p\u02c8\u00e6st \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n:tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn:f\u02c8\u026afti j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6st b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u026ats s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnt\u025a l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "In the thirty orbits that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility about  southwest of the crater Sabine D. The site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 landers and the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft, and because it was unlikely to present major landing or EVA challenges.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b vj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv t\u0279\u00e6\u014bkw\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0250b\u02cca\u028at sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a s\u0250b\u02c8i\u02d0n d\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026at w\u028cz s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at h\u0250db\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli fl\u02c8\u00e6t \u00e6nd sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd s\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u025a f\u02c8a\u026av l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at w\u028cz \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "At 12:52:00 UTC on July 20, Aldrin and Armstrong entered Eagle, and began the final preparations for lunar descent.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t tw\u02c8\u025blv:f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l, \u00e6nd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l p\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "Collins, alone aboard Columbia, inspected Eagle as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged, and that the landing gear was correctly deployed.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz, \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259, \u026ansp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u00e6z \u026at p\u02cc\u026a\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u026am t\u028a \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292d, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u028cz k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli d\u1d7bpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad."}, {"text": "As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found themselves passing landmarks on the surface two or three seconds early, and reported that they were \"long\"; they would land miles west of their target point.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 \"l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\"; \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad l\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u026alz w\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant."}, {"text": "The problem could have been mascons\u2014concentrations of high mass in a region or regions of the Moon's crust that contains a gravitational anomaly, potentially altering Eagle trajectory.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m k\u02cc\u028ad\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an m\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259nz\u2014k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6s \u026an \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nz k\u0279\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259li, p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l t\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Flight Director Gene Kranz speculated that it could have resulted from extra air pressure in the docking tunnel, or a result of Eagles pirouette maneuver.", "phonemes": "fl\u02c8a\u026at d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nts sp\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at k\u02cc\u028ad\u0250v \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259 \u02c8\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259lz p\u02cc\u026a\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bt m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a."}, {"text": "Five minutes into the descent burn, and  above the surface of the Moon, the LM guidance computer (LGC) distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected 1201 and 1202 program alarms.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259ns k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u02cc\u025bld\u0292\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02cc\u028cn\u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "Inside Mission Control Center, computer engineer Jack Garman told Guidance Officer Steve Bales it was safe to continue the descent, and this was relayed to the crew.", "phonemes": "\u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a, k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6k \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n t\u02c8o\u028ald \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259ns \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u025a st\u02c8i\u02d0v b\u02c8e\u026alz \u026at w\u028cz s\u02c8e\u026af t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0le\u026ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The program alarms indicated \"executive overflows\", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all its tasks in real-time and had to postpone some of them.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \"\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av \u02cco\u028av\u025afl\u02c8o\u028az\", m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259ns k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026ats t\u02c8\u00e6sks \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259lt\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd h\u00e6dt\u0259 po\u028astp\u02c8o\u028an s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "Margaret Hamilton, the Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming at the MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory later recalled:", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0279\u0259t h\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lt\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a fl\u02c8a\u026at k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bm\u02cca\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k d\u0279\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld:"}, {"text": "During the mission, the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position, causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z w\u028cz d\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261n\u02c8o\u028azd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026av\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279 sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026av\u02ccu\u02d0 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Software engineer Don Eyles concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first uncrewed LM in Apollo 5.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u0254ftw\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8a\u026alz k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259ns \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m w\u028cz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u025b\u0279 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an b\u02c8\u028c\u0261 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli s\u02c8i\u02d0n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028c\u014bk\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u026an \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Having the rendezvous radar on (so it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort) should have been irrelevant to the computer, but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up.", "phonemes": "h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026av\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n s\u02cco\u028a \u026at w\u028cz w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u02cc\u028cp \u026an k\u02c8e\u026as \u0259v\u0259n \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u0283\u02cc\u028ad\u0259v b\u02cc\u026an \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b m\u026asm\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026av\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m k\u028ad k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nt\u02c8\u025bn\u0259 t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z d\u02c8\u026a\u00f0\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6k \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259mli p\u02c8a\u028a\u025ad \u02c8\u028cp."}, {"text": "The extra spurious cycle stealing, as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, caused the computer alarms.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259 spj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259s s\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026av\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cpd\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250n \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing target was in a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a  crater (later determined to be West crater), so he took semi-automatic control.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn l\u02c8\u028akt a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad, hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at w\u028cz \u026an \u0250 b\u02c8o\u028ald\u025ast\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st \u0259v\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u025bst k\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, s\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028ak s\u02c8\u025bma\u026a\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "Armstrong considered landing short of the boulder field so they could collect geological samples from it, but could not since their horizontal velocity was too high.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028ald\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0ld s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a k\u028ad k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz f\u0279\u028cm \u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259l v\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei w\u028cz t\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "Now  above the surface, Armstrong knew their propellant supply was dwindling and was determined to land at the first possible landing site.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8a\u028a \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a w\u028cz dw\u02c8\u026andl\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd w\u028cz d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "Lunar dust kicked up by the LM's engine began to impair his ability to determine the spacecraft's motion.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a d\u02c8\u028cst k\u02c8\u026akt \u02cc\u028cp ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bmz \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u028a \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 h\u026az \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6fts m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Some large rocks jutted out of the dust cloud, and Armstrong focused on them during his descent so he could determine the spacecraft's speed.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks d\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u028cst kl\u02c8a\u028ad, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 k\u028ad d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6fts sp\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "A light informed Aldrin that at least one of the  probes hanging from Eagle footpads had touched the surface a few moments before the landing and he said: \"Contact light!\"", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8a\u026at \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028abz h\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l f\u02c8\u028atp\u00e6dz h\u00e6d t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nts b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd: \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt l\u02c8a\u026at!\""}, {"text": "Armstrong was supposed to immediately shut the engine down, as the engineers suspected the pressure caused by the engine's own exhaust reflecting off the lunar surface could make it explode, but he forgot.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b w\u028cz s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u028a \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u0283\u02c8\u028ct \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an d\u02c8a\u028an, \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279z s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026anz \u02c8o\u028an \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as k\u028ad m\u02cce\u026ak \u026a\u027e \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028ad, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 f\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t."}, {"text": "\"Out of Detent\" meant the stick had moved away from its centered position; it was spring-centered like the turn indicator in a car.", "phonemes": "\"\u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v d\u026at\u02c8\u025bnt\" m\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u026ak h\u00e6d m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n; \u026at w\u028cz sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bs\u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Address 413 of the Abort Guidance System (AGS) contained the variable that indicated the LM had landed.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259ns s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Information available to the crew and mission controllers during the landing showed the LM had enough fuel for another 25 seconds of powered flight before an abort without touchdown would have become unsafe, but post-mission analysis showed that the real figure was probably closer to 50 seconds.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u025az d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm h\u00e6d \u026an\u02c8\u028cf fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u028cv p\u02c8a\u028a\u025ad fl\u02c8a\u026at b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u0250b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283da\u028an w\u028adh\u0250v b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u028cns\u02c8e\u026af, b\u02cc\u028ct p\u02c8o\u028astm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz."}, {"text": "Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than most subsequent missions, and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u025bs fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad \u0250 p\u0279\u026am\u0259t\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028a fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "This was later found to be the result of the propellant sloshing more than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt sl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd, \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a."}, {"text": "Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post-landing checklist with \"Engine arm is off\", before responding to the CAPCOM, Charles Duke, with the words, \"Houston, Tranquility Base here.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026anz k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028astl\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u025bkl\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0 \"\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\", b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pk\u0251\u02d0m, t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz d\u02c8u\u02d0k, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \"hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n, t\u0279\u00e6\u014bkw\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei b\u02c8e\u026as h\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Armstrong's unrehearsed change of call sign from \"Eagle\" to \"Tranquility Base\" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014bz \u02cc\u028cn\u0279\u1d7bh\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8a\u026an f\u0279\u028cm \"\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l\" tu\u02d0 \"t\u0279\u00e6\u014bkw\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei b\u02c8e\u026as\" \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026azd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026as\u0259n\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b w\u028cz k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00e6nd s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l."}, {"text": "At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair (who had objected to the Apollo\u00a08 crew reading from the Book of Genesis) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 w\u028cz st\u02c8\u026al f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0su\u02d0t b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u03b8\u026a\u02cc\u026ast m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0250l\u02cc\u026an m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279e\u026a o\u028ah\u02c8\u025b\u0279 h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bs\u02cc\u026as d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0279\u1d7bf\u0279\u02c8e\u026an f\u0279\u028cm b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz w\u02cca\u026al \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Aldrin was an elder at the Webster Presbyterian Church, and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church, Dean Woodruff.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an w\u028cz \u0250n \u02c8\u025bld\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bbst\u025a p\u0279\u02cc\u025bzb\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, \u00e6nd h\u026az k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n k\u02c8\u026at w\u028cz p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, d\u02c8i\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028ad\u0279\u028cf."}, {"text": "Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025bbst\u025a p\u0279\u02cc\u025bzb\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026as j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cnde\u026a kl\u02c8o\u028as\u026ast t\u0259 d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti."}, {"text": "The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period, but they chose to begin preparations for the EVA early, thinking they would be unable to sleep.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0l f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026av\u02c8a\u028a\u025a sl\u02c8i\u02d0p p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az t\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an p\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li, \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 sl\u02c8i\u02d0p."}, {"text": "During training on Earth, everything required had been neatly laid out in advance, but on the Moon the cabin contained a large number of other items as well, such as checklists, food packets, and tools.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad h\u0250db\u026an n\u02c8i\u02d0tli l\u02c8e\u026ad \u02c8a\u028at \u026an \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u0283\u02c8\u025bkl\u026asts, f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ats, \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "Six hours and thirty-nine minutes after landing Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside, and Eagle was depressurized.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0tin\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l w\u028cz d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd."}, {"text": "Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his portable life support system (PLSS).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li h\u02cc\u00e6d s\u028cm d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz skw\u02c8i\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259b\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026af s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m p\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm i\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279\u025bs."}, {"text": "Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the modular equipment stowage assembly (MESA) folded against Eagle side and activate the TV camera.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6d\u025a, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b p\u02c8\u028ald \u0250 d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b t\u0259 d\u1d7bpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt st\u02c8o\u028a\u026ad\u0292 \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli m\u02c8e\u026as\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ald\u1d7bd \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Apollo 11 used slow-scan television (TV) incompatible with broadcast TV, so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor (thus, a broadcast of a broadcast), significantly reducing the quality of the picture.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd sl\u02c8o\u028ask\u02c8\u00e6n t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026a\u014bk\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bb\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0, s\u02cco\u028a \u026at w\u028cz d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u0259v\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st, s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The signal was received at Goldstone in the United States, but with better fidelity by Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station near Canberra in Australia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00e6t \u0261\u02c8o\u028aldsto\u028an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a f\u1d7bd\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u027ei ba\u026a h\u02c8\u028cn\u026as\u02cc\u028ck\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6nb\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u026an \u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259."}, {"text": "Despite some technical and weather difficulties, black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600\u00a0million people on Earth.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz, bl\u02c8\u00e6k \u00e6nd w\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st t\u028a \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "Copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available, but recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface were likely destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026az \u028cv \u00f0\u026as v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8e\u026avd \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026adli \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l sl\u02c8o\u028a sk\u02c8\u00e6n s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026akli d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026ad d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0279u\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0n m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ap \u0279\u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00e6t n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250."}, {"text": "After describing the surface dust as \"very fine-grained\" and \"almost like a powder\", at 02:56:15, six and a half hours after landing, Armstrong stepped off Eagle landing pad and declared: \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as d\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6z \"v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8a\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\" \u00e6nd \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250 p\u02c8a\u028ad\u025a\", \u00e6t z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0:f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks:f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6f \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b st\u02c8\u025bpt \u02c8\u0254f \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u00e6d \u00e6nd d\u1d7bkl\u02c8\u025b\u0279d: \"\u00f0\u00e6ts w\u02c8\u028cn sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l st\u02c8\u025bp f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n, w\u02c8\u028cn d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt l\u02c8i\u02d0p f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u00e6\u014bk\u02c8a\u026and."}, {"text": "Armstrong intended to say \"That's one small step for a man\", but the word \"a\" is not audible in the transmission, and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026a \"\u00f0\u00e6ts w\u02c8\u028cn sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l st\u02c8\u025bp f\u025a\u0279\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\", b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"\u02c8e\u026a\" \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u1d7bb\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026av b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st."}, {"text": "When later asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he said \"for a man\", and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the \"a\" in square brackets.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6skt \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u026az kw\u02c8o\u028at, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b s\u02c8\u025bd hi\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd \"f\u025a\u0279\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\", \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8o\u028at \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8e\u026a\" \u026an skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ats."}, {"text": "One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words \"for a\" together; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth, partly because of storms near Parkes Observatory.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u025bkspl\u0250n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259ns m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az \u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 sl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \"f\u025a\u0279\u0259\" t\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a; \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8\u026at\u0259nt n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a l\u02c8\u026a\u014bks t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279mz n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i."}, {"text": "A more recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the \"a\" may have been spoken but obscured by static.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ap kl\u02c8e\u026amz t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8e\u026a\" m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct \u0259bskj\u02c8\u028a\u0279d ba\u026a st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak."}, {"text": "Other analysis points to the claims of static and slurring as \"face-saving fabrication\", and that Armstrong himself later admitted to misspeaking the line.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \"f\u02c8e\u026ass\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b f\u02cc\u00e6b\u0279\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u026assp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick.", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a st\u02c8\u025bp\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u0250 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026and\u0292\u0259nsi s\u02c8\u0254\u026al s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 st\u02c8\u026ak."}, {"text": "This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028cz t\u0259 \u0261\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u028ad bi\u02d0 s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u0254\u026al b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t b\u02c8\u00e6k \u026an k\u02c8e\u026as \u0250n \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts t\u028a \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm."}, {"text": "Twelve minutes after the sample was collected, he removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then mounted it on a tripod.", "phonemes": "tw\u02c8\u025blv m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l w\u028cz k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026as\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 p\u02cc\u00e6n\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak sw\u02c8i\u02d0p, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd \u026a\u027e \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ap\u0251\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Still photography was accomplished with a Hasselblad camera that could be operated hand-held or mounted on Armstrong's Apollo space suit.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u026al f\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi w\u028cz \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283t w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6s\u026albl\u02cc\u00e6d k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u00e6ndh\u02c8\u025bld \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014bz \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8u\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Armstrong said moving in the lunar gravity, one-sixth of Earth's, was \"even perhaps easier than the simulations\u00a0...", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b s\u02c8\u025bd m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7b\u027ei, w\u02c8\u028cns\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z, w\u028cz \"\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u02c8i\u02d0zi\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026amj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz\u00a0..."}, {"text": "Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and h\u02cc\u026am \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0f\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0250\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs b\u02c8\u00e6kp\u00e6k k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi t\u0259 t\u02c8\u026ap b\u02c8\u00e6kw\u025ad, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Eagle shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, but the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u028cnla\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u00e6do\u028a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st n\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0t, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blm\u026at w\u028cz w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u026an s\u02c8\u028cnla\u026at, s\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025blt k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0283\u02c8\u00e6do\u028a."}, {"text": "The astronauts planted the Lunar Flag Assembly containing a flag of the United States on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV camera.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts pl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250 fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as, \u026an kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Aldrin remembered, \"Of all the jobs I had to do on the Moon the one I wanted to go the smoothest was the flag raising.\"", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bmb\u025ad, \"\u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bz a\u026a h\u00e6dt\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn a\u026a w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0\u026ast w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b.\""}, {"text": "But the astronauts struggled with the telescoping rod and could only insert the pole about  into the hard lunar surface.", "phonemes": "b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259ld w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bsk\u02cco\u028ap\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u00e6nd k\u028ad \u02c8o\u028anli \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028al \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "Before Aldrin could take a photo of Armstrong with the flag, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission, which Nixon called \"the most historic phone call ever made from the White House.\"", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an k\u028ad t\u02c8e\u026ak \u0250 f\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261, p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259n sp\u02c8o\u028ak t\u0259 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u02cco\u028an\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak f\u02c8o\u028an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bv\u025a m\u02cce\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8a\u028as.\""}, {"text": "Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call, but Frank Borman, who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words brief.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259n \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li h\u00e6d \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, b\u02cc\u028ct f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8a\u028as \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 li\u02d0\u02c8e\u026az\u0251\u02d0n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026anst n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259n t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f."}, {"text": "They deployed the EASEP, which included a passive seismic experiment package used to measure moonquakes and a retroreflector array used for the lunar laser ranging experiment.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a d\u1d7bpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0z\u025bp, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av s\u02c8a\u026azm\u026ak \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ad\u0292 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a m\u02c8u\u02d0\u014bkwe\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028a\u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a l\u02c8e\u026az\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Then Armstrong walked  from the LM to take photographs at the rim of Little West Crater while Aldrin collected two core samples.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026am \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l w\u02c8\u025bst k\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz."}, {"text": "He used the geologist's hammer to pound in the tubes\u2014the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11\u2014but was unable to penetrate more than  deep.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts h\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a t\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0bz\u2014\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02cc\u0254n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u2014b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 p\u02c8\u025bn\u026at\u0279\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n d\u02c8i\u02d0p."}, {"text": "Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz t\u02c8\u028ak l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6dt\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nt\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6fwe\u026a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats."}, {"text": "Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts: armalcolite, tranquillityite, and pyroxferroite.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts: \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0250lk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0la\u026at, t\u0279\u00e6\u014bkw\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei\u02cca\u026at, \u00e6nd p\u02cca\u026a\u0279o\u028aksf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0254\u026at."}, {"text": "While on the surface, Armstrong uncovered a plaque mounted on the LM ladder, bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u0250 pl\u02c8\u00e6k m\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm l\u02c8\u00e6d\u025a, b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an h\u02c8\u025bm\u026asf\u02cc\u026a\u0279z, \u0250n \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u026at\u0283\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259n."}, {"text": "At the behest of the Nixon administration to add a reference to God, NASA included the vague date as a reason to include A.D., which stands for Anno Domini (\"in the year of our Lord\").", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u1d7bh\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259n \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6d \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d, n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261 d\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n t\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8e\u026a.d\u02c8i\u02d0., w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6no\u028a d\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0ni\"\u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\"."}, {"text": "Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong his metabolic rates were high, and that he should slow down.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0250 k\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b h\u026az m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats w\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad sl\u02c8o\u028a d\u02c8a\u028an."}, {"text": "As metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k, m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0250 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0nm\u02c8\u026an\u026at \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8u\u02d0nw\u0254\u02d0ks t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028a \u025bmp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f \u028cv h\u02cca\u028a m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts p\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs b\u02c8\u00e6kp\u00e6ks w\u028ad k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m t\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259l \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di h\u02c8i\u02d0t d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cca\u026al w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing  of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor (LEC).", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts l\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026alm \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u1d7bz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm h\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 fl\u02c8\u00e6t k\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l p\u02c8\u028ali d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt k\u0259nv\u02c8e\u026a\u025a \u02cc\u025bl\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "This proved to be an inefficient tool, and later missions preferred to carry equipment and samples up to the LM by hand.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259bi \u0250n \u026an\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt t\u02c8u\u02d0l, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm ba\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his sleeve pocket, and Aldrin tossed the bag down.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8a\u026and\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an \u0259v\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u028cv m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz \u026an h\u026az sl\u02c8i\u02d0v p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an t\u02c8\u0254st \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 d\u02c8a\u028an."}, {"text": "After transferring to LM life support, the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, an empty Hasselblad camera, and other equipment.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm l\u02c8a\u026af s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t, \u00f0\u026a \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u025az l\u02c8a\u026a\u0294n\u0329d \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at ba\u026a t\u02c8\u0254s\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs b\u02c8\u00e6kp\u00e6ks, l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0z, \u0250n \u02c8\u025bmpti h\u02c8\u00e6s\u026albl\u02cc\u00e6d k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Presidential speech writer William Safire had prepared an In Event of Moon Disaster announcement for Nixon to read in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m s\u02c8\u00e6fa\u026a\u025a h\u00e6d p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u0250n \u026an \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv m\u02c8u\u02d0n d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8a\u028ansm\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts w\u025c\u02d0 st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The remarks were in a memo from Safire to Nixon's White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bmo\u028a f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u00e6fa\u026a\u025a t\u0259 n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259nz w\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8a\u028as t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f \u028cv st\u02c8\u00e6f \u02c8e\u026at\u0283. \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. h\u02c8\u00e6ld\u1d7bm\u0259n, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u00e6fa\u026a\u025a s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02cca\u026at f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026an \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a."}, {"text": "According to the plan, Mission Control would \"close down communications\" with the LM, and a clergyman would \"commend their souls to the deepest of the deep\" in a public ritual likened to burial at sea.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n, m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al w\u02c8\u028ad \"kl\u02c8o\u028as d\u02cca\u028an k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz\" w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm, \u00e6nd \u0250 kl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026am\u0259n w\u02c8\u028ad \"k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028alz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026ast \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0p\" \u026an \u0250 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259nd t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u00e6t s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to Rupert Brooke's World War I poem \"The Soldier\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st l\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u02c8\u025bkst k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and \u0250n \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025at b\u0279\u02c8\u028aks w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 a\u026a p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm \"\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025a\"."}, {"text": "While moving inside the cabin, Aldrin accidentally damaged the circuit breaker that would arm the main engine for liftoff from the Moon.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026an, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an \u02cc\u00e6ks\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026aft\u0254f f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "After more than  hours on the lunar surface, in addition to the scientific instruments, the astronauts left behind: an Apollo 1 mission patch in memory of astronauts\u00a0Roger Chaffee, Gus Grissom, and Edward White, who died when their command module caught fire during a test in January 1967; two memorial medals of Soviet cosmonauts Vladimir Komarov and Yuri Gagarin, who died in 1967 and 1968 respectively; a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace; and a silicon message disk carrying the goodwill statements by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon along with messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as, \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nts, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts l\u02c8\u025bft b\u1d7bh\u02c8a\u026and: \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 \u026an m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6fi\u02d0, \u0261\u02c8\u028cs \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026as\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bdw\u025ad w\u02c8a\u026at, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026ad w\u025bn \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bst \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n; t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259lz \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts vl\u02c8\u00e6d\u026am\u02cc\u026a\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0250\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli; \u0250 m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald \u0279\u02c8\u025bpl\u026ak\u0259 \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026av b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u00e6z \u0250 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0s; \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026al\u026ak\u0259n m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292 d\u02c8\u026ask k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028adw\u026al st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nts ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nts \u02c8a\u026az\u0259nh\u02cca\u028a\u025a, k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "The disk also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and then-current top management.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ask \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279iz \u0250 l\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s, \u0250 l\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259t \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6st \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Two and a half hours later, at 17:54:00 UTC, they lifted off in Eagle ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard Columbia in lunar orbit.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6f \u02c8a\u028a\u025az l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n:f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0e\u026a l\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0254f \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 \u026an l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "Film taken from the LM ascent stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag, planted some  from the descent stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026alm t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8\u026aft\u0254f f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261, pl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd s\u02cc\u028cm f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, w\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259ntli \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an."}, {"text": "I was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the attitude indicator, but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over.\"", "phonemes": "a\u026a w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az, \u00e6nd n\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u028cz st\u02c8\u028cdi\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct a\u026a l\u02c8\u028akt \u02cc\u028cp l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8o\u028av\u025a.\""}, {"text": "Although it has been said \"not since Adam has any human known such solitude\", Collins felt very much a part of the mission.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bd \"n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m h\u0250z \u02cc\u025bni hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n n\u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d\", k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz f\u02c8\u025blt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In his autobiography he wrote: \"this venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two\".", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028aba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at: \"\u00f0\u026as v\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bn, \u00e6nd a\u026a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a ma\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259bi \u00e6z n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i \u00e6z \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0\"."}, {"text": "In the 48 minutes of each orbit when he was out of radio contact with the Earth while Columbia passed round the far side of the Moon, the feeling he reported was not fear or loneliness, but rather \"awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation\".", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at w\u025bn hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 w\u02cca\u026al k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st \u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028anlin\u0259s, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \"\u0250w\u02c8\u025b\u0279n\u0259s, \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ad\u0259ns, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u025b\u0261z\u0259lt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "To give Collins an idea where to look, Mission Control radioed that they believed the lunar module landed about  off target.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz \u0250n a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 t\u0259 l\u02c8\u028ak, m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u02c8\u0254f t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at."}, {"text": "On his first orbits on the back side of the Moon, Collins performed maintenance activities such as dumping excess water produced by the fuel cells and preparing the cabin for Armstrong and Aldrin to return.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026ats \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md m\u02c8e\u026ant\u0259n\u0259ns \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u02c8\u028cmp\u026a\u014b \u025bks\u02c8\u025bs w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l s\u02c8\u025blz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Just before he reached the dark side on the third orbit, Mission Control informed Collins there was a problem with the temperature of the coolant.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8a\u026ad \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Mission Control advised him to assume manual control and implement Environmental Control System Malfunction Procedure 17.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026azd h\u02cc\u026am t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0m m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ampl\u026am\u0259nt \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m m\u02cc\u00e6lf\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Instead, Collins flicked the switch on the system from automatic to manual and back to automatic again, and carried on with normal housekeeping chores, while keeping an eye on the temperature.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz fl\u02c8\u026akt \u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02cc\u0254n w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l h\u02c8a\u028aski\u02d0p\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z, w\u02cca\u026al k\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8a\u026a \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "When Columbia came back around to the near side of the Moon again, he was able to report that the problem had been resolved.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026am b\u02c8\u00e6k \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m h\u0250db\u026an \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd."}, {"text": "After Aldrin and Armstrong completed their EVA, Collins slept so he could be rested for the rendezvous.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz sl\u02c8\u025bpt s\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026av\u02ccu\u02d0."}, {"text": "While the flight plan called for Eagle to meet up with Columbia, Collins was prepared for a contingency in which he would fly Columbia down to meet Eagle.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at pl\u02c8\u00e6n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02cc\u028cp w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz w\u028cz p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d f\u025a\u0279\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026and\u0292\u0259nsi \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 w\u028ad fl\u02c8a\u026a k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 d\u02cca\u028an t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l."}, {"text": "Later NASA reports mentioned that Eagle orbit had decayed, resulting in it impacting in an \"uncertain location\" on the lunar surface.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at h\u00e6d d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026ad, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u026an \u00e6n \"\u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\" \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented:", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st n\u02c8a\u026at b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 spl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283da\u028an, \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnt\u1d7bd:"}, {"text": "On the return to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed, potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u0250 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0261w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8e\u026ald, p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st s\u02c8\u025b\u0261m\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n."}, {"text": "A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director, Charles Force, had his ten-year-old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a, t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s, h\u00e6d h\u026az t\u02c8\u025bnj\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald s\u02c8\u028cn \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261 j\u02c8u\u02d0s h\u026az sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u02c8\u00e6ndz t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028az\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u00e6k \u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s."}, {"text": "The aircraft carrier , under the command of Captain Carl J. Seiberlich, was selected as the primary recovery ship (PRS) for Apollo 11 on June 5, replacing its sister ship, the LPH , which had recovered Apollo 10 on May 26.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u025a , \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a. s\u02c8e\u026ab\u025al\u02cc\u026ax, w\u028cz s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u0283\u02c8\u026ap p\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u025bs f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n f\u02c8a\u026av, \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u026ats s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a \u0283\u02c8\u026ap, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025blp\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 , w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8e\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "On reaching Pearl Harbor on July 5, Hornet embarked the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopters of HS-4, a unit which specialized in recovery of Apollo spacecraft, specialized divers of UDT Detachment Apollo, a 35-man NASA recovery team, and about 120 media representatives.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a f\u02c8a\u026av, h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026at \u025bmb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u00f0\u0259 s\u026ak\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ski \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pt\u025az \u028cv \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0250 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u026an \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd d\u02c8a\u026av\u025az \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u026at\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283m\u0259nt \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a, \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026avm\u02c8\u00e6n n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i t\u02c8i\u02d0m, \u00e6nd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz."}, {"text": "Special recovery equipment was also loaded, including a boilerplate command module used for training.", "phonemes": "sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a l\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250 b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u025apl\u02cce\u026at k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "On July 12, with Apollo 11 still on the launch pad, Hornet departed Pearl Harbor for the recovery area in the central Pacific, in the vicinity of .", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a tw\u02c8\u025blv, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n st\u02c8\u026al \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 p\u02c8\u00e6d, h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026at d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u026as\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv ."}, {"text": "A presidential party consisting of Nixon, Borman, Secretary of State William P. Rogers and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger flew to Johnston Atoll on Air Force One, then to the command ship USS Arlington in Marine One.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259n, b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n, s\u02c8\u025bk\u0279\u0259t\u0279i \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m p\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025az \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026az\u025a h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279i k\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u014b\u025a fl\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0251\u02d0l \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s w\u02cc\u028cn, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u026ap j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u026a\u014bt\u0259n \u026an m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n w\u02cc\u028cn."}, {"text": "On arrival aboard Hornet, the party was greeted by the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC), Admiral John S. McCain Jr., and NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine, who flew to Hornet from Pago Pago in one of Hornets carrier onboard delivery aircraft.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u028cz \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279\u026ant\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f, p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026a\u014bkp\u00e6k, \u02c8\u00e6dm\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bs. m\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026an d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279., \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u02c8o\u028a. p\u02c8e\u026an, h\u02ccu\u02d0 fl\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026at f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a p\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026ats k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254nbo\u02d0\u0279d d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "Weather satellites were not yet common, but US Air Force Captain Hank Brandli had access to top-secret spy satellite images.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026ats w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8\u025bt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026an h\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndli h\u00e6d \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u1d7bt sp\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026at \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Poor visibility which could make locating the capsule difficult, and strong upper-level winds which \"would have ripped their parachutes to shreds\" according to Brandli, posed a serious threat to the safety of the mission.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 v\u02cc\u026az\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad m\u02cce\u026ak lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6psju\u02d0l d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt, \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02cc\u028cp\u025al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l w\u02c8\u026andz w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \"w\u028adh\u0250v \u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0ts t\u0259 \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u025bdz\" \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndli, p\u02c8o\u028azd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025bt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026afti \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Brandli alerted Navy Captain Willard S. Houston Jr., the commander of the Fleet Weather Center at Pearl Harbor, who had the required security clearance.", "phonemes": "b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndli \u0250l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8e\u026avi k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026an w\u02c8\u026al\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u02c8\u025bs. hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279., \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8i\u02d0t w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns."}, {"text": "On their recommendation, Rear Admiral Donald C. Davis, commander of Manned Spaceflight Recovery Forces, Pacific, advised NASA to change the recovery area, each man risking his career.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u025bnd\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6dm\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld s\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u02c8e\u026av\u026as, k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak, \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026azd n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 m\u02c8\u00e6n \u0279\u02c8\u026ask\u026a\u014b h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "In this case, because they were extending the re-entry but not actually skipping out, P66 was not invoked and instead, P65 led directly to P67.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8e\u026as, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li sk\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at, p\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026anv\u02c8o\u028akt \u00e6nd \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd, p\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av l\u02c8\u025bd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli t\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "The crew were also warned they would not be in a full-lift (heads-down) attitude when they entered P67.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nd \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8\u028all\u02c8\u026aft h\u02c8\u025bdzd\u02cca\u028an \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad p\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Two of the E-1s were designated as \"air boss\" while the third acted as a communications relay aircraft.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn z w\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \"\u02c8\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u0254s\" w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0le\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "The third carried photographic equipment, and the fourth carried the decontamination swimmer and the flight surgeon.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id f\u02cco\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259nt\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n sw\u02c8\u026am\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Seven minutes later Columbia struck the water forcefully  east of Wake Island,  south of Johnston Atoll, and  from Hornet, at .", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ck \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sf\u0259li \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv w\u02c8e\u026ak \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd,  s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0251\u02d0l, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026at, \u00e6t ."}, {"text": "with  seas and winds at  from the east were reported under broken clouds at  with visibility of  at the recovery site.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026andz \u00e6t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n kl\u02c8a\u028adz \u00e6t w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02cc\u026az\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "Reconnaissance aircraft flying to the original splashdown location reported the conditions Brandli and Houston had predicted.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026as\u0259ns \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft fl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l spl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283da\u028an lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndli \u00e6nd hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n h\u00e6d p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "During splashdown, Columbia landed upside down but was righted within ten minutes by flotation bags activated by the astronauts.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b spl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283da\u028an, k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u02c8\u028cpsa\u026ad d\u02cca\u028an b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats ba\u026a flo\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261z \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "More divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and positioned rafts for astronaut extraction.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8a\u026av\u025az \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t flo\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u026al\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u00e6nd p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6fts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The divers then passed biological isolation garments (BIGs) to the astronauts, and assisted them into the life raft.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026av\u025az \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn p\u02c8\u00e6st b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cca\u026as\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259nts b\u02c8\u026a\u0261z t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts, \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026af \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "The possibility of bringing back pathogens from the lunar surface was considered remote, but NASA took precautions at the recovery site.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6k p\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as w\u028cz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028at, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 t\u02c8\u028ak p\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "The astronauts were rubbed down with a sodium hypochlorite solution and Columbia wiped with Povidone-iodine to remove any lunar dust that might be present.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u028cbd d\u02cca\u028an w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m h\u02cca\u026apo\u028akl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026at s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026apt w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ad\u02cco\u028an\u02c8a\u026a\u0259d\u02cci\u02d0n t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v \u02cc\u025bni l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a d\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt."}, {"text": "After touchdown on Hornet at 17:53 UTC, the helicopter was lowered by the elevator into the hangar bay, where the astronauts walked the  to the Mobile quarantine facility (MQF), where they would begin the Earth-based portion of their 21 days of quarantine.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a t\u02c8\u028ct\u0283da\u028an \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026at \u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n:f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pt\u025a w\u028cz l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026av\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u025a b\u02c8e\u026a, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kt \u00f0\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u02cc\u025bmkj\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8b\u02c8e\u026ast p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions, Apollo 12 and Apollo 14, before the Moon was proven to be barren of life, and the quarantine process dropped.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as w\u028ad k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a tw\u02c8\u025blv \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n t\u0259bi b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt."}, {"text": "After Nixon departed, Hornet was brought alongside the  Columbia, which was lifted aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd, h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026at w\u028cz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz l\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026aps k\u0279\u02c8e\u026an, pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0vd n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bmkj\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf."}, {"text": "It was then attached to the MQF with a flexible tunnel, allowing the lunar samples, film, data tapes and other items to be removed.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bmkj\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 fl\u02c8\u025bks\u026ab\u0259l t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz, f\u02c8\u026alm, d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026aps \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz t\u0259bi \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd."}, {"text": "Hornet returned to Pearl Harbor, where the MQF was loaded onto a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter and airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026at \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bmkj\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf w\u028cz l\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0khi\u02d0d s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u026aft\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279l\u026aft\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a."}, {"text": "It was then taken to Hickham Air Force Base, from whence it was flown to Houston in a Douglas C-133 Cargomaster, reaching the Lunar Receiving Laboratory on July 30.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n t\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ak\u00e6m \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s b\u02c8e\u026as, f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u025bns \u026at w\u028cz fl\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n \u026an \u0250 d\u02c8\u028c\u0261l\u0259z s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259m\u02cc\u00e6st\u025a, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei."}, {"text": "In accordance with the Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law, a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16 to codify its quarantine protocol, the astronauts continued in quarantine.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u025a l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259l\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n t\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u026ats kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u026an kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "After three weeks in confinement (first in the Apollo spacecraft, then in their trailer on Hornet, and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u026an k\u0259nf\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026at, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u0250 kl\u02c8i\u02d0n b\u02c8\u026al \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8."}, {"text": "On August 10, 1969, the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts, on those who had joined them in quarantine (NASA physician William Carpentier and MQF project engineer John Hirasaki), and on Columbia itself.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st t\u02c8\u025bn, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8\u00e6k k\u0259nt\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025bt \u026an \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts, \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026an kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p\u0259nti\u025a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bmkj\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n h\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0250s\u02c8\u00e6ki, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254n k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "Loose equipment from the spacecraft remained in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u026an \u02cca\u026as\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u028cdi."}, {"text": "On August 13, the three astronauts rode in ticker-tape parades in their honor in New York and Chicago, with an estimated six million attendees.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad \u026an t\u02c8\u026ak\u025at\u02c8e\u026ap p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026adz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k \u00e6nd \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u025bndi\u02d0z."}, {"text": "On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official state dinner to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, Chief Justice of the United States Warren E. Burger and his predecessor, Earl Warren, and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza Hotel.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8i\u02d0vn\u026a\u014b \u026an l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250n \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8\u026an\u025a t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at, \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025az, t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0. b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bs\u02cc\u025bs\u025a, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u0250mb\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259d\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u0259 ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "They presented two US flags, one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate, that they had carried with them to the surface of the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261z, w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259t, \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The flag of American Samoa on Apollo 11 is on display at the Jean P. Haydon Museum in Pago Pago, the capital of American Samoa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u00e6m\u02c8o\u028a\u0259 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026az \u02cc\u0254n d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n p\u02c8i\u02d0. h\u02c8e\u026ad\u0251\u02d0n mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m \u026an p\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a p\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u00e6m\u02c8o\u028a\u0259."}, {"text": "This celebration began a 38-day world tour that brought the astronauts to 22 foreign countries and included visits with the leaders of many countries.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as s\u02cc\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026atd\u02c8e\u026a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u026az\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Many nations honored the first human Moon landing with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n m\u02c8u\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u026an m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av p\u02c8o\u028ast\u026ad\u0292 st\u02c8\u00e6mps \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u026anz."}, {"text": "Humans walking on the Moon and returning safely to Earth accomplished Kennedy's goal set eight years earlier.", "phonemes": "hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b s\u02c8e\u026afli t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283t k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259diz \u0261\u02c8o\u028al s\u02c8\u025bt \u02c8e\u026at j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "In Mission Control during the Apollo 11 landing, Kennedy's speech flashed on the screen, followed by the words \"TASK ACCOMPLISHED, July 1969\".", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b, k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259diz sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283t \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \"t\u02c8\u00e6sk \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283t, d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an\"."}, {"text": "The success of Apollo 11 demonstrated the United States' technological superiority; and with the success of Apollo 11, America had won the Space Race.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats t\u02cc\u025bkn\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l su\u02d0p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei; \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 h\u00e6d w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "\"If they can send a man to the Moon, why can't they\u00a0...?\" became a common saying following Apollo 11.", "phonemes": "\"\u026af \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n s\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, w\u02cca\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6nt \u00f0e\u026a\u00a0...?\" b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "While most people celebrated the accomplishment, disenfranchised Americans saw it as a symbol of the divide in America, evidenced by protesters led by Ralph Abernathy outside of Kennedy Space Center the day before Apollo 11 launched.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259b\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt, d\u02cc\u026as\u025bnf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283a\u026azd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u026a\u027e \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259nst ba\u026a p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bst\u025az l\u02c8\u025bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6lf \u02cc\u00e6b\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8i a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t."}, {"text": "NASA Administrator Thomas Paine met with Abernathy at the occasion, both hoping that the space program can spur progress also in other regards, such as poverty in the US.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s p\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8\u025bt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u00e6b\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8i \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 h\u02c8o\u028ap\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m k\u00e6n sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Paine was then asked, and agreed, to host protesters as spectators at the launch, and Abernathy, awestruck by the spectacle, prayed for the astronauts.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8e\u026an w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8\u00e6skt, \u00e6nd \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d, t\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bst\u025az \u00e6z sp\u025bkt\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025az \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6b\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8i, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u028ck ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0259k\u0259l, p\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "Racial and financial inequalities frustrated citizens who wondered why money spent on the Apollo program was not spent taking care of humans on Earth.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l \u026ani\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz f\u0279\u028cst\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cnd\u025ad w\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u028cni sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t sp\u02c8\u025bnt t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "A poem by Gil Scott-Heron called \"Whitey on the Moon\" (1970) illustrated the racial inequality in the United States that was highlighted by the Space Race.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u026al sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0th\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"w\u02c8a\u026a\u027ei \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n\" n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u026ani\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "While Apollo 11 sparked the interest of the world, the follow-on Apollo missions did not hold the interest of the nation.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u02cc\u0254n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u02c8o\u028ald \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Landing someone on the Moon was an easy goal to understand; lunar geology was too abstract for the average person.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u028cz \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0zi \u0261\u02c8o\u028al t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd; l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i w\u028cz t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6bst\u0279\u00e6kt f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n."}, {"text": "A well-defined objective helped Project Apollo accomplish its goal, but after it was completed it was hard to justify continuing the lunar missions.", "phonemes": "\u0250 w\u02c8\u025bld\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av h\u02c8\u025blpt p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283 \u026ats \u0261\u02c8o\u028al, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026at w\u028cz k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026at w\u028cz h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "While most Americans were proud of their nation's achievements in space exploration, only once during the late 1960s did the Gallup Poll indicate that a majority of Americans favored \"doing more\" in space as opposed to \"doing less\".", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8a\u028ad \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as \u025bksplo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cns d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z d\u02c8\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u028cp p\u02c8o\u028al \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad \"d\u02ccu\u02d0\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\" \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd tu\u02d0 \"d\u02ccu\u02d0\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025bs\"."}, {"text": "The Space Race had been won, and Cold War tensions were easing as the US and Soviet Union entered the era of d\u00e9tente.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u02c8e\u026as h\u0250db\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv de\u026at\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt."}, {"text": "This was also a time when inflation was rising, which put pressure on the government to reduce spending.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026am w\u025bn \u026anfl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u02cc\u028at p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s sp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "What saved the space program was that it was one of the few government programs that had achieved something great.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8e\u026avd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m w\u028cz \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vd s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Drastic cuts, warned Caspar Weinberger, the deputy director of the Office of Management and Budget, might send a signal that \"our best years are behind us\".", "phonemes": "d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak k\u02c8\u028cts, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nd k\u02c8\u00e6sp\u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026anb\u025ad\u0292\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bpju\u02d0\u027ei d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292m\u0259nt \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at, m\u02cca\u026at s\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u02cca\u028a\u025a b\u02c8\u025bst j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bh\u02c8a\u026and \u02cc\u028cs\"."}, {"text": "After the Apollo 11 mission, officials from the Soviet Union said landing humans on the Moon was dangerous and unnecessary.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259lz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bd l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u028cz d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd \u028cnn\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The Soviets publicly denied there was a race to the Moon, and indicated they were not making an attempt.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259ts p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026akli d\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt."}, {"text": "Mstislav Keldysh said in July 1969, \"We are concentrating wholly on the creation of large satellite systems.\"", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bmst\u02c8\u026asl\u00e6v k\u02c8\u025bld\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bd \u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \"wi\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u02c8o\u028ali \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026at s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz.\""}, {"text": "It was revealed in 1989 that the Soviets had tried to send people to the Moon, but were unable due to technological difficulties.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259ts h\u00e6d t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnd p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bkn\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz."}, {"text": "The Soviet government limited the release of information about the lunar landing, which affected the reaction.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Apollo 11 landing is referenced in the songs \"Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins\" by the Byrds on the 1969 album Ballad of Easy Rider and \"Coon on the Moon\" by Howlin' Wolf on the 1973 album The Back Door Wolf.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259nst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz\" ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026a\u0259dz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lb\u0259m b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0zi \u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd \"k\u02c8u\u02d0n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n\" ba\u026a h\u02c8a\u028al\u026an w\u02c8\u028alf \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6lb\u0259m \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028alf."}, {"text": "The command module Columbia went on a tour of the United States, visiting 49 state capitals, the District of Columbia, and Anchorage, Alaska.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 w\u025bnt \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259lz, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt \u028cv k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292, \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259."}, {"text": "In 1971, it was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution, and was displayed at the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) in Washington, DC.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u026at w\u028cz t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sm\u026a\u03b8s\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd w\u028cz d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026as mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m n\u02c8\u00e6z\u0259m \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n, d\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "It was in the central Milestones of Flight exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance, sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the Wright Flyer, Spirit of St. Louis, Bell X-1, North American X-15 and Friendship 7.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8a\u026alsto\u028anz \u028cv fl\u02c8a\u026at \u025bks\u026ab\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u025as\u0259n d\u0279\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259ns, \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a pa\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b fl\u02c8a\u026at v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at fl\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at \u028cv s\u0259nt. l\u02c8u\u02d0i, b\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8\u025bks w\u02c8\u028cn, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u025bks f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u0283\u026ap s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Columbia was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, to be readied for a four-city tour titled Destination Moon:", "phonemes": "k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259 w\u028cz m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6z\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i b\u02c8e\u026ak\u025a\u0279 \u025bnd\u0292\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u02cc\u025bst\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u02c8\u025bf. \u02c8\u028cdv\u0251\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8e\u026azi s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259li, v\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259, t\u0259bi \u0279\u02c8\u025bdid f\u025a\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld d\u02cc\u025bst\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8u\u02d0n:"}, {"text": "This included Space Center Houston from October 14, 2017, to March 18, 2018, the Saint Louis Science Center from April 14 to September 3, 2018, the Senator John Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh from September 29, 2018, to February 18, 2019, and its last location at Museum of Flight in Seattle from March 16 to September 2, 2019.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ant l\u02c8u\u02d0i s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n t\u0259 s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bn\u0259\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n h\u02c8a\u026anz h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an p\u02c8\u026atsb\u025c\u02d0\u0261 f\u0279\u028cm s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, t\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u026ats l\u02c8\u00e6st lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m \u028cv fl\u02c8a\u026at \u026an si\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n t\u0259 s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Continued renovations at the Smithsonian allowed time for an additional stop for the capsule, and it was moved to the Cincinnati Museum Center.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u0279\u02cc\u025bn\u0259v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 sm\u026a\u03b8s\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad t\u02c8a\u026am f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6psju\u02d0l, \u00e6nd \u026at w\u028cz m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026ans\u026an\u02c8\u00e6\u027ei mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a."}, {"text": "For 40 years Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits were displayed in the museum's Apollo to the Moon exhibit, until it permanently closed on December 3, 2018, to be replaced by a new gallery which was scheduled to open in 2022.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014bz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026anz sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8u\u02d0ts w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259mz \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026at, \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u026at p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259ntli kl\u02c8o\u028azd \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, t\u0259bi \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u025a\u0279i w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0ld t\u028a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "A special display of Armstrong's suit was unveiled for the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 in July 2019.", "phonemes": "\u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014bz s\u02c8u\u02d0t w\u028cz \u028cnv\u02c8e\u026ald f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u0259\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The quarantine trailer, the flotation collar and the flotation bags are in the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center annex near Washington Dulles International Airport in Chantilly, Virginia, where they are on display along with a test lunar module.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n t\u0279\u02c8e\u026al\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 flo\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 flo\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sm\u026a\u03b8s\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259nz st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u02c8\u025bf. \u02c8\u028cdv\u0251\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8e\u026azi s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u025bks n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n d\u02c8\u028cl\u0259s \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279po\u02d0\u0279t \u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259li, v\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ani\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bst l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "In 2009, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) imaged the various Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon, for the first time with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules, scientific instruments, and foot trails made by the astronauts.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026as\u0259ns \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u025a \u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026ats \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am w\u026a\u00f0 s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0lz, sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nts, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u028at t\u0279\u02c8e\u026alz m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "The remains of the ascent stage lie at an unknown location on the lunar surface, after being abandoned and impacting the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 l\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The location is uncertain because Eagle ascent stage was not tracked after it was jettisoned, and the lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make the orbit of the spacecraft unpredictable after a short time.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026at w\u028cz d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026as\u0259nd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7b\u027ei f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026az s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259ntli n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279m t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u028cnp\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "In March 2012 a team of specialists financed by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos located the F-1 engines from the S-IC stage that launched Apollo 11 into space.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv \u0250 t\u02c8i\u02d0m \u028cv sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6nst ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6m\u0250z\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf b\u02c8\u025bzo\u028az lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bf w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026anz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "In July 2013, a conservator discovered a serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the Atlantic, which NASA confirmed was from Apollo 11.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028cst \u02cc\u0254n w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026anz \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md w\u028cz f\u0279\u028cm \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "The S-IVB third stage which performed Apollo 11's trans-lunar injection remains in a solar orbit near to that of Earth.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nzl\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "The main repository for the Apollo Moon rocks is the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026and\u0259n b\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n, t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s."}, {"text": "For safekeeping, there is also a smaller collection stored at White Sands Test Facility near Las Cruces, New Mexico.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8e\u026afki\u02d0p\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00e6t w\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u00e6ndz t\u02c8\u025bst f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz, n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a."}, {"text": "Over 100 research laboratories worldwide conduct studies of the samples; approximately 500 samples are prepared and sent to investigators every year.", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279iz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u028ckt st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz; \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bnt t\u028a \u026anv\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7b\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "In November 1969, Nixon asked NASA to make up about 250 presentation Apollo 11 lunar sample displays for 135 nations, the fifty states of the United States and its possessions, and the United Nations.", "phonemes": "\u026an no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, n\u02c8\u026aks\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6skt n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u02cc\u028cp \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti st\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd \u026ats p\u0259z\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Each display included Moon dust from Apollo 11 and flags, including the one of the Soviet Union, taken along by Apollo 11.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd m\u02c8u\u02d0n d\u02c8\u028cst f\u0279\u028cm \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0261z, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b ba\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "The rice-sized particles were four small pieces of Moon soil weighing about 50\u00a0mg and were enveloped in a clear acrylic button about as big as a United States half dollar coin.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ass\u02c8a\u026azd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u028cv m\u02c8u\u02d0n s\u02c8\u0254\u026al w\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8\u026afti \u02cc\u025bmd\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025bnv\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u026an \u0250 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0250k\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026ak b\u02c8\u028c\u0294n\u0329 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00e6z b\u02c8\u026a\u0261 \u00e6z \u0250 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats h\u02c8\u00e6f d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u026an."}, {"text": "In 2015, after Armstrong died in 2012, his widow contacted the National Air and Space Museum to inform them she had found a white cloth bag in one of Armstrong's closets.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b d\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv, h\u026az w\u02c8\u026ado\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026as mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m t\u028a \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u0283i\u02d0 h\u00e6d f\u02c8a\u028and \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026at kl\u02c8\u0254\u03b8 b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014bz kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats."}, {"text": "The bag contained various items, which should have been left behind in the lunar module, including the 16mm Data Acquisition Camera that had been used to capture images of the first Moon landing.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad\u0259v b\u02cc\u026an l\u02c8\u025bft b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bm d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u0250kw\u026as\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250db\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8u\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "On July 15, 2009, Life.com released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by Life photographer Ralph Morse prior to the Apollo 11 launch.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, l\u02c8a\u026af.k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u0250 f\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u00e6l\u025a\u0279i \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli \u028cnp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t f\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n ba\u026a l\u02c8a\u026af f\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6lf m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283."}, {"text": "From July 16 to 24, 2009, NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0md \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats w\u02c8\u025bbsa\u026at \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026at \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d."}, {"text": "In July 2010, air-to-ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronized and released for the first time.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u026an m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u02c8a\u028a\u025ad d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b w\u028cz \u0279\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum set up an Adobe Flash website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bf. k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u026ad\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nd mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m s\u02c8\u025bt \u02cc\u028cp \u0250n \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 w\u02c8\u025bbsa\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bb\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6sts \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "On July 20, 2009, Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins met with US President Barack Obama at the White House.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz m\u02c8\u025bt w\u026a\u00f0 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt b\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k o\u028ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026at h\u02c8a\u028as."}, {"text": "\"We expect that there is, as we speak, another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin\", Obama said.", "phonemes": "\"wi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u026az, \u00e6z wi\u02d0 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k, \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u026adz \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an\", o\u028ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bd."}, {"text": "On August 7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United States.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0250 k\u0259\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing:", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0d \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b:"}, {"text": "On June 10, 2015, Congressman Bill Posey introduced resolution H.R. 2726 to the 114th session of the United States House of Representatives directing the United States Mint to design and sell commemorative coins in gold, silver and clad for the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u02c8\u025bn, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259sm\u0259n b\u02c8\u026al p\u02c8o\u028asi \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02c8e\u026at\u0283.\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats h\u02c8a\u028as \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats m\u02c8\u026ant t\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bl k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8\u0254\u026anz \u026an \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald, s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd kl\u02c8\u00e6d f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u0259\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "On January 24, 2019, the Mint released the Apollo 11 Fiftieth Anniversary commemorative coins to the public on its website.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ant \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n f\u02c8\u026afti\u0259\u03b8 \u02cc\u00e6n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a\u0279i k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8\u0254\u026anz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats w\u02c8\u025bbsa\u026at."}, {"text": "A documentary film, Apollo 11, with restored footage of the 1969 event, premiered in IMAX on March 1, 2019, and broadly in theaters on March 8.", "phonemes": "\u0250 d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u026alm, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7bst\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d f\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt, p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an \u026am\u02c8\u00e6ks \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dli \u026an \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u027e\u025az \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The Smithsonian Institute's National Air and Space Museum and NASA sponsored the \"Apollo 50 Festival\" on the National Mall in Washington DC.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sm\u026a\u03b8s\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259n \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026as mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 \"\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l\" \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n d\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The three day (July 18 to 20, 2019) outdoor festival featured hands-on exhibits and activities, live performances, and speakers such as Adam Savage and NASA scientists.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n a\u028atd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025ad h\u02c8\u00e6ndz\u02cc\u0254n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026ats \u00e6nd \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz, l\u02c8a\u026av p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m s\u02c8\u00e6v\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts."}, {"text": "As part of the festival, a projection of the  tall Saturn V rocket was displayed on the east face of the  tall Washington Monument from July 16 through the 20th from 9:30\u00a0pm until 11:30\u00a0pm (EDT).", "phonemes": "\u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l, \u0250 p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at w\u028cz d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ad \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st f\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nju\u02d0m\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026an:\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n:\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The program also included a 17-minute show that combined full-motion video projected on the Washington Monument to recreate the assembly and launch of the Saturn V rocket.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0nm\u02c8\u026an\u026at \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and f\u02c8\u028alm\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nju\u02d0m\u0259nt t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at."}, {"text": "The projection was joined by a  wide recreation of the Kennedy Space Center countdown clock and two large video screens showing archival footage to recreate the time leading up to the moon landing.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and ba\u026a \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a k\u02c8a\u028antda\u028an kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ka\u026av\u0259l f\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "There were three shows per night on July 19\u201320, with the last show on Saturday, delayed slightly so the portion where Armstrong first set foot on the Moon would happen exactly 50 years to the second after the actual event.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8o\u028az p\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026at \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n tw\u02c8\u025bnti, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025ad\u02cce\u026a, d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ad sl\u02c8a\u026atli s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bt f\u02c8\u028at \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n w\u028ad h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6ktli f\u02c8\u026afti j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "On July 19, 2019, the Google Doodle paid tribute to the Apollo 11 Moon Landing, complete with a link to an animated YouTube video with voiceover by astronaut Michael Collins.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259l p\u02c8e\u026ad t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8u\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b, k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 l\u02c8\u026a\u014bk t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ju\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0b v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u0254\u026aso\u028av\u025a ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz."}, {"text": "Footprints on the Moon, a 1969 documentary film by Bill Gibson and Barry Coe, about the Apollo 11 mission", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u028atp\u0279\u026ants \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u026alm ba\u026a b\u02c8\u026al \u0261\u02c8\u026abs\u0259n \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i k\u02c8o\u028a, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n"}, {"text": "First Man, 2018 film by Damien Chazelle based on the 2005 James R. Hansen book First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u00e6n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n f\u02c8\u026alm ba\u026a d\u02c8e\u026ami\u0259n t\u0283e\u026az\u02c8\u025bl b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. h\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259n b\u02c8\u028ak f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u00e6n: \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv n\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8e\u026a. \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b."}, {"text": "Chasing the Moon, a July 2019 PBS three-night six-hour documentary, directed by Robert Stone, examined the events leading up to the Apollo 11 mission.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u0250 d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n p\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u026aks\u02c8a\u028a\u025a d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at st\u02c8o\u028an, \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026and \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "8 Days: To the Moon and Back, a PBS and BBC Studios 2019 documentary film by Anthony Philipson re-enacting major portions of the Apollo 11 mission using mission audio recordings, new studio footage, NASA and news archives, and computer-generated imagery.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8e\u026az: t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6k, \u0250 p\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd b\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028az t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u026alm ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259ni f\u02c8\u026al\u026aps\u0259n \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u025bn\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bz, n\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a f\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u026ad\u0292, n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ka\u026avz, \u00e6nd k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u0279i."}, {"text": "In some of the following sources, times are shown in the format hours:minutes:seconds (e.g. 109:24:15), referring to the mission's Ground Elapsed Time (GET), based on the official launch time of July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 UTC (000:00:00 GET).", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, t\u02c8a\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t \u02c8a\u028a\u025az:m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats:s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an:tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279:f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6pst t\u02c8a\u026am \u0261\u02c8\u025bt, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n:\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u025bt."}, {"text": "Apollo 11: As They Photographed It (Augmented Reality)\u2014The New York Times, Interactive, July 18, 2019", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n: \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ft \u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei\u2014\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av, d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n"}, {"text": "Apollo 8 (December 21\u201327, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0v l\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "These three astronauts\u2014Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders\u2014were the first humans to witness and photograph the far side of the Moon and an Earthrise.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts\u2014f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az\u2014w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz t\u0259 w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\u0279a\u026az."}, {"text": "Apollo 8 launched on December 21, 1968, and was the second crewed spaceflight mission flown in the United States Apollo space program after Apollo7, which stayed in Earth orbit.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, \u00e6nd w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n fl\u02c8o\u028an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026as p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8e\u026ad \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "Apollo8 was the third flight and the first crewed launch of the Saturn V rocket, and was the first human spaceflight from the Kennedy Space Center, located adjacent to Cape Kennedy Air Force Station in Florida.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d fl\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at, \u00e6nd w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a, lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nt t\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026ap k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an fl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0259."}, {"text": "Originally planned as the second crewed Apollo Lunar Module and command module test, to be flown in an elliptical medium Earth orbit in early 1969, the mission profile was changed in August 1968 to a more ambitious command-module-only lunar orbital flight to be flown in December, as the lunar module was not yet ready to make its first flight.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li pl\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u00e6nd k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l t\u02c8\u025bst, t\u0259bi fl\u02c8o\u028an \u026an \u0250n \u026al\u02c8\u026apt\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028afa\u026al w\u028cz t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259s k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8o\u028anli l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l fl\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259bi fl\u02c8o\u028an \u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8\u025bt \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st fl\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "Astronaut Jim McDivitt's crew, who were training to fly the first lunar module flight in low Earth orbit, became the crew for the Apollo9 mission, and Borman's crew were moved to the Apollo8 mission.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u026am m\u0259k d\u02c8\u026av\u026ats k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l fl\u02c8a\u026at \u026an l\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a n\u02c8a\u026an m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259nz k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "This left Borman's crew with two to three months' less training and preparation time than originally planned, and replaced the planned lunar module training with translunar navigation training.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u025bft b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259nz k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s l\u02c8\u025bs t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u0250n \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li pl\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nd l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a n\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The crew orbited the Moon ten times over the course of twenty hours, during which they made a Christmas Eve television broadcast in which they read the first ten verses from the Book of Genesis.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8a\u026amz \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8a\u028a\u025az, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026asm\u0259s \u02c8i\u02d0v t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8\u025bn v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bs\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "Apollo8's successful mission paved the way for Apollo 10 and, with Apollo11 in July 1969, the fulfillment of U.S. president John F. Kennedy's goal of landing a man on the Moon before the end of the decade.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8e\u026avd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 f\u028alf\u02c8\u026alm\u0259nt \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bf. k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259diz \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026ad."}, {"text": "The Apollo8 astronauts returned to Earth on December 27, 1968, when their spacecraft splashed down in the northern Pacific Ocean.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft spl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283t d\u02cca\u028an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the Cold War, a geopolitical rivalry with the Soviet Union.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u028cz \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u0250 d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0o\u028ap\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l\u0279i w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "It not only demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, it challenged American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority.", "phonemes": "\u026at n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cce\u026ap\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bp\u0259nz \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u026at t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292d \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak, \u00e6nd t\u02cc\u025bkn\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l su\u02d0p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "President John F. Kennedy believed that not only was it in the national interest of the United States to be superior to other nations, but that the perception of American power was at least as important as the actuality.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u026ad\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bf. k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli w\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259bi su\u02d0p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a w\u028cz \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6z \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "It was therefore intolerable to him for the Soviet Union to be more advanced in the field of space exploration.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n t\u0259bi m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026as \u025bksplo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "He was determined that the United States should compete, and sought a challenge that maximized its chances of winning.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u0283\u02cc\u028ad k\u0259mp\u02c8i\u02d0t, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292 \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u02cca\u026azd \u026ats t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u028cv w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The Soviet Union had heavier-lifting carrier rockets, which meant Kennedy needed to choose a goal that was beyond the capacity of the existing generation of rocketry, one where the US and Soviet Union would be starting from a position of equality\u2014something spectacular, even if it could not be justified on military, economic, or scientific grounds.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n h\u00e6d h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025al\u02c8\u026aft\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026ats, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8\u025bnt k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at\u0279i, w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n w\u028ad bi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei\u2014s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b sp\u025bkt\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028al\u025a, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026af \u026at k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andz."}, {"text": "After consulting with his experts and advisors, he chose such a project: to land a man on the Moon and return him to the Earth.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az \u02c8\u025bksp\u025c\u02d0ts \u00e6nd \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026az\u025az, hi\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt: t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "An early and crucial decision was the adoption of lunar orbit rendezvous, under which a specialized spacecraft would land on the lunar surface.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259l d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026av\u02ccu\u02d0, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u028ad l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "The Apollo spacecraft therefore had three primary components: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that would return to Earth; a service module (SM) to provide the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a two-stage lunar module (LM), which comprised a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to return the astronauts to lunar orbit.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 h\u00e6d \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nts: \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026an f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8; \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a; \u00e6nd \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026azd \u0250 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0250n \u0250s\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts t\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "The initial crew assignment of Frank Borman as Commander, Michael Collins as Command Module Pilot (CMP) and William Anders as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) for the third crewed Apollo flight was officially announced on November 20, 1967.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u00e6z k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a, m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz \u00e6z k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259t s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bmp\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6z l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259t \u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bmp\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a fl\u02c8a\u026at w\u028cz \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u02cc\u0254n no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Collins was replaced by Jim Lovell in July 1968, after suffering a cervical disc herniation that required surgery to repair.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u026am l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl \u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u026ask h\u02cc\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025a\u0279i t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "This crew was unique among pre-Space Shuttle era missions in that the commander was not the most experienced member of the crew: Lovell had flown twice before, on Gemini VII and Gemini XII.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028cz ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259nst m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0: l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl h\u00e6d fl\u02c8o\u028an tw\u02c8a\u026as b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cca\u026a \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cca\u026a \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "This would also be the first case of a commander of a previous mission (Lovell, Gemini XII) flying as a non-commander.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02c8e\u026as \u0259v\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cca\u026a \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n tw\u02c8\u025blv fl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a."}, {"text": "This was also the first mission to reunite crewmates from a previous mission (Lovell and Borman, Gemini VII).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026at k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0me\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cca\u026a \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "The backup crew assignment of Neil Armstrong as Commander, Lovell as CMP, and Buzz Aldrin as LMP for the third crewed Apollo flight was officially announced at the same time as the prime crew.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u028cp k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt \u028cv n\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b \u00e6z k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a, l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl \u00e6z s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bmp\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an \u00e6z \u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bmp\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a fl\u02c8a\u026at w\u028cz \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "When Lovell was reassigned to the prime crew, Aldrin was moved to CMP, and Fred Haise was brought in as backup LMP.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl w\u028cz \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0250s\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an w\u028cz m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bmp\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd h\u02c8e\u026az w\u028cz b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u026an \u00e6z b\u02c8\u00e6k\u028cp \u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bmp\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The support crew maintained the flight plan, checklists, and mission ground rules, and ensured that the prime and backup crews were apprised of any changes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at pl\u02c8\u00e6n, t\u0283\u02c8\u025bkl\u026asts, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u00e6nd \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6k\u028cp k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8a\u026azd \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The support crew developed procedures in the simulators, especially those for emergency situations, so that the prime and backup crews could practice and master them in their simulator training.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u00f0o\u028az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6k\u028cp k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z k\u028ad p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The capsule communicator (CAPCOM) was an astronaut at the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6psju\u02d0l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6pk\u0251\u02d0m w\u028cz \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n, t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "For Apollo8, the CAPCOMs were Michael Collins, Gerald Carr, Ken Mattingly, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Vance Brand, and Fred Haise.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pk\u0251\u02d0m w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz, d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259ld k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, k\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u014bli, n\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mst\u0279\u0254\u014b, b\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an, v\u02c8\u00e6ns b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd h\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "The directors for Apollo8 were Clifford E. Charlesworth (Green team), Glynn Lunney (Black team), and Milton Windler (Maroon team).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at w\u025c\u02d0 kl\u02c8\u026af\u025ad \u02c8i\u02d0. t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u026asw\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u02c8i\u02d0m, \u0261l\u02c8\u026an l\u02c8\u028cni bl\u02c8\u00e6k t\u02c8i\u02d0m, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026alt\u0259n w\u02c8\u026andl\u025a m\u025a\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u02c8i\u02d0m."}, {"text": "It shows a red figure8 looping around the Earth and Moon to reflect both the mission number and the circumlunar nature of the mission.", "phonemes": "\u026at \u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8u\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0k\u0259ml\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The initial design of the insignia was developed by Jim Lovell, who reportedly sketched it while riding in the back seat of a T-38 flight from California to Houston shortly after learning of Apollo8's re-designation as a lunar-orbital mission.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026ans\u02c8\u026a\u0261ni\u0259 w\u028cz d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u026am l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bdli sk\u02c8\u025bt\u0283t \u026at w\u02cca\u026al \u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0259v\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at fl\u02c8a\u026at f\u0279\u028cm k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 t\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cc\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The crew would have likely chosen Columbiad, the name of the giant cannon that launches a space vehicle in Jules Verne's 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028adh\u0250v l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259mb\u02cc\u026a\u00e6d, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u0250 sp\u02c8e\u026as v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l \u026an d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0lz v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "On September 20, 1967, NASA adopted a seven-step plan for Apollo missions, with the final step being a Moon landing.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nst\u02c8\u025bp pl\u02c8\u00e6n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l st\u02c8\u025bp b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8u\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Apollo4 and Apollo6 were \"A\" missions, tests of the SaturnV launch vehicle using an uncrewed Block I production model of the command and service module (CSM) in Earth orbit.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8\u026aks w\u025c\u02d0 \"\u02c8e\u026a\" m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, t\u02c8\u025bsts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u028c\u014bk\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k a\u026a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "Apollo8 was planned as the \"D\" mission, a test of the LM in a low Earth orbit in December 1968 by James McDivitt, David Scott, and Russell Schweickart, while Borman's crew would fly the \"E\" mission, a more rigorous LM test in an elliptical medium Earth orbit as Apollo9, in early 1969.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz pl\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \"d\u02c8i\u02d0\" m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz m\u0259k d\u02c8\u026av\u026at, d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l \u0283w\u02c8e\u026ak\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, w\u02cca\u026al b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259nz k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028ad fl\u02c8a\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8i\u02d0\" m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8\u025bst \u026an \u0250n \u026al\u02c8\u026apt\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u00e6z \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a n\u02c8a\u026an, \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "The \"F\" Mission would test the CSM and LM in lunar orbit, and the \"G\" mission would be the finale, the Moon landing.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8\u025bf\" m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028ad t\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u026an l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \"d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0\" m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Production of the LM fell behind schedule, and when Apollo8's LM-3 arrived at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in June 1968, more than a hundred significant defects were discovered, leading Bob Gilruth, the director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), and others to conclude that there was no prospect of LM-3 being ready to fly in 1968.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm f\u02c8\u025bl b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0l, \u00e6nd w\u025bn \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a k\u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt d\u02c8i\u02d0f\u025bkts w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b \u0261\u02c8\u026al\u0279u\u02d0\u03b8, \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nd sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az t\u0259 k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u025bkt \u028cv \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi t\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026a \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Following the original seven-step plan would have meant delaying the \"D\" and subsequent missions, and endangering the program's goal of a lunar landing before the end of 1969.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nst\u02c8\u025bp pl\u02c8\u00e6n w\u028adh\u0250v m\u02c8\u025bnt d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \"d\u02c8i\u02d0\" \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u025bnd\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "George Low, the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, proposed a solution in August 1968 to keep the program on track despite the LM delay.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 l\u02c8o\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as, p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u0250 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u02cc\u0254n t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Since the next CSM (designated as \"CSM-103\") would be ready three months before LM-3, a CSM-only mission could be flown in December 1968.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm d\u02c8\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \"s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\"w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm\u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u028ad bi\u02d0 fl\u02c8o\u028an \u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Instead of repeating the \"C\" mission flight of Apollo7, this CSM could be sent all the way to the Moon, with the possibility of entering a lunar orbit and returning to Earth.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \"s\u02c8i\u02d0\" m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n fl\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u026as s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm k\u028ad bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "The new mission would also allow NASA to test lunar landing procedures that would otherwise have had to wait until Apollo10, the scheduled \"F\" mission.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az h\u00e6v h\u00e6dt\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026at \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8\u025bn, \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0ld \"\u02c8\u025bf\" m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The net result was that only the \"D\" mission had to be delayed, and the plan for lunar landing in mid-1969 could remain on timeline.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bt \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt w\u028cz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 \"d\u02c8i\u02d0\" m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ad, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u026an m\u02c8\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an k\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8a\u026amla\u026an."}, {"text": "On August 9, 1968, Low discussed the idea with Gilruth, Flight Director Chris Kraft, and the Director of Flight Crew Operations, Donald Slayton.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st n\u02c8a\u026an, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, l\u02c8o\u028a d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8\u026al\u0279u\u02d0\u03b8, fl\u02c8a\u026at d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u026as k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv fl\u02c8a\u026at k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld sl\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n."}, {"text": "They then flew to the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama, where they met with KSC Director Kurt Debus, Apollo Program Director Samuel C. Phillips, Rocco Petrone, and Wernher von Braun.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn fl\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as fl\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an h\u02c8\u028cntzv\u026al, \u02cc\u00e6l\u0259b\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8\u025bt w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02cce\u026a\u02cc\u025bss\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t d\u02c8\u025bb\u0259s, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6mju\u02d0l s\u02c8i\u02d0. f\u02c8\u026al\u026aps, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ko\u028a p\u02c8\u025bt\u0279o\u028an, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nh\u025a v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Kraft considered the proposal feasible from a flight control standpoint; Debus and Petrone agreed that the next Saturn V, AS-503, could be made ready by December 1; and von Braun was confident the pogo oscillation problems that had afflicted Apollo6 had been fixed.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 fl\u02c8a\u026at k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al st\u02c8\u00e6ndp\u0254\u026ant; d\u02c8\u025bb\u0259s \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025bt\u0279o\u028an \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6z f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u028ad bi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi ba\u026a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn; \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ad\u0259nt \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d \u0250fl\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8\u026aks h\u0250db\u026an f\u02c8\u026akst."}, {"text": "Almost every senior manager at NASA agreed with this new mission, citing confidence in both the hardware and the personnel, along with the potential for a circumlunar flight providing a significant morale boost.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i s\u02c8i\u02d0nj\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u026as n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u026ad\u0259ns \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0k\u0259ml\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a fl\u02c8a\u026at p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt m\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l b\u02c8u\u02d0st."}, {"text": "McDivitt turned it down; his crew had spent a great deal of time preparing to test the LM, and that was what he still wanted to do.", "phonemes": "m\u0259k d\u02c8\u026av\u026at t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u026at d\u02c8a\u028an; h\u026az k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u00e6d sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8i\u02d0l \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz w\u028ct hi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u026al w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "This swap also meant a swap of spacecraft, requiring Borman's crew to use CSM-103, while McDivitt's crew would use CSM-104, since CM-104 could not be made ready by December.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259nz k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cca\u026al m\u0259k d\u02c8\u026av\u026ats k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028ad j\u02c8u\u02d0z s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, s\u02c8\u026ans s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi ba\u026a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a."}, {"text": "David Scott was not happy about giving up CM-103, the testing of which he had closely supervised, for CM-104, although the two were almost identical, and Anders was less than enthusiastic about being an LMP on a flight with no LM.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u02c8\u00e6pi \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d kl\u02c8o\u028asli s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025av\u02cca\u026azd, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az w\u028cz l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n \u025bn\u03b8\u02ccu\u02d0zi\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u0250b\u02cca\u028at b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02cc\u025bl\u02cc\u025bmp\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 fl\u02c8a\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm."}, {"text": "Instead, Apollo8 would carry the LM test article, a boilerplate model that would simulate the correct weight and balance of LM-3.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at w\u028ad k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l, \u0250 b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u025apl\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad s\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt w\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns \u028cv \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Added pressure on the Apollo program to make its 1969 landing goal was provided by the Soviet Union's Zond5 mission, which flew some living creatures, including Russian tortoises, in a cislunar loop around the Moon and returned them to Earth on September 21.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u026ats n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8o\u028al w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259nz z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 fl\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259s\u1d7bz, \u026an \u0250 s\u026asl\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a l\u02c8u\u02d0p \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "There was speculation within NASA and the press that they might be preparing to launch cosmonauts on a similar circumlunar mission before the end of 1968.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz sp\u02cc\u025bkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0k\u0259ml\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Compounding these concerns, American reconnaissance satellites observed a mockup N1 being rolled to the pad at Baikonur in November 1967, with more activity in 1968.", "phonemes": "k\u0251\u02d0mp\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz, \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026as\u0259ns s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026ats \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u028cp \u02c8\u025bn w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8o\u028ald t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6d \u00e6t b\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The Apollo 8 crew, now living in the crew quarters at Kennedy Space Center, received a visit from Charles Lindbergh and his wife, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, the night before the launch.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0, n\u02c8a\u028a l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u00e6t k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0250 v\u02c8\u026az\u026at f\u0279\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz l\u02c8\u026andb\u025a\u0261 \u00e6nd h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026af, \u02c8\u00e6n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028a l\u02c8\u026andb\u025a\u0261, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283."}, {"text": "They talked about how, before his 1927 flight, Lindbergh had used a piece of string to measure the distance from New York City to Paris on a globe and from that calculated the fuel needed for the flight.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kt \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u02c8a\u028a, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n fl\u02c8a\u026at, l\u02c8\u026andb\u025a\u0261 h\u00e6d j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0250 p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv st\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei t\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "When it was erected in the Vehicle Assembly Building on December 20, 1967, it was thought that the rocket would be used for an uncrewed Earth-orbit test flight carrying a boilerplate command and service module.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u026at w\u028cz \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmbli b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u026at w\u028cz \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at w\u028ad bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u028c\u014bk\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at t\u02c8\u025bst fl\u02c8a\u026at k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u0250 b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u025apl\u02cce\u026at k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Apollo6 had suffered several major problems during its April 1968 flight, including severe pogo oscillation during its first stage, two second-stage engine failures, and a third stage that failed to reignite in orbit.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a s\u02c8\u026aks h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u028cf\u025ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026ats \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at fl\u02c8a\u026at, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndst\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279z, \u00e6nd \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8e\u026ald t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u0261n\u02c8a\u026at \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "Without assurances that these problems had been rectified, NASA administrators could not justify risking a crewed mission until additional uncrewed test flights proved the Saturn V was ready.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u0259\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz h\u0250db\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad, n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u026ask\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u028c\u014bk\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u02c8\u025bst fl\u02c8a\u026ats p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi."}, {"text": "Of primary concern was the pogo oscillation, which would not only hamper engine performance, but could exert significant g-forces on a crew.", "phonemes": "\u028cv p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli h\u02c8\u00e6mp\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u028ad \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "A task force of contractors, NASA agency representatives, and MSFC researchers concluded that the engines vibrated at a frequency similar to the frequency at which the spacecraft itself vibrated, causing a resonance effect that induced oscillations in the rocket.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8\u00e6sk f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az, n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bfs\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026anz v\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6\u027e\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi \u00e6t w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf v\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259n\u0259ns \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u00e6t \u026and\u02c8u\u02d0st \u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at."}, {"text": "Researchers quickly determined that a leaking hydrogen fuel line ruptured when exposed to vacuum, causing a loss of fuel pressure in engine two.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az kw\u02c8\u026akli d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u0283\u025ad w\u025bn \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0m, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "When an automatic shutoff attempted to close the liquid hydrogen valve and shut down engine two, it had accidentally shut down engine three's liquid oxygen due to a miswired connection.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250n \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0283\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0254f \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd t\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n v\u02c8\u00e6lv \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u028ct d\u02cca\u028an \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u026at h\u00e6d \u02cc\u00e6ks\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li \u0283\u02c8\u028ct d\u02cca\u028an \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250 m\u026asw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The team modified the igniter lines and fuel conduits, hoping to avoid similar problems on future launches.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0m m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a l\u02c8a\u026anz \u00e6nd fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndu\u02d0\u02cc\u026ats, h\u02c8o\u028ap\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u02cc\u0254n fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0nt\u0283\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "A Saturn stage IC was equipped with shock-absorbing devices to demonstrate the team's solution to the problem of pogo oscillation, while a Saturn Stage II was retrofitted with modified fuel lines to demonstrate their resistance to leaks and ruptures in vacuum conditions.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u02cca\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u028cz \u026akw\u02c8\u026apt w\u026a\u00f0 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u014b d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz t\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0mz s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u028cv p\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cca\u026al \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0279\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028af\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026anz t\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u0283\u025az \u026an v\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0m k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Once NASA administrators were convinced that the problems had been solved, they gave their approval for a crewed mission using AS-503.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cns n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026anst \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz h\u0250db\u026an s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd, \u00f0e\u026a \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l f\u025a\u0279\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00e6z f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The Apollo 8 spacecraft was placed on top of the rocket on September 21, and the rocket made the slow  journey to the launch pad atop one of NASA's two massive crawler-transporters on October9.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u028cz pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at \u02cc\u0254n s\u025bpt\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8o\u028a d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ni t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 p\u02c8\u00e6d \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av k\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025at\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u02cc\u0254n \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Testing continued all through December until the day before launch, including various levels of readiness testing from December5 through 11.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u025bdin\u0259s t\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a f\u02c8a\u026av \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Final testing of modifications to address the problems of pogo oscillation, ruptured fuel lines, and bad igniter lines took place on December 18, three days before the scheduled launch.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u028cv m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u028a \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u028cv p\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u0283\u025ad fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026anz, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6d \u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a l\u02c8a\u026anz t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0ld l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283."}, {"text": "As the first crewed spacecraft to orbit more than one celestial body, Apollo8's profile had two different sets of orbital parameters, separated by a translunar injection maneuver.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn s\u0259l\u02c8\u025bstj\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at p\u0279\u02c8o\u028afa\u026al h\u00e6d t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025bts \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u026a\u027e\u025az, s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a."}, {"text": "Apollo8 was launched into an initial orbit with an apogee of  and a perigee of , with an inclination of 32.51\u00b0 to the Equator, and an orbital period of 88.19 minutes.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6po\u028ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0 \u028cv \u00e6nd \u0250 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0 \u028cv , w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u026a\u014bkl\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026akw\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at.n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats."}, {"text": "Propellant venting increased the apogee by  over the 2hours, 44 minutes, and 30 seconds spent in the parking orbit.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt v\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6po\u028ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0 ba\u026a \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "This was followed by a trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn of the S-IVB third stage for 318 seconds, accelerating the  command and service module and  LM test article from an orbital velocity of  to the injection velocity of  which set a record for the highest speed, relative to Earth, that humans had ever traveled.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nzl\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8a\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz, \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bl\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l v\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n v\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bt \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0d, \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u00f0\u00e6t hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz h\u00e6d \u02c8\u025bv\u025a t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259ld."}, {"text": "This speed was slightly less than the Earth's escape velocity of , but put Apollo8 into an elongated elliptical Earth orbit, close enough to the Moon to be captured by the Moon's gravity.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as sp\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u028cz sl\u02c8a\u026atli l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap v\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv , b\u02cc\u028ct p\u02cc\u028at \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026al\u02c8\u026apt\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, kl\u02c8o\u028as \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u0259bi k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nz \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The standard lunar orbit for Apollo missions was planned as a nominal  circular orbit above the Moon's surface.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u028cz pl\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "Initial lunar orbit insertion was an ellipse with a perilune of  and an apolune of , at an inclination of 12\u00b0 from the lunar equator.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u0250n \u026al\u02c8\u026aps w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 p\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026al\u02c8u\u02d0n \u028cv \u00e6nd \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lu\u02d0n \u028cv , \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u026a\u014bkl\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025blv d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u026akw\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "The effect of lunar mass concentrations (\"mascons\") on the orbit was found to be greater than initially predicted; over the course of the ten lunar orbits lasting twenty hours, the orbital distance was perturbated to .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6s k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz\"m\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259nz\"\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259bi \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd; \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026ats l\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8a\u028a\u025az, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns w\u028cz p\u025at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0be\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd tu\u02d0 ."}, {"text": "Apollo 8 was launched at 12:51:00 UTC (07:51:00 Eastern Standard Time) on December 21, 1968, using the Saturn V's three stages to achieve Earth orbit.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u00e6t tw\u02c8\u025blv:f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n:f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad t\u02c8a\u026am \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz t\u028a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "The S-IVB third stage injected the craft into Earth orbit and remained attached to perform the TLI burn that would put the spacecraft on a trajectory to the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8a\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad p\u02cc\u028at \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 t\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279i t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Once the vehicle reached Earth orbit, both the crew and Houston flight controllers spent the next 2hours and 38 minutes checking that the spacecraft was in proper working order and ready for TLI.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cns \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n fl\u02c8a\u026at k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u025az sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u028cz \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "The proper operation of the S-IVB third stage of the rocket was crucial, and in the last uncrewed test, it had failed to reignite for this burn.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at w\u028cz k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st \u028c\u014bk\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u02c8\u025bst, \u026at h\u00e6d f\u02c8e\u026ald t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u0261n\u02c8a\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Collins was the first CAPCOM on duty, and at 2hours, 27 minutes and 22 seconds after launch he radioed, \"Apollo8.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02c8\u00e6pk\u0251\u02d0m \u02cc\u0254n d\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u00e6t t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az, tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028ad, \"\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "This communication meant that Mission Control had given official permission for Apollo8 to go to the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al h\u00e6d \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l p\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 \u0261\u02cco\u028a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "After the S-IVB had placed the mission on course for the Moon, the command and service modules (CSM), the remaining Apollo8 spacecraft, separated from it.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u00e6d pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0lz s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u026at."}, {"text": "The crew then rotated the spacecraft to take photographs of the spent stage and then practiced flying in formation with it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bnt st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast fl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u026at."}, {"text": "As the crew rotated the spacecraft, they had their first views of the Earth as they moved away from it\u2014this marked the first time humans had viewed the whole Earth at once.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st vj\u02c8u\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm \u026at\u2014\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz h\u00e6d vj\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u0250tw\u02c8\u028cns."}, {"text": "Borman became worried that the S-IVB was staying too close to the CSM and suggested to Mission Control that the crew perform a separation maneuver.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am w\u02c8\u028c\u0279id \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u028cz st\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm \u00e6nd s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a."}, {"text": "Mission Control first suggested pointing the spacecraft towards Earth and using the small reaction control system (RCS) thrusters on the service module (SM) to add  to their velocity away from the Earth, but Borman did not want to lose sight of the S-IVB.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u028cst\u025az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bm t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6d t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, b\u02cc\u028ct b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u0254nt t\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0z s\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "After discussion, the crew and Mission Control decided to burn in the Earth direction to increase speed, but at  instead.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s sp\u02c8i\u02d0d, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00e6\u027e \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd."}, {"text": "The time needed to prepare and perform the additional burn put the crew an hour behind their onboard tasks.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n p\u02cc\u028at \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0250n \u02c8a\u028a\u025a b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u0254nbo\u02d0\u0279d t\u02c8\u00e6sks."}, {"text": "Five hours after launch, Mission Control sent a command to the S-IVB to vent its remaining fuel, changing its trajectory.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283, m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al s\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025bnt \u026ats \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l, t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u026ats t\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The S-IVB, with the test article attached, posed no further hazard to Apollo8, passing the orbit of the Moon and going into a  solar orbit with an inclination of 23.47\u00b0 from the Earth's equatorial plane, and an orbital period of 340.80 days.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02c8\u026avb, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t, p\u02c8o\u028azd n\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6z\u025ad t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at, p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u026a\u014bkl\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z \u026akw\u0250t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026an, \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei.\u02c8e\u026a\u027ei d\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "The Apollo 8 crew were the first humans to pass through the Van Allen radiation belts, which extend up to  from Earth.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz t\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6s \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u025blts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "Scientists predicted that passing through the belts quickly at the spacecraft's high speed would cause a radiation dosage of no more than a chest X-ray, or 1milligray (mGy; during a year, the average human receives a dose of 2to 3mGy from background radiation).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025blts kw\u02c8\u026akli \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6fts h\u02c8a\u026a sp\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u028ad k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u0250 \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8o\u028as\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u025bks\u0279\u02c8e\u026a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a \u02c8\u025bm d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a; d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u0250 d\u02c8o\u028as \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bm d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "To record the actual radiation dosages, each crew member wore a Personal Radiation Dosimeter that transmitted data to Earth, as well as three passive film dosimeters that showed the cumulative radiation experienced by the crew.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8o\u028as\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a w\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u0259s\u02c8\u026am\u1d7b\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av f\u02c8\u026alm d\u0259s\u02c8\u026am\u1d7b\u027e\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 kj\u02c8u\u02d0mj\u028al\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259nst ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Although Mission Control normally performed all the actual navigation calculations, it was necessary to have a crew member adept at navigation so that the crew could return to Earth in case communication with Mission Control was lost.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l n\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026at w\u028cz n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u025bpt \u00e6t n\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u026an k\u02c8e\u026as k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al w\u028cz l\u02c8\u0254st."}, {"text": "Lovell navigated by star sightings using a sextant built into the spacecraft, measuring the angle between a star and the Earth's (or the Moon's) horizon.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl n\u02c8\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bkst\u0259nt b\u02c8\u026alt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nz h\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u0259n."}, {"text": "This task was made difficult by a large cloud of debris around the spacecraft, which made it hard to distinguish the stars.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u02c8\u00e6sk w\u028cz m\u02cce\u026ad d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt ba\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 kl\u02c8a\u028ad \u028cv d\u0259b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026ad \u026at h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d t\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z."}, {"text": "By seven hours into the mission, the crew was about 1hour and 40 minutes behind flight plan because of the problems in moving away from the S-IVB and Lovell's obscured star sightings.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and fl\u02c8a\u026at pl\u02c8\u00e6n b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u026an m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u028cv\u025blz \u0259bskj\u02c8\u028a\u0279d st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "The crew placed the spacecraft into Passive Thermal Control (PTC), also called \"barbecue roll\", in which the spacecraft rotated about once per hour around its long axis to ensure even heat distribution across the surface of the spacecraft.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u02cc\u026ant\u028a p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al p\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al\", \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028cns p\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u026ats l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026as t\u028a \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n h\u02c8i\u02d0t d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "In direct sunlight, parts of the spacecraft's outer surface could be heated to over , while the parts in shadow would be .", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt s\u02c8\u028cnla\u026at, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6fts \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as k\u028ad bi\u02d0 h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u02c8o\u028av\u025a , w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u026an \u0283\u02c8\u00e6do\u028a w\u028ad b\u02c8i\u02d0 ."}, {"text": "Before launch, NASA had decided at least one crew member should be awake at all times to deal with problems that might arise.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283, n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 h\u00e6d d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250w\u02c8e\u026ak \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8a\u026amz t\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cca\u026at \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "Borman started the first sleep shift but found sleeping difficult because of the constant radio chatter and mechanical noises.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st sl\u02c8i\u02d0p \u0283\u02c8\u026aft b\u02cc\u028ct f\u02c8a\u028and sl\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Testing on the ground had shown that the service propulsion system (SPS) engine had a small chance of exploding when burned for long periods unless its combustion chamber was \"coated\" first by burning the engine for a short period.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and h\u00e6d \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an h\u00e6d \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns \u028cv \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u014b w\u025bn b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u026ats k\u0259mb\u02c8\u028cst\u0283\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025a w\u028cz \"k\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd\" f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st ba\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an f\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "This first correction burn was only 2.4 seconds and added about  velocity prograde (in the direction of travel).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n w\u028cz \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8u\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at v\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279e\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l."}, {"text": "This change was less than the planned , because of a bubble of helium in the oxidizer lines, which caused unexpectedly low propellant pressure.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 w\u028cz l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nd , b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u0259v\u0259 b\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l \u028cv h\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02cca\u026az\u025a l\u02c8a\u026anz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u02cc\u028cn\u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bdli l\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u025bl\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Two later planned mid-course corrections were canceled because the Apollo8 trajectory was found to be perfect.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a pl\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026adk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259ld b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at t\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279i w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259bi p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u025bkt."}, {"text": "About an hour after starting his sleep shift, Borman obtained permission from ground control to take a Seconal sleeping pill.", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250n \u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u026az sl\u02c8i\u02d0p \u0283\u02c8\u026aft, b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and p\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0251\u02d0n\u0259l sl\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u026al."}, {"text": "He vomited twice and had a bout of diarrhea; this left the spacecraft full of small globules of vomit and feces, which the crew cleaned up as well as they could.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd tw\u02c8a\u026as \u00e6nd h\u00e6d \u0250 b\u02c8a\u028at \u028cv d\u02cca\u026a\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u0259; \u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u025bft \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft f\u02c8\u028al \u028cv sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bju\u02d0lz \u028cv v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026at \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 kl\u02c8i\u02d0nd \u02cc\u028cp \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a k\u02c8\u028ad."}, {"text": "Borman initially did not want everyone to know about his medical problems, but Lovell and Anders wanted to inform Mission Control.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u0254nt \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a \u0250b\u02cca\u028at h\u026az m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz, b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u028a \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "The crew decided to use the Data Storage Equipment (DSE), which could tape voice recordings and telemetry and dump them to Mission Control at high speed.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt d\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad t\u02c8e\u026ap v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd t\u0259l\u02c8\u025bm\u0259t\u0279i \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028cmp \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a sp\u02c8i\u02d0d."}, {"text": "After recording a description of Borman's illness they asked Mission Control to check the recording, stating that they \"would like an evaluation of the voice comments\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259nz \u02c8\u026aln\u0259s \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6skt m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b, st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \"w\u028ad l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250n \u026av\u02cc\u00e6lju\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0254\u026as k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnts\"."}, {"text": "The Apollo 8 crew and Mission Control medical personnel held a conference using an unoccupied second-floor control room (there were two identical control rooms in Houston, on the second and third floors, only one of which was used during a mission).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl h\u02c8\u025bld \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u028cn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndfl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0mz \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0259n, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d fl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z, \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The conference participants concluded that there was little to worry about and that Borman's illness was either a 24-hour flu, as Borman thought, or a reaction to the sleeping pill.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nts k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028c\u0279i \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259nz \u02c8\u026aln\u0259s w\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u02c8a\u028a\u025a fl\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6z b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sl\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u026al."}, {"text": "Researchers now believe that he was suffering from space adaptation syndrome, which affects about a third of astronauts during their first day in space as their vestibular system adapts to weightlessness.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az n\u02c8a\u028a b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm sp\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026and\u0279o\u028am, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkts \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u02c8e\u026a \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u025bst\u02c8\u026abj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pts t\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026atl\u0259sn\u0259s."}, {"text": "Space adaptation syndrome had not occurred on previous spacecraft (Mercury and Gemini), because those astronauts could not move freely in the small cabins of those spacecraft.", "phonemes": "sp\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026and\u0279o\u028am h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cca\u026a, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0o\u028az \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8u\u02d0v f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0li \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026anz \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "The increased cabin space in the Apollo command module afforded astronauts greater freedom of movement, contributing to symptoms of space sickness for Borman and, later, astronaut Rusty Schweickart during Apollo9.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st k\u02c8\u00e6b\u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l \u0250f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u028cv m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ampt\u0259mz \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u026akn\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u00e6nd, l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8\u028csti \u0283w\u02c8e\u026ak\u0251\u02d0\u0279t d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "The cruise phase was a relatively uneventful part of the flight, except for the crew's checking that the spacecraft was in working order and that they were on course.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z f\u02c8e\u026az w\u028cz\u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u028cn\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bntf\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u028cz \u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s."}, {"text": "During this first broadcast, the crew gave a tour of the spacecraft and attempted to show how the Earth appeared from space.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u0250 t\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d f\u0279\u028cm sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "However, difficulties aiming the narrow-angle lens without the aid of a monitor to show what it was looking at made showing the Earth impossible.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz \u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bnz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ad \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a w\u028ct \u026at w\u028cz l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b \u00e6t m\u02cce\u026ad \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l."}, {"text": "After broadcasting for 17 minutes, the rotation of the spacecraft took the high-gain antenna out of view of the receiving stations on Earth and they ended the transmission with Lovell wishing his mother a happy birthday.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft t\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nt\u02c8\u025bn\u0259 \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl w\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6pi b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8de\u026a."}, {"text": "Two factors made the Moon almost impossible to see from inside the spacecraft: three of the five windows fogging up due to out-gassed oils from the silicone sealant, and the attitude required for passive thermal control.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft: \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av w\u02c8\u026ando\u028az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8a\u028at\u0261\u02c8\u00e6st \u02c8\u0254\u026alz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026al\u026ak\u02cco\u028an s\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "It was not until the crew had gone behind the Moon that they would be able to see it for the first time.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0261\u0254n b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026at f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "This time, the crew rigged up filters meant for the still cameras so they could acquire images of the Earth through the telephoto lens.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261d \u02cc\u028cp f\u02c8\u026alt\u025az m\u02c8\u025bnt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u026al k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259z s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a k\u028ad \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028a l\u02c8\u025bnz."}, {"text": "Although difficult to aim, as they had to maneuver the entire spacecraft, the crew was able to broadcast back to Earth the first television pictures of the Earth.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u028a \u02c8e\u026am, \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6dt\u0259 m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "The crew spent the transmission describing the Earth, what was visible, and the colors they could see.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, w\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz v\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025az \u00f0e\u026a k\u028ad s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "At about 55 hours and 40 minutes into the flight, and 13 hours before entering lunar orbit, the crew of Apollo8 became the first humans to enter the gravitational sphere of influence of another celestial body.", "phonemes": "\u00e6\u027e \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u02c8a\u028a\u025az b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnt\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sf\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u028cv \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u0259l\u02c8\u025bstj\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "In other words, the effect of the Moon's gravitational force on Apollo8 became stronger than that of the Earth.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nz \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u02cc\u0254n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "This historic moment was of little interest to the crew, since they were still calculating their trajectory with respect to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nt w\u028cz \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8\u026al k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279i w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 p\u02c8\u00e6d \u00e6t k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a."}, {"text": "They would continue to do so until they performed their last mid-course correction, switching to a reference frame based on ideal orientation for the second engine burn they would make in lunar orbit.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02cco\u028a \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0e\u026a p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6st m\u02c8\u026adk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259l \u02cco\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad m\u02cce\u026ak \u026an l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "It was in retrograde (against the direction of travel) and slowed the spacecraft down by , effectively reducing the closest distance at which the spacecraft would pass the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u026an \u0279\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l \u00e6nd sl\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft d\u02cca\u028an b\u02c8a\u026a , \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028as\u026ast d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u00e6t w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u028ad p\u02c8\u00e6s \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "This maneuver had to be performed perfectly, and due to orbital mechanics had to be on the far side of the Moon, out of contact with the Earth.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u025bktli, \u00e6nd d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026aks h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "After Mission Control was polled for a \"go/no go\" decision, the crew was told at 68 hours that they were Go and \"riding the best bird we can find\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al w\u028cz p\u02c8o\u028ald f\u025a\u0279\u0259 \"\u0261\u02cco\u028a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8o\u028a \u0261\u02c8o\u028a\" d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028cz t\u02c8o\u028ald \u00e6t s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \"\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d wi\u02d0 k\u00e6n f\u02c8a\u026and\"."}, {"text": "Lovell replied, \"We'll see you on the other side\", and for the first time in history, humans travelled behind the Moon and out of radio contact with the Earth.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8a\u026ad, \"wi\u02d0l s\u02c8i\u02d0 ju\u02d0 \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8a\u026ad\", \u00e6nd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259ld b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "With ten minutes remaining before LOI-1, the crew began one last check of the spacecraft systems and made sure that every switch was in its correct position.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bl\u02cco\u028a\u02c8a\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n w\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8\u00e6st t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u026an \u026ats k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "They had been flying over the unlit side, and it was Lovell who saw the first shafts of sunlight obliquely illuminating the lunar surface.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a h\u0250db\u026an fl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u028cnl\u02c8\u026at s\u02c8a\u026ad, \u00e6nd \u026at w\u028cz l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0283\u02c8\u00e6fts \u028cv s\u02c8\u028cnla\u026at o\u028abl\u02c8i\u02d0kli \u026al\u02c8u\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "The SPS was ignited at 69 hours, 8minutes, and 16 seconds after launch and burned for 4minutes and 7seconds, placing the Apollo8 spacecraft in orbit around the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs w\u028cz \u026a\u0261n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6t s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8a\u028a\u025az, \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz, pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "If the burn had not lasted exactly the correct amount of time, the spacecraft could have ended up in a highly elliptical lunar orbit or even been flung off into space.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8\u00e6st\u1d7bd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6ktli \u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft k\u02cc\u028ad\u0250v \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd \u02cc\u028cp \u026an \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ali \u026al\u02c8\u026apt\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n b\u02cc\u026an fl\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u0254f \u02cc\u026ant\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "After making sure the spacecraft was working, they finally had a chance to look at the Moon, which they would orbit for the next 20 hours.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u028cz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b, \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li h\u00e6d \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns t\u0259 l\u02c8\u028ak \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8a\u028a\u025az."}, {"text": "If the crew had not burned the engine, or the burn had not lasted the planned length of time, the crew would have appeared early from behind the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8\u00e6st\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028adh\u0250v \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li f\u0279\u028cm b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Exactly at the calculated moment the signal was received from the spacecraft, indicating it was in a  orbit around the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6ktli \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nt \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0259l w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026at w\u028cz \u026an \u0250 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "After reporting on the status of the spacecraft, Lovell gave the first description of what the lunar surface looked like:", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv w\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as l\u02c8\u028akt l\u02c8a\u026ak:"}, {"text": "One of the crew's major tasks was reconnaissance of planned future landing sites on the Moon, especially one in Mare Tranquillitatis that was planned as the Apollo11 landing site.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a t\u02c8\u00e6sks w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026as\u0259ns \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6nd fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026ats \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an m\u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u014bkw\u026al\u026at\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz pl\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "The launch time of Apollo8 had been chosen to give the best lighting conditions for examining the site.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at h\u0250db\u026an t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az\u0259n t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "A film camera had been set up in one of the spacecraft windows to record one frame per second of the Moon below.", "phonemes": "\u0250 f\u02c8\u026alm k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 h\u0250db\u026an s\u02c8\u025bt \u02cc\u028cp \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u02c8\u026ando\u028az t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d w\u02c8\u028cn f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am p\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Bill Anders spent much of the next 20 hours taking as many photographs as possible of targets of interest.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u026al \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az sp\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8a\u028a\u025az t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bni f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026ats \u028cv \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst."}, {"text": "By the end of the mission, the crew had taken over eight hundred 70\u00a0mm still photographs and  of 16\u00a0mm movie film.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u00e6d t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bm st\u02c8\u026al f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz \u00e6nd \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bm m\u02c8u\u02d0vi f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "Throughout the hour that the spacecraft was in contact with Earth, Borman kept asking how the data for the SPS looked.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u028cz \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n k\u02c8\u025bpt \u02c8\u00e6sk\u026a\u014b h\u02cca\u028a \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs l\u02c8\u028akt."}, {"text": "He wanted to make sure that the engine was working and could be used to return early to the Earth if necessary.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u026an w\u028cz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd k\u028ad bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u026af n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "He also asked that they receive a \"go/no go\" decision before they passed behind the Moon on each orbit.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u00e6skt \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u02c8e\u026a \"\u0261\u02cco\u028a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 n\u02c8o\u028a \u0261\u02c8o\u028a\" d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a p\u02c8\u00e6st b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "As they reappeared for their second pass in front of the Moon, the crew set up equipment to broadcast a view of the lunar surface.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd p\u02c8\u00e6s \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bt \u02cc\u028cp \u026akw\u02c8\u026apm\u0259nt t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u0250 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "At the end of this second orbit, they performed an 11-second LOI-2 burn of the SPS to circularize the orbit to .", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, \u00f0e\u026a p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0250n \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02cc\u025bl\u02cco\u028a\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at tu\u02d0 ."}, {"text": "Throughout the next two orbits, the crew continued to check the spacecraft and to observe and photograph the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026ats, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u00e6nd t\u028a \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "He had been scheduled to participate in a service at St. Christopher's Episcopal Church near Seabrook, Texas, but due to the Apollo8 flight, he was unable to attend.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 h\u0250db\u026an sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0ld t\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u00e6t s\u0259nt. k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259f\u025az \u1d7bp\u02c8\u026ask\u0251\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279\u028ak, t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at fl\u02c8a\u026at, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd."}, {"text": "A fellow parishioner and engineer at Mission Control, Rod Rose, suggested that Borman read the prayer, which could be recorded and then replayed during the service.", "phonemes": "\u0250 f\u02c8\u025blo\u028a p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6t m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u0279\u02c8o\u028az, s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ple\u026ad d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as."}, {"text": "When the spacecraft came out from behind the Moon for its fourth pass across the front, the crew witnessed an \"Earthrise\" in person for the first time in human history.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft k\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8a\u028at f\u0279\u028cm b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 p\u02c8\u00e6s \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259st \u00e6n \"\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\u0279a\u026az\" \u026an p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "NASA's Lunar Orbiter 1 had taken the first picture of an Earthrise from the vicinity of the Moon, on August 23, 1966.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn h\u00e6d t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\u0279a\u026az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 v\u026as\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Anders saw the Earth emerging from behind the lunar horizon and called in excitement to the others, taking a black-and-white photograph as he did so.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a h\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u026an \u025bks\u02c8a\u026atm\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250 bl\u02c8\u00e6k\u00e6ndw\u02c8a\u026at f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f \u00e6z hi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad s\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Anders asked Lovell for color film and then took Earthrise, a now famous color photo, later picked by Life magazine as one of its hundred photos of the century.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az \u02c8\u00e6skt l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8\u028ak \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\u0279a\u026az, \u0250 n\u02c8a\u028a f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a f\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028a, l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a p\u02c8\u026akt ba\u026a l\u02c8a\u026af m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u026ats h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Due to the synchronous rotation of the Moon about the Earth, Earthrise is not generally visible from the lunar surface.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u0259n\u0259s \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\u0279a\u026az \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li v\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as."}, {"text": "This is because, as seen from any one place on the Moon's surface, Earth remains in approximately the same position in the lunar sky, either above or below the horizon.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz, \u00e6z s\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u025bni w\u02c8\u028cn pl\u02c8e\u026as \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u026an \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a sk\u02c8a\u026a, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 h\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u0259n."}, {"text": "Earthrise is generally visible only while orbiting the Moon, and at selected surface locations near the Moon's limb, where libration carries the Earth slightly above and below the lunar horizon.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\u0279a\u026az \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li v\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u00e6t s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0nz l\u02c8\u026am, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 la\u026ab\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279iz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 sl\u02c8a\u026atli \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00e6nd b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a h\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u0259n."}, {"text": "Anders continued to take photographs while Lovell assumed control of the spacecraft so that Borman could rest.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n k\u028ad \u0279\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "Despite the difficulty resting in the cramped and noisy spacecraft, Borman was able to sleep for two orbits, awakening periodically to ask questions about their status.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6mpt \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u026azi sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 sl\u02c8i\u02d0p f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026ats, \u0250w\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n\u026a\u014b p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026akli t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6sk kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s."}, {"text": "Borman realized that everyone was extremely tired from not having a good night's sleep in over three days.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026azd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn w\u028cz \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli t\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad f\u0279\u028cm n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad n\u02c8a\u026ats sl\u02c8i\u02d0p \u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "He ordered Anders and Lovell to get some sleep and that the rest of the flight plan regarding observing the Moon be scrubbed.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt s\u02cc\u028cm sl\u02c8i\u02d0p \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at pl\u02c8\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n bi\u02d0 sk\u0279\u02c8\u028cbd."}, {"text": "Anders finally agreed under the condition that Borman would set up the camera to continue to take automatic pictures of the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n w\u028ad s\u02c8\u025bt \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Borman also remembered that there was a second television broadcast planned, and with so many people expected to be watching, he wanted the crew to be alert.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bmb\u025ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st pl\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b, hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259bi \u0250l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t."}, {"text": "As they rounded the Moon for the ninth time, the astronauts began the second television transmission.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Borman introduced the crew, followed by each man giving his impression of the lunar surface and what it was like to be orbiting the Moon.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 m\u02c8\u00e6n \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6nd w\u028ct \u026at w\u028cz l\u02c8a\u026ak t\u0259bi \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Then, after talking about what they were flying over, Anders said that the crew had a message for all those on Earth.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025bn, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 fl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02c8o\u028av\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0o\u028az \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "His message appeared to sum up the feelings that all three crewmen had from their vantage point in lunar orbit.", "phonemes": "h\u026az m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025bn h\u00e6d f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u026an l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at."}, {"text": "Borman said, \"And from the crew of Apollo8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas and God bless all of you\u2014all of you on the good Earth.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bd, \"\u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at, wi\u02d0 kl\u02c8o\u028az w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad n\u02c8a\u026at, \u0261\u02c8\u028ad l\u02c8\u028ck, \u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u0279\u02c8\u026asm\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d bl\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv ju\u02d0\u2014\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv ju\u02d0 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "The only task left for the crew at this point was to perform the trans-Earth injection (TEI), which was scheduled for  hours after the end of the television transmission.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8\u00e6sk l\u02c8\u025bft f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6t \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant w\u028cz t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0ld f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The TEI was the most critical burn of the flight, as any failure of the SPS to ignite would strand the crew in lunar orbit, with little hope of escape.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at, \u00e6z \u02cc\u025bni f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bsp\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs t\u028a \u026a\u0261n\u02c8a\u026at w\u028ad st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8o\u028ap \u028cv \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap."}, {"text": "As with the previous burn, the crew had to perform the maneuver above the far side of the Moon, out of contact with Earth.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u00e6dt\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a\u0279 \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "The spacecraft telemetry was reacquired as it re-emerged from behind the Moon at 89 hours, 28 minutes, and 39 seconds, the exact time calculated.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft t\u0259l\u02c8\u025bm\u0259t\u0279i w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kwa\u026a\u025ad \u00e6z \u026at \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d f\u0279\u028cm b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00e6\u027e \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8a\u028a\u025az, tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz, \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt t\u02c8a\u026am k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "When voice contact was regained, Lovell announced, \"Please be informed, there is a Santa Claus\", to which Ken Mattingly, the current CAPCOM, replied, \"That's affirmative, you are the best ones to know.\"", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn v\u02c8\u0254\u026as k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026and, l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst, \"pl\u02c8i\u02d0z bi\u02d0 \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259 kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\", t\u0259 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u014bli, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6pk\u0251\u02d0m, \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8a\u026ad, \"\u00f0\u00e6ts \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, ju\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst w\u02c8\u028cnz t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a.\""}, {"text": "Later, Lovell used some otherwise idle time to do some navigational sightings, maneuvering the module to view various stars by using the computer keyboard.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl j\u02c8u\u02d0zd s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az \u02c8a\u026ad\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02cc\u028cm n\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz, m\u0259n\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l t\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z ba\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u02c8i\u02d0bo\u02d0\u0279d."}, {"text": "He accidentally erased some of the computer's memory, which caused the inertial measurement unit (IMU) to contain data indicating that the module was in the same relative orientation it had been in before lift-off; the IMU then fired the thrusters to \"correct\" the module's attitude.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6ks\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li \u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ast s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025am\u0259nt j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bmj\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l w\u028cz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02cco\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026at h\u0250db\u026an \u026an b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026aft\u02c8\u0254f; \u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bmj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u028cst\u025az tu\u02d0 \"k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\" \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0lz \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d."}, {"text": "Once the crew realized why the computer had changed the module's attitude, they realized that they would have to reenter data to tell the computer the module's actual orientation.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cns \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026azd w\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a h\u00e6d t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0lz \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d, \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026azd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u028adh\u02cc\u00e6vt\u0259 \u0279i\u02d0\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0lz \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u02cco\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the right numbers, using the thrusters to get the stars Rigel and Sirius aligned, and another 15 minutes to enter the corrected data into the computer.", "phonemes": "\u026at t\u02c8\u028ak l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u028cst\u025az t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0259s \u0250l\u02c8a\u026and, \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats t\u028a \u02c8\u025bnt\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Sixteen months later, during the Apollo13 mission, Lovell would have to perform a similar manual realignment under more critical conditions after the module's IMU had to be turned off to conserve energy.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl w\u028adh\u02cc\u00e6vt\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0250l\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0lz \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bmj\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd \u02c8\u0254f t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i."}, {"text": "As long as the trajectory specialists had calculated everything correctly, the spacecraft would reenter Earth's atmosphere two-and-a-half days after TEI and splash down in the Pacific.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279i sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts h\u00e6d k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u028ad \u0279i\u02d0\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0\u00e6nd\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6f d\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a t\u02cci\u02d0\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd spl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 d\u02cca\u028an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak."}, {"text": "When they finished broadcasting, they found a small present from Slayton in the food locker: a real turkey dinner with stuffing, in the same kind of pack given to the troops in Vietnam.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st\u026a\u014b, \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8a\u028and \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm sl\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8u\u02d0d l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u025a: \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ki d\u02c8\u026an\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8\u028cf\u026a\u014b, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6k \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u026an v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Another Slayton surprise was a gift of three miniature bottles of brandy, which Borman ordered the crew to leave alone until after they landed.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sl\u02c8e\u026at\u0259n s\u025ap\u0279\u02c8a\u026az w\u028cz\u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026aft \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026an\u026at\u0283\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndi, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0e\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The next day, at about 124 hours into the mission, the sixth and final TV transmission showed the mission's best video images of the Earth, during a four-minute broadcast.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst d\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6\u027e \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u02c8\u025bst v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8\u026an\u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st."}, {"text": "The computer would control the reentry, and all the crew had to do was put the spacecraft in the correct attitude, with the blunt end forward.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a w\u028ad k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00f0\u0259 \u0279i\u02d0\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u00e6dt\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u028cz p\u02cc\u028at \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cnt \u02c8\u025bnd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad."}, {"text": "Separation from the service module prepared the command module for reentry by exposing the heat shield and shedding unneeded mass.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279i\u02d0\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i ba\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u014b \u028cnn\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "Six minutes before they hit the top of the atmosphere, the crew saw the Moon rising above the Earth's horizon, just as had been calculated by the trajectory specialists.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a h\u02c8\u026at \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u026a\u014b \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z h\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u0259n, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6z h\u0250db\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279i sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts."}, {"text": "As the module hit the thin outer atmosphere, the crew noticed that it was becoming hazy outside as glowing plasma formed around the spacecraft.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l h\u02c8\u026at \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026an \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026ast \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b h\u02c8e\u026azi a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6z \u0261l\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8\u00e6zm\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "With the computer controlling the descent by changing the attitude of the spacecraft, Apollo8 rose briefly like a skipping stone before descending to the ocean.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02c8o\u028az b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fli l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250 sk\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b st\u02c8o\u028an b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "At , the drogue parachute deployed, stabilizing the spacecraft, followed at  by the three main parachutes.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t , \u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0t d\u1d7bpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad, st\u02c8e\u026ab\u026al\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad \u00e6t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "The spacecraft splashdown position was officially reported as  in the North Pacific Ocean, southwest of Hawaii at 15:51:42 UTC on December 27, 1968.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft spl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283da\u028an p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv h\u0259w\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0 \u00e6t f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n:f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn:f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02ccu\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "When the spacecraft hit the water, the parachutes dragged it over and left it upside down, in what was termed Stable2 position.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft h\u02c8\u026at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0ts d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261d \u026a\u027e \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bft \u026a\u027e \u02c8\u028cpsa\u026ad d\u02c8a\u028an, \u026an w\u028ct w\u028cz t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0md st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "As they were buffeted by a  swell, Borman was sick, waiting for the three flotation balloons to right the spacecraft.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u028cf\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 sw\u02c8\u025bl, b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n w\u028cz s\u02c8\u026ak, w\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 flo\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0nz t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "About six minutes after splashdown, the command module was righted into a normal apex-up (Stable 1) orientation by its inflatable bag uprighting system.", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a spl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283da\u028an, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ap\u025bks\u02cc\u028cp st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cco\u02d0\u0279i\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u026ats \u026anfl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l b\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u02c8\u028cp\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "Apollo 8 came at the end of 1968, a year that had seen much upheaval in the United States and most of the world.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d s\u02c8i\u02d0n m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cph\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Even though the year saw political assassinations, political unrest in the streets of Europe and America, and the Prague Spring, Time magazine chose the crew of Apollo8 as its Men of the Year for 1968, recognizing them as the people who most influenced events in the preceding year.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0250s\u02cc\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u028cn\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u028cv j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b, t\u02c8a\u026am m\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0250z\u02c8i\u02d0n t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u026ats m\u02c8\u025bn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "They had been the first people ever to leave the gravitational influence of the Earth and orbit another celestial body.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a h\u0250db\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u025a t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6v\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u0259l\u02c8\u025bstj\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "They had survived a mission that even the crew themselves had rated as having only a fifty-fifty chance of fully succeeding.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6d s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd \u0250 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz h\u00e6d \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 f\u02c8\u026aftif\u02c8\u026afti t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns \u028cv f\u02c8\u028ali s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The effect of Apollo8 was summed up in a telegram from a stranger, received by Borman after the mission, that stated simply, \"Thank you Apollo8.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz s\u02c8\u028cmd \u02cc\u028cp \u026an \u0250 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6m f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd ba\u026a b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026ampli, \"\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk ju\u02d0 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "One of the most famous aspects of the flight was the Earthrise picture that the crew took as they came around for their fourth orbit of the Moon.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\u0279a\u026az p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8\u028ak \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a k\u02c8e\u026am \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "This was the first time that humans had taken such a picture while actually behind the camera, and it has been credited as one of the inspirations of the first Earth Day in 1970.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz h\u00e6d t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li b\u1d7bh\u02cca\u026and \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259, \u00e6nd \u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ansp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 d\u02c8e\u026a \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti."}, {"text": "Apollo 11 astronaut Michael Collins said, \"Eight's momentous historic significance was foremost\"; while space historian Robert K. Poole saw Apollo8 as the most historically significant of all the Apollo missions.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u1d7bnz s\u02c8\u025bd, \"\u02c8e\u026ats mo\u028am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259s h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ns w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mo\u028ast\"; w\u02cca\u026al sp\u02c8e\u026as h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at k\u02c8e\u026a. p\u02c8u\u02d0l s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The mission was the most widely covered by the media since the first American orbital flight, Mercury-Atlas 6 by John Glenn, in 1962.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adli k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l fl\u02c8a\u026at, m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i\u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s s\u02c8\u026aks ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261l\u02c8\u025bn, \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "There were 1,200 journalists covering the mission, with the BBC's coverage broadcast in 54 countries in 15 different languages.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn,t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 b\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026ad\u0292 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u026an f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u026an f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The Soviet newspaper Pravda featured a quote from Boris Nikolaevich Petrov, Chairman of the Soviet Interkosmos program, who described the flight as an \"outstanding achievement of American space sciences and technology\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6vd\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025ad \u0250 kw\u02c8o\u028at f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0v\u026at\u0283 p\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0251\u02d0v, t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zmo\u028az p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6z \u00e6n \"a\u028atst\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i\"."}, {"text": "It is estimated that a quarter of the people alive at the time saw\u2014either live or delayed\u2014the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0250l\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u2014\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8a\u026av \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ad\u2014\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026asm\u0259s \u02c8i\u02d0v t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The Apollo8 broadcasts won an Emmy Award, the highest honor given by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6sts w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250n \u02c8\u025bmi \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Madalyn Murray O'Hair, an atheist, later caused controversy by bringing a lawsuit against NASA over the reading from Genesis.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0250l\u02cc\u026an m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279e\u026a o\u028ah\u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u0250n \u02c8e\u026a\u03b8\u026a\u02cc\u026ast, l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259v\u02cc\u025c\u02d0si ba\u026a b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0su\u02d0t \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bs\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "O'Hair wanted the courts to ban American astronauts\u2014who were all government employees\u2014from public prayer in space.", "phonemes": "o\u028ah\u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts t\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts\u2014h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ai\u02d0z\u2014f\u0279\u028cm p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Though the case was rejected by the Supreme Court of the United States, apparently for lack of jurisdiction in outer space, it caused NASA to be skittish about the issue of religion throughout the rest of the Apollo program.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ntli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv d\u0292\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asd\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a sp\u02c8e\u026as, \u026at k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 t\u0259bi sk\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m."}, {"text": "Buzz Aldrin, on Apollo11, self-communicated Presbyterian Communion on the surface of the Moon after landing; he refrained from mentioning this publicly for several years and referred to it only obliquely at the time.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld\u0279\u026an, \u02cc\u0254n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, s\u02c8\u025blfk\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02cc\u025bzb\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b; hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bf\u0279\u02c8e\u026and f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026akli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u026a\u027e \u02c8o\u028anli o\u028abl\u02c8i\u02d0kli \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "In 1969, the United States Post Office Department issued a postage stamp (Scott catalogue #1371) commemorating the Apollo8 flight around the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats p\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u0250 p\u02c8o\u028ast\u026ad\u0292 st\u02c8\u00e6mp sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0250l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261 h\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at fl\u02c8a\u026at \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The stamp featured a detail of the famous photograph of the Earthrise over the Moon taken by Anders on Christmas Eve, and the words, \"In the beginning God...\", the first words of the book of Genesis.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6mp f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025ad \u0250 di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\u0279a\u026az \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az \u02cc\u0254n k\u0279\u02c8\u026asm\u0259s \u02c8i\u02d0v, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \"\u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d...\", \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bs\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "In January 1969, just 18 days after the crew's return to Earth, they appeared in the Super Bowl III pre-game show, reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, before the national anthem was performed by trumpeter Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n d\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, \u00f0e\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a b\u02c8o\u028al \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261\u02c8e\u026am \u0283\u02c8o\u028a, \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u025bd\u0292 \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0259m w\u028cz p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a t\u0279\u02c8\u028cmp\u025b\u027e\u025a l\u02c8\u0254\u026ad d\u0292\u02c8e\u026asl\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u026amf\u0259ni \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k\u1d7bst\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "In January 1970, the spacecraft was delivered to Osaka, Japan, for display in the U.S. pavilion at Expo '70.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft w\u028cz d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026av\u025ad t\u028a \u0251\u02d0s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259, d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. p\u0250v\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u025bkspo\u028a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti."}, {"text": "It is now displayed at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry, along with a collection of personal items from the flight donated by Lovell and the space suit worn by Frank Borman.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8u\u02d0t w\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n ba\u026a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n."}, {"text": "Jim Lovell's Apollo8 space suit is on public display in the Visitor Center at NASA's Glenn Research Center.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u026am l\u02c8\u028cv\u025blz \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8u\u02d0t \u026az \u02cc\u0254n p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0261l\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a."}, {"text": "Apollo 8's historic mission has been depicted and referred to in several forms, both documentary and fiction.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The various television transmissions and 16 mm footage shot by the crew of Apollo8 were compiled and released by NASA in the 1969 documentary Debrief: Apollo8, hosted by Burgess Meredith.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bm f\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8a\u026ald \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st ba\u026a n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i di\u02d0b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f: \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at, h\u02c8o\u028ast\u1d7bd ba\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025bs m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259d\u02cc\u026a\u03b8."}, {"text": "In addition, Spacecraft Films released, in 2003, a three-disc DVD set containing all of NASA's TV and 16\u00a0mm film footage related to the mission, including all TV transmissions from space, training and launch footage, and motion pictures taken in flight.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft f\u02c8\u026almz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st, \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u02c8\u026ask d\u02cci\u02d0v\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bt k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bm f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm sp\u02c8e\u026as, t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 f\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u026an fl\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "Other documentaries include \"Race to the Moon\" (2005) as part of season 18 of American Experience and In the Shadow of the Moon (2007).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279iz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \"\u0279\u02c8e\u026as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n\" t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u00e6do\u028a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Apollo 8 serves as character development in the 1995 film Apollo 13, in which Jim Lovell is motivated to walk on the Moon by his Apollo 8 experience and later disappointed to be so near the surface twice without walking on it.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av f\u02c8\u026alm \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u0292\u02c8\u026am l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl \u026az m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n ba\u026a h\u026az \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd t\u0259bi s\u02cco\u028a n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as tw\u02c8a\u026as w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254n \u026at."}, {"text": "Parts of the mission are dramatized in the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon episode \"1968\".", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u0250t\u02cca\u026azd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026an\u026as\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bp\u026as\u02cco\u028ad \"n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at\"."}, {"text": "The S-IVB stage of Apollo8 was also portrayed as the location of an alien device in the 1970 UFO episode \"Conflict\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02cca\u026av\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a po\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u025bp\u026as\u02cco\u028ad \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt\"."}, {"text": "Apollo8's lunar orbit insertion was chronicled with actual recordings in the song \"The Other Side\", on the 2015 album The Race for Space, by the band Public Service Broadcasting.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak\u0259ld w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \"\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8a\u026ad\", \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6lb\u0259m \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8e\u026as, ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In the credits of the animated film Free Birds (2013) a newspaper front page about the Apollo 8 mission is doctored to read: \"As one of the most turbulent, tragic years in American history drew to a close, millions around the world were watching and listening as the Apollo 8 astronauts \u2013 Frank Gobbler, Jim Snood, and Bill Wattles \u2013 became the first turkeys to orbit another world.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026ats \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026alm f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0zpe\u026ap\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025ad t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d: \"\u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bj\u028al\u0259nt, t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250 kl\u02c8o\u028as, m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026as\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u025a, d\u0292\u02c8\u026am sn\u02c8u\u02d0d, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026al w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kiz t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "The piece was premi\u00e8red on January 19, 2020, by Sydney Philharmonia Choirs at the Sydney Opera House.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0s w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u0279d \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, ba\u026a s\u02c8\u026adni f\u02cc\u026alh\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026adni \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as."}, {"text": "\"Apollo 07 and 08 16mm Onboard Film (1968)\" raw footage taken from Apollos 7and8 at the Internet Archive", "phonemes": "\"\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bm \u02cc\u0254nbo\u02d0\u0279d f\u02c8\u026alm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at\" \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 f\u02c8\u028a\u027e\u026ad\u0292 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u025an\u02cc\u025bt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ka\u026av"}, {"text": "An astronaut (from the Ancient Greek  (), meaning 'star', and  (), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a spacecraft.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b s\u02c8e\u026al\u025a \u026az \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8e\u026and, \u026akw\u02c8\u026apt, \u00e6nd d\u1d7bpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad ba\u026a \u0250 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6z \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u0250 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u025az, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u028a \u02c8\u025bn\u026aw\u02cc\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259lz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026as, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts, p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026asts."}, {"text": "However, astronauts fielded by Russia or the Soviet Union are typically known instead as cosmonauts (from the Russian \"kosmos\" (\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0441), meaning \"space\", also borrowed from Greek ).", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts f\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli n\u02c8o\u028an \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zmo\u028az\" k\u02c8\u00e6\u00e6 \u02c8o\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u025bm \u02c8o\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bs, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"sp\u02c8e\u026as\", \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad f\u0279\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Comparatively recent developments in crewed spaceflight made by China have led to the rise of the term taikonaut (from the Mandarin \"t\u00e0ik\u014dng\" (), meaning \"space\"), although its use is somewhat informal and its origin is unclear.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nts \u026an k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an \"t\u02c8\u00e6\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\", m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"sp\u02c8e\u026as\", \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct \u026anf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u026az \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "In China, the People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps astronauts and their foreign counterparts are all officially called h\u00e1ngti\u0101nyu\u00e1n (, meaning \"heaven navigator\" or literally \"heaven-sailing staff\").", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz l\u02cc\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mi \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ap\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld h\u02cc\u00e6\u014b\u0283i\u0259nju\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n n\u02c8\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259li \"h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259ns\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u00e6f\"."}, {"text": "Until 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies.", "phonemes": "\u028cnt\u02c8\u026al t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts w\u025c\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025ad \u00e6nd t\u0279\u02c8e\u026and \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026avli ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nts, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsiz."}, {"text": "With the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the commercial astronaut.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u028cb\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l fl\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259tli f\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u026ap w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t w\u028cz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd: \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t."}, {"text": "The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary, with some focus on the point where the atmosphere becomes so thin that centrifugal force, rather than aerodynamic force, carries a significant portion of the weight of the flight object.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279a\u026at\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u028ct k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i, w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz s\u02cco\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02cc\u025bnt\u0279\u026afj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025b\u0279o\u028ada\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s, k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279iz \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt."}, {"text": "Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line, at an altitude of .", "phonemes": "sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02c8o\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u026aks \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u02c8o\u028anli fl\u02c8a\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bks\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 k\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6\u027e \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lt\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u028cv ."}, {"text": "In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of  are awarded astronaut wings.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, \u00e6nd k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lt\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u028cv \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t w\u02c8\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": ", 552 people from 36 countries have reached  or more in altitude, of whom 549 reached low Earth orbit or beyond.", "phonemes": ", f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz h\u00e6v \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6lt\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d, \u028cv h\u02c8u\u02d0m f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t l\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bj\u02c8\u0254nd."}, {"text": "Of these, 24 people have traveled beyond low Earth orbit, either to lunar orbit, the lunar surface, or, in one case, a loop around the Moon.", "phonemes": "\u028cv \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z, tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l h\u00e6v t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259ld b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd l\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a t\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as, \u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8e\u026as, \u0250 l\u02c8u\u02d0p \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded  in altitude, only one, Joseph A. Walker, exceeded 100 kilometers (about 62.1 miles) and he did it two times, becoming the first person in space twice.", "phonemes": "\u028cv \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u025bks f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ts h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u025bks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8\u00e6lt\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d, \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02cc\u028cn, d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f \u02c8e\u026a. w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a, \u025bks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad k\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0.w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8a\u026alz \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad \u026at t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz, b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as tw\u02c8a\u026as."}, {"text": "Space travelers have spent over 41,790 man-days (114.5 man-years) in space, including over 100 astronaut-days of spacewalks.", "phonemes": "sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u025az h\u00e6v sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u02cco\u028av\u025a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u02c8e\u026az w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n.f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u00e6nj\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0td\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026asw\u0254\u02d0ks."}, {"text": ", the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space.", "phonemes": ", \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast kj\u02c8u\u02d0mj\u028al\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u00e6di p\u02c8\u00e6d\u00e6lk\u0259, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u0250z sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8e\u026az \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "In 1959, when both the United States and Soviet Union were planning, but had yet to launch humans into space, NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan and his Deputy Administrator, Hugh Dryden, discussed whether spacecraft crew members should be called astronauts or cosmonauts.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an, w\u02cc\u025bn b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u00e6d j\u02c8\u025bt t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026as, n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u02c8i\u02d0. k\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u0261l\u02c8\u025bn\u0259n \u00e6nd h\u026az d\u02c8\u025bpju\u02d0\u027ei \u0250dm\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a, hj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n, d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "Dryden preferred \"cosmonaut\", on the grounds that flights would occur in and to the broader cosmos, while the \"astro\" prefix suggested flight specifically to the stars.", "phonemes": "d\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259n p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t\", \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andz \u00f0\u00e6t fl\u02c8a\u026ats w\u028ad \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u00e6nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zmo\u028as, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279o\u028a\" p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd fl\u02c8a\u026at sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z."}, {"text": "Most NASA Space Task Group members preferred \"astronaut\", which survived by common usage as the preferred American term.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u02c8\u00e6sk \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t\", w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "When the Soviet Union launched the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin in 1961, they chose a term which anglicizes to \"cosmonaut\".", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u00e6n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026as, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0e\u026a t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u0250 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u026as\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz tu\u02d0 \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t\"."}, {"text": "The first known use of the term \"astronaut\" in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his 1930 short story \"The Death's Head Meteor\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8o\u028an j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t\" \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an s\u02c8\u025bns w\u028cz ba\u026a n\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. d\u0292\u02c8o\u028anz \u026an h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \"\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8z h\u02c8\u025bd m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u025a\"."}, {"text": "The word itself had been known earlier; for example, in Percy Greg's 1880 book Across the Zodiac, \"astronaut\" referred to a spacecraft.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf h\u0250db\u026an n\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026an p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0si \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261z w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei b\u02c8\u028ak \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8o\u028adi\u02cc\u00e6k, \"\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t\" \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u0250 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "In Les Navigateurs de l'infini (1925) by J.-H. Rosny a\u00een\u00e9, the word astronautique (astronautics) was used.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8\u025bs n\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u0250t\u02c8\u028a\u0279z d\u0259 \u02c8\u025bl\u026anf\u02c8i\u02d0ni n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a.\u02c8e\u026at\u0283. \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sni e\u026an\u02c8e\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02cc\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u0259t\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02cc\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u026aks w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "The word may have been inspired by \"aeronaut\", an older term for an air traveler first applied in 1784 to balloonists.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad b\u02c8a\u026a \"\u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028an\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t\", \u0250n \u02c8o\u028ald\u025a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u025a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 b\u00e6l\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026asts."}, {"text": "An early use of \"astronaut\" in a non-fiction publication is Eric Frank Russell's poem \"The Astronaut\", appearing in the November 1934 Bulletin of the British Interplanetary Society.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \"\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t\" \u026an \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n p\u02cc\u028cbl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u0279\u02c8\u028cs\u0259lz p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bm \"\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t\", \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u028al\u026at\u02cc\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u02cc\u026ant\u025apl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei."}, {"text": "The first known formal use of the term astronautics in the scientific community was the establishment of the annual International Astronautical Congress in 1950, and the subsequent founding of the International Astronautical Federation the following year.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8o\u028an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u02cc\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u026aks \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt f\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u02cc\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t t\u028a \u02cc\u025bni k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft b\u02c8a\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bj\u02c8\u0254nd."}, {"text": "By convention, an astronaut employed by the Russian Federal Space Agency (or its predecessor, the Soviet space program) is called a cosmonaut in English texts.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bs\u02cc\u025bs\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t sp\u02c8e\u026as p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 t\u02c8\u025bksts."}, {"text": "Other countries of the former Eastern Bloc use variations of the Russian kosmonavt, such as the  (although Poles also used , and the two words are considered synonyms).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k j\u02c8u\u02d0s v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u00e6vt, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a p\u02c8o\u028alz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd , \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad s\u02c8\u026an\u0259n\u02cc\u026amz."}, {"text": "He was part of the first six Soviet citizens, with German Titov, Yevgeny Khrunov, Andriyan Nikolayev, Pavel Popovich, and Grigoriy Nelyubov, who were given the title of pilot-cosmonaut in January 1961.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u026aks s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz, w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n t\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0251\u02d0v, j\u02c8\u025bvd\u0292\u025bni k\u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u0251\u02d0v, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279\u026aj\u0259n n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u025bv, p\u02c8e\u026av\u0259l p\u0259p\u02c8o\u028av\u026at\u0283, \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261o\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u026ai n\u02c8\u025blju\u02d0b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259tk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Valentina Tereshkova was the first female cosmonaut and the first and youngest woman to have flown in space with a solo mission on the Vostok 6 in 1963.", "phonemes": "v\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259nt\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0283k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u026ast w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n t\u0259 h\u00e6v fl\u02c8o\u028an \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8o\u028alo\u028a m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0251\u02d0k s\u02c8\u026aks \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "On 14 March 1995, Norman Thagard became the first American to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle, and thus became the first \"American cosmonaut\".", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279d b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \"\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t\"."}, {"text": "In Chinese, the term  (, \"cosmos navigating personnel\") is used for astronauts and cosmonauts in general, while  (, \"navigating celestial-heaven personnel\") is used for Chinese astronauts.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m, \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zmo\u028as n\u02c8\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl\"\u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, w\u02c8a\u026al, \"n\u02c8\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u0259l\u02c8\u025bstj\u0259lh\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u02c8\u025bl\"\u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "Here,  (, literally \"heaven-navigating\", or spaceflight) is strictly defined as the navigation of outer space within the local star system, i.e. Solar System.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u026a\u0279, , l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259li \"h\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nn\u02c8\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b\", \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at \u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u026aktli d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a sp\u02c8e\u026as w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The term taikonaut is used by some English-language news media organizations for professional space travelers from China.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 n\u02c8u\u02d0z m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u025az f\u0279\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259."}, {"text": "The word has featured in the Longman and Oxford English dictionaries, and the term became more common in 2003 when China sent its first astronaut Yang Liwei into space aboard the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d h\u0250z f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014bm\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 d\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u025bn t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t j\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b l\u02c8\u026awe\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025bn\u0292u\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026av sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "This is the term used by Xinhua News Agency in the English version of the Chinese People's Daily since the advent of the Chinese space program.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a z\u02c8\u026anhju\u02d0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz d\u02c8e\u026ali s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z sp\u02c8e\u026as p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m."}, {"text": "The origin of the term is unclear; as early as May 1998, Chiew Lee Yih () from Malaysia, used it in newsgroups.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u026az \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8\u026a\u0279; \u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6z m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at, t\u0283j\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a f\u0279\u028cm m\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026a\u027e \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0261\u0279u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "For its 2022 Astronaut Group, the European Space Agency envisioned recruiting an astronaut with a physical disability, a category they called \"parastronauts\", with the intention but not guarantee of spaceflight.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi \u025bnv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nd \u0279\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei, \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u00f0e\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0254\u02d0ts\", w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0261\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at."}, {"text": "The categories of disability considered for the program were individuals with lower limb deficiency (either through amputation or congenital), leg length difference, or a short stature (less than ).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz \u028cv d\u02cc\u026as\u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a l\u02c8\u026am d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6mpju\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u027e\u0259l, l\u02c8\u025b\u0261 l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n."}, {"text": "With the rise of space tourism, NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency agreed to use the term \"spaceflight participant\" to distinguish those space travelers from professional astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m, n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nt\" t\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 \u00f0o\u028az sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u025az f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0o\u028az t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsiz."}, {"text": "While no nation other than Russia (and previously the Soviet Union), the United States, and China have launched a crewed spacecraft, several other nations have sent people into space in cooperation with one of these countries, e.g. the Soviet-led Interkosmos program.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al n\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u025bnt p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026as \u026an ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259tl\u02c8\u025bd \u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zmo\u028az p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m."}, {"text": "Inspired partly by these missions, other synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage.", "phonemes": "\u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli ba\u026a \u00f0i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u026an\u0259n\u02cc\u026amz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t h\u00e6v \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "For example, the term spationaut () is sometimes used to describe French space travelers, from the Latin word  for \"space\"; the Malay term  (deriving from angkasa meaning 'space') was used to describe participants in the Angkasawan program (note its similarity with the Indonesian term antariksawan).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m sp\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u025az, f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"sp\u02c8e\u026as\"; \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u00e6\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8e\u026as w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0250s\u02cc\u00e6w\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m n\u02c8o\u028at \u026ats s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026ando\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u02c8\u00e6nt\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u026aks\u00e6w\u0259n."}, {"text": "Plans of the Indian Space Research Organisation to launch its crewed Gaganyaan spacecraft have spurred at times public discussion if another term than astronaut should be used for the crew members, suggesting vyomanaut (from the Sanskrit word  meaning 'sky' or 'space') or gagannaut (from the Sanskrit word  for 'sky').", "phonemes": "pl\u02c8\u00e6nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 \u026ats k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0250n\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft h\u00e6v sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026amz p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u026af \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az, s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259m\u02cc\u00e6n\u0254\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8a\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0250n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6nsk\u0279\u026at w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sk\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "In Finland, the NASA astronaut Timothy Kopra, a Finnish American, has sometimes been referred to as , from the Finnish word .", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u02c8\u026anl\u0259nd, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t t\u02c8\u026am\u0259\u03b8i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0279\u0259, \u0250 f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n, h\u0250z s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz b\u02cc\u026an \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z , f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d ."}, {"text": "Across Germanic languages, the word for \"astronaut\" typically translates to \"space traveler\", as it does with German's Raumfahrer, Dutch's ruimtevaarder, Swedish's rymdfarare, and Norwegian's romfarer.", "phonemes": "\u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s d\u0292\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t\" t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026ats tu\u02d0 \"sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u025a\", \u00e6z \u026at d\u02c8\u028cz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259nz \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0mf\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0259, d\u02c8\u028ct\u0283\u026az \u0279\u02ccu\u02d0\u026amt\u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, sw\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8\u026amdf\u0250\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279, \u00e6nd no\u02d0\u0279w\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mf\u025b\u0279\u025a."}, {"text": "As of 2021 in the United States, astronaut status is conferred on a person depending on the authorizing agency:", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u026az k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nsi:"}, {"text": "one who flies in a vehicle above  for NASA or the military is considered an astronaut (with no qualifier)", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 fl\u02c8a\u026az \u026an \u0250 v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u028a kw\u02c8\u0254l\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025a"}, {"text": "one who flies in a vehicle to the International Space Station in a mission coordinated by NASA and Roscosmos is a spaceflight participant", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 fl\u02c8a\u026az \u026an \u0250 v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u00e6nd \u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zmo\u028az \u026az \u0250 sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nt"}, {"text": "one who flies above  in a non-NASA vehicle as a crewmember and demonstrates activities during flight that are essential to public safety, or contribute to human space flight safety, is considered a commercial astronaut by the Federal Aviation Administration", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 fl\u02c8a\u026az \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u026an \u0250 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nn\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l \u00e6z \u0250 k\u0279u\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b fl\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02c8e\u026afti, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t t\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026as fl\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8e\u026afti, \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02cce\u026av\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250dm\u02cc\u026an\u026ast\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n"}, {"text": "one who flies to the International Space Station as part of a \"privately funded, dedicated commercial spaceflight on a commercial launch vehicle dedicated to the mission ... to conduct approved commercial and marketing activities on the space station (or in a commercial segment attached to the station)\" is considered a private astronaut by NASA (as of 2020, nobody has yet qualified for this status)", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 fl\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 \"p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259tli f\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd, d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259l d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n ... t\u0259 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8\u025b\u0261m\u0259nt \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\" \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t ba\u026a n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0251\u02d0di h\u0250z j\u02c8\u025bt kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s"}, {"text": "a generally-accepted but unofficial term for a paying non-crew passenger who flies a private non-NASA or military vehicles above  is a space tourist (as of 2020, nobody has yet qualified for this status)", "phonemes": "\u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li\u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd b\u02cc\u028ct \u028cn\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m f\u025a\u0279\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026and\u0292\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 fl\u02c8a\u026az \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nn\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i v\u02c8i\u0259k\u0259lz \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u026az \u0250 sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ast \u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0251\u02d0di h\u0250z j\u02c8\u025bt kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s"}, {"text": "On July 20, 2021, the FAA issued an order redefining the eligibility criteria to be an astronaut in response to the private suborbital spaceflights of Jeff Bezos and Richard Branson.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a tw\u02c8\u025bnti, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bf\u02cce\u026a\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei k\u0279a\u026at\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259 t\u0259bi \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t s\u028cb\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026ats \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf b\u02c8\u025bzo\u028az \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259n."}, {"text": "The new criteria states that one must have \"[d]emonstrated activities during flight that were essential to public safety, or contributed to", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0279a\u026at\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6tw\u02cc\u028cn m\u02c8\u028csth\u00e6v \"d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b fl\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak s\u02c8e\u026afti, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd tu\u02d0"}, {"text": "The first human in space was Soviet Yuri Gagarin, who was launched on 12 April 1961, aboard Vostok 1 and orbited around the Earth for 108 minutes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as w\u028cz s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279i \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025blv \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0251\u02d0k w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats."}, {"text": "The first woman in space was Soviet Valentina Tereshkova, who launched on 16 June 1963, aboard Vostok 6 and orbited Earth for almost three days.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as w\u028cz s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t v\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259nt\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0283k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259, h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283t \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0251\u02d0k s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "Alan Shepard became the first American and second person in space on 5 May 1961, on a 15-minute sub-orbital flight aboard Freedom 7.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u025bp\u025ad b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0nm\u02c8\u026an\u026at s\u02c8\u028cb\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l fl\u02c8a\u026at \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "The first American woman in space was Sally Ride, during Space Shuttle Challenger's mission STS-7, on 18 June 1983.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as w\u028cz s\u02c8\u00e6li \u0279\u02c8a\u026ad, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u025az m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u025bst\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was the first person to conduct an extravehicular activity (EVA), (commonly called a \"spacewalk\"), on 18 March 1965, on the Soviet Union's Voskhod 2 mission.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8\u025bkse\u026a l\u02c8i\u0259n\u0251\u02d0v w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt \u0250n \u02cc\u025bkst\u0279\u0259v\u026ah\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8e\u026a \"sp\u02c8e\u026asw\u0254\u02d0k\", \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259nz v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0skh\u0251\u02d0d t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "This was followed two and a half months later by astronaut Ed White who made the first American EVA on NASA's Gemini 4 mission.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6f m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u02c8\u025bd w\u02c8a\u026at h\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259 \u02cc\u0254n n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bm\u1d7bn\u02cca\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The first crewed mission to orbit the Moon, Apollo 8, included American William Anders who was born in Hong Kong, making him the first Asian-born astronaut in 1968.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n, \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u02c8e\u026at, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u026an h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nb\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The Soviet Union, through its Intercosmos program, allowed people from other \"socialist\" (i.e. Warsaw Pact and other Soviet-allied) countries to fly on its missions, with the notable exceptions of France and Austria participating in Soyuz TM-7 and Soyuz TM-13, respectively.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n, \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u026ats \u02cc\u026ant\u025ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zmo\u028as p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \"s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast\" \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279s\u0254\u02d0 p\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6la\u026ad k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz t\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u0279i\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an s\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u028cz t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u028cz t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "An example is Czechoslovak Vladim\u00edr Remek, the first cosmonaut from a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States, who flew to space in 1978 on a Soyuz-U rocket.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u026az t\u0283\u02c8\u025bk\u0259sl\u02cc\u028cv\u00e6k vl\u02c8\u00e6d\u026am\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bk, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, h\u02ccu\u02d0 fl\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 s\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u028czj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026at."}, {"text": "Also in 1980, Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo M\u00e9ndez became the first person of Hispanic and black African descent to fly in space, and in 1983, Guion Bluford became the first African American to fly into space.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei, kj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8\u00e6ldo\u028a t\u02c8\u00e6me\u026a\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8e\u026and\u025bz b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n \u028cv h\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u00e6k \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026a \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as, \u00e6nd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0261\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n bl\u02c8u\u02d0f\u025ad b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n t\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u028a sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "In 1985, Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud became the first Arab Muslim astronaut in space.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, s\u02c8a\u028adi \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans s\u02c8\u028clt\u0259n b\u02c8\u026an s\u0250lm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8\u026an \u02c8\u00e6bd\u028al \u02c8\u00e6z\u026az \u02c8\u00e6ls\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "In 1988, Abdul Ahad Mohmand became the first Afghan to reach space, spending nine days aboard the Mir space station.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, \u02c8\u00e6bd\u028al \u02c8\u00e6h\u00e6d m\u02c8o\u028am\u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6f\u0261\u00e6n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 sp\u02c8e\u026as, sp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8e\u026az \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 sp\u02c8e\u026as st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 2002, Mark Shuttleworth became the first citizen of an African country to fly in space, as a paying spaceflight participant.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0283\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259lw\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i t\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026a \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as, \u00e6z \u0250 p\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In 2003, Ilan Ramon became the first Israeli to fly in space, although he died during a re-entry accident.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u026al\u00e6n \u0279\u0250m\u02c8o\u028an b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u026az\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali t\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026a \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a hi\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026ad d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026ad\u0259nt."}, {"text": "On 30 May 2020, Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken became the first astronauts to launch on a private crewed spacecraft, Crew Dragon.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei m\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, d\u02c8\u028c\u0261 h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b b\u02c8e\u026a\u014bk\u0259n b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft, k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259n."}, {"text": "The youngest person to reach space is Oliver Daemen, who was 18 years and 11 months old when he made a suborbital spaceflight on Blue Origin NS-16.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u026ast p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026av\u025a d\u02c8i\u02d0m\u025bn, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s \u02c8o\u028ald w\u025bn hi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 s\u028cb\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at \u02cc\u0254n bl\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u02cc\u025bn\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Daemen, who was a commercial passenger aboard the New Shepard, broke the record of Soviet cosmonaut Gherman Titov, who was 25 years old when he flew Vostok 2.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8i\u02d0m\u025bn, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u025bp\u025ad, b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n t\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0251\u02d0v, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8o\u028ald w\u025bn hi\u02d0 fl\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0251\u02d0k t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Titov was also the first person to suffer space sickness and the first person to sleep in space, twice.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0251\u02d0v w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cf\u025a sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u026akn\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 sl\u02c8i\u02d0p \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as, tw\u02c8a\u026as."}, {"text": "The oldest person to reach space is William Shatner, who was 90 years old when he made a suborbital spaceflight on Blue Origin NS-18.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u026az w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u0283\u02c8\u00e6tn\u025a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz n\u02c8a\u026anti j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8o\u028ald w\u025bn hi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 s\u028cb\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at \u02cc\u0254n bl\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an \u02cc\u025bn\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The oldest person to reach orbit is John Glenn, one of the Mercury 7, who was 77 when he flew on STS-95.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026at \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261l\u02c8\u025bn, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u025bn hi\u02d0 fl\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u025bst\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "As of 2006, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven, a record held by both Jerry L. Ross and Franklin Chang-Diaz.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026ats ba\u026a \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u026az s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad h\u02c8\u025bld ba\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u025bl. \u0279\u02c8\u0254s \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkl\u026an t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u014bd\u02c8a\u026a\u0259z."}, {"text": "The farthest distance from Earth an astronaut has traveled was , when Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise went around the Moon during the Apollo 13 emergency.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u026ast d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t h\u0250z t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259ld w\u028cz , w\u02cc\u025bn d\u0292\u02c8\u026am l\u02c8\u028cv\u025bl, d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6k sw\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u025c\u02d0t, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bd h\u02c8e\u026az w\u025bnt \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi."}, {"text": "The first civilian in space was Valentina Tereshkova aboard Vostok 6 (she also became the first woman in space on that mission).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as w\u028cz v\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259nt\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0283k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0251\u02d0k s\u02c8\u026aks \u0283i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Tereshkova was only honorarily inducted into the USSR's Air Force, which did not accept female pilots at that time.", "phonemes": "t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0283k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 w\u028cz \u02c8o\u028anli \u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u026and\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ts \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "A month later, Joseph Albert Walker became the first American civilian in space when his X-15 Flight 90 crossed the  line, qualifying him by the international definition of spaceflight.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f \u02c8\u00e6lb\u025at w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as w\u025bn h\u026az \u02c8\u025bks f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n fl\u02c8a\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti k\u0279\u02c8\u0254st \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026an, kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at."}, {"text": "The first people in space who had never been a member of any country's armed forces were both Konstantin Feoktistov and Boris Yegorov aboard Voskhod 1.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a b\u02cc\u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0250nt\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8i\u02d0kt\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as j\u02c8\u025b\u0261o\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0skh\u0251\u02d0d w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The first non-governmental space traveler was Byron K. Lichtenberg, a researcher from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who flew on STS-9 in 1983.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u02cc\u028cv\u025anm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u025a w\u028cz b\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u02c8e\u026a. l\u02c8\u026at\u0283t\u0259nb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261, \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6s\u0250t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ats \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i h\u02ccu\u02d0 fl\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u025bst\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs n\u02c8a\u026an \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "In December 1990, Toyohiro Akiyama became the first paying space traveler and the first journalist in space for Tokyo Broadcasting System, a visit to Mir as part of an estimated $12\u00a0million (USD) deal with a Japanese TV station, although at the time, the term used to refer to Akiyama was \"Research Cosmonaut\".", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti, t\u02cc\u0254\u026ao\u028ah\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0250k\u026aj\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8o\u028ak\u026a\u02cco\u028a b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u0250 v\u02c8\u026az\u026at t\u0259 m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a tw\u02c8\u025blv m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bsd\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8i\u02d0l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z t\u02cci\u02d0v\u02c8i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250k\u026aj\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 w\u028cz \"\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t\"."}, {"text": "The first self-funded space tourist was Dennis Tito on board the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-3 on 28 April 2001.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025blff\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ast w\u028cz d\u02c8\u025bn\u026as t\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026ask\u0279\u00e6ft s\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u028cz t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The first person to fly on an entirely privately funded mission was Mike Melvill, piloting SpaceShipOne flight 15P on a suborbital journey, although he was a test pilot employed by Scaled Composites and not an actual paying space tourist.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 fl\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u0254n \u0250n \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259tli f\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz m\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8\u025blv\u026al, p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259\u027e\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u026ap w\u02c8\u028cn fl\u02c8a\u026at f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 s\u028cb\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ni, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 t\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259t \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad ba\u026a sk\u02c8e\u026ald k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02cc\u026ats \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l p\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ast."}, {"text": "Early in the space program, military jet test piloting and engineering training were often cited as prerequisites for selection as an astronaut at NASA, although neither John Glenn nor Scott Carpenter (of the Mercury Seven) had any university degree, in engineering or any other discipline at the time of their selection.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m, m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u0292\u02c8\u025bt t\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z p\u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u025bkw\u026as\u02cc\u026ats f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u00e6t n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0261l\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p\u0259nt\u025a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n h\u02cc\u00e6d \u02cc\u025bni j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u026an \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The earliest astronauts for both the US and the USSR tended to be jet fighter pilots, and were often test pilots.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259bi d\u0292\u02c8\u025bt f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ts, \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ts."}, {"text": "Once selected, NASA astronauts go through twenty months of training in a variety of areas, including training for extravehicular activity in a facility such as NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cns s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd, n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bkst\u0279\u0259v\u026ah\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an \u0250 f\u0259s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l b\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259nsi l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i."}, {"text": "Astronauts-in-training (astronaut candidates) may also experience short periods of weightlessness (microgravity) in an aircraft called the \"Vomit Comet,\" the nickname given to a pair of modified KC-135s (retired in 2000 and 2004, respectively, and replaced in 2005 with a C-9) which perform parabolic flights.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts\u026ant\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026ats m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz \u028cv w\u02c8e\u026atl\u0259sn\u0259s m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 \"v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026at k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026at,\" \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u026akne\u026am \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u028a \u0250 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad k\u02cce\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av z \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026an w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak fl\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "Astronauts are also required to accumulate a number of flight hours in high-performance jet aircraft.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad t\u028a \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0mj\u028al\u02cce\u026at \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv fl\u02c8a\u026at \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u026an h\u02c8a\u026ap\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259ns d\u0292\u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "This is mostly done in T-38 jet aircraft out of Ellington Field, due to its proximity to the Johnson Space Center.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az m\u02c8o\u028astli d\u02c8\u028cn \u026an t\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at d\u0292\u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014bt\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0ld, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats p\u0279\u0251\u02d0ks\u02c8\u026am\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a."}, {"text": "Ellington Field is also where the Shuttle Training Aircraft is maintained and developed, although most flights of the aircraft are conducted from Edwards Air Force Base.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014bt\u0259n f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft \u026az me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and \u00e6nd d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8o\u028ast fl\u02c8a\u026ats \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025bdw\u025adz \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s b\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Astronauts in training must learn how to control and fly the Space Shuttle and, it is vital that they are familiar with the International Space Station", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u026an t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u028cst l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n h\u02cca\u028a t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6nd fl\u02c8a\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd, \u026a\u027e \u026az v\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u0259m\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n"}, {"text": "The candidate must complete a master's degree in a STEM field, including engineering, biological science, physical science, computer science or mathematics.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8\u028cst k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an \u0250 st\u02c8\u025bm f\u02c8i\u02d0ld, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b, b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks."}, {"text": "The candidate must have at least two years of related professional experience obtained after degree completion or at least 1,000 hours pilot-in-command time on jet aircraft.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at m\u02c8\u028cst\u0250v \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8a\u028a\u025az p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259t\u026a\u014bk\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u026am \u02cc\u0254n d\u0292\u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft."}, {"text": "Two years of work toward a doctoral program in a related science, technology, engineering or math field.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u026an \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Applicants must have a bachelor's degree with teaching experience, including work at the kindergarten through twelfth grade level.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6pl\u026ak\u0259nts m\u02c8\u028cst\u0250v \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u0259l\u025az d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026and\u025a\u0261\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0294n\u0329 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025blf\u03b8 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l."}, {"text": "An advanced degree, such as a master's degree or a doctoral degree, is not required, but is strongly desired.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad."}, {"text": "Mission Specialist Educators, or \"Educator Astronauts\", were first selected in 2004, and as of 2007, there are three NASA Educator astronauts: Joseph M. Acaba, Richard R. Arnold, and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast \u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts\", w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts: d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f \u02c8\u025bm. \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259, \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279. \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u0259ld, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259\u03b8i m\u02c8\u025btk\u00e6fl\u02c8\u026and\u0259nbb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u025a."}, {"text": "Barbara Morgan, selected as back-up teacher to Christa McAuliffe in 1985, is considered to be the first Educator astronaut by the media, but she trained as a mission specialist.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025a\u0279\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n, s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00e6z b\u02c8\u00e6k\u02cc\u028cp t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259 m\u0259k \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026af \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0283i\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026and \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026ast."}, {"text": "Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including decompression sickness, barotrauma, immunodeficiencies, loss of bone and muscle, loss of eyesight, orthostatic intolerance, sleep disturbances, and radiation injury.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259s\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u028a \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8\u026asks \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026akn\u0259s, b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u0279\u02cc\u0254\u02d0m\u0259, \u026amj\u02c8u\u02d0no\u028adf\u02cc\u026a\u0283\u0259nsiz, l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l, l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv \u02c8a\u026asa\u026at, \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u026ant\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u0259ns, sl\u02c8i\u02d0p d\u026ast\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "A variety of large scale medical studies are being conducted in space via the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) to address these issues.", "phonemes": "\u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 sk\u02c8e\u026al m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as b\u02cca\u026ao\u028am\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u02cc\u025bn\u02c8\u025bsb\u0279\u02c8a\u026a t\u028a \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study in which astronauts (including former ISS commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0i\u02d0z \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst d\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u026ak \u02cc\u028alt\u0279\u0250s\u02c8a\u028and \u026an m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7b\u027ei st\u02c8\u028cdi \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025az l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0279\u0254\u026a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u00e6di p\u02c8\u00e6d\u00e6lk\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02cc\u028alt\u0279\u0250s\u02c8a\u028and sk\u02c8\u00e6nz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028at \u02c8\u025bksp\u025c\u02d0ts t\u0259 d\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261n\u02c8o\u028az \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in medical and high school students.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as st\u02c8\u028cdiz t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0259l\u02c8\u026amp\u026ak sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279iz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u02cc\u028alt\u0279\u0250s\u02c8a\u028and p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u025bksp\u025c\u02d0t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az \u026an m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts."}, {"text": "It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028at \u0261\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u028alt\u0279\u0250s\u02c8a\u028and w\u026al h\u00e6v \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u026an \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u025bs t\u028a \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026and f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "A 2006 Space Shuttle experiment found that Salmonella typhimurium, a bacterium that can cause food poisoning, became more virulent when cultivated in space.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02cc\u00e6lmo\u028an\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 t\u02cca\u026af\u026amj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259m, \u0250 b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n\u026a\u014b, b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259l\u0259nt w\u025bn k\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bv\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "More recently, in 2017, bacteria were found to be more resistant to antibiotics and to thrive in the near-weightlessness of space.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli, \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259bi m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026aba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8a\u026av \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279w\u02c8e\u026atl\u0259sn\u0259s \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "On 31 December 2012, a NASA-supported study reported that human spaceflight may harm the brain and accelerate the onset of Alzheimer's disease.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8\u028cdi \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bl\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bt \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ltsha\u026am\u025az d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "In October 2015, the NASA Office of Inspector General issued a health hazards report related to space exploration, including a human mission to Mars.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv \u026ansp\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0d \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 h\u02c8\u00e6z\u025adz \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as 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explorers after long periods spent aboard the International Space Station (ISS).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026and\u0279o\u028am, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279m\u0259nt \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259k\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a v\u02c8\u026a\u026ap, h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li t\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026as \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u025az \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a l\u02c8\u0254\u014b p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "On 2 November 2017, scientists reported that significant changes in the position and structure of the brain have been found in astronauts who have taken trips in space, based on MRI studies.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8u\u02d0 no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an h\u0250vb\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8\u026aps \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8a\u026a st\u02c8\u028cdiz."}, {"text": "In October 2018, NASA-funded researchers found that lengthy journeys into outer space, including travel to the planet Mars, may substantially damage the gastrointestinal tissues of astronauts.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n, n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250f\u02c8\u028cnd\u1d7bd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8i d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0niz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a sp\u02c8e\u026as, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z, m\u02c8e\u026a s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259li d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02cc\u00e6st\u0279o\u028a\u026ant\u02c8\u025bst\u026an\u0259l t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "The studies support earlier work that found such journeys could significantly damage the brains of astronauts, and age them prematurely.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdiz s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t 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p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs \u028cv f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u00e6kt\u025a bj\u02ccu\u02d0\u0261\u0250nd\u02c8\u025bns\u026as b\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz, n\u02c8\u028cn p\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8o\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak t\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz, \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u02cc\u0254n \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bs \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279f\u0259li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u027e\u025ad t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 \u0259\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026akli h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "A study by Russian scientists published in April 2019 stated that astronauts facing space radiation could face temporary hindrance of their memory centers.", "phonemes": "\u0250 st\u02c8\u028cdi ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts f\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u028ad f\u02c8e\u026as t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8\u026and\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az."}, {"text": "While this does not affect their intellectual capabilities, it temporarily hinders formation of new cells in brain's memory centers.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026as d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l k\u02cce\u026ap\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u026at t\u02cc\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli h\u02c8\u026and\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025blz \u026an b\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az."}, {"text": "The study conducted by Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) concluded this after they observed that mice exposed to neutron and gamma radiation did not impact the rodents' intellectual capabilities.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i m\u02c8\u026apt k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0e\u026a 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\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u0254\u014b st\u02c8e\u026az \u0250b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u0254\u014bd\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz m\u02c8\u025bni f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6p\u0283\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279o\u028ast\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "While scientists still know little about the effects of spaceflight on brain structure, this study showed that space travel can lead to new motor skills (dexterity), but also slightly weaker vision, both of which could possibly be long lasting.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts st\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at \u02cc\u0254n b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8\u028cdi \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t sp\u02c8e\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l k\u00e6n l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a sk\u02c8\u026alz d\u025bkst\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a sl\u02c8a\u026atli w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli bi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6st\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "It was the first study to provide clear evidence of sensorimotor neuroplasticity, which is the brain's ability to change through growth and reorganization.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8\u028cdi t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bnso\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u026amo\u028a\u027e\u025a n\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259pl\u0250st\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u0279\u026a\u02cco\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "An astronaut on the International Space Station requires about  mass of food per meal each day (inclusive of about  packaging mass per meal).", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l sp\u02c8e\u026as st\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at m\u02c8\u00e6s \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0d p\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0l \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 d\u02c8e\u026a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026av \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at p\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6s p\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Space Shuttle astronauts worked with nutritionists to select menus that appealed to their individual tastes.", "phonemes": "sp\u02c8e\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt w\u026a\u00f0 nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts t\u0259 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt m\u02c8\u025bnju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0ld t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l t\u02c8e\u026asts."}, {"text": "Five months before flight, menus were selected and analyzed for nutritional content by the shuttle dietician.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 fl\u02c8a\u026at, m\u02c8\u025bnju\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cca\u026azd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l da\u026a\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In Russia, cosmonauts are awarded Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation upon completion of their missions, often accompanied with the award of Hero of the Russian Federation.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259tk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n f\u02cc\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0250k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259nid w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u028cv h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n f\u02cc\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "This follows the practice established in the USSR where cosmonauts were usually awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bs\u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "U.S. astronauts who also have active-duty military status receive a special qualification badge, known as the Astronaut Badge, after participation on a spaceflight.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6v \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026avd\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l kw\u02cc\u0254l\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t b\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at."}, {"text": "Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned during water recovery training, and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026aks \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u025bt \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0279\u00e6ft, w\u02c8\u028cn d\u0279\u02c8a\u028and d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u026an pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Astronaut David Scott left a memorial consisting of a statuette titled Fallen Astronaut on the surface of the Moon during his 1971 Apollo 15 mission, along with a list of the names of eight of the astronauts and six cosmonauts known at the time to have died in service.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8\u025bft \u0250 m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u0259v\u0259 st\u02cc\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8\u025bt t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259ld f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0t \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 l\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv \u02c8e\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aks k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0zm\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0259 h\u00e6v d\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as."}, {"text": "The Space Mirror Memorial, which stands on the grounds of the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, is maintained by the Astronauts Memorial Foundation and commemorates the lives of the men and women who have died during spaceflight and during training in the space programs of the United States.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025a m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bn\u0259di sp\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks, \u026az me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026avz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026am\u026an h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v d\u02c8a\u026ad d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "In addition to twenty NASA career astronauts, the memorial includes the names of an X-15 test pilot, a U.S. Air Force officer who died while training for a then-classified military space program, and a civilian spaceflight participant.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8\u00e6s\u0250 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6st\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u0254\u02d0ts, \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025bks f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n t\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8a\u026al\u0259t, \u0250 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. \u02c8\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026ad w\u02cca\u026al t\u0279\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u014bkl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i sp\u02c8e\u026as p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m, \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u026av\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n sp\u02c8e\u026asfla\u026at p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u026ap\u0259nt."}, {"text": "A Modest Proposal For preventing the Children of Poor People From being a Burthen to Their Parents or Country, and For making them Beneficial to the Publick, commonly referred to as A Modest Proposal, is a Juvenalian satirical essay written and published anonymously by Jonathan Swift in 1729.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259nts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm b\u02cc\u025bn\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l, \u026az \u0250 d\u0292\u02ccu\u02d0v\u0259n\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n s\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bse\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u0250n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259sli ba\u026a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259\u03b8\u0259n sw\u02c8\u026aft \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "The essay suggests that the impoverished Irish might ease their economic troubles by selling their children as food to rich gentlemen and ladies.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bse\u026a s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u0279\u026a\u0283t \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 m\u02cca\u026at \u02c8i\u02d0z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak t\u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lz ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u00e6z f\u02c8u\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259lm\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026adiz."}, {"text": "This satirical hyperbole mocked heartless attitudes towards the poor, who were predominantly Irish Catholic (i.e., \"Papists\"), as well as British policy towards the Irish in general.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as s\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l ha\u026ap\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tl\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0dz t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., \"p\u02c8e\u026ap\u026asts\", \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026asi t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l."}, {"text": "In English writing, the phrase \"a modest proposal\" is now conventionally an allusion to this style of straight-faced satire.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \"\u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l\" \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u0250n \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as st\u02c8a\u026al \u028cv st\u0279\u02c8e\u026atf\u02c8e\u026asd s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "Swift's essay is widely held to be one of the greatest examples of sustained irony in the history of the English language.", "phonemes": "sw\u02c8\u026afts \u02c8\u025bse\u026a \u026az w\u02c8a\u026adli h\u02c8\u025bld t\u0259bi w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv s\u0259st\u02c8e\u026and \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ni \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Much of its shock value derives from the fact that the first portion of the essay describes the plight of starving beggars in Ireland, so that the reader is unprepared for the surprise of Swift's solution when he states: \"A young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee, or a ragout.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv \u026ats \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bse\u026a d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u025az \u026an \u02c8a\u026a\u025al\u0259nd, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u028cnp\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279d f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u025ap\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv sw\u02c8\u026afts s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n w\u025bn hi\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ats: \"\u0250 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald w\u02c8\u025bl n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0sd, \u026az, \u00e6\u027e\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8o\u028ald, \u0250 m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259s n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028als\u028cm f\u02c8u\u02d0d, w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a st\u02c8u\u02d0d, \u0279\u02c8o\u028ast\u1d7bd, b\u02c8e\u026akt, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0254\u026ald; \u00e6nd a\u026a m\u02cce\u026ak n\u02c8o\u028a d\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u026al \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u026an \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0250s\u02cce\u026a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261a\u028at."}, {"text": "Swift goes to great lengths to support his argument, including a list of possible preparation styles for the children, and calculations showing the financial benefits of his suggestion.", "phonemes": "sw\u02c8\u026aft \u0261o\u028az t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8s t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0250 l\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l p\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8a\u026alz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n, \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats \u028cv h\u026az s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "He uses methods of argument throughout his essay which lampoon the then-influential William Petty and the social engineering popular among followers of Francis Bacon.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at h\u026az \u02c8\u025bse\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u00e6mp\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn\u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m p\u02c8\u025b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u025az \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026as b\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n."}, {"text": "These lampoons include appealing to the authority of \"a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London\" and \"the famous Psalmanazar, a native of the island Formosa\" (who had already confessed to not being from Formosa in 1706).", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z l\u00e6mp\u02c8u\u02d0nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250p\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \"\u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u028cv ma\u026a \u0250kw\u02c8e\u026ant\u0259ns \u026an l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n\" \u00e6nd \"\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0250n\u02cc\u00e6z\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8o\u028as\u0259\" h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025bst t\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8o\u028as\u0259 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "In the tradition of Roman satire, Swift introduces the reforms he is actually suggesting by paralipsis:", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a, sw\u02c8\u026aft \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz hi\u02d0 \u026az \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b ba\u026a p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u026aps\u026as:"}, {"text": "George Wittkowsky argued that Swift's main target in A Modest Proposal was not the conditions in Ireland, but rather the can-do spirit of the times that led people to devise a number of illogical schemes that would purportedly solve social and economic ills.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 w\u026atk\u02c8a\u028aski \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t sw\u02c8\u026afts m\u02c8e\u026an t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8a\u026a\u025al\u0259nd, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u00e6nd\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u025bd p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026az \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l sk\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad p\u025ap\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bdli s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02c8\u026alz."}, {"text": "Swift was especially attacking projects that tried to fix population and labour issues with a simple cure-all solution.", "phonemes": "sw\u02c8\u026aft w\u028cz \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkts \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026aks p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "A memorable example of these sorts of schemes \"involved the idea of running the poor through a joint-stock company\".", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv sk\u02c8i\u02d0mz \"\u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026antst\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni\"."}, {"text": "In response, Swift's Modest Proposal was \"a burlesque of projects concerning the poor\" that were in vogue during the early 18th century.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns, sw\u02c8\u026afts m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l w\u028cz \"\u0250 b\u025c\u02d0l\u02c8\u025bsk \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkts k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279\" \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an v\u02c8o\u028a\u0261 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "A Modest Proposal also targets the calculating way people perceived the poor in designing their projects.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u02c8e\u026a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u026an d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkts."}, {"text": "In the piece, Swift adopts the \"technique of a political arithmetician\" to show the utter ridiculousness of trying to prove any proposal with dispassionate statistics.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0s, sw\u02c8\u026aft \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pts \u00f0\u0259 \"t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0259v\u0259 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u03b8m\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\" t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u027e\u025a \u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u0259sn\u0259s \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u02cc\u025bni p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 d\u026asp\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259t st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks."}, {"text": "Edmund Wilson argues that statistically \"the logic of the 'Modest proposal' can be compared with defence of crime (arrogated to Marx) in which he argues that crime takes care of the superfluous population\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bdm\u028cnd w\u02c8\u026als\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026akli \"\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d w\u026a\u00f0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8a\u026am \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0279\u02c8a\u026am t\u02c8e\u026aks k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 su\u02d0p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0flu\u02d0\u0259s p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "Wittkowsky counters that Swift's satiric use of statistical analysis is an effort to enhance his satire that \"springs from a spirit of bitter mockery, not from the delight in calculations for their own sake\".", "phonemes": "w\u026atk\u02c8a\u028aski k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t sw\u02c8\u026afts s\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u025bf\u025at t\u028a \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6ns h\u026az s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at \u028cv b\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u025a\u0279i, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026at \u026an k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8e\u026ak\"."}, {"text": "Author Charles K. Smith argues that Swift's rhetorical style persuades the reader to detest the speaker and pity the Irish.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz k\u02c8e\u026a. sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t sw\u02c8\u026afts \u0279\u025bt\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8a\u026al p\u025asw\u02c8e\u026adz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a t\u0259 d\u026at\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "Swift's specific strategy is twofold, using a \"trap\" to create sympathy for the Irish and a dislike of the narrator who, in the span of one sentence, \"details vividly and with rhetorical emphasis the grinding poverty\" but feels emotion solely for members of his own class.", "phonemes": "sw\u02c8\u026afts sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259d\u0292i \u026az t\u02c8u\u02d0fo\u028ald, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026a \"t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\" t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259\u03b8i f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd \u0250 d\u026asl\u02c8a\u026ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u025a h\u02c8u\u02d0, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns, \"di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026alz v\u02c8\u026av\u026adli \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u025bt\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei\" b\u02cc\u028ct f\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028alli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az \u028cv h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an kl\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "Swift's use of gripping details of poverty and his narrator's cool approach towards them create \"two opposing points of view\" that \"alienate the reader, perhaps unconsciously, from a narrator who can view with 'melancholy' detachment a subject that Swift has directed us, rhetorically, to see in a much less detached way.", "phonemes": "sw\u02c8\u026afts j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026alz \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei \u00e6nd h\u026az n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u025az k\u02c8u\u02d0l \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \"t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u028cv vj\u02c8u\u02d0\" \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a, p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sli, f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u00e6n vj\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bl\u0259\u014bk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0li d\u026at\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283m\u0259nt \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u00f0\u00e6t sw\u02c8\u026aft h\u0250z d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u028cs, \u0279\u025bt\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli, t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bs d\u026at\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t w\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Once the children have been commodified, Swift's rhetoric can easily turn \"people into animals, then meat, and from meat, logically, into tonnage worth a price per pound\".", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cns \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n h\u0250vb\u026an k\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad, sw\u02c8\u026afts \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026ak k\u00e6n \u02c8i\u02d0zili t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \"p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8i\u02d0t, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8i\u02d0t, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026akli, \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8\u028cn\u026ad\u0292 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026as p\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8a\u028and\"."}, {"text": "In making his argument, the speaker uses the conventional, textbook-approved order of argument from Swift's time (which was derived from the Latin rhetorician Quintilian).", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, t\u02c8\u025bkstb\u028ak\u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm sw\u02c8\u026afts t\u02c8a\u026am w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u027eo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n kw\u026ant\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "The contrast between the \"careful control against the almost inconceivable perversion of his scheme\" and \"the ridiculousness of the proposal\" create a situation in which the reader has \"to consider just what perverted values and assumptions would allow such a diligent, thoughtful, and conventional man to propose so perverse a plan\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 \"k\u02c8\u025b\u0279f\u0259l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u026a\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259b\u0259l p\u025av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv h\u026az sk\u02c8i\u02d0m\" \u00e6nd \"\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u0259sn\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l\" k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6z \"t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst w\u028ct p\u025av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259nz w\u028ad \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 d\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt, \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0tf\u0259l, \u00e6nd k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az s\u02cco\u028a p\u025av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u0250 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\"."}, {"text": "Scholars have speculated about which earlier works Swift may have had in mind when he wrote A Modest Proposal.", "phonemes": "sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az h\u00e6v sp\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks sw\u02c8\u026aft m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v h\u00e6d \u026an m\u02c8a\u026and w\u025bn hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l."}, {"text": "James William Johnson argues that A Modest Proposal was largely influenced and inspired by Tertullian's Apology: a satirical attack against early Roman persecution of Christianity.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l w\u028cz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst \u00e6nd \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a t\u025c\u02d0t\u02c8\u028cli\u0259nz \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i: \u0250 s\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n p\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Johnson notes Swift's obvious affinity for Tertullian and the bold stylistic and structural similarities between the works A Modest Proposal and Apology.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n n\u02c8o\u028ats sw\u02c8\u026afts \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bvi\u0259s \u0250f\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u025c\u02d0t\u02c8\u028cli\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028ald sta\u026al\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "In structure, Johnson points out the same central theme, that of cannibalism and the eating of babies as well as the same final argument, that \"human depravity is such that men will attempt to justify their own cruelty by accusing their victims of being lower than human\".", "phonemes": "\u026an st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m, \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ab\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv b\u02c8e\u026abiz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt, \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u025bn w\u026al \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259lti ba\u026a \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u026akt\u026amz \u028cv b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "In agreement with Johnson, Donald C. Baker points out the similarity between both authors' tones and use of irony.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld s\u02c8i\u02d0. b\u02c8e\u026ak\u025a p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az t\u02c8o\u028anz \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ni."}, {"text": "Baker notes the uncanny way that both authors imply an ironic \"justification by ownership\" over the subject of sacrificing children\u2014Tertullian while attacking pagan parents, and Swift while attacking the English mistreatment of the Irish poor.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8e\u026ak\u025a n\u02c8o\u028ats \u00f0\u026a \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u00e6ni w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a \u0250n a\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \"d\u0292\u02cc\u028cst\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u02c8o\u028an\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap\" \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n\u2014t\u025c\u02d0t\u02c8\u028cli\u0259n w\u02cca\u026al \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b p\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259nts, \u00e6nd sw\u02c8\u026aft w\u02cca\u026al \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 m\u026ast\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279."}, {"text": "It has also been argued that A Modest Proposal was, at least in part, a response to the 1728 essay The Generous Projector or, A Friendly Proposal to Prevent Murder and Other Enormous Abuses, By Erecting an Hospital for Foundlings and Bastard Children by Swift's rival Daniel Defoe.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l w\u028cz, \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u025bse\u026a \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259s p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndli p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259s \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz, ba\u026a \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00e6n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026a\u027e\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028andl\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6st\u025ad t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n ba\u026a sw\u02c8\u026afts \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l d\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l d\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Bernard Mandeville's Modest Defence of Publick Stews asked to introduce public and state-controlled bordellos.", "phonemes": "b\u025c\u02d0n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259v\u02cc\u026alz m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak st\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6skt t\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u00e6nd st\u02c8e\u026atk\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald bo\u02d0\u0279d\u02c8\u025blo\u028az."}, {"text": "The 1726 paper acknowledges women's interests and\u2014while not being a completely satirical text\u2014has also been discussed as an inspiration for Jonathan Swift's title.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a\u0279 \u0250kn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u02c8\u026am\u026anz \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bsts \u00e6nd\u2014w\u02cca\u026al n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli s\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bkst\u2014h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6z \u0250n \u02cc\u026ansp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259\u03b8\u0259n sw\u02c8\u026afts t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "Mandeville had by 1705 already become famous for The Fable of the Bees and deliberations on private vices and public benefits.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u00e6ndv\u026al h\u00e6d ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8a\u026av \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd d\u1d7bl\u02cc\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t v\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026ats."}, {"text": "John Locke commented: \"Be it then as Sir Robert says, that Anciently, it was usual for Men to sell and Castrate their Children.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnt\u1d7bd: \"bi\u02d0 \u026at \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00e6z s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at s\u02c8\u025bz, \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259ntli, \u026at w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bn t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd k\u00e6st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "Add to it, if you please, for this is still greater Power, that they begat them for their Tables to fat and eat them: If this proves a right to do so, we may, by the same Argument, justifie Adultery, Incest and Sodomy, for there are examples of these too, both Ancient and Modern; Sins, which I suppose, have the Principle Aggravation from this, that they cross the main intention of Nature, which willeth the increase of Mankind, and the continuation of the Species in the highest perfection, and the distinction of Families, with the Security of the Marriage Bed, as necessary thereunto\".", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6d t\u028a \u026at, \u026af ju\u02d0 pl\u02c8i\u02d0z, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a, \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a b\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u00e6t \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz t\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6t \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm: \u026af \u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vz \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 so\u028a, wi\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026a, ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u026afi \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt\u025a\u0279i, \u026ans\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259mi, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an; s\u02c8\u026anz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 a\u026a s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az, h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u0250v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u03b8 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u028cv m\u00e6\u014bk\u02c8a\u026and, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02cc\u026anju\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast p\u025af\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u1d7bkj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad\u0292 b\u02c8\u025bd, \u00e6z n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u028cnto\u028a\"."}, {"text": "The Reader in A Modest Proposal\" focuses on two aspects of A Modest Proposal: the voice of Swift and the voice of the Proposer.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l\" f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l: \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u028cv sw\u02c8\u026aft \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u025a."}, {"text": "Phiddian stresses that a reader of the pamphlet must learn to distinguish between the satirical voice of Jonathan Swift and the apparent economic projections of the Proposer.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026adi\u0259n st\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6mfl\u026at m\u02c8\u028cst l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 s\u0250t\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l v\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259\u03b8\u0259n sw\u02c8\u026aft \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak p\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u025a."}, {"text": "He reminds readers that \"there is a gap between the narrator's meaning and the text's, and that a moral-political argument is being carried out by means of parody\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8a\u026andz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025az \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6p b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279e\u026a\u027e\u025az m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bksts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259lp\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u026az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02c8a\u028at ba\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259di\"."}, {"text": "While Swift's proposal is obviously not a serious economic proposal, George Wittkowsky, author of \"Swift's Modest Proposal:", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al sw\u02c8\u026afts p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bvi\u0259sli n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l, d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 w\u026atk\u02c8a\u028aski, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \"sw\u02c8\u026afts m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l:"}, {"text": "The Biography of an Early Georgian Pamphlet\", argues that to understand the piece fully it is important to understand the economics of Swift's time.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6mfl\u026at\", \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0s f\u02c8\u028ali \u026a\u027e \u026az \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt t\u028a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks \u028cv sw\u02c8\u026afts t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Wittowsky argues that not enough critics have taken the time to focus directly on the mercantilism and theories of labour in 18th-century England.", "phonemes": "w\u026at\u02c8o\u028aski \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026an\u02c8\u028cf k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks h\u00e6v t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0250nt\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz \u028cv l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd."}, {"text": "\"If one regards the Modest Proposal simply as a criticism of condition, about all one can say is that conditions were bad and that Swift's irony brilliantly underscored this fact\".", "phonemes": "\"\u026af w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ampli \u00e6z \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u028cv k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u02c8\u028cn k\u00e6n s\u02c8e\u026a \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u00e6d \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t sw\u02c8\u026afts \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259ni b\u0279\u02c8\u026ali\u0259ntli \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ask\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u00e6kt\"."}, {"text": "At the start of a new industrial age in the 18th century, it was believed that \"people are the riches of the nation\", and there was a general faith in an economy that paid its workers low wages because high wages meant workers would work less.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u026at w\u028cz b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8 \u026an \u0250n \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8e\u026ad \u026ats w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az l\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz h\u02c8a\u026a w\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz m\u02c8\u025bnt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az w\u028ad w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k l\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "In those times, the \"somewhat more humane attitudes of an earlier day had all but disappeared and the laborer had come to be regarded as a commodity\".", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0o\u028az t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u00f0\u0259 \"s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 hju\u02d0m\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0dz \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a d\u02c8e\u026a h\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02cc\u028ct d\u02cc\u026as\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u025a h\u00e6d k\u02c8\u028cm t\u0259bi \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7b\u027ei\"."}, {"text": "Louis A. Landa composed a conducive analysis when he noted that it would have been healthier for the Irish economy to more appropriately utilize their human assets by giving the people an opportunity to \"become a source of wealth to the nation\" or else they \"must turn to begging and thievery\".", "phonemes": "l\u02c8u\u02d0i \u02c8e\u026a. l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u0250 k\u0259nd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026av \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as w\u025bn hi\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028adh\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8i\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u0259tli j\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u025b\u0279 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6s\u025bts ba\u026a \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0250n \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei tu\u02d0 \"b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bls \u00f0e\u026a \"m\u02c8\u028cst t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025a\u0279i\"."}, {"text": "This opportunity may have included giving the farmers more coin to work for, diversifying their professions, or even consider enslaving their people to lower coin usage and build up financial stock in Ireland.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u026an t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k f\u0254\u02d0\u0279, da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u025bnsl\u02c8e\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l t\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026ald \u02cc\u028cp fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u026an \u02c8a\u026a\u025al\u0259nd."}, {"text": "Landa wrote that, \"Swift is maintaining that the maxim\u2014people are the riches of a nation\u2014applies to Ireland only if Ireland is permitted slavery or cannibalism\"", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, \"sw\u02c8\u026aft \u026az me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u2014p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u1d7bz \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u2014\u0250pl\u02c8a\u026az t\u028a \u02c8a\u026a\u025al\u0259nd \u02c8o\u028anli \u026af \u02c8a\u026a\u025al\u0259nd \u026az p\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd sl\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ab\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m\""}, {"text": "Landa presents Swift's A Modest Proposal as a critique of the popular and unjustified maxim of mercantilism in the 18th century that \"people are the riches of a nation\".", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nts sw\u02c8\u026afts \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u00e6z \u0250 k\u0279\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a \u00e6nd \u028cnd\u0292\u02c8\u028cst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am \u028cv m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0250nt\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u1d7bz \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "Swift presents the dire state of Ireland and shows that mere population itself, in Ireland's case, did not always mean greater wealth and economy.", "phonemes": "sw\u02c8\u026aft p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nts \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a\u025a st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u02c8a\u026a\u025al\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf, \u026an \u02c8a\u026a\u025al\u0259ndz k\u02c8e\u026as, d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi."}, {"text": "The uncontrolled maxim fails to take into account that a person who does not produce in an economic or political way makes a country poorer, not richer.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u028c\u014bk\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am f\u02c8e\u026alz t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an \u0250n \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026a m\u02cce\u026aks \u0250 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i p\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u025a, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Swift also recognises the implications of this fact in making mercantilist philosophy a paradox: the wealth of a country is based on the poverty of the majority of its citizens.", "phonemes": "sw\u02c8\u026aft \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ampl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u026an m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0250nt\u02cc\u026al\u026ast f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi \u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks: \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u026ats s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Swift however, Landa argues, is not merely criticising economic maxims but also addressing the fact that England was denying Irish citizens their natural rights and dehumanising them by viewing them as a mere commodity.", "phonemes": "sw\u02c8\u026aft ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z, \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026amz b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd w\u028cz d\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u00e6nd d\u02cci\u02d0hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0250n\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm ba\u026a vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 k\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Lord Bathurst's letter (12 February 1729\u201330) intimated that he certainly understood the message, and interpreted it as a work of comedy:", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d b\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u025c\u02d0sts l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a tw\u02c8\u025blv f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8\u026ant\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329li \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292, \u00e6nd \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026a\u027e \u00e6z \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259di:"}, {"text": "A Modest Proposal is included in many literature courses as an example of early modern western satire.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u026az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u00e6z \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an s\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "It also serves as an introduction to the concept and use of argumentative language, lending itself to secondary and post-secondary essay courses.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, l\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028asts\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u025bse\u026a k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Outside of the realm of English studies, A Modest Proposal is included in many comparative and global literature and history courses, as well as those of numerous other disciplines in the arts, humanities, and even the social sciences.", "phonemes": "a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025blm \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 st\u02c8\u028cdiz, \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u026az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u00e6nd \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026anz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "A Modest Video Game Proposal is the title of an open letter sent by activist/former attorney Jack Thompson on 10 October 2005.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u0261\u02c8e\u026am p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u025bnt ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ni d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6k t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mps\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u025bn \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "The 2012 horror film Butcher Boys, written by the original The Texas Chain Saw Massacre scribe Kim Henkel, is said to be an updating of Jonathan Swift's A Modest Proposal.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv h\u02c8\u0254\u0279\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm b\u02c8\u028at\u0283\u025a b\u02c8\u0254\u026az, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bks\u0259s t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u0259k\u025a sk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab k\u02c8\u026am h\u02c8\u025b\u014bk\u0259l, \u026az s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259bi \u0250n \u028cpd\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259\u03b8\u0259n sw\u02c8\u026afts \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l."}, {"text": "The 2023 song \"Eat Your Young\" written by Irish musician Hozier might be a reference to \"A Modest Proposal\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b \"\u02c8i\u02d0t j\u028a\u0279 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\" \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u026a\u0283 mju\u02d0z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8o\u028azi\u025a m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns tu\u02d0 \"\u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "It combines themes regarding the anti-war and anti-income-inequality movement, and uses Swift's essay as a framework to compare those modern problems to those same problems during Swift's time.", "phonemes": "\u026at k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026anz \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026aw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026a\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm\u026ani\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027ei m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt, \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz sw\u02c8\u026afts \u02c8\u025bse\u026a \u00e6z \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amw\u025c\u02d0k t\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00f0o\u028az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az s\u02c8e\u026am p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b sw\u02c8\u026afts t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "The British Miracle Meat, written by British comedy writer Matt Edmonds, updates A Modest Proposal and presents it in a similar format to Wallace's Inside the Factory, with human meat given as a potential solution to the UK's cost of living crisis.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259k\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0t, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259di \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bdm\u0259ndz, \u02c8\u028cpde\u026ats \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nts \u026a\u027e \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t t\u0259 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026as\u1d7bz \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i, w\u026a\u00f0 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n m\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026az k\u02c8\u0254st \u028cv l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8a\u026as\u026as."}, {"text": "The words \"a modest proposal\" are used in Wallace's summing up at the end of the programme, and Swift is credited.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \"\u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l\" \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026as\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m, \u00e6nd sw\u02c8\u026aft \u026az k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "'A modest proposal For preventing the children of poor people From being a Burthen to their Parents or the Country,", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ast p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259nts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i,"}, {"text": "The Third Edition, Dublin, Printed: And Reprinted at London, for Weaver Bickerton, in Devereux-Court near the Middle-Temple, 1730.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u02c8\u028cbl\u026an, p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd: \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u1d7bd \u00e6t l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025a ba\u026ak\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259n, \u026an d\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279u\u02d0k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259lt\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259l, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei."}, {"text": "The alkali metals consist of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m l\u02c8a\u026a, s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0, p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m k\u02c8e\u026a, \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0, s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "All alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s-orbital: this shared electron configuration results in their having very similar characteristic properties.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz h\u00e6v \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u025bs\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l: \u00f0\u026as \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Indeed, the alkali metals provide the best example of group trends in properties in the periodic table, with elements exhibiting well-characterised homologous behaviour.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025blk\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd h\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259\u0261\u0259s b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a."}, {"text": "The alkali metals are all shiny, soft, highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure and readily lose their outermost electron to form cations with charge +1.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0283\u02c8a\u026ani, s\u02c8\u0254ft, h\u02c8a\u026ali \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u00e6t st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness, exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation by atmospheric moisture and oxygen (and in the case of lithium, nitrogen).", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028ct \u02c8i\u02d0zili w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026af d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u0254ftn\u0259s, \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0283\u02c8a\u026ani s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a \u02cc\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Because of their high reactivity, they must be stored under oil to prevent reaction with air, and are found naturally only in salts and never as the free elements.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026a \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u02c8o\u028anli \u026an s\u02c8\u0254lts \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "All the alkali metals react with water, with the heavier alkali metals reacting more vigorously than the lighter ones.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259sli \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02cc\u028cnz."}, {"text": "All of the discovered alkali metals occur in nature as their compounds: in order of abundance, sodium is the most abundant, followed by potassium, lithium, rubidium, caesium, and finally francium, which is very rare due to its extremely high radioactivity; francium occurs only in minute traces in nature as an intermediate step in some obscure side branches of the natural decay chains.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz: \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259ns, s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m, s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli h\u02c8a\u026a \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei; f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u02c8o\u028anli \u026an m\u02c8\u026an\u026at t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t st\u02c8\u025bp \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u0259bskj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026ad b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis of element 119, which is likely to be the next member of the group; none were successful.", "phonemes": "\u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts h\u0250vb\u026an k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p; n\u02c8\u028cn w\u025c\u02d0 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l."}, {"text": "However, ununennium may not be an alkali metal due to relativistic effects, which are predicted to have a large influence on the chemical properties of superheavy elements; even if it does turn out to be an alkali metal, it is predicted to have some differences in physical and chemical properties from its lighter homologues.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025ah\u02cc\u025bvi \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts; \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026af \u026at d\u02c8\u028cz t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u02c8a\u028at t\u0259bi \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, \u026a\u027e \u026az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v s\u02cc\u028cm d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261z."}, {"text": "One of the best-known applications of the pure elements is the use of rubidium and caesium in atomic clocks, of which caesium atomic clocks form the basis of the second.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bstn\u02c8o\u028an \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026az \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u026an \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd."}, {"text": "A common application of the compounds of sodium is the sodium-vapour lamp, which emits light very efficiently.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259mv\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6mp, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026am\u02c8\u026ats l\u02c8a\u026at v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "Sodium, potassium and lithium are essential elements, having major biological roles as electrolytes, and although the other alkali metals are not essential, they also have various effects on the body, both beneficial and harmful.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028alz \u00e6z \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l, \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6v v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 b\u02cc\u025bn\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mf\u0259l."}, {"text": "Sodium compounds have been known since ancient times; salt (sodium chloride) has been an important commodity in human activities, as testified by the English word salary, referring to salarium, money paid to Roman soldiers for the purchase of salt.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz h\u0250vb\u026an n\u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026amz; s\u02c8\u0254lt s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt k\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u00e6z t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u00e6l\u025a\u0279i, \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u00e6l\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259m, m\u02c8\u028cni p\u02c8e\u026ad t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026as \u028cv s\u02c8\u0254lt."}, {"text": "While potash has been used since ancient times, it was not understood for most of its history to be a fundamentally different substance from sodium mineral salts.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u00e6\u0283 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u026at w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u026ats h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i t\u0259bi \u0250 f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u0254lts."}, {"text": "Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence which led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in 1702, and Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau was able to prove this difference in 1736.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nst st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bd h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u0259 f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m s\u02c8\u0254lts \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bn\u0279il\u02c8u\u02d0i d\u02c8u\u02d0he\u026am\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0254nso\u028a w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u026as d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "The exact chemical composition of potassium and sodium compounds, and the status as chemical element of potassium and sodium, was not known then, and thus Antoine Lavoisier did not include either alkali in his list of chemical elements in 1789.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u00e6z k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u028cv p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8\u00e6nt\u0254\u026an l\u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026azi\u025a d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a \u026an h\u026az l\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "Pure potassium was first isolated in 1807 in England by Humphry Davy, who derived it from caustic potash (KOH, potassium hydroxide) by the use of electrolysis of the molten salt with the newly invented voltaic pile.", "phonemes": "pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8a\u026as\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd ba\u026a h\u02c8\u028cmf\u0279i d\u02c8e\u026avi, h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u026at f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u026ak p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u00e6\u0283 k\u02cce\u026a\u02cco\u028a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028alt\u0259n s\u02c8\u0254lt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0li \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd vo\u028alt\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak p\u02c8a\u026al."}, {"text": "Previous attempts at electrolysis of the aqueous salt were unsuccessful due to potassium's extreme reactivity.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts \u00e6\u027e \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u02c8\u0254lt w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u028cns\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259mz \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Later that same year, Davy reported extraction of sodium from the similar substance caustic soda (NaOH, lye) by a similar technique, demonstrating the elements, and thus the salts, to be different.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8e\u026am j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, d\u02c8e\u026avi \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u026ak s\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u02cco\u028a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, l\u02c8a\u026a ba\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k, d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254lts, t\u0259bi d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Petalite (Li Al Si4O10) was discovered in 1800 by the Brazilian chemist Jos\u00e9 Bonif\u00e1cio de Andrada in a mine on the island of Ut\u00f6, Sweden.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026at l\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u025bn w\u028cz d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u00e6z\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast ho\u028as\u02c8e\u026a b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u026af\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u02cco\u028a d\u0259 \u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259 \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026an \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025c\u02d0, sw\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259n."}, {"text": "However, it was not until 1817 that Johan August Arfwedson, then working in the laboratory of the chemist J\u00f6ns Jacob Berzelius, detected the presence of a new element while analysing petalite ore.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026at w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0292\u02c8o\u028ah\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279fw\u025bds\u0259n, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast j\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz d\u0292\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259b b\u025c\u02d0z\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u0259s, d\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250l\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026at \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "This new element was noted by him to form compounds similar to those of sodium and potassium, though its carbonate and hydroxide were less soluble in water and more alkaline than the other alkali metals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u02cc\u026am t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u00e6nd ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Berzelius gave the unknown material the name \"lithion/lithina\", from the Greek word \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8o\u03c2 (transliterated as lithos, meaning \"stone\"), to reflect its discovery in a solid mineral, as opposed to potassium, which had been discovered in plant ashes, and sodium, which was known partly for its high abundance in animal blood.", "phonemes": "b\u025c\u02d0z\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u0259s \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u026a \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \"l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u026an\u0259\", f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d l\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259a\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259\u0259s\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8o\u028az, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"st\u02c8o\u028an\", t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt \u026ats d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250db\u026an d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats h\u02c8a\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259ns \u026an \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l bl\u02c8\u028cd."}, {"text": "Lithium, sodium, and potassium were part of the discovery of periodicity, as they are among a series of triads of elements in the same group that were noted by Johann Wolfgang D\u00f6bereiner in 1850 as having similar properties.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u028cv p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u00e6dz \u028cv \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a j\u02c8o\u028ah\u0251\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028alf\u0261\u00e6\u014b d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0n\u025a\u0279 \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Rubidium and caesium were the first elements to be discovered using the spectroscope, invented in 1859 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff.", "phonemes": "\u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts t\u0259bi d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259sk\u02cco\u028ap, \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at b\u02c8\u028cns\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u028cst\u00e6v k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283h\u0254f."}, {"text": "Their discovery of rubidium came the following year in Heidelberg, Germany, finding it in the mineral lepidolite.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m k\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an h\u02c8a\u026ad\u026alb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni, f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u025bp\u026ad\u02cc\u0251\u02d0la\u026at."}, {"text": "The names of rubidium and caesium come from the most prominent lines in their emission spectra: a bright red line for rubidium (from the Latin word rubidus, meaning dark red or bright red), and a sky-blue line for caesium (derived from the Latin word caesius, meaning sky-blue).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m k\u02c8\u028cm f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt l\u02c8a\u026anz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259: \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u025bd l\u02c8a\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0b\u026ad\u0259s, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u025bd, \u00e6nd \u0250 sk\u02c8a\u026abl\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u0259s, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8a\u026abl\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Around 1865 John Newlands produced a series of papers where he listed the elements in order of increasing atomic weight and similar physical and chemical properties that recurred at intervals of eight; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music, where notes an octave apart have similar musical functions.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n n\u02c8u\u02d0l\u0259ndz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025az w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u026ant\u025av\u0259lz \u028cv \u02c8e\u026at; hi\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259nd s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u026avz \u028cv mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028ats \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u026av \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "His version put all the alkali metals then known (lithium to caesium), as well as copper, silver, and thallium (which show the +1 oxidation state characteristic of the alkali metals), together into a group.", "phonemes": "h\u026az v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n p\u02cc\u028at \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8o\u028an l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a, s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "After 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev proposed his periodic table placing lithium at the top of a group with sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and thallium.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, d\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0279i m\u02c8\u025bnd\u026al\u02cci\u02d0v p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd h\u026az p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u0259v\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m, s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m."}, {"text": "Two years later, Mendeleev revised his table, placing hydrogen in group 1 above lithium, and also moving thallium to the boron group.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, m\u02c8\u025bnd\u026al\u02cci\u02d0v \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026azd h\u026az t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u02c8\u028cn \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "In this 1871 version, copper, silver, and gold were placed twice, once as part of group IB, and once as part of a \"group VIII\" encompassing today's groups 8 to 11.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a, s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald w\u025c\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026ast tw\u02c8a\u026as, w\u02c8\u028cns \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02cca\u026ab\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cns \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 \"\u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u02c8e\u026at\" \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u026a\u014b t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u02c8e\u026at t\u028a \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "After the introduction of the 18-column table, the group IB elements were moved to their current position in the d-block, while alkali metals were left in group IA.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cm t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02cca\u026ab\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8u\u02d0vd t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bft \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02cca\u026a\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The trivial name \"alkali metals\" comes from the fact that the hydroxides of the group 1 elements are all strong alkalis when dissolved in water.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026am \"\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz\" k\u02c8\u028cmz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026az w\u025bn d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "There were at least four erroneous and incomplete discoveries before Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France discovered francium in 1939 by purifying a sample of actinium-227, which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220\u00a0keV.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259s \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bk\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279iz b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t p\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as, f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an ba\u026a pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250db\u026an \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250 d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti k\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by a previously unidentified decay product, one that was separated during purification, but emerged again out of the pure actinium-227.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0\u026as d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei m\u02cca\u026ath\u0250v b\u02cc\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli \u02cc\u028cna\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt, w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b pj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Various tests eliminated the possibility of the unknown element being thorium, radium, lead, bismuth, or thallium.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s t\u02c8\u025bsts \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259m, \u0279\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m, l\u02c8i\u02d0d, b\u02c8\u026asm\u028c\u03b8, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m."}, {"text": "The new product exhibited chemical properties of an alkali metal (such as coprecipitating with caesium salts), which led Perey to believe that it was element 87, caused by the alpha decay of actinium-227.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0279\u026as\u02c8\u026ap\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m s\u02c8\u0254lts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bd p\u02c8\u025b\u0279i t\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "The next element below francium (eka-francium) in the periodic table would be ununennium (Uue), element 119.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u02c8\u025bk\u0259f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m \u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The synthesis of ununennium was first attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium-254 with calcium-48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av ba\u026a b\u0259mb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u0250 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at \u028cv a\u026anst\u02c8a\u026ani\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u00e6lsi\u0259m f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a h\u02c8\u026al\u00e6k \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bl\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kli n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i \u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kli, k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259."}, {"text": "It is highly unlikely that this reaction will be able to create any atoms of ununennium in the near future, given the extremely difficult task of making sufficient amounts of einsteinium-254, which is favoured for production of ultraheavy elements because of its large mass, relatively long half-life of 270 days, and availability in significant amounts of several micrograms, to make a large enough target to increase the sensitivity of the experiment to the required level; einsteinium has not been found in nature and has only been produced in laboratories, and in quantities smaller than those needed for effective synthesis of superheavy elements.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az h\u02c8a\u026ali \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026akli \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026al bi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u028cv \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u02c8\u00e6sk \u028cv m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv a\u026anst\u02c8a\u026ani\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az f\u02c8e\u026av\u025ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u028alt\u0279\u0250h\u02c8\u025bvi \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u026ats l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 m\u02c8\u00e6s, \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8\u0254\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6fl\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti d\u02c8e\u026az, \u00e6nd \u0250v\u02cce\u026al\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u026an s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6mz, t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u025bns\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l; a\u026anst\u02c8a\u026ani\u0259m h\u0259zn\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u02c8o\u028anli b\u02cc\u026an p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279iz, \u00e6nd \u026an kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0o\u028az n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025ah\u02cc\u025bvi \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "However, given that ununennium is only the first period 8 element on the extended periodic table, it may well be discovered in the near future through other reactions, and indeed an attempt to synthesise it is currently ongoing in Japan.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m \u026az \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u026at m\u02c8e\u026a w\u02c8\u025bl bi\u02d0 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0250n \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cca\u026az \u026a\u027e \u026az k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u026an d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "Currently, none of the period 8 elements has been discovered yet, and it is also possible, due to drip instabilities, that only the lower period 8 elements, up to around element 128, are physically possible.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli, n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad j\u02c8\u025bt, \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u026ap \u026anst\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026az\u026akli p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l."}, {"text": "No attempts at synthesis have been made for any heavier alkali metals: due to their extremely high atomic number, they would require new, more powerful methods and technology to make.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8o\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts \u00e6t s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as h\u0250vb\u026an m\u02cce\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz: d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli h\u02c8a\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a, \u00f0e\u026a w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ak."}, {"text": "The Oddo\u2013Harkins rule holds that elements with even atomic numbers are more common that those with odd atomic numbers, with the exception of hydrogen.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026anz \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l h\u02c8o\u028aldz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0o\u028az w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "This rule argues that elements with odd atomic numbers have one unpaired proton and are more likely to capture another, thus increasing their atomic number.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az h\u00e6v w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cnp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a."}, {"text": "In elements with even atomic numbers, protons are paired, with each member of the pair offsetting the spin of the other, enhancing stability.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az, p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279d, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0254fs\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026a\u014b st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "All the alkali metals have odd atomic numbers and they are not as common as the elements with even atomic numbers adjacent to them (the noble gases and the alkaline earth metals) in the Solar System.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u0250d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259nt t\u0259 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The heavier alkali metals are also less abundant than the lighter ones as the alkali metals from rubidium onward can only be synthesised in supernovae and not in stellar nucleosynthesis.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a l\u02c8\u025bs \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnz \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz f\u0279\u028cm \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u025ad k\u00e6n \u02c8o\u028anli bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cca\u026azd \u026an s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025an\u02cco\u028av\u0259 \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026an st\u02c8\u025bl\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "Lithium is also much less abundant than sodium and potassium as it is poorly synthesised in both Big Bang nucleosynthesis and in stars: the Big Bang could only produce trace quantities of lithium, beryllium and boron due to the absence of a stable nucleus with 5 or 8 nucleons, and stellar nucleosynthesis could only pass this bottleneck by the triple-alpha process, fusing three helium nuclei to form carbon, and skipping over those three elements.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bs \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u02cc\u00e6z\u026at\u02cc\u026az p\u02c8\u028a\u0279li s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cca\u026azd \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 b\u02c8\u026a\u0261 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00e6nd \u026an st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z: \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0261 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014b k\u028ad \u02c8o\u028anli p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, b\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u026ali\u0259m \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8a\u026av \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259nz, \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u025bl\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as k\u028ad \u02c8o\u028anli p\u02c8\u00e6s \u00f0\u026as b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0259ln\u02cc\u025bk ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs, fj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 h\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259m n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n, \u00e6nd sk\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0o\u028az \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun, but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the solar system.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am kl\u02c8a\u028ad \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ats \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "In turn, the natural history of the Earth caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u00f0\u026as pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at t\u0259 h\u00e6v d\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "It is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd m\u02c8o\u028astli \u028cv \u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0.w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei.w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, s\u02c8\u026al\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n.w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0259m \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n.n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, s\u02c8\u028clf\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0.n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cn.\u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, k\u02c8\u00e6lsi\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cn.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6lj\u028am\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cn.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt; w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn.t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Due to planetary differentiation, the core region is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u026az b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259bi p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv \u02c8a\u026a\u025an \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at.\u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, w\u026a\u00f0 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026av.\u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, s\u02c8\u028clf\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "They are lithophiles and therefore remain close to the Earth's surface because they combine readily with oxygen and so associate strongly with silica, forming relatively low-density minerals that do not sink down into the Earth's core.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8\u0259f\u02cca\u026alz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026at st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026al\u026ak\u0259, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8o\u028ad\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk d\u02cca\u028an \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Sodium and potassium are very abundant in earth, both being among the ten most common elements in Earth's crust; sodium makes up approximately 2.6% of the Earth's crust measured by weight, making it the sixth most abundant element overall and the most abundant alkali metal.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z k\u0279\u02c8\u028cst; s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m m\u02cce\u026aks \u02cc\u028cp \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli t\u02c8u\u02d0.s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z k\u0279\u02c8\u028cst m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad ba\u026a w\u02c8e\u026at, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "Sodium is found in many different minerals, of which the most common is ordinary salt (sodium chloride), which occurs in vast quantities dissolved in seawater.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026az f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u0254lt s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u026an v\u02c8\u00e6st kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Many of these solid deposits occur as a result of ancient seas evaporating, which still occurs now in places such as Utah's Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt s\u02c8i\u02d0z \u026av\u02c8\u00e6p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8\u026al \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z n\u02c8a\u028a \u026an pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z j\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0254z \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8\u0254lt l\u02c8e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bd s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Despite their near-equal abundance in Earth's crust, sodium is far more common than potassium in the ocean, both because potassium's larger size makes its salts less soluble, and because potassium is bound by silicates in soil and what potassium leaches is absorbed far more readily by plant life than sodium.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259ns \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z k\u0279\u02c8\u028cst, s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u00f0\u0250n p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259mz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a s\u02c8a\u026az m\u02cce\u026aks \u026ats s\u02c8\u0254lts l\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l, \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026az b\u02c8a\u028and ba\u026a s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u026an s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd w\u028ct p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m l\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u026az \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili ba\u026a pl\u02c8\u00e6nt l\u02c8a\u026af \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m."}, {"text": "Despite its chemical similarity, lithium typically does not occur together with sodium or potassium due to its smaller size.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u026ats k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei, l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a s\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "Due to its relatively low reactivity, it can be found in seawater in large amounts; it is estimated that seawater is approximately 0.14 to 0.25 parts per million (ppm) or 25 micromolar.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u026at k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants; \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8i\u02d0w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n t\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts p\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u0254\u02d0\u0279 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028am\u02cco\u028al\u025a."}, {"text": "Its diagonal relationship with magnesium often allows it to replace magnesium in ferromagnesium minerals, where its crustal concentration is about 18\u00a0ppm, comparable to that of gallium and niobium.", "phonemes": "\u026ats da\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0259m \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u026at t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0259m \u026an f\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u0259m\u0250\u0261n\u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0259m m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026ats k\u0279\u02c8\u028cst\u0259l k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m \u00e6nd n\u026a\u02c8o\u028abi\u0259m."}, {"text": "Commercially, the most important lithium mineral is spodumene, which occurs in large deposits worldwide.", "phonemes": "k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u026az sp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0m\u02cci\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u026an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad."}, {"text": "It occurs naturally in the minerals leucite, pollucite, carnallite, zinnwaldite, and lepidolite, although none of these contain only rubidium and no other alkali metals.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz l\u02c8u\u02d0sa\u026at, p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0sa\u026at, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u0250l\u02cca\u026at, z\u02c8\u026anw\u0254ld\u02cca\u026at, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bp\u026ad\u02cc\u0251\u02d0la\u026at, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Caesium is more abundant than some commonly known elements, such as antimony, cadmium, tin, and tungsten, but is much less abundant than rubidium.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u00f0\u0250n s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli n\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u00e6nt\u026am\u0259ni, k\u02c8\u00e6dmi\u0259m, t\u02c8\u026an, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028c\u014bs\u0294n\u0329, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bs \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt \u00f0\u0250n \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m."}, {"text": "Francium-223, the only naturally occurring isotope of francium, is the product of the alpha decay of actinium-227 and can be found in trace amounts in uranium minerals.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028ap \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u026an j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In a given sample of uranium, there is estimated to be only one francium atom for every 1018 uranium atoms.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz."}, {"text": "It has been calculated that there are at most 30\u00a0grams of francium in the earth's crust at any time, due to its extremely short half-life of 22 minutes.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028ast \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6mz \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z k\u0279\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6\u027e \u02cc\u025bni t\u02c8a\u026am, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t h\u02c8\u00e6fl\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats."}, {"text": "The physical and chemical properties of the alkali metals can be readily explained by their having an ns1 valence electron configuration, which results in weak metallic bonding.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02cc\u025bn\u02c8\u025bs w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u026an w\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Hence, all the alkali metals are soft and have low densities, melting and boiling points, as well as heats of sublimation, vaporisation, and dissociation.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bns, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u0254ft \u00e6nd h\u00e6v l\u02c8o\u028a d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027eiz, m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z h\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cbl\u026am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, v\u02cce\u026ap\u025a\u0279\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd d\u026as\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "They all crystallise in the body-centered cubic crystal structure, and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0250l\u02cca\u026az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dis\u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad kj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, \u00e6nd h\u00e6v d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt\u026av fl\u02c8e\u026am k\u02c8\u028cl\u025az b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bs \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02c8i\u02d0zili \u025bks\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The ns1 configuration also results in the alkali metals having very large atomic and ionic radii, as well as very high thermal and electrical conductivity.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bn\u02c8\u025bs w\u02c8\u028cn k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cca\u026a, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Their chemistry is dominated by the loss of their lone valence electron in the outermost s-orbital to form the +1 oxidation state, due to the ease of ionising this electron and the very high second ionisation energy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u026az d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254s \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028an v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u02c8\u025bs\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv \u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i."}, {"text": "The chemistry of francium is not well established due to its extreme radioactivity; thus, the presentation of its properties here is limited.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u025bl \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei; \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026az l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "What little is known about francium shows that it is very close in behaviour to caesium, as expected.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i kl\u02c8o\u028as \u026an b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, \u00e6z \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The physical properties of francium are even sketchier because the bulk element has never been observed; hence any data that may be found in the literature are certainly speculative extrapolations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n sk\u02c8\u025bt\u0283i\u025a b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028clk \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt h\u0250z n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a b\u02cc\u026an \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd; h\u02c8\u025bns \u02cc\u025bni d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329li sp\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The alkali metals are more similar to each other than the elements in any other group are to each other.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "Indeed, the similarity is so great that it is quite difficult to separate potassium, rubidium, and caesium, due to their similar ionic radii; lithium and sodium are more distinct.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az s\u02cco\u028a \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az kw\u02c8a\u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cca\u026a; l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt."}, {"text": "For instance, when moving down the table, all known alkali metals show increasing atomic radius, decreasing electronegativity, increasing reactivity, and decreasing melting and boiling points as well as heats of fusion and vaporisation.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, w\u02cc\u025bn m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s, d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u1d7bl\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028a\u014b\u0261\u0250t\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z h\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u028cv fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd v\u02cce\u026ap\u025a\u0279\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In general, their densities increase when moving down the table, with the exception that potassium is less dense than sodium.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027eiz \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s w\u025bn m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m."}, {"text": "One of the very few properties of the alkali metals that does not display a very smooth trend is their reduction potentials: lithium's value is anomalous, being more negative than the others.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i fj\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u026az \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259lz: l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259mz v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u026az \u0250n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259l\u0259s, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "This is because the Li+ ion has a very high hydration energy in the gas phase: though the lithium ion disrupts the structure of water significantly, causing a higher change in entropy, this high hydration energy is enough to make the reduction potentials indicate it as being the most electropositive alkali metal, despite the difficulty of ionising it in the gas phase.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n h\u0250z \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s f\u02c8e\u026az: \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cpts \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026an \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259pi, \u00f0\u026as h\u02c8a\u026a ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u026az \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259lz \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u026a\u027e \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti \u028cv \u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s f\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "The stable alkali metals are all silver-coloured metals except for caesium, which has a pale golden tint: it is one of only three metals that are clearly coloured (the other two being copper and gold).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u026alv\u025ak\u02c8\u028cl\u025ad m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z \u0250 p\u02c8e\u026al \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n t\u02c8\u026ant: \u026a\u027e \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u02c8o\u028anli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279li k\u02c8\u028cl\u025ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald."}, {"text": "Additionally, the heavy alkaline earth metals calcium, strontium, and barium, as well as the divalent lanthanides europium and ytterbium, are pale yellow, though the colour is much less prominent than it is for caesium.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz k\u02c8\u00e6lsi\u0259m, st\u0279\u02c8\u0254nti\u0259m, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259m, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt l\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0250n\u02cca\u026adz j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8o\u028api\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025ab\u02cci\u0259m, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8e\u026al j\u02c8\u025blo\u028a, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a\u0279 \u026az m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bs p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u00f0\u0250n \u026a\u027e \u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m."}, {"text": "They all crystallise in the body-centered cubic crystal structure, and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0250l\u02cca\u026az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dis\u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad kj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, \u00e6nd h\u00e6v d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt\u026av fl\u02c8e\u026am k\u02c8\u028cl\u025az b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bs \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02c8i\u02d0zili \u025bks\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Indeed, these flame test colours are the most common way of identifying them since all their salts with common ions are soluble.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d, \u00f0i\u02d0z fl\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8\u025bst k\u02c8\u028cl\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n w\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u0254lts w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l."}, {"text": "They react aggressively with the halogens to form the alkali metal halides, which are white ionic crystalline compounds that are all soluble in water except lithium fluoride (Li F).", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026avli w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026at a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0250l\u02cca\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad l\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u025bf."}, {"text": "The alkali metals also react with water to form strongly alkaline hydroxides and thus should be handled with great care.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259ld w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at k\u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "The heavier alkali metals react more vigorously than the lighter ones; for example, when dropped into water, caesium produces a larger explosion than potassium if the same number of moles of each metal is used.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259sli \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02cc\u028cnz; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, w\u02cc\u025bn d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u0259n \u00f0\u0250n p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026af \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028alz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "The alkali metals have the lowest first ionisation energies in their respective periods of the periodic table because of their low effective nuclear charge and the ability to attain a noble gas configuration by losing just one electron.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292iz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8e\u026an \u0250 n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n ba\u026a l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst w\u02c8\u028cn \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Not only do the alkali metals react with water, but also with proton donors like alcohols and phenols, gaseous ammonia, and alkynes, the last demonstrating the phenomenal degree of their reactivity.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u026a\u00f0 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n d\u02c8o\u028an\u025az l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025bn\u0251\u02d0lz, \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259s \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026anz, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Their great power as reducing agents makes them very useful in liberating other metals from their oxides or halides.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts m\u02cce\u026aks \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l \u026an l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz."}, {"text": "The second ionisation energy of all of the alkali metals is very high as it is in a full shell that is also closer to the nucleus; thus, they almost always lose a single electron, forming cations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u00e6z\u026at\u02cc\u026az \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8\u028al \u0283\u02c8\u025bl \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s; \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The alkalides are an exception: they are unstable compounds which contain alkali metals in a \u22121 oxidation state, which is very unusual as before the discovery of the alkalides, the alkali metals were not expected to be able to form anions and were thought to be able to appear in salts only as cations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n: \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6z b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026adz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259bi \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an s\u02c8\u0254lts \u02c8o\u028anli \u00e6z k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz."}, {"text": "All the stable alkali metals except lithium are known to be able to form alkalides, and the alkalides have much theoretical interest due to their unusual stoichiometry and low ionisation potentials.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259bi \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026adz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026adz h\u00e6v m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l st\u02cco\u028a\u026ak\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Alkalides are chemically similar to the electrides, which are salts with trapped electrons acting as anions.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279a\u026adz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u0254lts w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6pt \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz."}, {"text": "A particularly striking example of an alkalide is \"inverse sodium hydride\", H+Na\u2212 (both ions being complexed), as opposed to the usual sodium hydride, Na+H\u2212: it is unstable in isolation, due to its high energy resulting from the displacement of two electrons from hydrogen to sodium, although several derivatives are predicted to be metastable or stable.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026ad \u026az \"\u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026ad\", \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bkst, \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026ad, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s: \u026a\u027e \u026az \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u026an \u02cca\u026as\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats h\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259bi m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l."}, {"text": "In aqueous solution, the alkali metal ions form aqua ions of the formula [M(H2O)n]+, where n is the solvation number.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u00e6kw\u0259 \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 \u02c8\u025bm \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u025bn pl\u02c8\u028cs, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259lv\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a."}, {"text": "In aqueous solution the water molecules directly attached to the metal ion are said to belong to the first coordination sphere, also known as the first, or primary, solvation shell.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n sf\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i, s\u0259lv\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "The bond between a water molecule and the metal ion is a dative covalent bond, with the oxygen atom donating both electrons to the bond.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u026az \u0250 d\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026av k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m do\u028an\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd."}, {"text": "However, for the alkali metal cations, the second coordination sphere is not well-defined as the +1 charge on the cation is not high enough to polarise the water molecules in the primary solvation shell enough for them to form strong hydrogen bonds with those in the second coordination sphere, producing a more stable entity.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n sf\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u025bld\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259n \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u02c8a\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i s\u0259lv\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u025bl \u026an\u02c8\u028cf f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0o\u028az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n sf\u02c8\u026a\u0279, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "[Li(H2O)4]+: while solvation numbers of 3 to 6 have been found for lithium aqua ions, solvation numbers less than 4 may be the result of the formation of contact ion pairs, and the higher solvation numbers may be interpreted in terms of water molecules that approach [Li(H2O)4]+ through a face of the tetrahedron, though molecular dynamic simulations may indicate the existence of an octahedral hexaaqua ion.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u028cs: w\u02cca\u026al s\u0259lv\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks h\u0250vb\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6kw\u0259 \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, s\u0259lv\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a s\u0259lv\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283 l\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 f\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259n, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a da\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak s\u02cc\u026amj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u0259v\u0259n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kt\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bks\u0251\u02d0kw\u0259 \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "There are also probably six water molecules in the primary solvation sphere of the sodium ion, forming the octahedral [Na(H2O)6]+ ion.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli s\u02c8\u026aks w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i s\u0259lv\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n sf\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kt\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u026aks pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "While it was previously thought that the heavier alkali metals also formed octahedral hexaaqua ions, it has since been found that potassium and rubidium probably form the [K(H2O)8]+ and [Rb(H2O)8]+ ions, which have the square antiprismatic structure, and that caesium forms the 12-coordinate [Cs(H2O)12]+ ion.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u026at w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kt\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bks\u0251\u02d0kw\u0259 \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, \u026at h\u0250z s\u02c8\u026ans b\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a \u02c8e\u026at pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a \u02c8e\u026at pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026ap\u0279\u026asm\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025blvko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u0259t s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a tw\u02c8\u025blv pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The chemistry of lithium shows several differences from that of the rest of the group as the small Li+ cation polarises anions and gives its compounds a more covalent character.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u0283\u02c8o\u028az s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8a\u026a pl\u02c8\u028cs k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259n p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a."}, {"text": "Lithium and magnesium have a diagonal relationship due to their similar atomic radii, so that they show some similarities.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u00e6nd m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0259m h\u00e6v \u0250 da\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cca\u026a, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0283\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "For example, lithium forms a stable nitride, a property common among all the alkaline earth metals (magnesium's group) but unique among the alkali metals.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279a\u026ad, \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0259mz \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p b\u02cc\u028ct ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In addition, among their respective groups, only lithium and magnesium form organometallic compounds with significant covalent character (e.g. LiMe and MgMe2).", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, \u02c8o\u028anli l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u00e6nd m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0259m f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028am\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz w\u026a\u00f0 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. l\u02c8a\u026a m\u02cci\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bmd\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02cci\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Lithium fluoride is the only alkali metal halide that is poorly soluble in water, and lithium hydroxide is the only alkali metal hydroxide that is not deliquescent.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az p\u02c8\u028a\u0279li s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7bl\u026akw\u02c8\u025bs\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Conversely, lithium perchlorate and other lithium salts with large anions that cannot be polarised are much more stable than the analogous compounds of the other alkali metals, probably because Li+ has a high solvation energy.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0sli, l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m p\u025akl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279e\u026at \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m s\u02c8\u0254lts w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259\u0261\u0259s k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz l\u02c8a\u026a pl\u02c8\u028cs h\u0250z \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a s\u0259lv\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i."}, {"text": "This effect also means that most simple lithium salts are commonly encountered in hydrated form, because the anhydrous forms are extremely hygroscopic: this allows salts like lithium chloride and lithium bromide to be used in dehumidifiers and air-conditioners.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m s\u02c8\u0254lts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad \u026an ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u00e6nh\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259s f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli h\u02cca\u026a\u0261\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak: \u00f0\u026as \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az s\u02c8\u0254lts l\u02c8a\u026ak l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ama\u026ad t\u0259bi j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an d\u02cci\u02d0hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026ad\u02cc\u026afa\u026a\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025az."}, {"text": "Francium is also predicted to show some differences due to its high atomic weight, causing its electrons to travel at considerable fractions of the speed of light and thus making relativistic effects more prominent.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats h\u02c8a\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026at, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026ats \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l \u00e6t k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0d \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In contrast to the trend of decreasing electronegativities and ionisation energies of the alkali metals, francium's electronegativity and ionisation energy are predicted to be higher than caesium's due to the relativistic stabilisation of the 7s electrons; also, its atomic radius is expected to be abnormally low.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u1d7bl\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028a\u014b\u0261\u0250t\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292iz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259mz \u1d7bl\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028a\u014b\u0261\u0250t\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259bi h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259mz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak st\u02cce\u026ab\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n z \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz; \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, \u026ats \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s \u026az \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u0250bn\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li l\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "All known physical properties of francium also deviate from the clear trends going from lithium to caesium, such as the first ionisation energy, electron affinity, and anion polarisability, though due to the paucity of known data about francium many sources give extrapolated values, ignoring that relativistic effects make the trend from lithium to caesium become inapplicable at francium.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8o\u028an f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u02cce\u026at f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0250f\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n p\u02cco\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028an d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m m\u02c8\u025bni s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z, \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u026an\u0250pl\u02c8\u026ak\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6t f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m."}, {"text": "Some of the few properties of francium that have been predicted taking relativity into account are the electron affinity (47.2 kJ/mol) and the enthalpy of dissociation of the Fr2 molecule (42.1 kJ/mol).", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250vb\u026an p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259t\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0250f\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u025bn\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6lpi \u028cv d\u026as\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0.w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8e\u026a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l."}, {"text": "The CsFr molecule is polarised as Cs+Fr\u2212, showing that the 7s subshell of francium is much more strongly affected by relativistic effects than the 6s subshell of caesium.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u026az p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s, \u0283\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n z s\u02c8\u028cb\u0283\u025bl \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u026az m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks \u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028cb\u0283\u025bl \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m."}, {"text": "Additionally, francium superoxide (FrO2) is expected to have significant covalent character, unlike the other alkali metal superoxides, because of bonding contributions from the 6p electrons of francium.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026az \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a, \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m."}, {"text": "All the alkali metals have odd atomic numbers; hence, their isotopes must be either odd\u2013odd (both proton and neutron number are odd) or odd\u2013even (proton number is odd, but neutron number is even).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az; h\u02c8\u025bns, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028aps m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n."}, {"text": "Odd\u2013odd primordial nuclides are rare because most odd\u2013odd nuclei are highly unstable with respect to beta decay, because the decay products are even\u2013even, and are therefore more strongly bound, due to nuclear pairing effects.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d p\u0279\u026am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u0259l n\u02c8u\u02d0kla\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ali \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt t\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli b\u02c8a\u028and, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts."}, {"text": "Due to the great rarity of odd\u2013odd nuclei, almost all the primordial isotopes of the alkali metals are odd\u2013even (the exceptions being the light stable isotope lithium-6 and the long-lived radioisotope potassium-40).", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u0259l \u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028aps \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026at st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028ap l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m s\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014bl\u02c8\u026avd \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028ap p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei."}, {"text": "For a given odd mass number, there can be only a single beta-stable nuclide, since there is not a difference in binding energy between even\u2013odd and odd\u2013even comparable to that between even\u2013even and odd\u2013odd, leaving other nuclides of the same mass number (isobars) free to beta decay toward the lowest-mass nuclide.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d m\u02c8\u00e6s n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l n\u02c8u\u02d0kla\u026ad, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u026an b\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d, l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0kla\u026adz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8\u00e6s n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u02c8a\u026as\u0259b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279z f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026astm\u02c8\u00e6s n\u02c8u\u02d0kla\u026ad."}, {"text": "An effect of the instability of an odd number of either type of nucleons is that odd-numbered elements, such as the alkali metals, tend to have fewer stable isotopes than even-numbered elements.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026anst\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259nz \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0dn\u02c8\u028cmb\u025ad \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 h\u00e6v fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028aps \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259nn\u02c8\u028cmb\u025ad \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Of the 26 monoisotopic elements that have only a single stable isotope, all but one have an odd atomic number and all but one also have an even number of neutrons.", "phonemes": "\u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028a\u02cc\u026as\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028ap, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02c8\u028cn h\u00e6v \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l b\u02cc\u028ct w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6v \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "All of the alkali metals except lithium and caesium have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope: sodium-22 and sodium-24 are trace radioisotopes produced cosmogenically, potassium-40 and rubidium-87 have very long half-lives and thus occur naturally, and all isotopes of francium are radioactive.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m h\u00e6v \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028ap: s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028aps p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0zmo\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026akli, p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u00e6nd \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n h\u00e6v v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u0254\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6fl\u02c8a\u026avz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028aps \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av."}, {"text": "Caesium was also thought to be radioactive in the early 20th century, although it has no naturally occurring radioisotopes.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259bi \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026at h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028aps."}, {"text": "The natural long-lived radioisotope of potassium, potassium-40, makes up about 0.012% of natural potassium, and thus natural potassium is weakly radioactive.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u014bl\u02c8\u026avd \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028ap \u028cv p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei, m\u02cce\u026aks \u02cc\u028cp \u0250b\u02cca\u028at z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a tw\u02c8\u025blv p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026az w\u02c8i\u02d0kli \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av."}, {"text": "This natural radioactivity became a basis for a mistaken claim of the discovery for element 87 (the next alkali metal after caesium) in 1925.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as f\u025a\u0279\u0259 m\u026ast\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n kl\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Natural rubidium is similarly slightly radioactive, with 27.83% being the long-lived radioisotope rubidium-87.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u026az s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali sl\u02c8a\u026atli \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av, w\u026a\u00f0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.\u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014bl\u02c8\u026avd \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028ap \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "Caesium-137, with a half-life of 30.17\u00a0years, is one of the two principal medium-lived fission products, along with strontium-90, which are responsible for most of the radioactivity of spent nuclear fuel after several years of cooling, up to several hundred years after use.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6fl\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259ml\u02c8\u026avd f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254nti\u0259m n\u02c8a\u026anti, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv sp\u02c8\u025bnt n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b, \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s."}, {"text": "Caesium-137 has a very low rate of neutron capture and cannot be feasibly disposed of in this way, but must be allowed to decay.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n h\u0250z \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 f\u02c8i\u02d0z\u1d7bbli d\u026asp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv \u026an \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8e\u026a, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad t\u0259 d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Small amounts of caesium-134 and caesium-137 were released into the environment during nearly all nuclear weapon tests and some nuclear accidents, most notably the Goi\u00e2nia accident and the Chernobyl disaster.", "phonemes": "sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bp\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bsts \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026ad\u0259nts, m\u02c8o\u028ast n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259n\u02cci\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026ad\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259b\u02cc\u026al d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a."}, {"text": "As of 2005, caesium-137 is the principal source of radiation in the zone of alienation around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av, s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8o\u028an \u028cv \u02cce\u026ali\u0259n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259b\u02cc\u026al n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a pl\u02c8\u00e6nt."}, {"text": "Its chemical properties as one of the alkali metals make it one of the most problematic of the short-to-medium-lifetime fission products because it easily moves and spreads in nature due to the high water solubility of its salts, and is taken up by the body, which mistakes it for its essential congeners sodium and potassium.", "phonemes": "\u026ats k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz m\u02cce\u026ak \u026at w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259lm\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tt\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259ml\u02c8a\u026afta\u026am f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u02c8i\u02d0zili m\u02c8u\u02d0vz \u00e6nd sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bdz \u026an n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u026ats s\u02c8\u0254lts, \u00e6nd \u026az t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u028cp ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u026ast\u02c8e\u026aks \u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l k\u0259nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025az s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m."}, {"text": "The alkali metals are more similar to each other than the elements in any other group are to each other.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "For instance, when moving down the table, all known alkali metals show increasing atomic radius, decreasing electronegativity, increasing reactivity, and decreasing melting and boiling points as well as heats of fusion and vaporisation.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, w\u02cc\u025bn m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s, d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u1d7bl\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028a\u014b\u0261\u0250t\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z h\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u028cv fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd v\u02cce\u026ap\u025a\u0279\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In general, their densities increase when moving down the table, with the exception that potassium is less dense than sodium.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027eiz \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s w\u025bn m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m."}, {"text": "Because of the shielding effect, when an atom has more than one electron shell, each electron feels electric repulsion from the other electrons as well as electric attraction from the nucleus.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026a\u014b \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt, w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m h\u0250z m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0283\u02c8\u025bl, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n f\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cl\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "In the alkali metals, the outermost electron only feels a net charge of +1, as some of the nuclear charge (which is equal to the atomic number) is cancelled by the inner electrons; the number of inner electrons of an alkali metal is always one less than the nuclear charge.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u0250 n\u02c8\u025bt t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6z s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u026az k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259ld ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz; \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az w\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292."}, {"text": "Therefore, the only factor which affects the atomic radius of the alkali metals is the number of electron shells.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026az \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0283\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "This is because the outermost electron of the alkali metals is in a different electron shell than the inner electrons, and thus when it is removed the resulting atom has one fewer electron shell and is smaller.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026az \u026an \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0283\u02c8\u025bl \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs w\u025bn \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m h\u0250z w\u02c8\u028cn fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0283\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd \u026az sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a."}, {"text": "Additionally, the effective nuclear charge has increased, and thus the electrons are attracted more strongly towards the nucleus and the ionic radius decreases.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 h\u0250z \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The first ionisation energy of an element or molecule is the energy required to move the most loosely held electron from one mole of gaseous atoms of the element or molecules to form one mole of gaseous ions with electric charge +1.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad t\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast l\u02c8u\u02d0sli h\u02c8\u025bld \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259s \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz w\u026a\u00f0 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The factors affecting the first ionisation energy are the nuclear charge, the amount of shielding by the inner electrons and the distance from the most loosely held electron from the nucleus, which is always an outer electron in main group elements.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292, \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026a\u014b ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast l\u02c8u\u02d0sli h\u02c8\u025bld \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u0250n \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u026an m\u02c8e\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Since the outermost electron of alkali metals always feels the same effective nuclear charge (+1), the only factor which affects the first ionisation energy is the distance from the outermost electron to the nucleus.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az f\u02c8i\u02d0lz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkts \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "Since this distance increases down the group, the outermost electron feels less attraction from the nucleus and thus the first ionisation energy decreases.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026as d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n f\u02c8i\u02d0lz l\u02c8\u025bs \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "(This trend is broken in francium due to the relativistic stabilisation and contraction of the 7s orbital, bringing francium's valence electron closer to the nucleus than would be expected from non-relativistic calculations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u026az b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak st\u02cce\u026ab\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l, b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259mz v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s \u00f0\u0250n w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "This makes francium's outermost electron feel more attraction from the nucleus, increasing its first ionisation energy slightly beyond that of caesium.)", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02cce\u026aks f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259mz \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n f\u02c8i\u02d0l m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s, \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i sl\u02c8a\u026atli b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m."}, {"text": "The second ionisation energy of the alkali metals is much higher than the first as the second-most loosely held electron is part of a fully filled electron shell and is thus difficult to remove.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026az m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndm\u02c8o\u028ast l\u02c8u\u02d0sli h\u02c8\u025bld \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u028ali f\u02c8\u026ald \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0283\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v."}, {"text": "This is the result of a combination of two factors: the first ionisation energies and atomisation energies of the alkali metals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u0259v\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az: \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292iz \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292iz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Because the first ionisation energy of the alkali metals decreases down the group, it is easier for the outermost electron to be removed from the atom and participate in chemical reactions, thus increasing reactivity down the group.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0zi\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n t\u0259bi \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u026an k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "The atomisation energy measures the strength of the metallic bond of an element, which falls down the group as the atoms increase in radius and thus the metallic bond must increase in length, making the delocalised electrons further away from the attraction of the nuclei of the heavier alkali metals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd m\u02c8\u028cst \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u026an l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Adding the atomisation and first ionisation energies gives a quantity closely related to (but not equal to) the activation energy of the reaction of an alkali metal with another substance.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292iz \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u0250 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027ei kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6kt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns."}, {"text": "This quantity decreases going down the group, and so does the activation energy; thus, chemical reactions can occur faster and the reactivity increases down the group.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027ei d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a d\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6kt\u026av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i; \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz k\u00e6n \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself.", "phonemes": "\u1d7bl\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028a\u014b\u0261\u0250t\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p t\u028a \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "If the bond between sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride were covalent, the pair of shared electrons would be attracted to the chlorine because the effective nuclear charge on the outer electrons is +7 in chlorine but is only +1 in sodium.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0n \u026an s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad w\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt, \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0n b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u026az pl\u02c8\u028cs s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026an kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0n b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az \u02c8o\u028anli pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m."}, {"text": "The electron pair is attracted so close to the chlorine atom that they are practically transferred to the chlorine atom (an ionic bond).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd s\u02cco\u028a kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026akli t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u0250n a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd."}, {"text": "However, if the sodium atom was replaced by a lithium atom, the electrons will not be attracted as close to the chlorine atom as before because the lithium atom is smaller, making the electron pair more strongly attracted to the closer effective nuclear charge from lithium.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026af \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u0250 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m, \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz w\u026al n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u00e6z kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u00e6z b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u026az sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m."}, {"text": "Hence, the larger alkali metal atoms (further down the group) will be less electronegative as the bonding pair is less strongly attracted towards them.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bns, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u026al bi\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bs \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279o\u028a\u014b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "Because of the higher electronegativity of lithium, some of its compounds have a more covalent character.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028a\u014b\u0261\u0250t\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz h\u00e6v \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a."}, {"text": "For example, lithium iodide (Li I) will dissolve in organic solvents, a property of most covalent compounds.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0259d\u02cca\u026ad l\u02c8a\u026a a\u026a w\u026al d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u0259nts, \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz."}, {"text": "Lithium fluoride (LiF) is the only alkali halide that is not soluble in water, and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is the only alkali metal hydroxide that is not deliquescent.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad l\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u025bf \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad l\u02c8a\u026a \u02cco\u028a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7bl\u026akw\u02c8\u025bs\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The melting point of a substance is the point where it changes state from solid to liquid while the boiling point of a substance (in liquid state) is the point where the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid and all the liquid changes state to gas.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz st\u02c8e\u026at f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u026an l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz \u00f0\u026a \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz st\u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "As a metal is heated to its melting point, the metallic bonds keeping the atoms in place weaken so that the atoms can move around, and the metallic bonds eventually break completely at the metal's boiling point.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026az h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u026ats m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz k\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u026an pl\u02c8e\u026as w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0259n s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz k\u00e6n m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant."}, {"text": "Therefore, the falling melting and boiling points of the alkali metals indicate that the strength of the metallic bonds of the alkali metals decreases down the group.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "This is because metal atoms are held together by the electromagnetic attraction from the positive ions to the delocalised electrons.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bld t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028am\u0250\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "As the atoms increase in size going down the group (because their atomic radius increases), the nuclei of the ions move further away from the delocalised electrons and hence the metallic bond becomes weaker so that the metal can more easily melt and boil, thus lowering the melting and boiling points.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an s\u02c8a\u026az \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz m\u02c8u\u02d0v f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u00e6n m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0zili m\u02c8\u025blt \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0254\u026al, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0254\u026al\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants."}, {"text": "The alkali metals all have the same crystal structure (body-centred cubic) and thus the only relevant factors are the number of atoms that can fit into a certain volume and the mass of one of the atoms, since density is defined as mass per unit volume.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dis\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259d kj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u0259nt f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n f\u02c8\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz, s\u02c8\u026ans d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z m\u02c8\u00e6s p\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m."}, {"text": "The first factor depends on the volume of the atom and thus the atomic radius, which increases going down the group; thus, the volume of an alkali metal atom increases going down the group.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p; \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "Thus, the trend for the densities of the alkali metals depends on their atomic weights and atomic radii; if figures for these two factors are known, the ratios between the densities of the alkali metals can then be calculated.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cca\u026a; \u026af f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028az b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz k\u00e6n \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The resultant trend is that the densities of the alkali metals increase down the table, with an exception at potassium.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u0259nt t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m."}, {"text": "Due to having the lowest atomic weight and the largest atomic radius of all the elements in their periods, the alkali metals are the least dense metals in the periodic table.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0st d\u02c8\u025bns m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l."}, {"text": "Lithium, sodium, and potassium are the only three metals in the periodic table that are less dense than water: in fact, lithium is the least dense known solid at room temperature.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a: \u026an f\u02c8\u00e6kt, l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0st d\u02c8\u025bns n\u02c8o\u028an s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The alkali metals form complete series of compounds with all usually encountered anions, which well illustrate group trends.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz."}, {"text": "These compounds can be described as involving the alkali metals losing electrons to acceptor species and forming monopositive ions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz l\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz t\u028a \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u025a sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "This description is most accurate for alkali halides and becomes less and less accurate as cationic and anionic charge increase, and as the anion becomes larger and more polarisable.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u026az m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz l\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t \u00e6z k\u02cc\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6na\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s, \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "For instance, ionic bonding gives way to metallic bonding along the series NaCl, Na2O, Na2S, Na3P, Na3As, Na3Sb, Na3Bi, Na.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u026avz w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 z, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6z, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bsb\u02c8i\u02d0, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8a\u026a, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0."}, {"text": "All the alkali metals react vigorously or explosively with cold water, producing an aqueous solution of a strongly basic alkali metal hydroxide and releasing hydrogen gas.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt v\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259sli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028as\u026avli w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "This reaction becomes more vigorous going down the group: lithium reacts steadily with effervescence, but sodium and potassium can ignite, and rubidium and caesium sink in water and generate hydrogen gas so rapidly that shock waves form in the water that may shatter glass containers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p: l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kts st\u02c8\u025bdili w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u025bf\u025av\u02c8\u025bs\u0259ns, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m k\u00e6n \u026a\u0261n\u02c8a\u026at, \u00e6nd \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s s\u02cco\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli \u00f0\u00e6t \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k w\u02c8e\u026avz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8e\u026a \u0283\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6s k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u025az."}, {"text": "When an alkali metal is dropped into water, it produces an explosion, of which there are two separate stages.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026az d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u026at p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250n \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u0259n, \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The metal reacts with the water first, breaking the hydrogen bonds in the water and producing hydrogen gas; this takes place faster for the more reactive heavier alkali metals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kts w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s; \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8e\u026aks pl\u02c8e\u026as f\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Second, the heat generated by the first part of the reaction often ignites the hydrogen gas, causing it to burn explosively into the surrounding air.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026a\u0261n\u02c8a\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026at t\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028as\u026avli \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "This secondary hydrogen gas explosion produces the visible flame above the bowl of water, lake or other body of water, not the initial reaction of the metal with water (which tends to happen mostly under water).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u0259n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l fl\u02c8e\u026am \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, l\u02c8e\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n m\u02c8o\u028astli \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Recent research has suggested that the explosive behavior of alkali metals in water is driven by a Coulomb explosion rather than solely by rapid generation of hydrogen itself.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 h\u0250z s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028as\u026av b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az d\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a \u0250 k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u0251\u02d0m \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028a\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8o\u028alli ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ad d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "Water molecules ionise the bare metallic surface of the liquid metal, leaving a positively charged metal surface and negatively charged water ions.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz \u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026avli t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "The attraction between the charged metal and water ions will rapidly increase the surface area, causing an exponential increase of ionisation.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz w\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259n\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u028cv \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "When the repulsive forces within the liquid metal surface exceeds the forces of the surface tension, it vigorously explodes.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cls\u026av f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u025bks\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, \u026at v\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259sli \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028adz."}, {"text": "The hydroxides themselves are the most basic hydroxides known, reacting with acids to give salts and with alcohols to give oligomeric alkoxides.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz n\u02c8o\u028an, \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av s\u02c8\u0254lts \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lz t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0261o\u028am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u00e6lk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz."}, {"text": "They easily react with carbon dioxide to form carbonates or bicarbonates, or with hydrogen sulfide to form sulfides or bisulfides, and may be used to separate thiols from petroleum.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0zili \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cce\u026ats \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cce\u026ats, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u028clfa\u026ad t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m s\u02c8\u028clfa\u026adz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026as\u02c8\u028clfa\u026adz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u03b8\u02cca\u026ao\u028alz f\u0279\u028cm p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m."}, {"text": "They react with amphoteric oxides: for example, the oxides of aluminium, zinc, tin, and lead react with the alkali metal hydroxides to give aluminates, zincates, stannates, and plumbates.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u00e6mfo\u028at\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz: f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6lj\u028am\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m, z\u02c8\u026a\u014bk, t\u02c8\u026an, \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026ats, z\u02c8\u026a\u014bke\u026ats, st\u02c8\u00e6ne\u026ats, \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u028cmbe\u026ats."}, {"text": "The alkali metals form many intermetallic compounds with each other and the elements from groups 2 to 13 in the periodic table of varying stoichiometries, such as the sodium amalgams with mercury, including Na5Hg8 and Na3Hg.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b st\u02cco\u028a\u026ak\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279iz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u0250m\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u00e6mz w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026av \u02cce\u026at\u0283d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cce\u026at\u0283d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Some of these have ionic characteristics: taking the alloys with gold, the most electronegative of metals, as an example, NaAu and KAu are metallic, but RbAu and CsAu are semiconductors.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z h\u00e6v a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks: t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6l\u0254\u026az w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279o\u028a\u014b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, \u00e6z \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd k\u02c8a\u028a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02cco\u028a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u025bm\u026ak\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u025az."}, {"text": "NaK is an alloy of sodium and potassium that is very useful because it is liquid at room temperature, although precautions must be taken due to its extreme reactivity towards water and air.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026a \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0254\u026a \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026a\u027e \u026az l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "An alloy of 41% caesium, 47% sodium, and 12% potassium has the lowest known melting point of any metal or alloy, \u221278\u00a0\u00b0C.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0254\u026a \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025blv p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u026ast n\u02c8o\u028an m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0254\u026a, m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The intermetallic compounds of the alkali metals with the heavier group 13 elements (aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium), such as NaTl, are poor conductors or semiconductors, unlike the normal alloys with the preceding elements, implying that the alkali metal involved has lost an electron to the Zintl anions involved.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u02cc\u00e6lj\u028am\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m, \u0261\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u025bm\u026ak\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u025az, \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6l\u0254\u026az w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd h\u0250z l\u02c8\u0254st \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8\u026ant\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd."}, {"text": "Nevertheless, while the elements in group 14 and beyond tend to form discrete anionic clusters, group 13 elements tend to form polymeric ions with the alkali metal cations located between the giant ionic lattice.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u00e6nd b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02cc\u00e6na\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak kl\u02c8\u028cst\u025az, \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026as."}, {"text": "For example, NaTl consists of a polymeric anion (\u2014Tl\u2212\u2014)n with a covalent diamond cubic structure with Na+ ions located between the anionic lattice.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u0259v\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n\u2014t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s\u2014\u02c8\u025bn w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259m\u0259nd kj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6na\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026as."}, {"text": "The larger alkali metals cannot fit similarly into an anionic lattice and tend to force the heavier group 13 elements to form anionic clusters.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u026at s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6na\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026as \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02cc\u00e6na\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak kl\u02c8\u028cst\u025az."}, {"text": "The alkali metal borides tend to be boron-rich, involving appreciable boron\u2013boron bonding involving deltahedral structures, and are thermally unstable due to the alkali metals having a very high vapour pressure at elevated temperatures.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026adz t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259bi b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u0250p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283i\u0259b\u0259l b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b d\u02cc\u025blt\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259li \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a v\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u025bl\u026av\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "This makes direct synthesis problematic because the alkali metals do not react with boron below 700\u00a0\u00b0C, and thus this must be accomplished in sealed containers with the alkali metal in excess.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02cce\u026aks d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259lm\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283t \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0ld k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u025az w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026an \u025bks\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Furthermore, exceptionally in this group, reactivity with boron decreases down the group: lithium reacts completely at 700\u00a0\u00b0C, but sodium at 900\u00a0\u00b0C and potassium not until 1200\u00a0\u00b0C, and the reaction is instantaneous for lithium but takes hours for potassium.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u026an \u00f0\u026as \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p: l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kts k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6t n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u02cc\u026anst\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m b\u02cc\u028ct t\u02c8e\u026aks \u02c8a\u028a\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m."}, {"text": "Under high pressure the boron\u2013boron bonding in the lithium borides changes from following Wade's rules to forming Zintl anions like the rest of group 13.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a h\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026adz t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b w\u02c8e\u026adz \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b z\u02c8\u026ant\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Lithium and sodium react with carbon to form acetylides, Li2C2 and Na2C2, which can also be obtained by reaction of the metal with acetylene.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u00e6s\u026at\u02cc\u026ala\u026adz, l\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and ba\u026a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Potassium, rubidium, and caesium react with graphite; their atoms are intercalated between the hexagonal graphite layers, forming graphite intercalation compounds of formulae MC60 (dark grey, almost black), MC48 (dark grey, almost black), MC36 (blue), MC24 (steel blue), and MC8 (bronze) (M = K, Rb, or Cs).", "phonemes": "p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fa\u026at; \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0250l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bks\u0250\u0261\u0259n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fa\u026at l\u02c8e\u026a\u025az, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fa\u026at \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0k\u0250l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u028cv f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u02cci\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bms\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aksti d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast bl\u02c8\u00e6k, \u02cc\u025bms\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast bl\u02c8\u00e6k, \u02cc\u025bms\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks bl\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02cc\u025bms\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8i\u02d0l bl\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bms\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u02c8\u025bm \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz k\u02c8e\u026a, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "These compounds are over 200 times more electrically conductive than pure graphite, suggesting that the valence electron of the alkali metal is transferred to the graphite layers (e.g. ).", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8a\u026amz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026akli k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av \u00f0\u0250n pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fa\u026at, s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026az t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fa\u026at l\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0.."}, {"text": "Upon heating of KC8, the elimination of potassium atoms results in the conversion in sequence to KC24, KC36, KC48 and finally KC60.", "phonemes": "\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u028cv k\u02cce\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02cc\u026am\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns t\u0259 k\u02cce\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, k\u02cce\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, k\u02cce\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li k\u02cce\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aksti."}, {"text": "While the larger alkali metals (K, Rb, and Cs) initially form MC8, the smaller ones initially form MC6, and indeed they require reaction of the metals with graphite at high temperatures around 500\u00a0\u00b0C to form.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz k\u02c8e\u026a, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02cc\u025bms\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at, \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnz \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02cc\u025bms\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fa\u026at \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Apart from this, the alkali metals are such strong reducing agents that they can even reduce buckminsterfullerene to produce solid fullerides MnC60; sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium can form fullerides where n = 2, 3, 4, or 6, and rubidium and caesium additionally can achieve n = 1.", "phonemes": "\u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s b\u02c8\u028ckm\u026anst\u025af\u02cc\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025bn t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad f\u02c8\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026adz \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aksti; s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m k\u00e6n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m f\u02c8\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026adz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6nd \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li k\u00e6n \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v \u02c8\u025bn \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "When the alkali metals react with the heavier elements in the carbon group (silicon, germanium, tin, and lead), ionic substances with cage-like structures are formed, such as the silicides M4Si4 (M = K, Rb, or Cs), which contains M+ and tetrahedral  ions.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p s\u02c8\u026al\u026ak\u0259n, d\u0292\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m, t\u02c8\u026an, \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0d, a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292l\u02c8a\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026al\u026as\u02cca\u026adz \u02c8\u025bm f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bm \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz k\u02c8e\u026a, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u02c8\u025bm pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00e6nd t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "The chemistry of alkali metal germanides, involving the germanide ion Ge4\u2212 and other cluster (Zintl) ions such as , , , and [(Ge9)2]6\u2212, is largely analogous to that of the corresponding silicides.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0250n\u02cca\u026adz, \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0250n\u02cca\u026ad \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a kl\u02c8\u028cst\u025a z\u02c8\u026ant\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z , , , \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s, \u026az l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259\u0261\u0259s t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026al\u026as\u02cca\u026adz."}, {"text": "Alkali metal stannides are mostly ionic, sometimes with the stannide ion (Sn4\u2212), and sometimes with more complex Zintl ions such as , which appears in tetrapotassium nonastannide (K4Sn9).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6na\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028astli a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6na\u026ad \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks z\u02c8\u026ant\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z , w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0250st\u02c8\u00e6na\u026ad k\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "The monatomic plumbide ion (Pb4\u2212) is unknown, and indeed its formation is predicted to be energetically unfavourable; alkali metal plumbides have complex Zintl ions, such as .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak pl\u02c8\u028cmba\u026ad \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n p\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u026az \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d \u026ats f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u02cc\u025bn\u025ad\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli \u028cnf\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l; \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l pl\u02c8\u028cmba\u026adz h\u00e6v k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks z\u02c8\u026ant\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z ."}, {"text": "These alkali metal germanides, stannides, and plumbides may be produced by reducing germanium, tin, and lead with sodium metal in liquid ammonia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0250n\u02cca\u026adz, st\u02c8\u00e6na\u026adz, \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u028cmba\u026adz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m, t\u02c8\u026an, \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026an l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259."}, {"text": "Lithium, the lightest of the alkali metals, is the only alkali metal which reacts with nitrogen at standard conditions, and its nitride is the only stable alkali metal nitride.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kts w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u00e6t st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u026ats n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279a\u026ad \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279a\u026ad."}, {"text": "Nitrogen is an unreactive gas because breaking the strong triple bond in the dinitrogen molecule (N2) requires a lot of energy.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u026az \u0250n \u028cn\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ana\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u028cv \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i."}, {"text": "The formation of an alkali metal nitride would consume the ionisation energy of the alkali metal (forming M+ ions), the energy required to break the triple bond in N2 and the formation of N3\u2212 ions, and all the energy released from the formation of an alkali metal nitride is from the lattice energy of the alkali metal nitride.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279a\u026ad w\u028ad k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bm pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad t\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u026an \u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u025bn \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279a\u026ad \u026az f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026as \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279a\u026ad."}, {"text": "The lattice energy is maximised with small, highly charged ions; the alkali metals do not form highly charged ions, only forming ions with a charge of +1, so only lithium, the smallest alkali metal, can release enough lattice energy to make the reaction with nitrogen exothermic, forming lithium nitride.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026as \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u026az m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u02cca\u026azd w\u026a\u00f0 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, h\u02c8a\u026ali t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz; \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m h\u02c8a\u026ali t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn, s\u02cco\u028a \u02c8o\u028anli l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u026an\u02c8\u028cf l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026as \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u025b\u0261z\u0259\u00f0\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026ak, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279a\u026ad."}, {"text": "The reactions of the other alkali metals with nitrogen would not release enough lattice energy and would thus be endothermic, so they do not form nitrides at standard conditions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u026an\u02c8\u028cf l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026as \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u00e6nd w\u028ad \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs bi\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bndo\u028a\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026ak, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279a\u026adz \u00e6t st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Sodium nitride (Na3N) and potassium nitride (K3N), while existing, are extremely unstable, being prone to decomposing back into their constituent elements, and cannot be produced by reacting the elements with each other at standard conditions.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279a\u026ad n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bn \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279a\u026ad k\u02c8e\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bn, w\u02cca\u026al \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, \u00e6nd k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "However, sodium and potassium form colourless azide salts involving the linear  anion; due to the large size of the alkali metal cations, they are thermally stable enough to be able to melt before decomposing.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02c8\u028cl\u025al\u0259s \u02c8e\u026aza\u026ad s\u02c8\u0254lts \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n; d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259li st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259bi \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025blt b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "All the alkali metals react readily with phosphorus and arsenic to form phosphides and arsenides with the formula M3Pn (where M represents an alkali metal and Pn represents a pnictogen \u2013 phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfo\u02d0\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279sn\u026ak t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfa\u026adz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 \u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025bm \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250 p\u02c8i\u02d0n\u02c8\u026akt\u0259d\u0292\u0259n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfo\u02d0\u0279\u0259s, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279sn\u026ak, \u02c8\u00e6nt\u026am\u0259ni, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u026asm\u028c\u03b8."}, {"text": "This is due to the greater size of the P3\u2212 and As3\u2212 ions, so that less lattice energy needs to be released for the salts to form.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u025bs l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026as \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i n\u02c8i\u02d0dz t\u0259bi \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254lts t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "These are not the only phosphides and arsenides of the alkali metals: for example, potassium has nine different known phosphides, with formulae K3P, K4P3, K5P4, KP, K4P6, K3P7, K3P11, KP10.3, and KP15.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfa\u026adz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz: f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m h\u0250z n\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt n\u02c8o\u028an f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfa\u026adz, w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u02cci\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, k\u02cce\u026ap\u02c8i\u02d0, k\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks, k\u02c8e\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, k\u02c8e\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, k\u02cce\u026ap\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bn.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd k\u02cce\u026ap\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "While most metals form arsenides, only the alkali and alkaline earth metals form mostly ionic arsenides.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al m\u02c8o\u028ast m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz, \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m m\u02c8o\u028astli a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz."}, {"text": "The structure of Na3As is complex with unusually short Na\u2013Na distances of 328\u2013330 pm which are shorter than in sodium metal, and this indicates that even with these electropositive metals the bonding cannot be straightforwardly ionic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6z\u02cc\u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks w\u026a\u00f0 \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026an s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0i\u02d0z \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 st\u0279e\u026atf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025adli a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak."}, {"text": "Other alkali metal arsenides not conforming to the formula M3As are known, such as LiAs, which has a metallic lustre and electrical conductivity indicating the presence of some metallic bonding.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259nf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 \u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z l\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6z, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z \u0250 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak l\u02c8\u028cst\u025a \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The antimonides are unstable and reactive as the Sb3\u2212 ion is a strong reducing agent; reaction of them with acids form the toxic and unstable gas stibine (SbH3).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0na\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bsb\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u026az \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt; \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak \u00e6nd \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s st\u02c8\u026aba\u026an \u02cc\u025bsb\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Indeed, they have some metallic properties, and the alkali metal antimonides of stoichiometry MSb involve antimony atoms bonded in a spiral Zintl structure.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d, \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v s\u02cc\u028cm m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0na\u026adz \u028cv st\u02cco\u028a\u026ak\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279i \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bsb\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u02c8\u00e6nt\u026am\u0259ni \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 sp\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259l z\u02c8\u026ant\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Bismuthides are not even wholly ionic; they are intermetallic compounds containing partially metallic and partially ionic bonds.", "phonemes": "ba\u026asm\u02c8\u028c\u03b8a\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n h\u02c8o\u028ali a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak; \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz."}, {"text": "They form various types of oxides, such as simple oxides (containing the O2\u2212 ion), peroxides (containing the  ion, where there is a single bond between the two oxygen atoms), superoxides (containing the  ion), and many others.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n, p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz, s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az."}, {"text": "Lithium burns in air to form lithium oxide, but sodium reacts with oxygen to form a mixture of sodium oxide and sodium peroxide.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kts w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad."}, {"text": "Potassium forms a mixture of potassium peroxide and potassium superoxide, while rubidium and caesium form the superoxide exclusively.", "phonemes": "p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad, w\u02cca\u026al \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026avli."}, {"text": "Their reactivity increases going down the group: while lithium, sodium and potassium merely burn in air, rubidium and caesium are pyrophoric (spontaneously catch fire in air).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p: w\u02cca\u026al l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cca\u026a\u0279o\u028af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak sp\u0251\u02d0nt\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259sli k\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279."}, {"text": "The smaller alkali metals tend to polarise the larger anions (the peroxide and superoxide) due to their small size.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u00e6nd s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "This attracts the electrons in the more complex anions towards one of its constituent oxygen atoms, forming an oxide ion and an oxygen atom.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kts \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u026ats k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m."}, {"text": "This effect becomes drastically weaker for the larger sodium and potassium, allowing them to form the less stable peroxides.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u026akli w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bs st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz."}, {"text": "Rubidium and caesium, at the bottom of the group, are so large that even the least stable superoxides can form.", "phonemes": "\u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0st st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz k\u00e6n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "Because the superoxide releases the most energy when formed, the superoxide is preferentially formed for the larger alkali metals where the more complex anions are not polarised.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i w\u025bn f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u026az p\u0279\u02cc\u025bf\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd."}, {"text": "(The oxides and peroxides for these alkali metals do exist, but do not form upon direct reaction of the metal with oxygen at standard conditions.)", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz \u00e6nd p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast, b\u02cc\u028ct du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6t st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In addition, the small size of the Li+ and O2\u2212 ions contributes to their forming a stable ionic lattice structure.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0ts t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026as st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Under controlled conditions, however, all the alkali metals, with the exception of francium, are known to form their oxides, peroxides, and superoxides.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz, p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz, \u00e6nd s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz."}, {"text": "Sodium peroxide and potassium superoxide react with carbon dioxide to form the alkali metal carbonate and oxygen gas, which allows them to be used in submarine air purifiers; the presence of water vapour, naturally present in breath, makes the removal of carbon dioxide by potassium superoxide even more efficient.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259bi j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an s\u02c8\u028cbm\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u025b\u0279 pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025az; \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a v\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a, n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, m\u02cce\u026aks \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad ba\u026a p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt."}, {"text": "All the stable alkali metals except lithium can form red ozonides (MO3) through low-temperature reaction of the powdered anhydrous hydroxide with ozone: the ozonides may be then extracted using liquid ammonia.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m k\u00e6n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u02c8o\u028az\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8o\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 l\u02c8o\u028at\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028ad\u025ad \u00e6nh\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259s ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8o\u028azo\u028an: \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028az\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259."}, {"text": "They slowly decompose at standard conditions to the superoxides and oxygen, and hydrolyse immediately to the hydroxides when in contact with water.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a sl\u02c8o\u028ali d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az \u00e6t st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz w\u025bn \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Potassium, rubidium, and caesium also form sesquioxides M2O3, which may be better considered peroxide disuperoxides, .", "phonemes": "p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m s\u02cc\u025bskw\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz \u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad d\u026as\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz, ."}, {"text": "Rubidium and caesium can form a great variety of suboxides with the metals in formal oxidation states below +1.", "phonemes": "\u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m k\u00e6n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv s\u028cb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026ats b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Rubidium can form Rb6O and Rb9O2 (copper-coloured) upon oxidation in air, while caesium forms an immense variety of oxides, such as the ozonide CsO3 and several brightly coloured suboxides, such as Cs7O (bronze), Cs4O (red-violet), Cs11O3 (violet), Cs3O (dark green), CsO, Cs3O2, as well as Cs7O2.", "phonemes": "\u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m k\u00e6n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8o\u028a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026an \u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ak\u02c8\u028cl\u025ad \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279, w\u02cca\u026al s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u0250n \u026am\u02c8\u025bns v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028az\u0259n\u02cca\u026ad s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8a\u026atli k\u02c8\u028cl\u025ad s\u028cb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8o\u028a b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bdv\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u026at, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8o\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u026at, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8o\u028a, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "The alkali metals can also react analogously with the heavier chalcogens (sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium), and all the alkali metal chalcogenides are known (with the exception of francium's).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259\u0261\u0259sli w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028clf\u025c\u02d0, s\u025bl\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259m, t\u025bl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259m, \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6lko\u028ad\u0292n\u02cca\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Reaction with an excess of the chalcogen can similarly result in lower chalcogenides, with chalcogen ions containing chains of the chalcogen atoms in question.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u025bks\u02c8\u025bs \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259d\u0292\u0259n k\u00e6n s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026an l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6lko\u028ad\u0292n\u02cca\u026adz, w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u026an kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "For example, sodium can react with sulfur to form the sulfide (Na2S) and various polysulfides with the formula Na2Sx (x from 2 to 6), containing the  ions.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m k\u00e6n \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u028clf\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028clfa\u026ad n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 z \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026as\u02c8\u028clfa\u026adz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8\u025bks \u02c8\u025bks f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks, k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Due to the basicity of the Se2\u2212 and Te2\u2212 ions, the alkali metal selenides and tellurides are alkaline in solution; when reacted directly with selenium and tellurium, alkali metal polyselenides and polytellurides are formed along with the selenides and tellurides with the  and  ions.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 be\u026as\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u00e6nd t\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02cca\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an \u026an s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n; w\u02cc\u025bn \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli w\u026a\u00f0 s\u025bl\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259m \u00e6nd t\u025bl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259m, \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026as\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02c8\u025bl\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02cca\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02cca\u026adz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "They may be obtained directly from the elements in liquid ammonia or when air is not present, and are colourless, water-soluble compounds that air oxidises quickly back to selenium or tellurium.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u025bn \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025al\u0259s, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz kw\u02c8\u026akli b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 s\u025bl\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u025bl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259m."}, {"text": "The alkali metal polonides are all ionic compounds containing the Po2\u2212 ion; they are very chemically stable and can be produced by direct reaction of the elements at around 300\u2013400\u00a0\u00b0C.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cca\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n; \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i k\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u00e6\u027e \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The alkali metals are among the most electropositive elements on the periodic table and thus tend to bond ionically to the most electronegative elements on the periodic table, the halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine), forming salts known as the alkali metal halides.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026akli t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279o\u028a\u014b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u02d0n, kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0n, b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ama\u026an, \u02c8a\u026a\u0259d\u02cci\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u0250st\u02c8\u00e6ti\u02d0n, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u0254lts n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz."}, {"text": "All twenty stable alkali metal halides are known; the unstable ones are not known, with the exception of sodium astatide, because of the great instability and rarity of astatine and francium.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l tw\u02c8\u025bnti st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an; \u00f0\u026a \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l w\u02c8\u028cnz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8o\u028an, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u0250st\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026ad, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u026anst\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u0250st\u02c8\u00e6ti\u02d0n \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m."}, {"text": "All of the stable alkali metal halides have the formula MX where M is an alkali metal and X is a halogen.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bks w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025bm \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bks \u026az \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "All the alkali metal halides are soluble in water except for lithium fluoride (LiF), which is insoluble in water due to its very high lattice enthalpy.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad l\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u025bf, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u026ans\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026as \u025bn\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6lpi."}, {"text": "The high lattice enthalpy of lithium fluoride is due to the small sizes of the Li+ and F\u2212 ions, causing the electrostatic interactions between them to be strong: a similar effect occurs for magnesium fluoride, consistent with the diagonal relationship between lithium and magnesium.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026as \u025bn\u03b8\u02c8\u00e6lpi \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad \u026az d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bf m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028ast\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259bi st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b: \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0259m fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279a\u026ad, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 da\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u00e6nd m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0259m."}, {"text": "The alkali metals also react similarly with hydrogen to form ionic alkali metal hydrides, where the hydride anion acts as a pseudohalide: these are often used as reducing agents, producing hydrides, complex metal hydrides, or hydrogen gas.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026adz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6kts \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028ah\u0259l\u02cca\u026ad: \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026adz, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026adz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "These are isostructural to the respective halides except for lithium cyanide, indicating that the cyanide ions may rotate freely.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cca\u026as\u0259st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m s\u02c8a\u026a\u0250n\u02cca\u026ad, \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0250n\u02cca\u026ad \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026at f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0li."}, {"text": "Ternary alkali metal halide oxides, such as Na3ClO, K3BrO (yellow), Na4Br2O, Na4I2O, and K4Br2O, are also known.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026ad \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8o\u028a, k\u02c8e\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028a j\u02c8\u025blo\u028a, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 a\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a, \u00e6nd k\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "The polyhalides are rather unstable, although those of rubidium and caesium are greatly stabilised by the feeble polarising power of these extremely large cations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ah\u0259l\u02c8a\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0259l p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Alkali metal cations do not usually form coordination complexes with simple Lewis bases due to their low charge of just +1 and their relatively large size; thus the Li+ ion forms most complexes and the heavier alkali metal ions form less and less (though exceptions occur for weak complexes).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028a t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 s\u02c8a\u026az; \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m l\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Lithium in particular has a very rich coordination chemistry in which it exhibits coordination numbers from 1 to 12, although octahedral hexacoordination is its preferred mode.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a h\u0250z \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283 ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u027e \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026ats ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025blv, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kt\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259l h\u02cc\u025bks\u0250ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u026ats p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d m\u02c8o\u028ad."}, {"text": "In aqueous solution, the alkali metal ions exist as octahedral hexahydrate complexes ([M(H2O)6)]+), with the exception of the lithium ion, which due to its small size forms tetrahedral tetrahydrate complexes ([Li(H2O)4)]+); the alkali metals form these complexes because their ions are attracted by electrostatic forces of attraction to the polar water molecules.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u00e6z \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kt\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bks\u0250h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279e\u026at k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u1d7bz \u02c8\u025bm \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8\u026aks pl\u02c8\u028cs, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8a\u026az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279e\u026at k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u1d7bz l\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u028cs; \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u1d7bz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028ast\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "Alkali metals also readily form complexes with crown ethers (e.g. 12-crown-4 for Li+, 15-crown-5 for Na+, 18-crown-6 for K+, and 21-crown-7 for Rb+) and cryptands due to electrostatic attraction.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u025az \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. tw\u02c8\u025blvk\u0279\u02c8a\u028an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026a pl\u02c8\u028cs, f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0\u014bk\u0279\u02c8a\u028an f\u02c8a\u026av f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u028cs, \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0\u014bk\u0279\u02c8a\u028an s\u02c8\u026aks f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026a pl\u02c8\u028cs, \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0279\u02c8a\u028an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u00e6ndz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028ast\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The alkali metals dissolve slowly in liquid ammonia, forming ammoniacal solutions of solvated metal cation M+ and solvated electron e\u2212, which react to form hydrogen gas and the alkali metal amide (MNH2, where M represents an alkali metal): this was first noted by Humphry Davy in 1809 and rediscovered by W. Weyl in 1864.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv sl\u02c8o\u028ali \u026an l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6mo\u028an\u02cc\u026a\u00e6k\u0259l s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lve\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259n \u02c8\u025bm pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lve\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u025bn\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025bm \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l: \u00f0\u026as w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u02c8\u028cmf\u0279i d\u02c8e\u026avi \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0. w\u02c8e\u026al \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Similar solutions are formed by the heavy divalent alkaline earth metals calcium, strontium, barium, as well as the divalent lanthanides, europium and ytterbium.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi d\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz k\u02c8\u00e6lsi\u0259m, st\u0279\u02c8\u0254nti\u0259m, b\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259m, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt l\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0250n\u02cca\u026adz, j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8o\u028api\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025ab\u02cci\u0259m."}, {"text": "The amide salt is quite insoluble and readily precipitates out of solution, leaving intensely coloured ammonia solutions of the alkali metals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u026ad s\u02c8\u0254lt \u026az kw\u02c8a\u026at \u026ans\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili p\u0279\u026as\u02c8\u026ap\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026ats \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnsli k\u02c8\u028cl\u025ad \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In 1907, Charles A. Kraus identified the colour as being due to the presence of solvated electrons, which contribute to the high electrical conductivity of these solutions.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lz \u02c8e\u026a. k\u0279\u02c8a\u028as a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lve\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "At low concentrations (below 3 M), the solution is dark blue and has ten times the conductivity of aqueous sodium chloride; at higher concentrations (above 3 M), the solution is copper-coloured and has approximately the conductivity of liquid metals like mercury.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t l\u02c8o\u028a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bm, \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026az d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k bl\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd h\u0250z t\u02c8\u025bn t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00f0\u0259 k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad; \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bm, \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025ak\u02c8\u028cl\u025ad \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u00f0\u0259 k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz l\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i."}, {"text": "In addition to the alkali metal amide salt and solvated electrons, such ammonia solutions also contain the alkali metal cation (M+), the neutral alkali metal atom (M), diatomic alkali metal molecules (M2) and alkali metal anions (M\u2212).", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8a\u026ad s\u02c8\u0254lt \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lve\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259n \u02c8\u025bm pl\u02c8\u028cs, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u02c8\u025bm, d\u02cca\u026a\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz \u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz \u02c8\u025bm m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s."}, {"text": "These are unstable and eventually become the more thermodynamically stable alkali metal amide and hydrogen gas.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6nd \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02cc\u025c\u02d0mo\u028ada\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026akli st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u0250m\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "Being the smallest alkali metal, lithium forms the widest variety of and most stable organometallic compounds, which are bonded covalently.", "phonemes": "b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ad\u026ast v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028am\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u1d7bd k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "Organolithium compounds are electrically non-conducting volatile solids or liquids that melt at low temperatures, and tend to form oligomers with the structure (RLi)x where R is the organic group.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026akli n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0250\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026adz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026adz \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u025blt \u00e6t l\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az, \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0261\u0259m\u025az w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u025bks w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "As the electropositive nature of lithium puts most of the charge density of the bond on the carbon atom, effectively creating a carbanion, organolithium compounds are extremely powerful bases and nucleophiles.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m p\u02cc\u028ats m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m, \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fa\u026alz."}, {"text": "An example of an organolithium compound is methyllithium ((CH3Li)x), which exists in tetrameric (x = 4, tetrahedral) and hexameric (x = 6, octahedral) forms.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u0259v\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028and \u026az m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u025bks, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts \u026an t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u025bks \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u02cc\u025bks\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u025bks \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz s\u02c8\u026aks, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kt\u0250h\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "Organolithium compounds, especially n-butyllithium, are useful reagents in organic synthesis, as might be expected given lithium's diagonal relationship with magnesium, which plays an important role in the Grignard reaction.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u02c8\u025bnbj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l \u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts \u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, \u00e6z m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259mz da\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8e\u026az \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "For example, alkyllithiums and aryllithiums may be used to synthesise aldehydes and ketones by reaction with metal carbonyls.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u02cc\u00e6lk\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259mz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259mz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cca\u026az \u02c8\u00e6ld\u026ah\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bto\u028anz ba\u026a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cca\u026alz."}, {"text": "The reaction with nickel tetracarbonyl, for example, proceeds through an unstable acyl nickel carbonyl complex which then undergoes electrophilic substitution to give the desired aldehyde (using H+ as the electrophile) or ketone (using an alkyl halide) product.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cca\u026al, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, p\u0279\u02c8o\u028asi\u02d0dz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250n \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u0250k\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cca\u026al k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028az \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028af\u02c8\u026al\u026ak s\u02cc\u028cbst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6ld\u026ah\u02cca\u026ad j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028af\u02c8a\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025bto\u028an j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026ad p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt."}, {"text": "Alkyllithiums and aryllithiums may also react with N,N-disubstituted amides to give aldehydes and ketones, and symmetrical ketones by reacting with carbon monoxide.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6lk\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259mz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259mz m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025bn,\u02c8\u025bnd\u026as\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250m\u02c8a\u026adz t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u02c8\u00e6ld\u026ah\u02cca\u026adz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bto\u028anz, \u00e6nd s\u026am\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u025bto\u028anz ba\u026a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n m\u028cn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad."}, {"text": "They thermally decompose to eliminate a \u03b2-hydrogen, producing alkenes and lithium hydride: another route is the reaction of ethers with alkyl- and aryllithiums that act as strong bases.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259li d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az t\u028a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lki\u02d0nz \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026ad: \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u028at \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6kt \u00e6z st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In non-polar solvents, aryllithiums react as the carbanions they effectively are, turning carbon dioxide to aromatic carboxylic acids (ArCO2H) and aryl ketones to tertiary carbinols (Ar'2C(Ar)OH).", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0np\u02c8o\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u0259nts, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259mz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8\u00e6ni\u0259nz \u00f0e\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u0251\u02d0\u0279, t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad t\u028a \u025a\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259ks\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026al k\u02c8\u025bto\u028anz t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283j\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u026an\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lz \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cco\u028a\u02c8e\u026at\u0283."}, {"text": "Finally, they may be used to synthesise other organometallic compounds through metal-halogen exchange.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li, \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cca\u026az \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028am\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lh\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292."}, {"text": "Unlike the organolithium compounds, the organometallic compounds of the heavier alkali metals are predominantly ionic.", "phonemes": "\u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz, \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028am\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak."}, {"text": "The application of organosodium compounds in chemistry is limited in part due to competition from organolithium compounds, which are commercially available and exhibit more convenient reactivity.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028as\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u026an k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u026az l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259li \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6nd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026at m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nv\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u0259nt \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Sodium tetraphenylborate can also be classified as an organosodium compound since in the solid state sodium is bound to the aryl groups.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250f\u02cci\u02d0na\u026alb\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z \u0250n \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028as\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028and s\u02c8\u026ans \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad st\u02c8e\u026at s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026az b\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "Organometallic compounds of the higher alkali metals are even more reactive than organosodium compounds and of limited utility.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028am\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u00f0\u0250n \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028as\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u00e6nd \u028cv l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ju\u02d0t\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Several crystal structures of organopotassium compounds have been reported, establishing that they, like the sodium compounds, are polymeric.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028ap\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz h\u0250vb\u026an \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd, \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak."}, {"text": "Organosodium, organopotassium, organorubidium and organocaesium compounds are all mostly ionic and are insoluble (or nearly so) in nonpolar solvents.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028as\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028ap\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028a\u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028as\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8o\u028astli a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026ans\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li s\u02cco\u028a \u026an n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0np\u02c8o\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Unlike alkyllithium compounds, alkylsodiums and alkylpotassiums cannot be made by reacting the metals with alkyl halides because Wurtz coupling occurs:", "phonemes": "\u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6lk\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz, \u02cc\u00e6lk\u026als\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259mz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6lk\u026alp\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259mz k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ts k\u02c8\u028cpl\u026a\u014b \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z:"}, {"text": "As such, they have to be made by reacting alkylmercury compounds with sodium or potassium metal in inert hydrocarbon solvents.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283, \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v t\u0259bi m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lk\u026alm\u02cc\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026an \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u0259nts."}, {"text": "While methylsodium forms tetramers like methyllithium, methylpotassium is more ionic and has the nickel arsenide structure with discrete methyl anions and potassium cations.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259ls\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279e\u026am\u025az l\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259lp\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u0259n\u02cca\u026ad st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The alkali metals and their hydrides react with acidic hydrocarbons, for example cyclopentadienes and terminal alkynes, to give salts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026adz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250s\u02c8\u026ad\u026ak h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l s\u02cca\u026aklo\u028ap\u02cc\u025bnte\u026ad\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0nz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026anz, t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av s\u02c8\u0254lts."}, {"text": "Liquid ammonia, ether, or hydrocarbon solvents are used, the most common of which being tetrahydrofuran.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259, \u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259fj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "The most important of these compounds is sodium cyclopentadienide, NaC5H5, an important precursor to many transition metal cyclopentadienyl derivatives.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u026az s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028ap\u02cc\u025bnte\u026ad\u02cci\u0259na\u026ad, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8a\u026av, \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt p\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028ap\u02cc\u025bnte\u026ad\u02cci\u0259na\u026al d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz."}, {"text": "Similarly, the alkali metals react with cyclooctatetraene in tetrahydrofuran to give alkali metal cyclooctatetraenides; for example, dipotassium cyclooctatetraenide (K2C8H8) is an important precursor to many metal cyclooctatetraenyl derivatives, such as uranocene.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8a\u026aklu\u02d0kt\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u0279\u02cci\u02d0n \u026an t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259fj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259n t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026aklu\u02d0kt\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u0279\u02cci\u02d0na\u026adz; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, d\u02cc\u026ap\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m s\u02c8a\u026aklu\u02d0kt\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u0279\u02cci\u02d0na\u026ad k\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8e\u026at \u026az \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt p\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u025a t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026aklu\u02d0kt\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026at\u0279\u02cci\u02d0na\u026al d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0250n\u02cco\u028asi\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The large and very weakly polarising alkali metal cations can stabilise large, aromatic, polarisable radical anions, such as the dark-green sodium naphthalenide, Na+[C10H8\u2022]\u2212, a strong reducing agent.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8i\u02d0kli p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz k\u00e6n st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cca\u026az l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292, \u025a\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u0259b\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m n\u02c8\u00e6f\u03b8e\u026aln\u02cca\u026ad, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u028cs s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s, \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The peroxide anion is weakly bound to the cation, and it is hydrolysed, forming stronger covalent bonds.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n \u026az w\u02c8i\u02d0kli b\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz."}, {"text": "Because alkali metal sulfides are essentially salts of a weak acid and a strong base, they form basic solutions.", "phonemes": "b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u028clfa\u026adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li s\u02c8\u0254lts \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u00e6nd \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02c8e\u026as, \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "This reaction is vigorous and highly exothermic and the hydrogen resulted may ignite in air or even explode in the case of Rb and Cs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u026az v\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026ali \u025b\u0261z\u0259\u00f0\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bd m\u02c8e\u026a \u026a\u0261n\u02c8a\u026at \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Titanium is produced industrially by the reduction of titanium tetrachloride with Na at 4000C (van Arkel\u2013de Boer process).", "phonemes": "ta\u026at\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259li ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv ta\u026at\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u00e6t f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259l d\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028a\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs."}, {"text": "Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia or other donor solvents like aliphatic amines or hexamethylphosphoramide to give blue solutions.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u026an l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u02c8o\u028an\u025a s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u0259nts l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6ma\u026anz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bks\u0250m\u02cc\u025b\u03b8\u0259lf\u02cc\u0251\u02d0sfo\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ma\u026ad t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av bl\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Due to the presence of solvated electrons, these solutions are very powerful reducing agents used in organic synthesis.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lve\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz, \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as."}, {"text": "Although francium is the heaviest alkali metal that has been discovered, there has been some theoretical work predicting the physical and chemical characteristics of hypothetical heavier alkali metals.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u00f0\u0250th\u0250zb\u02cc\u026an d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u02cc\u028cm \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u028cv h\u02cca\u026ap\u0259\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Being the first period 8 element, the undiscovered element ununennium (element 119) is predicted to be the next alkali metal after francium and behave much like their lighter congeners; however, it is also predicted to differ from the lighter alkali metals in some properties.", "phonemes": "b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt, \u00f0\u026a \u028cnd\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u026az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u00e6nd b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026av m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u0259nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025az; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u025a f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Its chemistry is predicted to be closer to that of potassium or rubidium instead of caesium or francium.", "phonemes": "\u026ats k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u026az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259bi kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m."}, {"text": "This is unusual as periodic trends, ignoring relativistic effects would predict ununennium to be even more reactive than caesium and francium.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6z p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz, \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts w\u028ad p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m t\u0259bi \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m."}, {"text": "This lowered reactivity is due to the relativistic stabilisation of ununennium's valence electron, increasing ununennium's first ionisation energy and decreasing the metallic and ionic radii; this effect is already seen for francium.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ad \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak st\u02cce\u026ab\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259mz v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n, \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259mz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u00e6nd d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak \u00e6nd a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cca\u026a; \u00f0\u026as \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u026az \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi s\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m."}, {"text": "This assumes that ununennium will behave chemically as an alkali metal, which, although likely, may not be true due to relativistic effects.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m w\u026al b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026av k\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8a\u026akli, m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts."}, {"text": "The relativistic stabilisation of the 8s orbital also increases ununennium's electron affinity far beyond that of caesium and francium; indeed, ununennium is expected to have an electron affinity higher than all the alkali metals lighter than it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak st\u02cce\u026ab\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259mz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0250f\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m; \u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d, \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m \u026az \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0250f\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026at."}, {"text": "On the other hand, ununennium is predicted to continue the trend of melting points decreasing going down the group, being expected to have a melting point between 0\u00a0\u00b0C and 30\u00a0\u00b0C.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m \u026az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250 m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The stabilisation of ununennium's valence electron and thus the contraction of the 8s orbital cause its atomic radius to be lowered to 240\u00a0pm, very close to that of rubidium (247\u00a0pm), so that the chemistry of ununennium in the +1 oxidation state should be more similar to the chemistry of rubidium than to that of francium.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02cce\u026ab\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259mz v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u026ats \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s t\u0259bi l\u02c8o\u028a\u025ad t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm, v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u028cv \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u028cv \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00f0\u0250n t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m."}, {"text": "On the other hand, the ionic radius of the Uue+ ion is predicted to be larger than that of Rb+, because the 7p orbitals are destabilised and are thus larger than the p-orbitals of the lower shells.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00f0\u026a a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8u\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u026az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259bi l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0 pl\u02c8\u028cs, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 di\u02d0st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a \u0283\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "Ununennium may also show the +3 and +5 oxidation states, which are not seen in any other alkali metal, in addition to the +1 oxidation state that is characteristic of the other alkali metals and is also the main oxidation state of all the known alkali metals: this is because of the destabilisation and expansion of the 7p3/2 spinor, causing its outermost electrons to have a lower ionisation energy than what would otherwise be expected.", "phonemes": "\u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u028cs f\u02c8a\u026av \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026ats, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz: \u00f0\u026as \u026az b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 di\u02d0st\u02cce\u026ab\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8\u026an\u025a, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026ats \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u00f0\u0250n w\u028ct w\u028ad \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az bi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Indeed, many ununennium compounds are expected to have a large covalent character, due to the involvement of the 7p3/2 electrons in the bonding.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d, m\u02c8\u025bni \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Although a simple extrapolation of the periodic table (by the aufbau principle) would put element 169, unhexennium, under ununennium, Dirac-Fock calculations predict that the next element after ununennium with alkali-metal-like properties may be element 165, unhexpentium, which is predicted to have the electron configuration", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0fba\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l w\u028ad p\u02cc\u028at \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u028cnh\u025bks\u02c8\u025bni\u0259m, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m, d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u00e6kf\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ll\u02c8a\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u028cnh\u025bksp\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n"}, {"text": "This element would be intermediate in properties between an alkali metal and a group 11 element, and while its physical and atomic properties would be closer to the former, its chemistry may be closer to that of the latter.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t \u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt, \u00e6nd w\u02cca\u026al \u026ats f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz w\u028ad bi\u02d0 kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a, \u026ats k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Further calculations show that unhexpentium would follow the trend of increasing ionisation energy beyond caesium, having an ionisation energy comparable to that of sodium, and that it should also continue the trend of decreasing atomic radii beyond caesium, having an atomic radius comparable to that of potassium.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0283\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cnh\u025bksp\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259m w\u028ad f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cca\u026a b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m."}, {"text": "However, the 7d electrons of unhexpentium may also be able to participate in chemical reactions along with the 9s electron, possibly allowing oxidation states beyond +1, whence the likely transition metal behaviour of unhexpentium.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u028cv \u028cnh\u025bksp\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259m m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at \u026an k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026an z \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n, p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026ats b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn, w\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u028cnh\u025bksp\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259m."}, {"text": "Due to the alkali and alkaline earth metals both being s-block elements, these predictions for the trends and properties of ununennium and unhexpentium also mostly hold quite similarly for the corresponding alkaline earth metals unbinilium (Ubn) and unhexhexium (Uhh).", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bsbl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, \u00f0i\u02d0z p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m \u00e6nd \u028cnh\u025bksp\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8o\u028astli h\u02c8o\u028ald kw\u02c8a\u026at s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u028cnba\u026an\u02c8\u026ali\u0259m \u02c8\u028cb\u0259n \u00e6nd \u028cnh\u025bksh\u02c8i\u02d0ksi\u0259m \u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Unsepttrium, element 173, may be an even better heavier homologue of ununennium; with a predicted electron configuration of [Usb] 6g1, it returns to the alkali-metal-like situation of having one easily removed electron far above a closed p-shell in energy, and is expected to be even more reactive than caesium.", "phonemes": "\u028cns\u02c8\u025bpt\u0279i\u0259m, \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u028cv \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m; w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02cc\u025bsb\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn, \u026at \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259ll\u02c8a\u026ak s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8i\u02d0zili \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u0250 kl\u02c8o\u028azd p\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u02c8\u025bl \u026an \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i, \u00e6nd \u026az \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m."}, {"text": "The probable properties of further alkali metals beyond unsepttrium have not been explored yet as of 2019, and they may or may not be able to exist.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259b\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u028cns\u02c8\u025bpt\u0279i\u0259m h\u0250vn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cc\u026an \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d j\u02c8\u025bt \u00e6z \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8e\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast."}, {"text": "In periods 8 and above of the periodic table, relativistic and shell-structure effects become so strong that extrapolations from lighter congeners become completely inaccurate.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz \u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u025blst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm s\u02cco\u028a st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u0259nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025az b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u026an\u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t."}, {"text": "In addition, the relativistic and shell-structure effects (which stabilise the s-orbitals and destabilise and expand the d-, f-, and g-orbitals of higher shells) have opposite effects, causing even larger difference between relativistic and non-relativistic calculations of the properties of elements with such high atomic numbers.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u025blst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bs\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u00e6nd di\u02d0st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cca\u026az \u00e6nd \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u025bf, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259lz \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u0283\u02c8\u025blz h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak k\u02cc\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 h\u02c8a\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az."}, {"text": "Interest in the chemical properties of ununennium, unhexpentium, and unsepttrium stems from the fact that they are located close to the expected locations of islands of stability, centered at elements 122 (306Ubb) and 164 (482Uhq).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m, \u028cnh\u025bksp\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u028cns\u02c8\u025bpt\u0279i\u0259m st\u02c8\u025bmz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u028cv st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8\u028cb \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8u\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Many other substances are similar to the alkali metals in their tendency to form monopositive cations.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz."}, {"text": "These substances include some elements and many more polyatomic ions; the polyatomic ions are especially similar to the alkali metals in their large size and weak polarising power.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz; \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026a\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 s\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd w\u02c8i\u02d0k p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a."}, {"text": "The element hydrogen, with one electron per neutral atom, is usually placed at the top of Group 1 of the periodic table because of its electron configuration.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n p\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m, \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u026ats \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Metallic hydrogen, which only exists at very high pressures, is known for its electrical and magnetic properties, not its chemical properties.", "phonemes": "m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8o\u028anli \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts \u00e6t v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025az, \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026ats k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Under typical conditions, pure hydrogen exists as a diatomic gas consisting of two atoms per molecule (H2); however, the alkali metals form diatomic molecules (such as dilithium, Li2) only at high temperatures, when they are in the gaseous state.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026asts \u00e6z \u0250 d\u02cca\u026a\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz p\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m d\u02cca\u026a\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, l\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028anli \u00e6t h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az, w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259s st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Hydrogen, like the alkali metals, has one valence electron and reacts easily with the halogens, but the similarities mostly end there because of the small size of a bare proton H+ compared to the alkali metal cations.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, h\u0250z w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kts \u02c8i\u02d0zili w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz m\u02c8o\u028astli \u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8a\u026az \u0259v\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 pl\u02c8\u028cs k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz."}, {"text": "It is sometimes placed above fluorine due to their similar chemical properties, though the resemblance is likewise not absolute.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv fl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u02d0n d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmbl\u0259ns \u026az l\u02c8a\u026akwa\u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6bs\u0259l\u02ccu\u02d0t."}, {"text": "The first ionisation energy of hydrogen (1312.0 kJ/mol) is much higher than that of the alkali metals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025blv.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02c8e\u026a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l \u026az m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "As only one additional electron is required to fill in the outermost shell of the hydrogen atom, hydrogen often behaves like a halogen, forming the negative hydride ion, and is very occasionally considered to be a halogen on that basis.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u026az \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u0283\u02c8\u025bl \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m, h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259n, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026ad \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259li k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u0250 h\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as."}, {"text": "(The alkali metals can also form negative ions, known as alkalides, but these are little more than laboratory curiosities, being unstable.)", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026adz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n l\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279i kj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7b\u027eiz, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u028cnst\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l."}, {"text": "An argument against this placement is that formation of hydride from hydrogen is endothermic, unlike the exothermic formation of halides from halogens.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u026as pl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279a\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u026az \u02cc\u025bndo\u028a\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026ak, \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u0259\u00f0\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026ak f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The radius of the H\u2212 anion also does not fit the trend of increasing size going down the halogens: indeed, H\u2212 is very diffuse because its single proton cannot easily control both electrons.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u026at \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026az \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz: \u02cc\u026and\u02c8i\u02d0d, \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i d\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0z b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026ats s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8i\u02d0zili k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "It was expected for some time that liquid hydrogen would show metallic properties; while this has been shown to not be the case, under extremely high pressures, such as those found at the cores of Jupiter and Saturn, hydrogen does become metallic and behaves like an alkali metal; in this phase, it is known as metallic hydrogen.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n w\u028ad \u0283\u02c8o\u028a m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz; w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026as h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0283\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli h\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025az, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0o\u028az f\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0p\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025c\u02d0n, h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n d\u02c8\u028cz b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak \u00e6nd b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l; \u026an \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8e\u026az, \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "The electrical resistivity of liquid metallic hydrogen at 3000 K is approximately equal to that of liquid rubidium and caesium at 2000 K at the respective pressures when they undergo a nonmetal-to-metal transition.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u026ast\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u00e6t \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd k\u02c8e\u026a \u026az \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u00e6t t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd k\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025az w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028a \u0250 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nm\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The 1s1 electron configuration of hydrogen, while analogous to that of the alkali metals (ns1), is unique because there is no 1p subshell.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn z w\u02c8\u028cn \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n, w\u02cca\u026al \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259\u0261\u0259s t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u02cc\u025bn\u02c8\u025bs w\u02c8\u028cn, \u026az ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cb\u0283\u025bl."}, {"text": "In the former case it resembles superficially the alkali metals; in the latter case, the halogens, but the differences due to the lack of a 1p subshell are important enough that neither group fits the properties of hydrogen well.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a k\u02c8e\u026as \u026at \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259lz s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz; \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a k\u02c8e\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cb\u0283\u025bl \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u026an\u02c8\u028cf \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p f\u02c8\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "Group 14 is also a good fit in terms of thermodynamic properties such as ionisation energy and electron affinity, but hydrogen cannot be tetravalent.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad f\u02c8\u026at \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv \u03b8\u02cc\u025c\u02d0mo\u028ada\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0250f\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027ei, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250v\u0259l\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Thus none of the three placements are entirely satisfactory, although group 1 is the most common placement (if one is chosen) because of the electron configuration and the fact that the hydron is by far the most important of all monatomic hydrogen species, being the foundation of acid-base chemistry.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 pl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali s\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u02c8\u028cn \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n pl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt \u026af w\u02c8\u028cn \u026az t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az\u0259n b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259n \u026az ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adb\u02c8e\u026as k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i."}, {"text": "As an example of hydrogen's unorthodox properties stemming from its unusual electron configuration and small size, the hydrogen ion is very small (radius around 150\u00a0fm compared to the 50\u2013220\u00a0pm size of most other atoms and ions) and so is nonexistent in condensed systems other than in association with other atoms or molecules.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cn\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz st\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8a\u026az, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259s \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bm k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u026an k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bnst s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u026an \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "Also unique is hydrogen's ability to form hydrogen bonds, which are an effect of charge-transfer, electrostatic, and electron correlative contributing phenomena.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k \u026az h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsf\u025c\u02d0, \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028ast\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0254\u0279\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259."}, {"text": "Nevertheless, hydrogen can take on the same structural role as the alkali metals in some molecular crystals, and has a close relationship with the lightest alkali metals (especially lithium).", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n k\u00e6n t\u02c8e\u026ak \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259lz, \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u0250 kl\u02c8o\u028as \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m."}, {"text": "The ammonium ion () has very similar properties to the heavier alkali metals, acting as an alkali metal intermediate between potassium and rubidium, and is often considered a close relative.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n h\u0250z v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 kl\u02c8o\u028as \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av."}, {"text": "Ammonium is expected to behave stably as a metal ( ions in a sea of delocalised electrons) at very high pressures (though less than the typical pressure where transitions from insulating to metallic behaviour occur around, 100\u00a0GPa), and could possibly occur inside the ice giants Uranus and Neptune, which may have significant impacts on their interior magnetic fields.", "phonemes": "\u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m \u026az \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026av st\u02c8e\u026abli \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6t v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025az \u00f0\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u026ans\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and, w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd k\u028ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026as d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nts j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u00e6n\u0259s \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025bptu\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kts \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz."}, {"text": "It has been estimated that the transition from a mixture of ammonia and dihydrogen molecules to metallic ammonium may occur at pressures just below 25\u00a0GPa.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 \u00e6nd da\u026ah\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz t\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m m\u02c8e\u026a \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025az d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Other \"pseudo-alkali metals\" include the alkylammonium cations, in which some of the hydrogen atoms in the ammonium cation are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \"s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028a\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz\" \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6lk\u026al\u0250m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lka\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026al \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "In particular, the quaternary ammonium cations () are very useful since they are permanently charged, and they are often used as an alternative to the expensive Cs+ to stabilise very large and very easily polarisable anions such as .", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 kw\u0259t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u025a\u0279i \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259ntli t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250n \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns\u026av s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs pl\u02c8\u028cs t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cca\u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02c8i\u02d0zili p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6na\u026a\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z ."}, {"text": "Tetraalkylammonium hydroxides, like alkali metal hydroxides, are very strong bases that react with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form carbonates.", "phonemes": "t\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u0251\u02d0lk\u02cc\u026al\u0250m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026adz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cce\u026ats."}, {"text": "Furthermore, the nitrogen atom may be replaced by a phosphorus, arsenic, or antimony atom (the heavier nonmetallic pnictogens), creating a phosphonium () or arsonium () cation that can itself be substituted similarly; while stibonium () itself is not known, some of its organic derivatives are characterised.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast ba\u026a \u0250 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sfo\u02d0\u0279\u0259s, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279sn\u026ak, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nt\u026am\u0259ni \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nm\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak p\u02c8i\u02d0n\u02c8\u026akt\u0259d\u0292\u0259nz, k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u0259sf\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali; w\u02cca\u026al st\u026ab\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8o\u028an, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u026ats \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd."}, {"text": "Cobaltocene has 19 valence electrons, one more than usually found in organotransition metal complexes, such as its very stable relative, ferrocene, in accordance with the 18-electron rule.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8o\u028ab\u0250lt\u02cco\u028asi\u02d0n h\u0250z n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz, w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02cc\u00e6no\u028at\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026ats v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, f\u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028as\u02cci\u02d0n, \u026an \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259ns w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Consequently, many chemical reactions of Co(C5H5)2 are characterized by its tendency to lose this \"extra\" electron, yielding a very stable 18-electron cation known as cobaltocenium.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ntli, m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv k\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u026ats t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nsi t\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u02c8\u026as \"\u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259\" \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n, j\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026a\u014b \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259n n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z k\u02cco\u028ab\u0250lt\u02c8o\u028asni\u0259m."}, {"text": "Many cobaltocenium salts coprecipitate with caesium salts, and cobaltocenium hydroxide is a strong base that absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide to form cobaltocenium carbonate.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02cco\u028ab\u0250lt\u02c8o\u028asni\u0259m s\u02c8\u0254lts k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0279\u026as\u02c8\u026ap\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m s\u02c8\u0254lts, \u00e6nd k\u02cco\u028ab\u0250lt\u02c8o\u028asni\u0259m ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u026az \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279bz \u02cc\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02cco\u028ab\u0250lt\u02c8o\u028asni\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "Like the alkali metals, cobaltocene is a strong reducing agent, and decamethylcobaltocene is stronger still due to the combined inductive effect of the ten methyl groups.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, k\u02c8o\u028ab\u0250lt\u02cco\u028asi\u02d0n \u026az \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt, \u00e6nd d\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6m\u026a\u03b8\u0259lk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0250lt\u02cco\u028asi\u02d0n \u026az st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a st\u02c8\u026al d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and \u026and\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps."}, {"text": "Cobalt may be substituted by its heavier congener rhodium to give rhodocene, an even stronger reducing agent.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254lt m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u026ats h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a k\u0259nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a \u0279\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0n, \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Iridocene (involving iridium) would presumably be still more potent, but is not very well-studied due to its instability.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ad\u02cco\u028asi\u02d0n \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m w\u028ad p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259bli bi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u026al m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8o\u028at\u0259nt, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i w\u02c8\u025blst\u02c8\u028cdid d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats \u026anst\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "At the bottom of the periodic table, the inert-pair effect is quite strong, because of the relativistic stabilisation of the 6s orbital and the decreasing bond energy as the atoms increase in size so that the amount of energy released in forming two more bonds is not worth the high ionisation energies of the 6s electrons.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0tp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u026az kw\u02c8a\u026at st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bl\u0259\u027e\u026av\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak st\u02cce\u026ab\u026al\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks \u1d7bz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279b\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an s\u02c8a\u026az s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292iz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks \u1d7bz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "It displays the +1 oxidation state that all the known alkali metals display, and thallium compounds with thallium in its +1 oxidation state closely resemble the corresponding potassium or silver compounds stoichiometrically due to the similar ionic radii of the Tl+ (164\u00a0pm), K+ (152\u00a0pm) and Ag+ (129\u00a0pm) ions.", "phonemes": "\u026at d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026az \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m \u026an \u026ats pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz st\u02cco\u028a\u026ak\u026ao\u028am\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026akli d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cca\u026a \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm, k\u02c8e\u026a pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0261 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bm \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "It was sometimes considered an alkali metal in continental Europe (but not in England) in the years immediately following its discovery, and was placed just after caesium as the sixth alkali metal in Dmitri Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table and Julius Lothar Meyer's 1868 periodic table.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u026ats d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd w\u028cz pl\u02c8e\u026ast d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026an d\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0279i m\u02c8\u025bnd\u026al\u02cci\u02d0vz w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u0259s l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026a\u025az w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l."}, {"text": "(Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table and Meyer's 1870 periodic table put thallium in its current position in the boron group and left the space below caesium blank.)", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bnd\u026al\u02cci\u02d0vz w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a\u025az w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l p\u02cc\u028at \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m \u026an \u026ats k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nt p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bft \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8e\u026as b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m bl\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk."}, {"text": "However, thallium also displays the oxidation state +3, which no known alkali metal displays (although ununennium, the undiscovered seventh alkali metal, is predicted to possibly display the +3 oxidation state).", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at pl\u02c8\u028cs \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 n\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026az \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u028cn\u02cc\u028cn\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0259m, \u00f0\u026a \u028cnd\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, \u026az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028cs \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "While Tl+ is stabilised by the inert-pair effect, this inert pair of 6s electrons is still able to participate chemically, so that these electrons are stereochemically active in aqueous solution.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl pl\u02c8\u028cs \u026az st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0tp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt, \u00f0\u026as \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u026aks \u1d7bz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026at k\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0i\u02d0z \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ao\u028ak\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u026an \u02c8e\u026akw\u026a\u0259s s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Additionally, the thallium halides (except TlF) are quite insoluble in water, and TlI has an unusual structure because of the presence of the stereochemically active inert pair in thallium.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li, \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m h\u02c8\u00e6la\u026adz \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8\u025bf \u0251\u02d0\u0279 kw\u02c8a\u026at \u026ans\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u00e6nd t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bl a\u026a h\u0250z \u0250n \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ao\u028ak\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026an \u03b8\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259m."}, {"text": "The group 11 metals (or coinage metals), copper, silver, and gold, are typically categorised as transition metals given they can form ions with incomplete d-shells.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u026an\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a, s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz w\u026a\u00f0 \u026a\u014bk\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "Physically, they have the relatively low melting points and high electronegativity values associated with post-transition metals.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026az\u026akli, \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026a \u1d7bl\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028a\u014b\u0261\u0250t\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 p\u02c8o\u028astt\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "\"The filled d subshell and free s electron of Cu, Ag, and Au contribute to their high electrical and thermal conductivity.", "phonemes": "\"\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026ald d\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cb\u0283\u025bl \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bs \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u028cv k\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6\u0261, \u00e6nd \u02cco\u028a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Transition metals to the left of group 11 experience interactions between s electrons and the partially filled d subshell that lower electron mobility.\"", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bft \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bs \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li f\u02c8\u026ald d\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cb\u0283\u025bl \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n mo\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei.\""}, {"text": "Chemically, the group 11 metals behave like main-group metals in their +1 valence states, and are hence somewhat related to the alkali metals: this is one reason for their previously being labelled as \"group IB\", paralleling the alkali metals' \"group IA\".", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026av l\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8e\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bns s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz: \u00f0\u026as \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \u00e6z \"\u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02cca\u026ab\u02c8i\u02d0\", p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u0259l\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \"\u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02cca\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\"."}, {"text": "Their monopositive ions are paramagnetic and contribute no colour to their salts, like those of the alkali metals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259m\u0250\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0t n\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u0254lts, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table, copper, silver, and gold are listed twice, once under group VIII (with the iron triad and platinum group metals), and once under group IB.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u025bnd\u026al\u02cci\u02d0vz w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a, s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd tw\u02c8a\u026as, w\u02c8\u028cns \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u025an t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u00e6d \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an\u0259m \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cns \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02cca\u026ab\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Mendeleev's main criterion for group assignment was the maximum oxidation state of an element: on that basis, the group 11 elements could not be classified in group IB, due to the existence of copper(II) and gold(III) compounds being known at that time.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bnd\u026al\u02cci\u02d0vz m\u02c8e\u026an k\u0279a\u026at\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nt w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u0259m \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026at \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt: \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02cca\u026ab\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "However, eliminating group IB would make group I the only main group (group VIII was labelled a transition group) to lack an A\u2013B bifurcation.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02cca\u026ab\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u028ad m\u02cce\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p a\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8e\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u02c8e\u026at w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \u0250 t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u0250n \u0250 b\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026af\u025ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Soon afterward, a majority of chemists chose to classify these elements in group IB and remove them from group VIII for the resulting symmetry: this was the predominant classification until the rise of the modern medium-long 18-column periodic table, which separated the alkali metals and group 11 metals.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8u\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025ad, \u0250 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bm\u026asts t\u0283\u02c8o\u028az t\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u02cca\u026ab\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u0279\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u02c8e\u026at f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026am\u0259t\u0279i: \u00f0\u026as w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt kl\u02cc\u00e6s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259ml\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cm p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The coinage metals were traditionally regarded as a subdivision of the alkali metal group, due to them sharing the characteristic s1 electron configuration of the alkali metals (group 1: p6s1; group 11: d10s1).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u026an\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02cc\u028cbd\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02c8\u025bs w\u02c8\u028cn \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p w\u02c8\u028cn: p\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks \u1d7bz w\u02c8\u028cn; \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n: d\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u025bn z w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "However, the similarities are largely confined to the stoichiometries of the +1 compounds of both groups, and not their chemical properties.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li k\u0259nf\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02cco\u028a\u026ak\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259t\u0279iz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "This stems from the filled d subshell providing a much weaker shielding effect on the outermost s electron than the filled p subshell, so that the coinage metals have much higher first ionisation energies and smaller ionic radii than do the corresponding alkali metals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as st\u02c8\u025bmz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026ald d\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cb\u0283\u025bl p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026a\u014b \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast \u02c8\u025bs \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026ald p\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cb\u0283\u025bl, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u026an\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz h\u00e6v m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292iz \u00e6nd sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0250n d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Furthermore, they have higher melting points, hardnesses, and densities, and lower reactivities and solubilities in liquid ammonia, as well as having more covalent character in their compounds.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ants, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dn\u0259s\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259l\u0259nt k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz."}, {"text": "Finally, the alkali metals are at the top of the electrochemical series, whereas the coinage metals are almost at the very bottom.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026al\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279o\u028ak\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u026an\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m."}, {"text": "The coinage metals' filled d shell is much more easily disrupted than the alkali metals' filled p shell, so that the second and third ionisation energies are lower, enabling higher oxidation states than +1 and a richer coordination chemistry, thus giving the group 11 metals clear transition metal character.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u026an\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz f\u02c8\u026ald d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u025bl \u026az m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0zili d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz f\u02c8\u026ald p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u025bl, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02cca\u026a\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292iz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a, \u025bn\u02c8e\u026abl\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u0250n pl\u02c8\u028cs w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u025a ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a."}, {"text": "Particularly noteworthy is gold forming ionic compounds with rubidium and caesium, in which it forms the auride ion (Au\u2212) which also occurs in solvated form in liquid ammonia solution: here gold behaves as a pseudohalogen because its 5d106s1 configuration has one electron less than the quasi-closed shell 5d106s2 configuration of mercury.", "phonemes": "p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali n\u02c8o\u028atw\u025c\u02d0\u00f0i \u026az \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b a\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026at f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u02cco\u028a m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u026an s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lve\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u026an l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u00e6m\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259 s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n: h\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avz \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028ah\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292\u0259n b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026ats f\u02c8a\u026av d\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aks \u1d7bz w\u02c8\u028cn k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z w\u02c8\u028cn \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8e\u026aza\u026akl\u02c8o\u028azd \u0283\u02c8\u025bl f\u02c8a\u026av d\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aks \u1d7bz t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0259nf\u02cc\u026a\u0261j\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The production of pure alkali metals is somewhat complicated due to their extreme reactivity with commonly used substances, such as water.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "From their silicate ores, all the stable alkali metals may be obtained the same way: sulfuric acid is first used to dissolve the desired alkali metal ion and aluminium(III) ions from the ore (leaching), whereupon basic precipitation removes aluminium ions from the mixture by precipitating it as the hydroxide.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am w\u02c8e\u026a: s\u028clfj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad \u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6lj\u028am\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak p\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u026ap\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vz \u02cc\u00e6lj\u028am\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a ba\u026a p\u0279\u026as\u02c8\u026ap\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad."}, {"text": "The remaining insoluble alkali metal carbonate is then precipitated selectively; the salt is then dissolved in hydrochloric acid to produce the chloride.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026ans\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0b\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn p\u0279\u026as\u02c8\u026ap\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli; \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254lt \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an h\u02cca\u026ad\u0279\u0259kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad."}, {"text": "Lithium and sodium are typically isolated through electrolysis from their liquid chlorides, with calcium chloride typically added to lower the melting point of the mixture.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u02c8a\u026as\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026adz, w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u00e6lsi\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The heavier alkali metals, however, are more typically isolated in a different way, where a reducing agent (typically sodium for potassium and magnesium or calcium for the heaviest alkali metals) is used to reduce the alkali metal chloride.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u02c8a\u026as\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt w\u02c8e\u026a, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u00e6nd m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8i\u02d0zi\u0259m \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6lsi\u0259m f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad."}, {"text": "The liquid or gaseous product (the alkali metal) then undergoes fractional distillation for purification.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028az f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 pj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Most routes to the pure alkali metals require the use of electrolysis due to their high reactivity; one of the few which does not is the pyrolysis of the corresponding alkali metal azide, which yields the metal for sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium and the nitride for lithium.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0279\u02c8a\u028ats t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026a \u0279\u026a\u0250kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei; w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cca\u026a\u0279o\u028al\u02c8a\u026asiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8e\u026aza\u026ad, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279a\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m."}, {"text": "Lithium salts have to be extracted from the water of mineral springs, brine pools, and brine deposits.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m s\u02c8\u0254lts h\u00e6v t\u0259bi \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, b\u0279\u02c8a\u026an p\u02c8u\u02d0lz, \u00e6nd b\u0279\u02c8a\u026an d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats."}, {"text": "The metal is produced electrolytically from a mixture of fused lithium chloride and potassium chloride.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u1d7bl\u02cc\u025bkt\u0279\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026akli f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv fj\u02c8u\u02d0zd l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad."}, {"text": "Sodium occurs mostly in seawater and dried seabed, but is now produced through electrolysis of sodium chloride by lowering the melting point of the substance to below 700\u00a0\u00b0C through the use of a Downs cell.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z m\u02c8o\u028astli \u026an s\u02c8i\u02d0w\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd d\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad s\u02c8i\u02d0b\u025bd, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad ba\u026a l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns t\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0259v\u0259 d\u02c8a\u028anz s\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "Previously, potassium was generally made from the electrolysis of potassium chloride or potassium hydroxide, found extensively in places such as Canada, Russia, Belarus, Germany, Israel, United States, and Jordan, in a method similar to how sodium was produced in the late 1800s and early 1900s.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli, p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m w\u028cz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li m\u02cce\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad, f\u02c8a\u028and \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bns\u026avli \u026an pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259, \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259, b\u02cc\u025bl\u025a\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0s, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni, \u02c8\u026az\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l, ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n, \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 h\u02cca\u028a s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m w\u028cz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad z."}, {"text": "However, these methods are problematic because the potassium metal tends to dissolve in its molten chloride and vaporises significantly at the operating temperatures, potentially forming the explosive superoxide.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0i\u02d0z m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0b\u0259lm\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv \u026an \u026ats m\u02c8o\u028alt\u0259n kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u00e6nd v\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u1d7bz s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az, p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028as\u026av s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad."}, {"text": "As a result, pure potassium metal is now produced by reducing molten potassium chloride with sodium metal at 850\u00a0\u00b0C.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt, pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026az n\u02c8a\u028a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028alt\u0259n p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u00e6\u027e \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Although sodium is less reactive than potassium, this process works because at such high temperatures potassium is more volatile than sodium and can easily be distilled off, so that the equilibrium shifts towards the right to produce more potassium gas and proceeds almost to completion.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u00f0\u0250n p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, \u00f0\u026as p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00e6t s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0250\u027e\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd k\u00e6n \u02c8i\u02d0zili bi\u02d0 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026ald \u02c8\u0254f, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02cci\u02d0kw\u026al\u02c8\u026ab\u0279i\u0259m \u0283\u02c8\u026afts t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8o\u028asi\u02d0dz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast t\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "To make pure caesium, ores of caesium and rubidium are crushed and heated to 650\u00a0\u00b0C with sodium metal, generating an alloy that can then be separated via a fractional distillation technique.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283t \u00e6nd h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6l\u0254\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u0279 \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n\u0259l d\u026ast\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Some potassium minerals (lepidolites, biotites, feldspar, carnallite) contain it, together with caesium.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259lz l\u02c8\u025bp\u026ad\u02cc\u0251\u02d0la\u026ats, b\u02cca\u026ao\u028at\u02c8a\u026ats, f\u02c8\u025bldsp\u0251\u02d0\u0279, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u0250l\u02cca\u026at k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u026at, t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m."}, {"text": "Rubidium is used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes.", "phonemes": "\u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an v\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0m t\u02c8u\u02d0bz \u00e6z \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a, \u0250 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026anz w\u026a\u00f0 \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vz t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm v\u02c8\u00e6kju\u02d0m t\u02c8u\u02d0bz."}, {"text": "For several years in the 1950s and 1960s, a by-product of the potassium production called Alkarb was a main source for rubidium.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti z, \u0250 ba\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0251\u02d0\u0279b w\u028cz\u0250 m\u02c8e\u026an s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m."}, {"text": "Today the largest producers of caesium, for example the Tanco Mine in Manitoba, Canada, produce rubidium as by-product from pollucite.", "phonemes": "t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u025az \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6\u014bko\u028a m\u02c8a\u026an \u026an m\u02cc\u00e6n\u026at\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259, k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6z ba\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt f\u0279\u028cm p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0sa\u026at."}, {"text": "Today, a common method for separating rubidium from potassium and caesium is the fractional crystallisation of a rubidium and caesium alum (Cs, Rb)Al(SO4)2\u00b712H2O, which yields pure rubidium alum after approximately 30 recrystallisations.", "phonemes": "t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a, \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u0250l\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u025a \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259m s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6l s\u02cco\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025blv \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8i\u02d0ldz pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u0279\u1d7bk\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u0250l\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The limited applications and the lack of a mineral rich in rubidium limit the production of rubidium compounds to 2 to 4 tonnes per year.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026an \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m l\u02c8\u026am\u026at \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u028cnz p\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "Instead, the mining of pollucite ore is the main method of obtaining pure caesium, extracted from the ore mainly by three methods: acid digestion, alkaline decomposition, and direct reduction.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u028cv p\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0sa\u026at \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u028cv \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026anli ba\u026a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz: \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad da\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026an d\u02cci\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Both metals are produced as by-products of lithium production: after 1958, when interest in lithium's thermonuclear properties increased sharply, the production of rubidium and caesium also increased correspondingly.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00e6z ba\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckts \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n: \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at, w\u02cc\u025bn \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259mz \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u02ccu\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279pli, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014bli."}, {"text": "Pure rubidium and caesium metals are produced by reducing their chlorides with calcium metal at 750\u00a0\u00b0C and low pressure.", "phonemes": "pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026adz w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u00e6lsi\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u00e6t s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "As a result of its extreme rarity in nature, most francium is synthesised in the nuclear reaction 197Au", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv \u026ats \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259\u027ei \u026an n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a, m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u026az s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cca\u026azd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02cco\u028a"}, {"text": "The greatest quantity of francium ever assembled to date is about 300,000 neutral atoms, which were synthesised using the nuclear reaction given above.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m \u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259ld t\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026at \u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cca\u026azd j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u0259b\u02c8\u028cv."}, {"text": "When the only natural isotope francium-223 is specifically required, it is produced as the alpha daughter of actinium-227, itself produced synthetically from the neutron irradiation of natural radium-226, one of the daughters of natural uranium-238.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028ap f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad, \u026a\u027e \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st s\u026an\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u02cc\u026a\u0279e\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Lithium, sodium, and potassium have many applications, while rubidium and caesium are very useful in academic contexts but do not have many applications yet.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m, \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m h\u00e6v m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cca\u026al \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l \u026an \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts b\u02cc\u028ct du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u00e6v m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz j\u02c8\u025bt."}, {"text": "Lithium stearate is a thickener and can be used to make lubricating greases; it is produced from lithium hydroxide, which is also used to absorb carbon dioxide in space capsules and submarines.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m st\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259t \u026az \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u026ak\u0259n\u025a \u00e6nd k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak l\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0279\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz; \u026a\u027e \u026az p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m ha\u026ad\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u026an sp\u02c8e\u026as k\u02c8\u00e6psju\u02d0lz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbm\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Pure sodium metal also has many applications, including use in sodium-vapour lamps, which produce very efficient light compared to other types of lighting, and can help smooth the surface of other metals.", "phonemes": "pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u0250z m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259mv\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6mps, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt l\u02c8a\u026at k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd k\u00e6n h\u02c8\u025blp sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Being a strong reducing agent, it is often used to reduce many other metals, such as titanium and zirconium, from their chlorides.", "phonemes": "b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z ta\u026at\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m \u00e6nd z\u025c\u02d0k\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259m, f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026adz."}, {"text": "Furthermore, it is very useful as a heat-exchange liquid in fast breeder nuclear reactors due to its low melting point, viscosity, and cross-section towards neutron absorption.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u026a\u027e \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad \u026an f\u02c8\u00e6st b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats l\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u025blt\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, v\u026ask\u02c8\u0254s\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00e6nd k\u0279\u02c8\u0254ss\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Potassium compounds are often used as fertilisers as potassium is an important element for plant nutrition.", "phonemes": "p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025az \u00e6z p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026az \u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u00e6nt nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Potassium superoxide is used in breathing masks, as it reacts with carbon dioxide to give potassium carbonate and oxygen gas.", "phonemes": "p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u00e6sks, \u00e6z \u026at \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kts w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s."}, {"text": "Pure potassium metal is not often used, but its alloys with sodium may substitute for pure sodium in fast breeder nuclear reactors.", "phonemes": "pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026ats \u02c8\u00e6l\u0254\u026az w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m m\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026an f\u02c8\u00e6st b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az."}, {"text": "Caesium atomic clocks are extraordinarily accurate; if a clock had been made at the time of the dinosaurs, it would be off by less than four seconds (after 80 million years).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02cco\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t; \u026af \u0250 kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k h\u0250db\u026an m\u02cce\u026ad \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279z, \u026at w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254f ba\u026a l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Rubidium ions are often used in purple fireworks, and caesium is often used in drilling fluids in the petroleum industry.", "phonemes": "\u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026a\u025aw\u025c\u02d0ks, \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an d\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u014b fl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i."}, {"text": "Francium has no commercial applications, but because of francium's relatively simple atomic structure, among other things, it has been used in spectroscopy experiments, leading to more information regarding energy levels and the coupling constants between subatomic particles.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259mz \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, \u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an sp\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u0259pi \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cpl\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nts b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02cc\u028cb\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Studies on the light emitted by laser-trapped francium-210 ions have provided accurate data on transitions between atomic energy levels, similar to those predicted by quantum theory.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026at \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a l\u02c8e\u026az\u025at\u0279\u02c8\u00e6pt f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz h\u00e6v p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u02cc\u0254n t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz, s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd ba\u026a kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259m \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i."}, {"text": "Pure alkali metals are dangerously reactive with air and water and must be kept away from heat, fire, oxidising agents, acids, most organic compounds, halocarbons, plastics, and moisture.", "phonemes": "pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279\u0259sli \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u025bpt \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8i\u02d0t, f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts, \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz, h\u02c8e\u026al\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259nz, pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026aks, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "They also react with carbon dioxide and carbon tetrachloride, so that normal fire extinguishers are counterproductive when used on alkali metal fires.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n da\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250kl\u02cco\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cca\u028ant\u025ap\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av w\u025bn j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "Some Class D dry powder extinguishers designed for metal fires are effective, depriving the fire of oxygen and cooling the alkali metal.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm kl\u02c8\u00e6s d\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a p\u02c8a\u028ad\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u025az d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av, d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "Small quantities of lithium may be disposed of by reaction with cool water, but the heavier alkali metals should be dissolved in the less reactive isopropanol.", "phonemes": "sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 d\u026asp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv ba\u026a \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8u\u02d0l w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u02cca\u026as\u0259p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l."}, {"text": "The inert atmosphere used may be argon or nitrogen gas, except for lithium, which reacts with nitrogen.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0251\u02d0n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6kts w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "Rubidium and caesium must be kept away from air, even under oil, because even a small amount of air diffused into the oil may trigger formation of the dangerously explosive peroxide; for the same reason, potassium should not be stored under oil in an oxygen-containing atmosphere for longer than 6 months.", "phonemes": "\u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u025bpt \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025b\u0279, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u028cv \u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u026al m\u02c8e\u026a t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279\u0259sli \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u028as\u026av p\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksa\u026ad; f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u0283\u02cc\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u026al \u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u0259\u014bk\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6tm\u0259sf\u02cc\u026a\u0279 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s."}, {"text": "Solid state crystal structures have been determined for many complexes of alkali metal ions in small peptides, nucleic acid constituents, carbohydrates and ionophore complexes.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad st\u02c8e\u026at k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az h\u0250vb\u026an d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lk\u0259l\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u026an sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8\u025bpta\u026adz, nu\u02d0kl\u02c8\u026a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026ad k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nts, k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279bo\u028ah\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279e\u026ats \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fo\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Lithium naturally only occurs in traces in biological systems and has no known biological role, but does have effects on the body when ingested.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u02c8o\u028anli \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u026an t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u00e6nd h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028al, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u02c8\u028cz h\u00e6v \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di w\u025bn \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Lithium carbonate is used as a mood stabiliser in psychiatry to treat bipolar disorder (manic-depression) in daily doses of about 0.5 to 2\u00a0grams, although there are side-effects.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cce\u026at \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8u\u02d0d st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u025a\u0279 \u026an sa\u026ak\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t\u0279i t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t ba\u026ap\u02c8o\u028al\u025a d\u026as\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026akd\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u026an d\u02c8e\u026ali d\u02c8o\u028as\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6mz, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026ad\u026af\u02c8\u025bkts."}, {"text": "Excessive ingestion of lithium causes drowsiness, slurred speech and vomiting, among other symptoms, and poisons the central nervous system, which is dangerous as the required dosage of lithium to treat bipolar disorder is only slightly lower than the toxic dosage.", "phonemes": "\u025bks\u02c8\u025bs\u026av \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz d\u0279\u02c8a\u028asin\u0259s, sl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d sp\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u026ampt\u0259mz, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259nz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad d\u02c8o\u028as\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t ba\u026ap\u02c8o\u028al\u025a d\u026as\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u02c8o\u028anli sl\u02c8a\u026atli l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak d\u02c8o\u028as\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Its biochemistry, the way it is handled by the human body and studies using rats and goats suggest that it is an essential trace element, although the natural biological function of lithium in humans has yet to be identified.", "phonemes": "\u026ats b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ak\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a \u026a\u027e \u026az h\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259ld ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u028cdiz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ts \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028ats s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az \u0250n \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz h\u0250z j\u02c8\u025bt t\u0259bi a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad."}, {"text": "Sodium and potassium occur in all known biological systems, generally functioning as electrolytes inside and outside cells.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8o\u028an b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00e6z \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026ats \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad s\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "Sodium is an essential nutrient that regulates blood volume, blood pressure, osmotic equilibrium and pH; the minimum physiological requirement for sodium is 500\u00a0milligrams per day.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026az \u0250n \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l nj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279i\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02cce\u026ats bl\u02c8\u028cd v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0m, bl\u02c8\u028cd p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a, \u0251\u02d0zm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02cci\u02d0kw\u026al\u02c8\u026ab\u0279i\u0259m \u00e6nd p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283; \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026az f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6mz p\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Sodium chloride (also known as common salt) is the principal source of sodium in the diet, and is used as seasoning and preservative, such as for pickling and jerky; most of it comes from processed foods.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n s\u02c8\u0254lt \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t, \u00e6nd \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u026akl\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ki; m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u026at k\u02c8\u028cmz f\u0279\u028cm p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bst f\u02c8u\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "The Dietary Reference Intake for sodium is 1.5\u00a0grams per day, but most people in the United States consume more than 2.3\u00a0grams per day, the minimum amount that promotes hypertension; this in turn causes 7.6 million premature deaths worldwide.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns \u02c8\u026ante\u026ak f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn.f\u02c8a\u026av \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6mz p\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8u\u02d0.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6mz p\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ant \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028ats h\u02cca\u026ap\u025at\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n; \u00f0\u026as \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u0279\u026am\u0259t\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8s w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad."}, {"text": "Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells, while sodium is the major cation outside animal cells.", "phonemes": "p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l s\u02c8\u025blz, w\u02cca\u026al s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u027ea\u026a\u0259n a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l s\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells, known as the membrane potential.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292d p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns \u026an \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6nd a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv s\u02c8\u025blz, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026an p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l."}, {"text": "The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by ion transporter proteins in the cell membrane.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u026az me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026and ba\u026a \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n t\u0279\u00e6nsp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ati\u02d0nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026an."}, {"text": "The cell membrane potential created by potassium and sodium ions allows the cell to generate an action potential\u2014a \"spike\" of electrical discharge.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026an p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l\u2014\u02c8e\u026a \"sp\u02c8a\u026ak\" \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l d\u026ast\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292."}, {"text": "The ability of cells to produce electrical discharge is critical for body functions such as neurotransmission, muscle contraction, and heart function.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8\u025blz t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l d\u026ast\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u026az k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z n\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259t\u0279\u0250nsm\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Disruption of this balance may thus be fatal: for example, ingestion of large amounts of potassium compounds can lead to hyperkalemia strongly influencing the cardiovascular system.", "phonemes": "d\u026as\u0279\u02c8\u028cp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u026as b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns m\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs bi\u02d0 f\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259l: f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026and\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants \u028cv p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz k\u00e6n l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 h\u02cca\u026ap\u025ake\u026al\u02c8i\u02d0mi\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026ao\u028av\u02c8\u00e6skj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "Due to their similar atomic radii, rubidium and caesium in the body mimic potassium and are taken up similarly.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cca\u026a, \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di m\u02c8\u026am\u026ak p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u028cp s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali."}, {"text": "Rubidium has no known biological role, but may help stimulate metabolism, and, similarly to caesium, replace potassium in the body causing potassium deficiency.", "phonemes": "\u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028al, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8e\u026a h\u02c8\u025blp st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026at m\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd, s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m, \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi."}, {"text": "Partial substitution is quite possible and rather non-toxic: a 70\u00a0kg person contains on average 0.36\u00a0g of rubidium, and an increase in this value by 50 to 100 times did not show negative effects in test persons.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259l s\u02cc\u028cbst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026az kw\u02c8a\u026at p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak: \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti k\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an \u00f0\u026as v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 ba\u026a f\u02c8\u026afti t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8a\u026amz d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0283\u02c8o\u028a n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u026an t\u02c8\u025bst p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Rubidium (and to a much lesser extent caesium) can function as temporary cures for hypokalemia; while rubidium can adequately physiologically substitute potassium in some systems, caesium is never able to do so.", "phonemes": "\u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m \u00e6nd t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m k\u00e6n f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cca\u026apo\u028ake\u026al\u02c8i\u02d0mi\u0259; w\u02cca\u026al \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m k\u00e6n \u02c8\u00e6d\u026akw\u0259tli f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026akli s\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u026az n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 so\u028a."}, {"text": "There is only very limited evidence in the form of deficiency symptoms for rubidium being possibly essential in goats; even if this is true, the trace amounts usually present in food are more than enough.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8o\u028anli v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi s\u02c8\u026ampt\u0259mz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u026an \u0261\u02c8o\u028ats; \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u026af \u00f0\u026as \u026az t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u026an\u02c8\u028cf."}, {"text": "Caesium compounds are rarely encountered by most people, but most caesium compounds are mildly toxic.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279li \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad ba\u026a m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8o\u028ast s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028andz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026aldli t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak."}, {"text": "Like rubidium, caesium tends to substitute potassium in the body, but is significantly larger and is therefore a poorer substitute.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0279u\u02d0b\u02c8\u026adi\u0259m, s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m t\u02c8\u025bndz t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u025a s\u02c8\u028cbst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Excess caesium can lead to hypokalemia, arrythmia, and acute cardiac arrest, but such amounts would not ordinarily be encountered in natural sources.", "phonemes": "\u025bks\u02c8\u025bs s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m k\u00e6n l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 h\u02cca\u026apo\u028ake\u026al\u02c8i\u02d0mi\u0259, \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8mi\u0259, \u00e6nd \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279di\u02cc\u00e6k \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli bi\u02d0 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ad \u026an n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The median lethal dose (LD50) value for caesium chloride in mice is 2.3\u00a0g per kilogram, which is comparable to the LD50 values of potassium chloride and sodium chloride.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259n l\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0259l d\u02c8o\u028as \u02cc\u025bld\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026afti v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u026an m\u02c8a\u026as \u026az t\u02c8u\u02d0.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bld\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026afti v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u028cv p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad."}, {"text": "Caesium chloride has been promoted as an alternative cancer therapy, but has been linked to the deaths of over 50 patients, on whom it was used as part of a scientifically unvalidated cancer treatment.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279a\u026ad h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n p\u0279\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0250n \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259pi, b\u02cc\u028ct h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n l\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8s \u028cv \u02cco\u028av\u025a f\u02c8\u026afti p\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nts, \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8u\u02d0m \u026at w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0259v\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026akli \u028cnv\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Radioisotopes of caesium require special precautions: the improper handling of caesium-137 gamma ray sources can lead to release of this radioisotope and radiation injuries.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028aps \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz: \u00f0\u026a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6ndl\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz k\u00e6n l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028ap \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Perhaps the best-known case is the Goi\u00e2nia accident of 1987, in which an improperly-disposed-of radiation therapy system from an abandoned clinic in the city of Goi\u00e2nia, Brazil, was scavenged from a junkyard, and the glowing caesium salt sold to curious, uneducated buyers.", "phonemes": "p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bstn\u02c8o\u028an k\u02c8e\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259n\u02cci\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6ks\u026ad\u0259nt \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250n \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025alid\u026asp\u02c8o\u028azd\u028cv \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259pi s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd kl\u02c8\u026an\u026ak \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259n\u02cci\u0259, b\u0279\u0250z\u02c8\u026al, w\u028cz sk\u02c8\u00e6v\u026and\u0292d f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u014bkj\u0251\u02d0\u0279d, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m s\u02c8\u0254lt s\u02c8o\u028ald t\u0259 kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259s, \u028cn\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd b\u02c8a\u026a\u025az."}, {"text": "Together with caesium-134, iodine-131, and strontium-90, caesium-137 was among the isotopes distributed by the Chernobyl disaster which constitute the greatest risk to health.", "phonemes": "t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u02c8a\u026a\u0259d\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u0254nti\u0259m n\u02c8a\u026anti, s\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u028cz \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028aps d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259b\u02cc\u026al d\u026az\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u0279\u02c8\u026ask t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8."}, {"text": "Radioisotopes of francium would presumably be dangerous as well due to their high decay energy and short half-life, but none have been produced in large enough amounts to pose any serious risk.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028a\u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028aps \u028cv f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsi\u0259m w\u028ad p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259bli bi\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026a d\u1d7bk\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t h\u02c8\u00e6fl\u02c8a\u026af, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02c8\u028cn h\u0250vb\u026an p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u026an\u02c8\u028cf \u0250m\u02c8a\u028ants t\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028az \u02cc\u025bni s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s \u0279\u02c8\u026ask."}, {"text": "An alphabet is a standardized set of basic written graphemes (called letters) representing phonemes, units of sounds that distinguish words, of certain spoken languages.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u026az \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad\u02cca\u026azd s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fi\u02d0mz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0mz, j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028andz \u00f0\u00e6t d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u028cv s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Not all writing systems represent language in this way; in a syllabary, each character represents a syllable, and logographic systems use characters to represent words, morphemes, or other semantic units.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026an \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8e\u026a; \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026al\u0250b\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250 s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l, \u00e6nd l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz j\u02c8u\u02d0s k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279fi\u02d0mz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats."}, {"text": "The short uniliteral signs are used to write pronunciation guides for logograms, or a character that represents a word, or morpheme, and later on, being used to write foreign words.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u02c8a\u026adz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6mz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279fi\u02d0m, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254n, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "The first fully phonemic script, the Proto-Sinaitic script, which developed into the Phoenician alphabet, is considered to be the first alphabet and is the ancestor of most modern alphabets, abjads, and abugidas, including Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and possibly Brahmic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u028ali f\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028ast m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts, \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6dz, \u00e6nd \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259z, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, s\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026ak, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0, l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak."}, {"text": "It was created by Semitic-speaking workers and slaves in the Sinai Peninsula in modern-day Egypt, by selecting a small number of hieroglyphs commonly seen in their Egyptian surroundings to describe the sounds, as opposed to the semantic values of the Canaanite languages.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aksp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az \u00e6nd sl\u02c8e\u026avz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ana\u026a p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt, ba\u026a s\u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259\u0261l\u02cc\u026afz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014bz t\u0259 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028andz, \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0n\u02cca\u026at l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Peter T. Daniels distinguishes an abugida, a set of graphemes that represent consonantal base letters that diacritics modify to represent vowels, like in Devanagari and other South Asian scripts, an abjad, in which letters predominantly or exclusively represent consonants such as the original Phoenician, Hebrew or Arabic, and an alphabet, a set of graphemes that represent both consonants and vowels.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259lz d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz \u0250n \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259, \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fi\u02d0mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u02cc\u00e6nt\u0259l b\u02c8e\u026as l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02cca\u026a\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u026an d\u02cce\u026av\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apts, \u0250n \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6d, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026avli \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fi\u02d0mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts \u00e6nd v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In this narrow sense of the word, the first true alphabet was the Greek alphabet, which was based on the earlier Phoenician abjad.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u026as n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6d."}, {"text": "This makes them useful for purposes of collation, which allows words to be sorted in a specific order, commonly known as the alphabetical order.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02cce\u026aks \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz \u028cv k\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz t\u0259bi s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "It also means that their letters can be used as an alternative method of \"numbering\" ordered items, in such contexts as numbered lists and number placements.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250n \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u028cv \"n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b\" \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025ad \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz, \u026an s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts \u00e6z n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025ad l\u02c8\u026asts \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "This is known as acrophony; It is present in some modern scripts, such as Greek, and many Semitic scripts, such as Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00e6k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259ni; \u026a\u027e \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u02cc\u00e6k."}, {"text": "However, this system is not present in all languages, such as the Latin alphabet, which adds a vowel after a character for each letter.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6dz \u0250 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Some systems also used to have this system but later on abandoned it for a system similar to Latin, such as Cyrillic.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd \u026at f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026ak."}, {"text": "The English word alphabet came into Middle English from the Late Latin word , which in turn originated in the Greek, \u1f00\u03bb\u03c6\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (alph\u00e1b\u0113tos); it was made from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha (\u03b1) and beta (\u03b2).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt k\u02c8e\u026am \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d , w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028al\u02c8\u00e6md\u0259f\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259t\u02c8a\u028a\u02c8o\u028am\u026ak\u0279\u0259ns\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259 \u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027eo\u028az; \u026at w\u028cz m\u02cce\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "The names for the Greek letters, in turn, came from the first two letters of the Phoenician alphabet: aleph, the word for ox, and bet, the word for house.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n, k\u02c8e\u026am f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt: \u02c8\u00e6l\u025bf, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bt, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u028as."}, {"text": "The Ancient Egyptian writing system had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs that are called uniliterals, which are glyphs that provide one sound.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m h\u00e6d \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv s\u02cc\u028cm tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259\u0261l\u02cc\u026afz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026al\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259lz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0261l\u02c8\u026afz \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "These glyphs were used as pronunciation guides for logograms, to write grammatical inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign names.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0261l\u02c8\u026afz w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u02c8a\u026adz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6mz, t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u0261\u0279\u0250m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u026anfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz, \u00e6nd, l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a, t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab l\u02c8o\u028an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026amz."}, {"text": "However, after pagan temples were closed down, it was forgotten in the 5th century until the discovery of the Rosetta Stone.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a p\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 kl\u02c8o\u028azd d\u02c8a\u028an, \u026at w\u028cz f\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279o\u028az\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259 st\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "In the Middle Bronze Age, an apparently \"alphabetic\" system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script appeared in Egyptian turquoise mines in the Sinai peninsula dated  15th century BCE, apparently left by Canaanite workers.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ntli \"\u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\" s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kw\u0254\u026as m\u02c8a\u026anz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ana\u026a p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259ntli l\u02c8\u025bft ba\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0n\u02cca\u026at w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az."}, {"text": "In 1999, John and Deborah Darnell, American Egyptologists, discovered an earlier version of this first alphabet at the Wadi el-Hol valley in Egypt.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti n\u02c8a\u026an, d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bb\u025a\u0279\u0259 d\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u02c8\u025bl, \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts, d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u0250n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u02cc\u025blh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l v\u02c8\u00e6li \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt."}, {"text": "The script dated to  1800 BCE and shows evidence of having been adapted from specific forms of Egyptian hieroglyphs that could be dated to  2000 BCE, strongly suggesting that the first alphabet had developed about that time.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8o\u028az \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259\u0261l\u02cc\u026afz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014bli s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt h\u00e6d d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Originally, it probably was a syllabary\u2014a script where syllables are represented with characters\u2014with symbols that were not needed being removed.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li, \u026at p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli w\u028cz\u0250 s\u02c8\u026al\u0250b\u02cc\u025b\u0279i\u2014\u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az\u2014w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd."}, {"text": "The best-attested Bronze Age alphabet is Ugaritic, invented in Ugarit (Syria) before the 15th century BCE.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst\u0250t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u026az j\u02ccu\u02d0\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u026at s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "This was an alphabetic cuneiform script with 30 signs, including three that indicate the following vowel.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028cz \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak k\u02c8\u028cne\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279m sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8a\u026anz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l."}, {"text": "This script was not used after the destruction of Ugarit in 1178 BCE.The Proto-Sinaitic script eventually developed into the Phoenician alphabet, conventionally called \"Proto-Canaanite\" before  1050 BCE.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cc\u026at \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8e\u026at b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0n\u02cca\u026at\" b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The South Arabian alphabet, a sister script to the Phoenician alphabet, is the script from which the Ge'ez alphabet, an abugida, a writing system where consonant-vowel sequences are written as units, which was used around the horn of Africa, descended.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u025bz \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u0250n \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259, \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259ntv\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u00e6z j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Vowel-less alphabets are called abjads, currently exemplified in others such as Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259ll\u02c8\u025bs \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6dz, k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bmpl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u02cc\u00e6k."}, {"text": "The omission of vowels was not always a satisfactory solution due to the need of preserving sacred texts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a o\u028am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u0250 s\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d \u028cv p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bksts."}, {"text": "The Proto-Sinaitic script and the Ugaritic script were the first scripts with a limited number of signs instead of using many different signs for words, in contrast to the other widely used writing systems at the time, Cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apts w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026anz \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8a\u026anz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, k\u02c8\u028cne\u026af\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259\u0261l\u02cc\u026afz, \u00e6nd"}, {"text": "The Phoenician script was probably the first phonemic script, and it contained only about two dozen distinct letters, making it a script simple enough for traders to learn.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt, \u00e6nd \u026at k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026and \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cz\u0259n d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l \u026an\u02c8\u028cf f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az t\u0259 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Another advantage of the Phoenician alphabet was that it could write different languages since it recorded words phonemically.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt w\u028cz \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at k\u028ad \u0279\u02c8a\u026at d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u026ans \u026at \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz f\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli."}, {"text": "The Greek Alphabet was the first alphabet in which vowels have independent letter forms separate from those of consonants.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz h\u00e6v \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts."}, {"text": "The syllabical Linear B, a script that was used by the Mycenaean Greeks from the 16th century BCE, had 87 symbols, including five vowels.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u026al\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 b\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cca\u026as\u0259n\u02c8i\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, h\u00e6d \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u02c8a\u026av v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In its early years, there were many variants of the Greek alphabet, causing many different alphabets to evolve from it.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u026ats \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bni v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts t\u028a \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv f\u0279\u028cm \u026at."}, {"text": "The Greek alphabet, in Euboean form, was carried over by Greek colonists to the Italian peninsula -600", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0bo\u028a\u0259n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m, w\u028cz k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02cco\u028av\u025a ba\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cc\u026asts t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad"}, {"text": "BCE giving rise to many different alphabets used to write the Italic languages, like the Etruscan alphabet.", "phonemes": "b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u026at\u0279\u02c8\u028csk\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt."}, {"text": "One of these became the Latin alphabet, which spread across Europe as the Romans expanded their republic.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nz \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak."}, {"text": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the alphabet survived in intellectual and religious works.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt s\u025av\u02c8a\u026avd \u026an \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "It came to be used for the descendant languages of Latin (the Romance languages) and most of the other languages of western and central Europe.", "phonemes": "\u026at k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259bi j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u00f0\u0259 \u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6ns l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "The Etruscan language itself was not used in imperial Rome, but the script was used for religious texts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u0279\u02c8\u028csk\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u026amp\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028am, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s t\u02c8\u025bksts."}, {"text": "Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet have ligatures, a combination of two letters make one, such as \u00e6 in Danish and Icelandic and \u0222 in Algonquian; borrowings from other alphabets, such as the thorn \u00fe in Old English and Icelandic, which came from the Futhark runes; and modified existing letters, such as the eth \u00f0 of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified d. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian and Italian, which uses the letters j, k, x, y, and w only in foreign words.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0259t\u0283\u025az, \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az m\u02c8e\u026ak w\u02cc\u028cn, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02cce\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an d\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd a\u026asl\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ak \u00e6nd l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0t\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an \u00e6l\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bkwi\u0259n; b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u026a\u014bz f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u026an \u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd a\u026asl\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ak, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8e\u026am f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0nz; \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u02c8\u025b\u00f0 \u028cv \u02c8o\u028ald \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd a\u026asl\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ak, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad d\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts \u02c8o\u028anli j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u025bt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z h\u0259w\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a, k\u02c8e\u026a, \u02c8\u025bks, w\u02c8a\u026a, \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028anli \u026an f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Another notable script is Elder Futhark, believed to have evolved out of one of the Old Italic alphabets.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u026az \u02c8\u025bld\u025a f\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald \u026at\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts."}, {"text": "The Runic alphabets were used for Germanic languages from 100 CE to the late Middle Ages, being engraved on stone and jewelry, although inscriptions found on bone and wood occasionally appear.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u025c\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u025b\u014b\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026avd \u02cc\u0254n st\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259l\u0279i, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz f\u02c8a\u028and \u02cc\u0254n b\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028ad \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259li \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "The Glagolitic alphabet was the initial script of the liturgical language Old Church Slavonic and became, together with the Greek uncial script, the basis of the Cyrillic script.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8o\u028ald t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 sl\u00e6v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02c8e\u026am, t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u028cns\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt."}, {"text": "Cyrillic is one of the most widely used modern alphabetic scripts and is notable for its use in Slavic languages and also for other languages within the former Soviet Union.", "phonemes": "s\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apts \u00e6nd \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an sl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Glagolitic alphabet is believed to have been created by Saints Cyril and Methodius, while the Cyrillic alphabet was created by Clement of Ohrid, their disciple.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261l\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u026az b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8e\u026ants s\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u025b\u03b8\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u0259s, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt w\u028cz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a kl\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8o\u028a\u0279\u026ad, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u026as\u02c8a\u026ap\u0259l."}, {"text": "The Arabic alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet, and other abjads of the Middle East are developments of the Aramaic alphabet.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u02cc\u00e6k \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6dz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt."}, {"text": "Most alphabetic scripts of India and Eastern Asia descend from the Brahmi script, believed to be a descendant of Aramaic.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apts \u028cv \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt, b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u0259bi \u0250 d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak."}, {"text": "Hangul is a unique alphabet: it is a featural alphabet, where the design of many of the letters comes from a sound's place of articulation, like P looking like the widened mouth and L looking like the tongue pulled in.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u028cl \u026az \u0250 ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt: \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az k\u02c8\u028cmz f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 s\u02c8a\u028andz pl\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02cc\u026akj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8a\u026ak p\u02c8i\u02d0 l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ad\u0259nd m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bl l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028c\u014b p\u02c8\u028ald \u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "The creation of Hangul was planned by the government of the day, and it places individual letters in syllable clusters with equal dimensions, in the same way as Chinese characters.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u028cl w\u028cz pl\u02c8\u00e6nd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd \u026at pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u026an s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l kl\u02c8\u028cst\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am w\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6z t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az."}, {"text": "This change allows for mixed-script writing, where one syllable always takes up one type space no matter how many letters get stacked into building that one sound-block.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026akstsk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az t\u02c8e\u026aks \u02cc\u028cp w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8a\u026ap sp\u02c8e\u026as n\u02c8o\u028a m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a h\u02cca\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0261\u025bt st\u02c8\u00e6kt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6tw\u02cc\u028cn s\u02c8a\u028andbl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k."}, {"text": "After the later establishment of the People's Republic of China and its adoption of Hanyu Pinyin, the use of Zhuyin today is limited.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 \u00e6nd \u026ats \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0283\u0259n \u028cv h\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u02ccu\u02d0 p\u02c8a\u026ani\u02cc\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u026an t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u026az l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Zhuyin developed from a form of Chinese shorthand based on Chinese characters in the early 1900s and has elements of both an alphabet and a syllabary.", "phonemes": "\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u026an d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279th\u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad z \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u02c8\u026al\u0250b\u02cc\u025b\u0279i."}, {"text": "Like an alphabet, the phonemes of syllable initials are represented by individual symbols, but like a syllabary, the phonemes of the syllable finals are not; each possible final (excluding the medial glide) has its own character, an example being luan written as \u310c\u3128\u3122 (l-u-an).", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0mz \u028cv s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz, b\u02cc\u028ct l\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250 s\u02c8\u026al\u0250b\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0mz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t; \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259l \u0261l\u02c8a\u026ad h\u0250z \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a, \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u00e6z t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a \u02c8\u025blj\u02c8u\u02d0\u00e6n."}, {"text": "While Zhuyin is not a mainstream writing system, it is still often used in ways similar to a romanization system, for aiding pronunciation and as an input method for Chinese characters on computers and cellphones.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u026an \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026anst\u0279i\u02d0m \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u026a\u027e \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an w\u02c8e\u026az s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u028a \u0250 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u026anp\u028at m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u02cc\u0254n k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025blfo\u028anz."}, {"text": "Arabic is also widely used, sometimes as an abjad, as with Urdu and Persian, and sometimes as a complete alphabet, as with Kurdish and Uyghur.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u00e6z \u0250n \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6d, \u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028a\u0279du\u02d0 \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u00e6z \u0250 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026a\u0261h\u025a."}, {"text": "In a broader sense, an alphabet is a segmental script at the phoneme level\u2014that is, it has separate glyphs for individual sounds and not for larger units such as syllables or words.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u025a s\u02c8\u025bns, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u026az \u0250 s\u025b\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0m l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l\u2014\u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, \u026at h\u0250z s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t \u0261l\u02c8\u026afz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l s\u02c8a\u028andz \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8\u026al\u0259b\u0259lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "In the narrower sense, some scholars distinguish \"true\" alphabets from two other types of segmental script, abjads, and abugidas.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a\u025a s\u02c8\u025bns, s\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025az d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 \"t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\" \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv s\u025b\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt, \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6dz, \u00e6nd \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259z."}, {"text": "Abugidas are also consonant-based but indicate vowels with diacritics, a systematic graphic modification of the consonants.", "phonemes": "\u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259ntb\u02c8e\u026ast b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cca\u026a\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks, \u0250 s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Its successor, Phoenician, is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin (via the Old Italic alphabet), Cyrillic (via the Greek alphabet), and Hebrew (via Aramaic).", "phonemes": "\u026ats s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bs\u025a, fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald \u026at\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, s\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026ak v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u00e6nd h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak."}, {"text": "Examples of present-day abjads are the Arabic and Hebrew scripts; true alphabets include Latin, Cyrillic, and Korean Hangul; and abugidas, used to write Tigrinya, Amharic, Hindi, and Thai.", "phonemes": "\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ntd\u02c8e\u026a \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u00e6nd h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apts; t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an, s\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026ak, \u00e6nd k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u028cl; \u00e6nd \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259z, j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at ta\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026anj\u0259, \u00e6mh\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak, h\u02c8\u026andi, \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "The Canadian Aboriginal syllabics are also an abugida, rather than a syllabary, as their name would imply, because each glyph stands for a consonant and is modified by rotation to represent the following vowel.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l s\u026al\u02c8\u00e6b\u026aks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250n \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 s\u02c8\u026al\u0250b\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026am w\u028ad \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0261l\u02c8\u026af st\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u025a\u0279\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u026az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l."}, {"text": "Ugaritic, for example, is essentially an abjad but has syllabic letters for  These are the only times that vowels are indicated.", "phonemes": "j\u02ccu\u02d0\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026az \u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u0250n \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6d b\u02cc\u028ct h\u0250z s\u026al\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ak l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Devanagari is typically an abugida augmented with dedicated letters for initial vowels, though some traditions use \u0905 as a zero consonant as the graphic base for such vowels.", "phonemes": "d\u02cce\u026av\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u025a\u0279i \u026az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u0250n \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz j\u02c8u\u02d0s h\u02c8\u026andi(hi)\u02c8\u028c(en-us) \u00e6z \u0250 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak b\u02c8e\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz."}, {"text": "For example, Sorani Kurdish is written in the Arabic script, which, when used for other languages, is an abjad.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, so\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u026a\u0283 \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt, w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, w\u02cc\u025bn j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u026az \u0250n \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6d."}, {"text": "In Kurdish, writing the vowels is mandatory, and whole letters are used, so the script is a true alphabet.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u026a\u0283, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz \u026az m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i, \u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028al l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u026az \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt."}, {"text": "Other languages may use a Semitic abjad with forced vowel diacritics, effectively making them abugidas.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz m\u02c8e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250 s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6d w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l d\u02cca\u026a\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks, \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259z."}, {"text": "On the other hand, the Phagspa script of the Mongol Empire was based closely on the Tibetan abugida, but vowel marks are written after the preceding consonant rather than as diacritic marks.", "phonemes": "\u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6\u0261sp\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u0251\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a w\u028cz b\u02c8e\u026ast kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u026ab\u02c8\u025bt\u0259n \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00e6z d\u02cca\u026a\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks."}, {"text": "Although short a is not written, as in the Indic abugidas, The source of the term \"abugida\", namely the Ge'ez abugida now used for Amharic and Tigrinya, has assimilated into their consonant modifications.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u0250 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329, \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026and\u026ak \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259z, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"\u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259\", n\u02c8e\u026amli \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u025bz \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259 n\u02c8a\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6mh\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ak \u00e6nd ta\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026anj\u0259, h\u0250z \u0250s\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bl\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Some alphabets disregard tone entirely, especially when it does not carry a heavy functional load, as in Somali and many other languages of Africa and the Americas.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts d\u02cc\u026as\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d t\u02c8o\u028an \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li w\u025bn \u026at d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bvi f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8o\u028ad, \u00e6z \u026an s\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259z."}, {"text": "Most commonly, tones are indicated by diacritics, which is how vowels are treated in abugidas, which is the case for Vietnamese (a true alphabet) and Thai (an abugida).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli, t\u02c8o\u028anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a d\u02cca\u026a\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az h\u02cca\u028a v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259z, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02cci\u02d0\u025btn\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0z \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u026a \u0250n \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259."}, {"text": "For many, regardless of whether letters or diacritics get used, the most common tone is not marked, just as the most common vowel is not marked in Indic abugidas.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni, \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dl\u0259s \u028cv w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cca\u026a\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks \u0261\u025bt j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u02c8o\u028an \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt, d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u026an \u02c8\u026and\u026ak \u0250bj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0292\u026ad\u0259z."}, {"text": "In Zhuyin, not only is one of the tones unmarked; but there is a diacritic to indicate a lack of tone, like the virama of Indic.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u026an, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028anz \u028cnm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt; b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 d\u02cca\u026a\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak t\u028a \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv t\u02c8o\u028an, l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 v\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 \u028cv \u02c8\u026and\u026ak."}, {"text": "Alphabets often come to be associated with a standard ordering of their letters; this is for collation\u2014namely, for listing words and other items in alphabetical order.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cm t\u0259bi \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az; \u00f0\u026as \u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u2014n\u02c8e\u026amli, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z), which derives from the Northwest Semitic \"Abgad\" order, is already well established.", "phonemes": "a\u026a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u025bl \u02c8\u025bm \u02c8\u025bn \u02c8o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0 kj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8i\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bks w\u02c8a\u026a z\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst s\u025bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak \"\u0250b\u0261\u02c8\u00e6d\" \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, \u026az \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi w\u02c8\u025bl \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t."}, {"text": "Although, languages using this alphabet have different conventions for their treatment of modified letters (such as the French \u00e9, \u00e0, and \u00f4) and certain combinations of letters (multigraphs).", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a, l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt h\u00e6v d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u02cci\u02d0\u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0t, \u00e6, \u00e6nd \u02cco\u028as\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259mfl\u02cc\u025bks \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az m\u02c8\u028clti\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz."}, {"text": "However, in Icelandic, the accented letters such as \u00e1, \u00ed, and \u00f6 are considered distinct letters representing different vowel sounds from sounds represented by their unaccented counterparts.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026an a\u026asl\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026ak, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259nt\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02cce\u026a\u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0t, \u02cca\u026a\u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0t, \u00e6nd \u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u028amla\u028at \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l s\u02c8a\u028andz f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8a\u028andz \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u028cn\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259nt\u1d7bd k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025ap\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "The ll and ch were also formerly considered single letters and sorted separately after l and c, but in 1994, the tenth congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies changed the collating order so that ll came to be sorted between lk and lm in the dictionary and ch came to be sorted between cg and ci; those digraphs were still formally designated as letters, but in 2010 the  changed it, so they are no longer considered letters at all.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025ali k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259tli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u0279\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259miz t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ale\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bl k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259bi s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02cc\u025blk\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bm \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u00e6nd s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8e\u026am t\u0259bi s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a; \u00f0o\u028az d\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0279\u00e6fz w\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8\u026al f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li d\u02c8\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u026at, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cco\u028a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261\u025a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "In German, words starting with sch- (which spells the German phoneme ) are inserted between words with initial sca- and sci- (all incidentally loanwords) instead of appearing after the initial sz, as though it were a single letter, which contrasts several languages such as Albanian, in which dh-, \u00eb-, gj-, ll-, rr-, th-, xh-, and zh-, which all represent phonemes and considered separate single letters, would follow the letters d, e, g, l, n, r, t, x, and z, respectively, as well as Hungarian and Welsh.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n, w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0283 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 sp\u02c8\u025blz \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz w\u026a\u00f0 \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u026ans\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li l\u02c8o\u028anw\u025c\u02d0dz \u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u025bsz\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6z \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u026at w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sts s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00e6lb\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, \u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u028amla\u028at, d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a, \u02cc\u025bl\u02c8\u025bl, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, \u02cc\u025bks\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, \u00e6nd z\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0mz \u00e6nd k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, w\u028ad f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az d\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8i\u02d0, d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u025bl, \u02c8\u025bn, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, t\u02c8i\u02d0, \u02c8\u025bks, \u00e6nd z\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z h\u028c\u014b\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bl\u0283."}, {"text": "Further, German words with an umlaut get collated ignoring the umlaut as\u2014contrary to Turkish, which adopted the graphemes \u00f6 and \u00fc, and where a word like t\u00fcfek would come after tuz, in the dictionary.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u028cmla\u028at \u0261\u025bt k\u02c8o\u028ale\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026a\u0261n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028cmla\u028at \u00e6z\u2014k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u025b\u0279i t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u0283, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6fi\u02d0mz \u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u028amla\u028at \u00e6nd j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u028amla\u028at, \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d l\u02c8a\u026ak t\u02c8u\u02d0f\u025bk w\u028ad k\u02c8\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a t\u02c8\u028cz, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i."}, {"text": "An exception is the German telephone directory, where umlauts are sorted like \u00e4=ae since names such as J\u00e4ger also appear with the spelling Jaeger and are not distinguished in the spoken language.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bf\u02cco\u028an d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279i, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u028cmla\u028ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8a\u026ak \u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u028amla\u028at \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz \u02cce\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8e\u026amz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z j\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b j\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u025a \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "The Danish and Norwegian alphabets end with \u00e6\u2014\u00f8\u2014\u00e5, whereas the Swedish conventionally put \u00e5\u2014\u00e4\u2014\u00f6 at the end.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd no\u02d0\u0279w\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts \u02c8\u025bnd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cce\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0\u2014\u02cco\u028ast\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u2014\u02cce\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0283 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li p\u02cc\u028at \u02cce\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u2014\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u028amla\u028at\u2014\u02cco\u028a\u02c8\u028amla\u028at \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd."}, {"text": "Some alphabets today, such as the Hanuno'o script, are learned one letter at a time, in no particular order, and are not used for collation where a definite order is required.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0o\u028a sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u02c8\u028cn l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6\u027e\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u026an n\u02c8o\u028a p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bf\u026an\u0259t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad."}, {"text": "However, a dozen Ugaritic tablets from the fourteenth century BCE preserve the alphabet in two sequences.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0250 d\u02c8\u028cz\u0259n j\u02ccu\u02d0\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak t\u02c8\u00e6bl\u0259ts f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "One, the ABCDE order later used in Phoenician, has continued with minor changes in Hebrew, Greek, Armenian, Gothic, Cyrillic, and Latin; the other, HM\u0126LQ, was used in southern Arabia and is preserved today in Ethiopic.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u028cn, \u00f0\u026a \u0250bkd\u02c8\u025b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an fo\u028an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, h\u0250z k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, \u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259n, \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u026ak, s\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026ak, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an; \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02cc\u025bm\u02cce\u026at\u0283st\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u02cc\u025blkj\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u028cz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259 \u00e6nd \u026az p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a \u026an \u02cci\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak."}, {"text": "Arabic uses usually uses its sequence, although Arabic retains the traditional abjadi order, which is used for numbers.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u026ats s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250bd\u0292\u02c8\u00e6di \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az."}, {"text": "The Brahmic family of alphabets used in India uses a unique order based on phonology: The letters are arranged according to how and where the sounds get produced in the mouth.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250 ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n f\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i: \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 h\u02cca\u028a \u00e6nd w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028andz \u0261\u025bt p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "This organization is present in Southeast Asia, Tibet, Korean hangul, and even Japanese kana, which is not an alphabet.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, t\u026ab\u02c8\u025bt, k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u028cl, \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt."}, {"text": "This is called acrophony and is continuously used to varying degrees in Samaritan, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew, Greek, and Arabic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00e6k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259ni \u00e6nd \u026az k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259sli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u026an s\u0250m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026at\u0259n, \u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250m\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak, s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u02cc\u00e6k, h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak."}, {"text": "It referred to the letters by adding a vowel (usually \"e\", sometimes \"a\", or \"u\") before or after the consonant.", "phonemes": "\u026at \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b \u0250 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \"\u02c8i\u02d0\", s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \"\u02c8e\u026a\", \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"j\u02c8u\u02d0\"b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt."}, {"text": "They were known as Y Graeca \"Greek Y\" and zeta (from Greek)\u2014this discrepancy was inherited by many European languages, as in the term zed for Z in all forms of English, other than American English.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z w\u02c8a\u026a \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0259 \"\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k w\u02c8a\u026a\" \u00e6nd z\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u2014\u00f0\u026as d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8\u025bp\u0259nsi w\u028cz \u026anh\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025bni j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m z\u02c8\u025bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283, \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "Over time names sometimes shifted or were added, as in double U for W, or \"double V\" in French, the English name for Y, and the American zee for Z.", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am n\u02c8e\u026amz s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0283\u02c8\u026aft\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd, \u00e6z \u026an d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l j\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259l v\u02c8i\u02d0\" \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 n\u02c8e\u026am f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026a, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n z\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 z\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Comparing them in English and French gives a clear reflection of the Great Vowel Shift: A, B, C, and D are pronounced  in today's English, but in contemporary French they are .", "phonemes": "k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u0250 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u026aft: \u02c8e\u026a, b\u02c8i\u02d0, s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd d\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259n\u02c8a\u028anst \u026an t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026az \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 ."}, {"text": "The French names (from which the English names got derived) preserve the qualities of the English vowels before the Great Vowel Shift.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 n\u02c8e\u026amz f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u0261\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u026aft."}, {"text": "By contrast, the names of F, L, M, N, and S () remain the same in both languages because \"short\" vowels were largely unaffected by the Shift.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv \u02c8\u025bf, \u02c8\u025bl, \u02c8\u025bm, \u02c8\u025bn, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bs \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u026an b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \"\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\" v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u028cn\u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026aft."}, {"text": "The first three words going, az\u016d, buky, v\u011bd\u011b, with the Cyrillic collation order being, \u0410, \u0411, \u0412. However, this was later abandoned in favor of a system similar to Latin.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u0261\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0zu\u02d0, b\u02c8\u028cki, v\u02c8i\u02d0d, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026ak k\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b, \u02c8\u00e6\u00e6, b\u02c8\u025b\u02d0, v\u02c8\u025b\u02d0. ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026as w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd \u026an f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an."}, {"text": "When an alphabet is adopted or developed to represent a given language, an orthography generally comes into being, providing rules for spelling words, following the principle on which alphabets get based.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt \u026az \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u0250n \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li k\u02c8\u028cmz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b, p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u02cc\u0254n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bts \u0261\u025bt b\u02c8e\u026ast."}, {"text": "In a perfectly phonemic orthography, there would be a consistent one-to-one correspondence between the letters and the phonemes so that a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker would always know the pronunciation of a word given its spelling, and vice versa.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u025bktli f\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt w\u02c8\u028cnt\u0259w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0mz s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a k\u028ad p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u026ats p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u0250 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a w\u028ad \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az n\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u026ats sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd v\u02c8a\u026as v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259."}, {"text": "Languages may fail to achieve a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds in any of several ways:", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz m\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8e\u026al t\u028a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250 w\u02c8\u028cnt\u0259w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028andz \u026an \u02cc\u025bni \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026az:"}, {"text": "A language may represent a given phoneme by combinations of letters rather than just a single letter.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0m ba\u026a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "German uses the tetragraphs (four letters) \"tsch\" for the phoneme  and (in a few borrowed words) \"dsch\" for .", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \"t\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\" f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0m \u00e6nd \u026an \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \"d\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\" f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 ."}, {"text": "Two letters representing one sound occur in several instances in Hungarian as well (where, for instance, cs stands for [t\u0283], sz for [s], zs for [\u0292], dzs for [d\u0292]).", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8a\u028and \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026an h\u028c\u014b\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl w\u02c8\u025b\u0279, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs st\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025b\u0283, \u02cc\u025bsz\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bs, z\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0292, d\u02cci\u02d0z\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025b\u0292."}, {"text": "A language may represent the same phoneme with two or more different letters or combinations of letters.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0m w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mb\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "A language may spell some words with unpronounced letters that exist for historical or other reasons.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8e\u026a sp\u02c8\u025bl s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz w\u026a\u00f0 \u028cnp\u0279\u0259n\u02c8a\u028anst l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz."}, {"text": "For example, the spelling of the Thai word for \"beer\" [\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e23\u0e4c] retains a letter for the final consonant \"r\" present in the English word it borrows, but silences it.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"b\u02c8\u026a\u0279\" t\u02c8a\u026al\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a\u02c8i\u02d0f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u02c8a\u026al\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a\u02c8i\u02d0w\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8a\u026al\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8a\u026al\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8u\u02d0t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026al\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026anz \u0250 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259n\u0259nt \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\" p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026at b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028az, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02c8a\u026al\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u026at."}, {"text": "Pronunciation of individual words may change according to the presence of surrounding words in a sentence, for example, in Sandhi.", "phonemes": "p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz m\u02c8e\u026a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026an s\u02c8\u00e6ndha\u026a."}, {"text": "A language may use different sets of symbols or rules for distinct vocabulary items, typically for foreign words, such as in the Japanese katakana syllabary is used for foreign words, and there are rules in English for using loanwords from other languages.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025bts \u028cv s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt vo\u028ak\u02c8\u00e6bj\u028al\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259mz, t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 s\u02c8\u026al\u0250b\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b l\u02c8o\u028anw\u025c\u02d0dz f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "National languages sometimes elect to address the problem of dialects by associating the alphabet with the national standard.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt t\u028a \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u028cv d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u025bkts ba\u026a \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad."}, {"text": "Some national languages like Finnish, Armenian, Turkish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian (Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian), and Bulgarian have a very regular spelling system with nearly one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz l\u02c8a\u026ak f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283, \u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259n, t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u0283, \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bo\u028ak\u0279o\u028a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bi\u0259n, k\u0279o\u028a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sni\u0259n, \u00e6nd b\u028cl\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259n h\u00e6v \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025a sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li w\u02c8\u028cnt\u0259w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0mz."}, {"text": "Similarly, the Italian verb corresponding to 'spell (out),' compitare, is unknown to many Italians because spelling is usually trivial, as Italian spelling is highly phonemic.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali, \u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u028a sp\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8a\u028at,k\u0259mp\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025b\u0279, \u026az \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259nz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li t\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u0259l, \u00e6z \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u026az h\u02c8a\u026ali f\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak."}, {"text": "In standard Spanish, one can tell the pronunciation of a word from its spelling, but not vice versa, as phonemes sometimes can be represented in more than one way, but a given letter is consistently pronounced.", "phonemes": "\u026an st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283, w\u02c8\u028cn k\u00e6n t\u02c8\u025bl \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t v\u02c8a\u026as v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259, \u00e6z f\u02c8o\u028ani\u02d0mz s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u026an m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8e\u026a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ntli p\u0279\u0259n\u02c8a\u028anst."}, {"text": "French using silent letters, nasal vowels, and elision, may seem to lack much correspondence between the spelling and pronunciation.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nt l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az, n\u02c8e\u026az\u0259l v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259lz, \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n, m\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6k m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259ns b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "However, its rules on pronunciation, though complex, are consistent and predictable with a fair degree of accuracy.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026ats \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u02cc\u0254n p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u0259b\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 f\u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259si."}, {"text": "At the other extreme are languages such as English, where pronunciations mostly have to be memorized as they do not correspond to the spelling consistently.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8o\u028astli h\u00e6v t\u0259bi m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ntli."}, {"text": "For English, this is because the Great Vowel Shift occurred after the orthography got established and because English has acquired a large number of loanwords at different times, retaining their original spelling at varying levels.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283, \u00f0\u026as \u026az b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at v\u02c8a\u028a\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u026aft \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u0261\u0251\u02d0t \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 h\u0250z \u0250kw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv l\u02c8o\u028anw\u025c\u02d0dz \u00e6t d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u00e6t v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Sometimes, countries have the written language undergo a spelling reform to realign the writing with the contemporary spoken language.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz, k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u02c8o\u028a \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0250l\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "For example, Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Latin-based Turkish alphabet, and when Kazakh changed from an Arabic script to a Cyrillic script due to the Soviet Union's influence, and in 2021, it made a transition to the Latin alphabet, similar to Turkish.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ki sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt t\u028a \u0250 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026anb\u02c8e\u026ast t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u00e6nd w\u025bn k\u02c8\u00e6z\u00e6k t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt t\u028a \u0250 s\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259nz \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns, \u00e6nd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn, \u026at m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "The Cyrillic script used to be official in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan before they all switched to the Latin alphabet, including Uzbekistan that is having a reform of the alphabet to use diacritics on the letters that are marked by apostrophes and the letters that are digraphs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u026al\u026ak sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259bi \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u026an \u02cc\u028azb\u025bk\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd t\u02cc\u025c\u02d0km\u0259n\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6n b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028azb\u025bk\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z d\u02cca\u026a\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt ba\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0254st\u0279\u0259fiz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0279\u00e6fz."}, {"text": "The standard system of symbols used by linguists to represent sounds in any language, independently of orthography, is called the International Phonetic Alphabet.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a l\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026asts t\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02c8a\u028andz \u026an \u02cc\u025bni l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ntli \u028cv \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt."}, {"text": "Josephine Quinn, \"Alphabet Politics\" (review of Silvia Ferrara, The Greatest Invention: A History of the World in Nine Mysterious Scripts, translated from the Italian by Todd Portnowitz, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2022, 289 pp.; and Johanna Drucker, Inventing the Alphabet: The Origins of Letters from Antiquity to the Present, University of Chicago Press, 2022, 380 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8o\u028asfi\u02d0n kw\u02c8\u026an, \"\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u026aks\" \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv s\u02c8\u026alvi\u0259 f\u025b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u026anv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n: \u0250 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u026an n\u02c8a\u026an m\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apts, t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n ba\u026a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279tno\u028av\u02cc\u026ats, f\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0251\u02d0\u0279, st\u0279\u02c8a\u028as \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8a\u026a\u0279u\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0.; \u00e6nd d\u0292o\u028ah\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u025a, \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt: \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u028cv l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az f\u0279\u028cm \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt, j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u0283\u1d7bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0., \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k \u0279\u1d7bvj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv b\u02c8\u028aks, v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l."}, {"text": "The Alphabet, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Eleanor Robson, Alan Millard and Rosalind Thomas (In Our Time, 18 December 2003)", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259b\u02cc\u025bt, b\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0n\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bs\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259n m\u02c8\u026al\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8o\u028az\u0250l\u02cc\u026and t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u026an \u02cca\u028a\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am, \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0"}, {"text": "The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of an atomic nucleus.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s."}, {"text": "For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the proton number (np) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz, \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u02cc\u025bnp\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u028cv \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt."}, {"text": "For an ordinary atom which contains protons, neutrons and electrons, the sum of the atomic number Z and the neutron number N gives the atom's atomic mass number A.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz, n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bn \u0261\u02c8\u026avz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6s n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of the nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in daltons (making a quantity called the \"relative isotopic mass\"), is within 1% of the whole number A.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz h\u00e6v \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u026az n\u02c8\u025b\u0261l\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s d\u02c8i\u02d0f\u025bkt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259n b\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6s, \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6s \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m, w\u02cc\u025bn \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u026an d\u02c8\u0254lt\u0259nz m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027ei k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 \"\u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02cca\u026as\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6s\", \u026az w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Atoms with the same atomic number but different neutron numbers, and hence different mass numbers, are known as isotopes.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a b\u02cc\u028ct d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bns d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt m\u02c8\u00e6s n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028aps."}, {"text": "A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth determines the element's standard atomic weight.", "phonemes": "\u0250 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8a\u026as\u0259t\u02cco\u028aps s\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028a\u02cc\u026as\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02cca\u026as\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6s \u0259v\u0259n \u02cca\u026as\u0259t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6s \u026an \u0250 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026anz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli, \u026at w\u028cz \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026an k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n t\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l ba\u026a k\u02c8\u025bm\u026asts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word  'number', which, before the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order was then approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l z\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028cmz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a, w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks, m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts nu\u02d0m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, h\u02ccu\u02d0z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts ba\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word  (and its English equivalent atomic number) come into common use in this context.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028anli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u026as z\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd \u0250 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz, d\u02c8\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u00e6nd \u026ats \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a k\u02c8\u028cm \u02cc\u026ant\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u026an \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst."}, {"text": "The rules above do not always apply to exotic atoms which contain short-lived elementary particles other than protons, neutrons and electrons.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0lz \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026a t\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tl\u02c8\u026avd \u02cc\u025bl\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz, n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Loosely speaking, the existence or construction of a periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements, and so they can be numbered in order.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8u\u02d0sli sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026ats \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025ad \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a."}, {"text": "Dmitri Mendeleev claimed that he arranged his first periodic tables (first published on March 6, 1869) in order of atomic weight (\"Atomgewicht\").", "phonemes": "d\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0279i m\u02c8\u025bnd\u026al\u02cci\u02d0v kl\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 s\u02c8\u026aks, w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti n\u02c8a\u026an \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026at\"\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259md\u0292j\u02ccu\u02d0\u026axt\"."}, {"text": "However, in consideration of the elements' observed chemical properties, he changed the order slightly and placed tellurium (atomic weight 127.6) ahead of iodine (atomic weight 126.9).", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026an k\u0259ns\u02cc\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz, hi\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a sl\u02c8a\u026atli \u00e6nd pl\u02c8e\u026ast t\u025bl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259m \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.s\u02c8\u026aks \u0250h\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv \u02c8a\u026a\u0259d\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks.n\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "This placement is consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number, Z, but that number was not known or suspected at the time.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as pl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a, z\u02c8i\u02d0, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8o\u028an \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "In addition to the case of iodine and tellurium, several other pairs of elements (such as argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel) were later shown to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights, thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv \u02c8a\u026a\u0259d\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd t\u025bl\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259m, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd p\u0259t\u02c8\u00e6si\u0259m, k\u02c8o\u028ab\u0254lt \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0283\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 h\u00e6v n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 pl\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259bi d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements, whose atomic number was not obvious, led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium (element 71) onward (hafnium was not known at this time).", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0250n\u02cca\u026ad \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts, h\u02ccu\u02d0z \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bvi\u0259s, l\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nsi \u00e6nd \u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259nti \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u0279\u028cm lu\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0\u027ei\u0259m \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u025ad h\u02c8\u00e6fni\u0259m w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6t \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central nucleus held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026ast \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025af\u025ad \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s h\u02c8\u025bld m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz m\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 w\u02c8\u026at\u0283, \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292, w\u028cz t\u0259bi \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026at, \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u026an n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz."}, {"text": "This central charge would thus be approximately half the atomic weight (though it was almost 25% different from the atomic number of gold , ), the single element from which Rutherford made his guess).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 w\u028ad \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs bi\u02d0 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli h\u02c8\u00e6f \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak w\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u026at w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald ,, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025af\u025ad m\u02cce\u026ad h\u026az \u0261\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Nevertheless, in spite of Rutherford's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 (but was element  on the periodic table), a month after Rutherford's paper appeared, Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom were exactly equal to its place in the periodic table (also known as element number, atomic number, and symbolized Z).", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, \u026an sp\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025af\u025adz \u02cc\u025bst\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald h\u00e6d \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u0250 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025af\u025adz p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025a\u0279 \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d, \u00e6nt\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259s v\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025bn b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6ktli \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u028a \u026ats pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a, \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd z\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom), decided to test Van den Broek's and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of Z.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028asli, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8o\u028a\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am l\u02c8\u00e6b \u00e6nd h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d j\u02c8u\u02d0zd v\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025bn b\u0279\u02c8o\u028aks ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026an h\u026az b\u02c8o\u028a\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m, d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst v\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025bn b\u0279\u02c8o\u028aks \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028a\u025az ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli, ba\u026a s\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026af sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026anz \u026am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u025bks\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz f\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028a\u025a \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279iz p\u02c8\u0254st\u0283\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026anz bi\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv z\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "To do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminium (Z\u00a0=\u00a013) to gold (Z\u00a0=\u00a079) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, m\u02c8o\u028asli m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026avl\u025b\u014b\u03b8s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026an\u025am\u02cco\u028ast f\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n t\u0279\u00e6ns\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bl l\u02c8a\u026anz p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6lj\u028am\u02c8\u026ani\u0259m z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259b\u0259l \u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026ats \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250n \u02c8\u025bks\u0279\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0b."}, {"text": "The square root of the frequency of these photons  increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi \u028cv \u00f0i\u02d0z f\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u028cn t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u026an \u0250n \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ak p\u0279\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit for K-lines, in Moseley's work) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus, i.e. the element number Z.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n m\u02c8o\u028asliz l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a d\u02c8\u028cz kl\u02c8o\u028asli k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u0254fs\u025bt \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026al\u02c8a\u026anz, \u026an m\u02c8o\u028asliz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s, \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a z\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series (from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive) must have 15 members\u2014no fewer and no more\u2014which was far from obvious from known chemistry at that time.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, m\u02c8o\u028asli d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u0250n\u02cca\u026ad s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u00e6n\u03b8\u00e6n\u0259m t\u0259 lu\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0\u027ei\u0259m \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026av m\u02c8\u028cst\u0250v f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az\u2014n\u02c8o\u028a fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a \u00e6nd n\u02c8o\u028am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279\u2014w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bvi\u0259s f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8o\u028an k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "After Moseley's death in 1915, the atomic numbers of all known elements from hydrogen to uranium (Z\u00a0=\u00a092) were examined by his method.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8o\u028asliz d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts f\u0279\u028cm h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n t\u0259 j\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026and ba\u026a h\u026az m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d."}, {"text": "There were seven elements (with Z\u00a0<\u00a092) which were not found and therefore identified as still undiscovered, corresponding to atomic numbers 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, 87 and 91.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 z\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z st\u02c8\u026al \u028cnd\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad, k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0, s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "By this time, the first four transuranium elements had also been discovered, so that the periodic table was complete with no gaps as far as curium (Z\u00a0=\u00a096).", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u00e6ns\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259m \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts h\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l w\u028cz k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u00e6ps \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i\u0259m z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "In 1915, the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of Z, which were now recognized to be the same as the element number, was not understood.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b kw\u02c8\u0254nta\u026azd \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats \u028cv z\u02c8i\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a, w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad."}, {"text": "An old idea called Prout's hypothesis had postulated that the elements were all made of residues (or \"protyles\") of the lightest element hydrogen, which in the Bohr-Rutherford model had a single electron and a nuclear charge of one.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8o\u028ald a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld p\u0279\u02c8a\u028ats ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as h\u00e6d p\u02c8\u0254st\u0283\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u02ccu\u02d0z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026alz\"\u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028a\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025af\u025ad m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259l h\u00e6d \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv w\u02cc\u028cn."}, {"text": "However, as early as 1907, Rutherford and Thomas Royds had shown that alpha particles, which had a charge of +2, were the nuclei of helium atoms, which had a mass four times that of hydrogen, not two times.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00e6z \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u00e6z n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025af\u025ad \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026adz h\u00e6d \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv pl\u02c8\u028cs t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai \u028cv h\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259m \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6d \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6s f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz."}, {"text": "If Prout's hypothesis were true, something had to be neutralizing some of the charge of the hydrogen nuclei present in the nuclei of heavier atoms.", "phonemes": "\u026af p\u0279\u02c8a\u028ats ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as w\u025c\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0, s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b h\u00e6dt\u0259 bi\u02d0 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz."}, {"text": "In 1917, Rutherford succeeded in generating hydrogen nuclei from a nuclear reaction between alpha particles and nitrogen gas, and believed he had proven Prout's law.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n, \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025af\u025ad s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026at\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u00e6s, \u00e6nd b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8a\u028ats l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0."}, {"text": "He called the new heavy nuclear particles protons in 1920 (alternate names being proutons and protyles).", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bvi n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t n\u02c8e\u026amz b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8a\u028at\u0259nz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026alz."}, {"text": "It had been immediately apparent from the work of Moseley that the nuclei of heavy atoms have more than twice as much mass as would be expected from their being made of hydrogen nuclei, and thus there was required a hypothesis for the neutralization of the extra protons presumed present in all heavy nuclei.", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u0250db\u026an \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028asli \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bvi \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz h\u00e6v m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n tw\u02c8a\u026as \u00e6z m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6z w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u0250 ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02ccu\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0md p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u02c8\u025bvi n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai."}, {"text": "A helium nucleus was presumed to be composed of four protons plus two \"nuclear electrons\" (electrons bound inside the nucleus) to cancel two of the charges.", "phonemes": "\u0250 h\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259m n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s w\u028cz p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0md t\u0259bi k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz pl\u02c8\u028cs t\u02c8u\u02d0 \"n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz\" \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz b\u02c8a\u028and \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "At the other end of the periodic table, a nucleus of gold with a mass 197 times that of hydrogen was thought to contain 118\u00a0nuclear electrons in the nucleus to give it a residual charge of +79, consistent with its atomic number.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026ak t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s \u028cv \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6s w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026amz \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ad\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u0259n w\u028cz \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0259s t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u026a\u027e \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u028cv pl\u02c8\u028cs s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an, k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a."}, {"text": "An atom of gold now was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons, and its positive nuclear charge now was realized to come entirely from a content of 79\u00a0protons.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m \u028cv \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald n\u02c8a\u028a w\u028cz s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz, \u00e6nd \u026ats p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026a\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8a\u028a w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026azd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cm \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Since Moseley had previously shown that the atomic number Z of an element equals this positive charge, it was now clear that Z is identical to the number of protons of its nuclei.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans m\u02c8o\u028asli h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz \u00f0\u026as p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292, \u026at w\u028cz n\u02c8a\u028a kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz \u028cv \u026ats n\u02c8u\u02d0kl\u026ai."}, {"text": "Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom, which is Z (the atomic number).", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt h\u0250z \u0250 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az z\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a."}, {"text": "The number of electrons in each element's electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n \u0283\u02c8\u025blz, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cco\u028ast v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259ns \u0283\u02c8\u025bl, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u026an d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026ats k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u026a\u014b b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a."}, {"text": "Hence, it is the atomic number alone that determines the chemical properties of an element; and it is for this reason that an element can be defined as consisting of any mixture of atoms with a given atomic number.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bns, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026anz \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt; \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6z k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a."}, {"text": "Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with ions, such that the sum of the atomic numbers of the target and ion elements equals the atomic number of the element being created.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u026az \u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026a\u0283t ba\u026a b\u0259mb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at \u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mz \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bvi \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0nz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at \u00e6nd \u02c8a\u026a\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz \u00f0\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "In general, the half-life of a nuclide becomes shorter as atomic number increases, though undiscovered nuclides with certain \"magic\" numbers of protons and neutrons may have relatively longer half-lives and comprise an island of stability.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6fl\u02c8a\u026af \u0259v\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0kla\u026ad b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u028cnd\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad n\u02c8u\u02d0kla\u026adz w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \"m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak\" n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6fl\u02c8a\u026avz \u00e6nd k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u0250n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u028cv st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "A hypothetical element composed only of neutrons has also been proposed and would have atomic number 0.", "phonemes": "\u0250 h\u02cca\u026ap\u0259\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u02c8o\u028anli \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0279\u0251\u02d0nz h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd \u00e6nd w\u028adh\u0250v \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Anatomy is inherently tied to developmental biology, embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026az \u026anh\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259ntli t\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u02cc\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd fa\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bni, \u00e6z \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259t \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m t\u02c8a\u026amske\u026alz."}, {"text": "Anatomy and physiology, which study the structure and function of organisms and their parts respectively, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and are often studied together.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u00e6nd f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli, m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026anz, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n st\u02c8\u028cdid t\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of advanced imaging techniques, such as MRI and CT scans, which allow for more detailed and accurate visualizations of the body's structures.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02cc\u025bm\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd s\u02cci\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0 sk\u02c8\u00e6nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t v\u02cc\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Macroscopic anatomy, or gross anatomy, is the examination of an animal's body parts using unaided eyesight.", "phonemes": "m\u02cc\u00e6k\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02c8a\u026asa\u026at."}, {"text": "Microscopic anatomy involves the use of optical instruments in the study of the tissues of various structures, known as histology, and also in the study of cells.", "phonemes": "m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvz \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z h\u026ast\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv s\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "The history of anatomy is characterized by a progressive understanding of the functions of the organs and structures of the human body.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026az k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u0250 p\u0279\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from the examination of animals by dissection of carcasses and cadavers (corpses) to 20th-century medical imaging techniques, including X-ray, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd d\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli, \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz ba\u026a da\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259s\u1d7bz \u00e6nd k\u0250d\u02c8\u00e6v\u025az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ps\u1d7bz t\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bks\u0279\u02c8e\u026a, \u02cc\u028alt\u0279\u0250s\u02c8a\u028and, \u00e6nd m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259n\u0259ns \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Derived from the Greek  anatom\u0113 \"dissection\" (from  anat\u00e9mn\u014d \"I cut up, cut open\" from \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac an\u00e1 \"up\", and \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9 t\u00e9mn\u014d \"I cut\"), anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, organs and tissues.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250t\u02cco\u028am \"da\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\" f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8e\u026amno\u028a \"a\u026a k\u02c8\u028ct \u02c8\u028cp, k\u02c8\u028ct \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n\" f\u0279\u028cm l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028anj\u02c8u\u02d0\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 \u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \"\u02c8\u028cp\", \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u028a\u02c8\u025bps\u026al\u0259nmj\u02c8u\u02d0nj\u02c8u\u02d0o\u028am\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026amno\u028a \"a\u026a k\u02c8\u028ct\", \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026az \u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "It includes the appearance and position of the various parts, the materials from which they are composed, and their relationships with other parts.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u00e6nd p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Anatomy is quite distinct from physiology and biochemistry, which deal respectively with the functions of those parts and the chemical processes involved.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026az kw\u02c8a\u026at d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt f\u0279\u028cm f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ak\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u02c8i\u02d0l \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd."}, {"text": "For example, an anatomist is concerned with the shape, size, position, structure, blood supply and innervation of an organ such as the liver; while a physiologist is interested in the production of bile, the role of the liver in nutrition and the regulation of bodily functions.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250\u027e\u0259m\u02cc\u026ast \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap, s\u02c8a\u026az, p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, bl\u02c8\u028cd s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd \u026an\u025c\u02d0v\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u025a; w\u02cca\u026al \u0250 f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026ast \u026az \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02c8a\u026al, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279 \u026an nju\u02d0t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dili f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The discipline of anatomy can be subdivided into a number of branches, including gross or macroscopic anatomy and microscopic anatomy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026as\u026apl\u02cc\u026an \u028cv \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02cc\u028cbd\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cc\u00e6k\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u00e6nd m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Gross anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye, and also includes superficial anatomy or surface anatomy, the study by sight of the external body features.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u026an\u02c8\u028cf t\u0259bi s\u02c8i\u02d0n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026ak\u1d7bd \u02c8a\u026a, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi ba\u026a s\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures on a microscopic scale, along with histology (the study of tissues), and embryology (the study of an organism in its immature condition).", "phonemes": "m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak sk\u02c8e\u026al, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an \u026ats \u02cc\u026am\u0259t\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Regional anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026aps \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u026an \u0250 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bd\u0259m\u0259n."}, {"text": "In contrast, systemic anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system\u2014that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function, such as the digestive system.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st, s\u026ast\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026az \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cce\u026ak \u02cc\u028cp \u0250 d\u026ask\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m\u2014\u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u028cv st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 da\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026av s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "Anatomy can be studied using both invasive and non-invasive methods with the goal of obtaining information about the structure and organization of organs and systems.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u028cdid j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026anv\u02c8e\u026as\u026av \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026anv\u02c8e\u026as\u026av m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0250n\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Methods used include dissection, in which a body is opened and its organs studied, and endoscopy, in which a video camera-equipped instrument is inserted through a small incision in the body wall and used to explore the internal organs and other structures.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d da\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u026az \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u026ats \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz st\u02c8\u028cdid, \u00e6nd \u025bnd\u02c8o\u028ask\u0259pi, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250 v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259\u026akw\u02c8\u026apt \u02c8\u026anst\u0279\u0259m\u0259nt \u026az \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026ans\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "However, substantially similar structures and tissues are found throughout the rest of the animal kingdom, and the term also includes the anatomy of other animals.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259li s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The structure and tissues of plants are of a dissimilar nature and they are studied in plant anatomy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv pl\u02c8\u00e6nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 d\u026as\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u028cdid \u026an pl\u02c8\u00e6nt \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi."}, {"text": "The kingdom Animalia contains multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic and motile (although some have secondarily adopted a sessile lifestyle).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m \u02cc\u00e6n\u026am\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz m\u02cc\u028clt\u026as\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028af\u026ak \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028a\u027ea\u026al \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm h\u00e6v s\u02cc\u025bk\u0259nd\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bsa\u026al l\u02c8a\u026afsta\u026al."}, {"text": "Most animals have bodies differentiated into separate tissues and these animals are also known as eumetazoans.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz h\u00e6v b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z j\u02ccu\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u0250z\u02c8o\u028a\u0259nz."}, {"text": "They have an internal digestive chamber, with one or two openings; the gametes are produced in multicellular sex organs, and the zygotes include a blastula stage in their embryonic development.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v \u0250n \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l da\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026av t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025a, w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n\u026a\u014bz; \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6mi\u02d0ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an m\u02cc\u028clt\u026as\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8\u025bks \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8a\u026a\u0261o\u028ats \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250 bl\u02c8\u00e6st\u0283\u0259l\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "The body tissues are composed of numerous types of cells, including those found in muscles, nerves and skin.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv s\u02c8\u025blz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0o\u028az f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259lz, n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6nd sk\u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "Those simpler invertebrates which are formed from two germ layers of ectoderm and endoderm are called diploblastic and the more developed animals whose structures and organs are formed from three germ layers are called triploblastic.", "phonemes": "\u00f0o\u028az s\u02c8\u026ampl\u025a\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m l\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u028cv \u02c8\u025bkto\u028ad\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bndo\u028ad\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld d\u02cc\u026apl\u0259bl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz h\u02ccu\u02d0z st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md f\u0279\u028cm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m l\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld t\u0279\u02cc\u026apl\u0259bl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak."}, {"text": "All of a triploblastic animal's tissues and organs are derived from the three germ layers of the embryo, the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0259v\u0259 t\u0279\u02cc\u026apl\u0259bl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m l\u02c8e\u026a\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028a, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkto\u028ad\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m, m\u02c8\u025bso\u028ad\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bndo\u028ad\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Animal tissues can be grouped into four basic types: connective, epithelial, muscle and nervous tissue.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026aps: k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av, \u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259l, m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Connective tissues are fibrous and made up of cells scattered among inorganic material called the extracellular matrix.", "phonemes": "k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026ab\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u028cp \u028cv s\u02c8\u025blz sk\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025ad \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02cc\u026ano\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bkst\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a m\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026aks."}, {"text": "The main types are loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage and bone.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an t\u02c8a\u026aps \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8u\u02d0s k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0, \u02c8\u00e6d\u026ap\u02cco\u028az t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0, f\u02c8\u026ab\u0279\u0259s k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026al\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "An exoskeleton is a thickened, rigid cuticle which is stiffened by mineralization, as in crustaceans or by the cross-linking of its proteins as in insects.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025bkso\u028ask\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n \u026az \u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u026ak\u0259nd, \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ad kj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az st\u02c8\u026af\u0259nd ba\u026a m\u02cc\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u026an k\u0279\u028cst\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u0254sl\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ati\u02d0nz \u00e6z \u026an \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts."}, {"text": "An endoskeleton is internal and present in all developed animals, as well as in many of those less developed.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u025bndo\u028ask\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n \u026az \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u026an m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0o\u028az l\u02c8\u025bs d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt."}, {"text": "Epithelial tissue is composed of closely packed cells, bound to each other by cell adhesion molecules, with little intercellular space.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259l t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv kl\u02c8o\u028asli p\u02c8\u00e6kt s\u02c8\u025blz, b\u02c8a\u028and t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a ba\u026a s\u02c8\u025bl \u0250dh\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz, w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u026ant\u025as\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "Epithelial cells can be squamous (flat), cuboidal or columnar and rest on a basal lamina, the upper layer of the basement membrane, the lower layer is the reticular lamina lying next to the connective tissue in the extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u025blz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 skw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s fl\u02c8\u00e6t, kj\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0254\u026ad\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259mn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026asm\u0259nt m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026an, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u025bt\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a l\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u025bkst t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bkst\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a m\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026aks s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "In the respiratory tract there is a type of ciliated epithelial lining; in the small intestine there are microvilli on the epithelial lining and in the large intestine there are intestinal villi.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bsp\u0279\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv s\u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b; \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026ant\u02c8\u025bst\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028av\u02cc\u026ala\u026a \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u026ant\u02c8\u025bst\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025bst\u026an\u0259l v\u02c8\u026ala\u026a."}, {"text": "Skin consists of an outer layer of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that covers the exterior of the vertebrate body.", "phonemes": "sk\u02c8\u026an k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0250t\u02cc\u026ana\u026azd st\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad skw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u028cv\u025az \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "The epithelial cells on the external surface of the body typically secrete an extracellular matrix in the form of a cuticle.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u025blz \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250n \u02cc\u025bkst\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a m\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026aks \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0259v\u0259 kj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l."}, {"text": "Muscle tissue functions to produce force and cause motion, either locomotion or movement within internal organs.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a l\u02cco\u028ak\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Muscle is formed of contractile filaments and is separated into three main types; smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l \u026az f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u028cv k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kta\u026al f\u02c8\u026al\u0259m\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u026az s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026an t\u02c8a\u026aps; sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l, sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u027e\u0259l m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279di\u02cc\u00e6k m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l."}, {"text": "The filaments are staggered and this is the type of muscle found in earthworms that can extend slowly or make rapid contractions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u0259m\u0259nts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u025ad \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8w\u025c\u02d0mz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd sl\u02c8o\u028ali \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ad k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In higher animals striated muscles occur in bundles attached to bone to provide movement and are often arranged in antagonistic sets.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ae\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259lz \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026an b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259lz \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d \u026an \u00e6nt\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bts."}, {"text": "Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the uterus, bladder, intestines, stomach, oesophagus, respiratory airways, and blood vessels.", "phonemes": "sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l \u026az f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259s, bl\u02c8\u00e6d\u025a, \u026ant\u02c8\u025bst\u026anz, st\u02c8\u028cm\u0259k, \u026as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u0259\u0261\u0259s, \u0279\u02c8\u025bsp\u0279\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u02c8\u025b\u0279we\u026az, \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u028cd v\u02c8\u025bs\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In some slow-moving radially symmetrical marine animals such as ctenophores and cnidarians (including sea anemones and jellyfish), the nerves form a nerve net, but in most animals they are organized longitudinally into bundles.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm sl\u02c8o\u028am\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u0259li s\u026am\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak\u0259l m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bn\u0259f\u02cco\u02d0\u0279z \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026ad\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250n\u02c8\u025bm\u0259niz \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u026af\u026a\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0250 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v n\u02c8\u025bt, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd l\u02c8\u0254nd\u0292\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d\u026an\u0259li \u02cc\u026ant\u028a b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In more complex animals, specialized receptor cells such as chemoreceptors and photoreceptors are found in groups and send messages along neural networks to other parts of the organism.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bpt\u025a s\u02c8\u025blz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02cci\u02d0mo\u028a\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u025bpt\u025az \u00e6nd f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028a\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bpt\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bnd m\u02c8\u025bs\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8\u025btw\u025c\u02d0ks t\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "In higher animals, specialized receptors are the basis of sense organs and there is a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and a peripheral nervous system.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bpt\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bns \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd sp\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00e6nd \u0250 p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The latter consists of sensory nerves that transmit information from sense organs and motor nerves that influence target organs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u00e6nsm\u02c8\u026at \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u025bns \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u026at \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system which conveys sensation and controls voluntary muscle, and the autonomic nervous system which involuntarily controls smooth muscle, certain glands and internal organs, including the stomach.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u026az d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nv\u02c8e\u026az s\u025bns\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u025a\u0279i m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0254\u02d0t\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026anv\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nt\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028alz sm\u02c8u\u02d0\u00f0 m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6nd \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cm\u0259k."}, {"text": "All vertebrates have a similar basic body plan and at some point in their lives, mostly in the embryonic stage, share the major chordate characteristics: a stiffening rod, the notochord; a dorsal hollow tube of nervous material, the neural tube; pharyngeal arches; and a tail posterior to the anus.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats h\u00e6v \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di pl\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd \u00e6t s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026avz, m\u02c8o\u028astli \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bmb\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279de\u026at k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks: \u0250 st\u02c8\u026af\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279d; \u0250 d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u0259l h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0b \u028cv n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0b; f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026and\u0292\u02cci\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u1d7bz; \u00e6nd \u0250 t\u02c8e\u026al p\u0251\u02d0st\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026an\u028cs."}, {"text": "The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column and is above the notochord, and the gastrointestinal tract is below it.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u026az p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cm \u00e6nd \u026az \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279d, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02cc\u00e6st\u0279o\u028a\u026ant\u02c8\u025bst\u026an\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt \u026az b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a \u026at."}, {"text": "Nervous tissue is derived from the ectoderm, connective tissues are derived from mesoderm, and gut is derived from the endoderm.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 \u026az d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkto\u028ad\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m, k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm m\u02c8\u025bso\u028ad\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u028ct \u026az d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bndo\u028ad\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column, formed in the development of the segmented series of vertebrae.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0259v\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u026az \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cm, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u025b\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u028cv v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cci\u02d0."}, {"text": "However, a few vertebrates, such as the sturgeon and the coelacanth, retain the notochord into adulthood.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0l\u0250k\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8, \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clth\u028ad."}, {"text": "The limbs of vertebrates are considered to be homologous because the same underlying skeletal structure was inherited from their last common ancestor.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026amz \u028cv v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi h\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259\u0261\u0259s b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u02cc\u028cnd\u025al\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u027e\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a w\u028cz \u026anh\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6st k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025a."}, {"text": "The body of a fish is divided into a head, trunk and tail, although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u026az d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bd, t\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u014bk \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026al, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259nz b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259li v\u02c8\u026az\u1d7bb\u0259l."}, {"text": "The skeleton, which forms the support structure inside the fish, is either made of cartilage, in cartilaginous fish, or bone in bony fish.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026al\u026ad\u0292, \u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026al\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026an\u0259s f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028an \u026an b\u02c8o\u028ani f\u02c8\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "The main skeletal element is the vertebral column, composed of articulating vertebrae which are lightweight yet strong.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cm, k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026atwe\u026at j\u02c8\u025bt st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b."}, {"text": "The main external features of the fish, the fins, are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays, which with the exception of the caudal fins, have no direct connection with the spine.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026anz, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a b\u02c8o\u028ani \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u0254ft sp\u02c8a\u026anz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u0279\u02c8e\u026az, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u0259l f\u02c8\u026anz, h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "The heart has two chambers and pumps the blood through the respiratory surfaces of the gills and on round the body in a single circulatory loop.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t h\u0250z t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025az \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cmps \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bsp\u0279\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026alz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i l\u02c8u\u02d0p."}, {"text": "Low frequency vibrations are detected by the lateral line system of sense organs that run along the length of the sides of fish, and these respond to nearby movements and to changes in water pressure.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8o\u028a f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi v\u02cca\u026ab\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bns \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026adz \u028cv f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, \u00e6nd \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd t\u0259 n\u02c8\u026a\u0279ba\u026a m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u00e6nd t\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Sharks and rays are basal fish with numerous primitive anatomical features similar to those of ancient fish, including skeletons composed of cartilage.", "phonemes": "\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259nz k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026al\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Their bodies tend to be dorso-ventrally flattened, they usually have five pairs of gill slits and a large mouth set on the underside of the head.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259bi d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279so\u028av\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259li fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329d, \u00f0e\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li h\u00e6v f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u026al sl\u02c8\u026ats \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bt \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025as\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd."}, {"text": "Some species are ovoviviparous and the young develop internally but others are oviparous and the larvae develop externally in egg cases.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028av\u0259v\u02cc\u026av\u026ap\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259li b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028av\u026ap\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259li \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0261 k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The bony fish lineage shows more derived anatomical traits, often with major evolutionary changes from the features of ancient fish.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028ani f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292 \u0283\u02c8o\u028az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279i t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt f\u02c8\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "They have a bony skeleton, are generally laterally flattened, have five pairs of gills protected by an operculum, and a mouth at or near the tip of the snout.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v \u0250 b\u02c8o\u028ani sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259li fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329d, h\u00e6v f\u02c8a\u026av p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u026alz p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025akj\u02cc\u028al\u0259m, \u00e6nd \u0250 m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6t \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026ap \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sn\u02c8a\u028at."}, {"text": "Bony fish have a swim bladder which helps them maintain a constant depth in the water column, but not a cloaca.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8o\u028ani f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 h\u00e6v \u0250 sw\u02c8\u026am bl\u02c8\u00e6d\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u025blps \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0259nt d\u02c8\u025bp\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cm, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 kl\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259."}, {"text": "They mostly spawn a large number of small eggs with little yolk which they broadcast into the water column.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8o\u028astli sp\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025b\u0261z w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l j\u02c8o\u028ak w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0dk\u00e6st \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cm."}, {"text": "They are tetrapods, but the caecilians and a few species of salamander have either no limbs or their limbs are much reduced in size.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 ki\u02d0s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025a h\u00e6v \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u026amz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an s\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "Their main bones are hollow and lightweight and are fully ossified and the vertebrae interlock with each other and have articular processes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026an b\u02c8o\u028anz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u026atwe\u026at \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u028ali \u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u025al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd h\u00e6v \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Their skin contains little keratin and lacks scales, but contains many mucous glands and in some species, poison glands.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 sk\u02c8\u026an k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l k\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0250t\u02cc\u026an \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6ks sk\u02c8e\u026alz, b\u02cc\u028ct k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz m\u02c8\u025bni mj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0259s \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6nd \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z, p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259n \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz."}, {"text": "Amphibians breathe by means of buccal pumping, a pump action in which air is first drawn into the buccopharyngeal region through the nostrils.", "phonemes": "\u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0 ba\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv b\u02c8\u028ck\u0259l p\u02c8\u028cmp\u026a\u014b, \u0250 p\u02c8\u028cmp \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ck\u0259f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026and\u0292\u02cci\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0279\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In frogs the pelvic girdle is robust and the hind legs are much longer and stronger than the forelimbs.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025blv\u026ak \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0259l \u026az \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u028cst \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026and l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279l\u026amz."}, {"text": "The feet have four or five digits and the toes are often webbed for swimming or have suction pads for climbing.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0t h\u00e6v f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026av d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ats \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n w\u02c8\u025bbd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 sw\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Salamanders resemble lizards in appearance; their short legs project sideways, the belly is close to or in contact with the ground and they have a long tail.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u00e6l\u0250m\u02cc\u00e6nd\u025az \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l l\u02c8\u026az\u025adz \u026an \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns; \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt s\u02c8a\u026adwe\u026az, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bli \u026az kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u00e6kt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u02c8e\u026al."}, {"text": "They burrow by means of zones of muscle contractions which move along the body and they swim by undulating their body from side to side.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028a ba\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u028cv z\u02c8o\u028anz \u028cv m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259l k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a sw\u02c8\u026am ba\u026a \u02c8\u028cnd\u0292u\u02d0l\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "They are tetrapods, but the snakes and a few species of lizard either have no limbs or their limbs are much reduced in size.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 sn\u02c8e\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv l\u02c8\u026az\u025ad \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u026amz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an s\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "Reptiles are unable to use their skin for respiration as do amphibians and have a more efficient respiratory system drawing air into their lungs by expanding their chest walls.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sk\u02c8\u026an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bsp\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259nz \u00e6nd h\u00e6v \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt \u0279\u02c8\u025bsp\u0279\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz ba\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bst w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "The heart resembles that of the amphibian but there is a septum which more completely separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated bloodstreams.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259lz \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026abi\u0259n b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bpt\u0259m w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u025bne\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd di\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u025bne\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd bl\u02c8\u028cdst\u0279i\u02d0mz."}, {"text": "The reproductive system has evolved for internal fertilization, with a copulatory organ present in most species.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m h\u0250z \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The eggs are surrounded by amniotic membranes which prevents them from drying out and are laid on land, or develop internally in some species.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02cc\u00e6mn\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026anz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnts \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm f\u0279\u028cm d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259li \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "These are formed from bony plates embedded in the dermis which are overlain by horny ones and are partially fused with the ribs and spine.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8o\u028ani pl\u02c8e\u026ats \u025bmb\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0miz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8e\u026an ba\u026a h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni w\u02c8\u028cnz \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li fj\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026abz \u00e6nd sp\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "There is one row of teeth in the lower jaw and this fits between the two rows in the upper jaw when the animal chews.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u028cv t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u026ats b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 w\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The brain and heart are more primitive than those of other reptiles, and the lungs have a single chamber and lack bronchi.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz h\u00e6v \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025a \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u00e6k b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bka\u026a."}, {"text": "Lizards have skulls with only one fenestra on each side, the lower bar of bone below the second fenestra having been lost.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026az\u025adz h\u00e6v sk\u02c8\u028clz w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8\u025bn\u025bst\u0279\u0259 \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8a\u026ad, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028a\u025a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028an b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd f\u02c8\u025bn\u025bst\u0279\u0259 h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u026an l\u02c8\u0254st."}, {"text": "Lizards are mostly quadrupeds, with the trunk held off the ground by short, sideways-facing legs, but a few species have no limbs and resemble snakes.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u026az\u025adz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028astli kw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0279\u028ap\u02cc\u025bdz, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u014bk h\u02c8\u025bld \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and ba\u026a \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t, s\u02c8a\u026adwe\u026azf\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u026amz \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l sn\u02c8e\u026aks."}, {"text": "Snakes are closely related to lizards, having branched off from a common ancestral lineage during the Cretaceous period, and they share many of the same features.", "phonemes": "sn\u02c8e\u026aks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026az\u025adz, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283t \u02c8\u0254f f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6ns\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u026ad\u0292 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u025bt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259s p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "The skeleton consists of a skull, a hyoid bone, spine and ribs though a few species retain a vestige of the pelvis and rear limbs in the form of pelvic spurs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u0259v\u0259 sk\u02c8\u028cl, \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u0254\u026ad b\u02c8o\u028an, sp\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u026abz \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8e\u026an \u0250 v\u02c8\u025bst\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025blv\u026as \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 l\u02c8\u026amz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv p\u02c8\u025blv\u026ak sp\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The bar under the second fenestra has also been lost and the jaws have extreme flexibility allowing the snake to swallow its prey whole.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd f\u02c8\u025bn\u025bst\u0279\u0259 h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02cc\u026an l\u02c8\u0254st \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z h\u00e6v \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m fl\u02cc\u025bks\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sn\u02c8e\u026ak t\u0259 sw\u02c8\u0254lo\u028a \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a h\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "Their forked tongues are used as organs of taste and smell and some species have sensory pits on their heads enabling them to locate warm-blooded prey.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279kt t\u02c8\u028c\u014bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u028cv t\u02c8e\u026ast \u00e6nd sm\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i p\u02c8\u026ats \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u025bdz \u025bn\u02c8e\u026abl\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026at w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mbl\u02c8\u028cd\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "The nostrils, eyes and ears are elevated above the top of the flat head enabling them to remain above the surface of the water when the animal is floating.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0279\u0259lz, \u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026av\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u00e6t h\u02c8\u025bd \u025bn\u02c8e\u026abl\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a w\u025bn \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u026az fl\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Unlike other reptiles, crocodilians have hearts with four chambers allowing complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.", "phonemes": "\u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bpta\u026alz, k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0k\u0259d\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz h\u00e6v h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025az \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u025bne\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd di\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u025bne\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd bl\u02c8\u028cd."}, {"text": "Birds are tetrapods but though their hind limbs are used for walking or hopping, their front limbs are wings covered with feathers and adapted for flight.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0250p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026and l\u02c8\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt l\u02c8\u026amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u026a\u014bz k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025az \u00e6nd \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 fl\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "The feathers are outgrowths of the epidermis and are found in localized bands from where they fan out over the skin.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 a\u028at\u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bp\u026ad\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026as \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd b\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8a\u028at \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "Large flight feathers are found on the wings and tail, contour feathers cover the bird's surface and fine down occurs on young birds and under the contour feathers of water birds.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 fl\u02c8a\u026at f\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026al, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a\u0279 f\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025az k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026an d\u02cca\u028an \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u02cc\u0254n j\u02c8\u028c\u014b b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a\u0279 f\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025az \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Mammals are a diverse class of animals, mostly terrestrial but some are aquatic and others have evolved flapping or gliding flight.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, m\u02c8o\u028astli t\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u0279\u026a\u0259l b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az h\u00e6v \u026av\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd fl\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261l\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b fl\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "They mostly have four limbs, but some aquatic mammals have no limbs or limbs modified into fins, and the forelimbs of bats are modified into wings.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8o\u028astli h\u00e6v f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026amz, b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm \u0259kw\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u026amz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026amz m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u02c8\u026anz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279l\u026amz \u028cv b\u02c8\u00e6ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02c8\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "The bones of mammals are well ossified and their teeth, which are usually differentiated, are coated in a layer of prismatic enamel.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028anz \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u025bl \u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u0279\u026asm\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259l."}, {"text": "The teeth are shed once (milk teeth) during the animal's lifetime or not at all, as is the case in cetaceans.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u025bd w\u02c8\u028cns m\u02c8\u026alk t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz l\u02c8a\u026afta\u026am \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, \u02cc\u00e6z\u02cc\u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u026an s\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Mammals breathe with lungs and have a muscular diaphragm separating the thorax from the abdomen which helps them draw air into the lungs.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0 w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz \u00e6nd h\u00e6v \u0250 m\u02c8\u028cskj\u028al\u025a d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259f\u0279\u02cc\u00e6m s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u00e6ks f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bd\u0259m\u0259n w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u025blps \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz."}, {"text": "The mammalian heart has four chambers, and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are kept entirely separate.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u00e6m\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t h\u0250z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025az, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u025bne\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6nd di\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u025bne\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd bl\u02c8\u028cd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025bpt \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025ali s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t."}, {"text": "Most other mammals have a placenta through which the developing foetus obtains nourishment, but in marsupials, the foetal stage is very short and the immature young is born and finds its way to its mother's pouch where it latches on to a nipple and completes its development.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz h\u00e6v \u0250 pl\u0259s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b f\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259s \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026anz n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an m\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u026a\u0259lz, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026am\u0259t\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u026az b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026andz \u026ats w\u02c8e\u026a t\u028a \u026ats m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az p\u02c8a\u028at\u0283 w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at l\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bz \u02cc\u0254n t\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8\u026ap\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u026ats d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Humans have a head, neck, trunk (which includes the thorax and abdomen), two arms and hands, and two legs and feet.", "phonemes": "hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u0250 h\u02c8\u025bd, n\u02c8\u025bk, t\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u014bk w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u00e6ks \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6bd\u0259m\u0259n, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6ndz, \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z \u00e6nd f\u02c8i\u02d0t."}, {"text": "Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics, prosthetists and orthotists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses, podiatrists, and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy through practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li, st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts \u028cv s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u025bd\u026aks, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u03b8\u026at\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259t\u02cc\u026asts, f\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u02cco\u028a\u03b8\u026a\u0279\u02cce\u026ap\u026asts, \u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u026asts, n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bz, p\u02c8o\u028ad\u026a\u02cc\u00e6t\u0279\u026asts, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u00e6nd m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi f\u0279\u028cm \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259lz, sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259nz, t\u02c8\u025bkstb\u028aks, d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6mz, f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz, l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025az \u00e6nd tu\u02d0t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u028cv da\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u026ansp\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0250d\u02c8\u00e6v\u025az."}, {"text": "The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026ast\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8a\u026adz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u0250 m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02cco\u028ap."}, {"text": "Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school.", "phonemes": "hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ak\u02c8\u025bm\u026ast\u0279i \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mpl\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6t m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l sk\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically; that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems.", "phonemes": "hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259li \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u026ast\u02c8\u025bm\u026akli; \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026az, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli, st\u02c8\u028cdi\u026a\u014b \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi ba\u026a b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0dili \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u025bst, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u028cdi\u026a\u014b ba\u026a sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bsp\u0279\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz."}, {"text": "The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format, in line with modern teaching methods.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi t\u02c8\u025bkstb\u028ak, \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0279\u026a\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t t\u028a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t, \u026an l\u02c8a\u026an w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz."}, {"text": "A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by physicians, especially surgeons and doctors working in some diagnostic specialties, such as histopathology and radiology.", "phonemes": "\u0250 \u03b8\u02c8\u028c\u0279o\u028a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026az \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u026an s\u02cc\u028cm d\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u026ak sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u027eiz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z h\u02cc\u026ast\u0259p\u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "They are often involved in teaching anatomy, and research into certain systems, organs, tissues or cells.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz, t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "Invertebrates constitute a vast array of living organisms ranging from the simplest unicellular eukaryotes such as Paramecium to such complex multicellular animals as the octopus, lobster and dragonfly.", "phonemes": "\u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u0250 v\u02c8\u00e6st \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u028cv l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259mz \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l\u026ast j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026as\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0k\u0250\u0279\u026a\u02cco\u028ats s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259m\u02c8i\u02d0si\u0259m t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks m\u02cc\u028clt\u026as\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u0259p\u0259s, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bst\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259nfl\u02cca\u026a."}, {"text": "The cells of single-cell protozoans have the same basic structure as those of multicellular animals but some parts are specialized into the equivalent of tissues and organs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025blz \u028cv s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259ls\u02c8\u025bl p\u0279\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028az\u02c8o\u028a\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv m\u02cc\u028clt\u026as\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz b\u02cc\u028ct s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt \u028cv t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Locomotion is often provided by cilia or flagella or may proceed via the advance of pseudopodia, food may be gathered by phagocytosis, energy needs may be supplied by photosynthesis and the cell may be supported by an endoskeleton or an exoskeleton.", "phonemes": "l\u02cco\u028ak\u0259m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02c8\u026ali\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 fl\u00e6d\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026a p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns \u028cv s\u02ccu\u02d0do\u028ap\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259, f\u02c8u\u02d0d m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025ad ba\u026a f\u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0259s\u026at\u02c8o\u028as\u026as, \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i n\u02c8i\u02d0dz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026ad ba\u026a f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028as\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bl m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250n \u02c8\u025bndo\u028ask\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u02c8\u025bkso\u028ask\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n."}, {"text": "The most basic types of metazoan tissues are epithelium and connective tissue, both of which are present in nearly all invertebrates.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast b\u02c8e\u026as\u026ak t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259z\u02c8o\u028a\u0259n t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259m \u00e6nd k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats."}, {"text": "The outer surface of the epidermis is normally formed of epithelial cells and secretes an extracellular matrix which provides support to the organism.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bp\u026ad\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026as \u026az n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u028cv \u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u025blz \u00e6nd s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u0250n \u02cc\u025bkst\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u025blj\u028al\u025a m\u02c8e\u026at\u0279\u026aks w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Exoskeletons are derived from the epidermis and is composed of chitin in arthropods (insects, spiders, ticks, shrimps, crabs, lobsters).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bkso\u028ask\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bp\u026ad\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026as \u00e6nd \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u026at\u026an \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts, sp\u02c8a\u026ad\u025az, t\u02c8\u026aks, \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u026amps, k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6bz, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bst\u025az."}, {"text": "Calcium carbonate constitutes the shells of molluscs, brachiopods and some tube-building polychaete worms and silica forms the exoskeleton of the microscopic diatoms and radiolaria.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u00e6lsi\u0259m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u0259n\u02cce\u026at k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0ts \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025blz \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028csks, b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0bb\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak\u02c8i\u02d0t w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026al\u026ak\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkso\u028ask\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027e\u0259mz \u00e6nd \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026ao\u028al\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Other invertebrates may have no rigid structures but the epidermis may secrete a variety of surface coatings such as the pinacoderm of sponges, the gelatinous cuticle of cnidarians (polyps, sea anemones, jellyfish) and the collagenous cuticle of annelids.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v n\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026ad st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bp\u026ad\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026as m\u02c8e\u026a s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as k\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026a\u014bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026an\u0250k\u02cco\u028ad\u025c\u02d0m \u028cv sp\u02c8\u028cnd\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u025bl\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an\u0259s kj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv s\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026ad\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026aps, s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250n\u02c8\u025bm\u0259niz, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u026af\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0le\u026ad\u0292n\u0259s kj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026al\u02cc\u026adz."}, {"text": "The outer epithelial layer may include cells of several types including sensory cells, gland cells and stinging cells.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u0259l l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a m\u02c8e\u026a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u02c8\u025blz \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026aps \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u025blz, \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025blz \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025blz."}, {"text": "Marcello Malpighi, the father of microscopical anatomy, discovered that plants had tubules similar to those he saw in insects like the silk worm.", "phonemes": "m\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u02c8\u025blo\u028a m\u02cc\u00e6lp\u02c8\u026a\u0261ha\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u00f0\u00e6t pl\u02c8\u00e6nts h\u00e6d t\u02c8u\u02d0bju\u02d0lz s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u026an \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026alk w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "He observed that when a ring-like portion of bark was removed on a trunk a swelling occurred in the tissues above the ring, and he unmistakably interpreted this as growth stimulated by food coming down from the leaves, and being captured above the ring.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025bn \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bl\u02c8a\u026ak p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0vd \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u014bk \u0250 sw\u02c8\u025bl\u026a\u014b \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 \u028cnm\u026ast\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259bli \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026as \u00e6z \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a f\u02c8u\u02d0d k\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b d\u02cca\u028an f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0vz, \u00e6nd b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025ad \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Arthropods comprise the largest phylum in the animal kingdom with over a million known invertebrate species.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0279\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0dz k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast f\u02c8a\u026al\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n n\u02c8o\u028an \u026anv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026at sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Insects possess segmented bodies supported by a hard-jointed outer covering, the exoskeleton, made mostly of chitin.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs s\u025b\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd \u02c8a\u028a\u027e\u025a k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bkso\u028ask\u02cc\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n, m\u02cce\u026ad m\u02c8o\u028astli \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u026at\u026an."}, {"text": "The head typically bears a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, one to three simple eyes (ocelli) and three sets of modified appendages that form the mouthparts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli b\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u0250 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nt\u02c8\u025bni\u02d0, \u0250 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpa\u028and \u02c8a\u026az, w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l \u02c8a\u026az \u0251\u02d0k\u02c8\u025bli \u00e6nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bts \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u0250p\u02c8\u025bnd\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8p\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "The thorax has three pairs of segmented legs, one pair each for the three segments that compose the thorax and one or two pairs of wings.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u00e6ks h\u0250z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv s\u025b\u0261m\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z, w\u02c8\u028cn p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025b\u0261m\u0259nts \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u00e6ks \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv w\u02c8\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "The abdomen is composed of eleven segments, some of which may be fused and houses the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive systems.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bd\u0259m\u0259n \u026az k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028azd \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02c8\u025b\u0261m\u0259nts, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 fj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 da\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u026av, \u0279\u02c8\u025bsp\u0279\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i, \u025bksk\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz."}, {"text": "There is considerable variation between species and many adaptations to the body parts, especially wings, legs, antennae and mouthparts.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l v\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u00e6d\u00e6pt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li w\u02c8\u026a\u014bz, l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z, \u00e6nt\u02c8\u025bni\u02d0 \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8p\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Spiders a class of arachnids have four pairs of legs; a body of two segments\u2014a cephalothorax and an abdomen.", "phonemes": "sp\u02c8a\u026ad\u025az \u0250 kl\u02c8\u00e6s \u028cv \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kn\u026adz h\u00e6v f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u028cv l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z; \u0250 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025b\u0261m\u0259nts\u2014\u0250 s\u02c8\u025bf\u0250l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u03b8o\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u00e6ks \u00e6nd \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6bd\u0259m\u0259n."}, {"text": "They have mouthparts called chelicerae which are often connected to venom glands as most spiders are venomous.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8p\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld t\u0283\u02c8\u025bl\u026as\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025bn\u0259m \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u00e6z m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8a\u026ad\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025bn\u0259m\u0259s."}, {"text": "At the end of each male pedipalp is a spoon-shaped cymbium that acts to support the copulatory organ.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026al p\u02c8\u025bd\u026ap\u02cc\u00e6lp \u026az \u0250 sp\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0283\u02c8e\u026apt s\u02c8\u026ambi\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6kts t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n."}, {"text": "Superficial or surface anatomy is important as the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily seen from the exterior contours of the body.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u026az \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili s\u02c8i\u02d0n f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a\u0279z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "It enables physicians or veterinary surgeons to gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az."}, {"text": "Superficial is a directional term that indicates that structures are located relatively close to the surface of the body.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u026az \u0250 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "Comparative anatomy relates to the comparison of anatomical structures (both gross and microscopic) in different animals.", "phonemes": "k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259n \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028as \u00e6nd m\u02cca\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz."}, {"text": "In 1600 BCE, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Ancient Egyptian medical text, described the heart and its vessels, as well as the brain and its meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, and the liver, spleen, kidneys, uterus and bladder, and it showed the blood vessels diverging from the heart.", "phonemes": "\u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aksh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bdw\u026an sm\u02c8\u026a\u03b8 p\u0250p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259s, \u0250n \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bkst, d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd \u026ats v\u02c8\u025bs\u0259lz, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd \u026ats m\u02c8\u025bn\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd s\u025a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0b\u0279\u0259sp\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l fl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026ad, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u025a, spl\u02c8i\u02d0n, k\u02c8\u026adniz, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u00e6d\u025a, \u00e6nd \u026at \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cd v\u02c8\u025bs\u0259lz da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "The Ebers Papyrus () features a \"treatise on the heart\", with vessels carrying all the body's fluids to or from every member of the body.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bb\u025az p\u0250p\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259s f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u02c8e\u026a \"t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\", w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8\u025bs\u0259lz k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz fl\u02c8u\u02d0\u026adz t\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "Ancient Greek anatomy and physiology underwent great changes and advances throughout the early medieval world.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u00e6nd f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02cc\u028cnd\u025aw\u02c8\u025bnt \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li m\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u02cci\u02d0v\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Over time, this medical practice expanded by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body.", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u0250 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259li d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "Phenomenal anatomical observations of the human body were made, which have contributed towards the understanding of the brain, eye, liver, reproductive organs and the nervous system.", "phonemes": "f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026ad, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u00e6v k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an, \u02c8a\u026a, l\u02c8\u026av\u025a, \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "Alexandria not only housed the biggest library for medical records and books of the liberal arts in the world during the time of the Greeks, but was also home to many medical practitioners and philosophers.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli h\u02c8a\u028azd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u026ast l\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u025b\u0279i f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025adz \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u028aks \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u00e6kt\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u025az \u00e6nd f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az."}, {"text": "Great patronage of the arts and sciences from the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt helped raise Alexandria up, further rivalling the cultural and scientific achievements of other Greek states.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u0259n\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 to\u028alm\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250sti \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt h\u02c8\u025blpt \u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259 \u02c8\u028cp, f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "Some of the most striking advances in early anatomy and physiology took place in Hellenistic Alexandria.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u026an \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u00e6nd f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i t\u02c8\u028ak pl\u02c8e\u026as \u026an h\u02cc\u025bl\u0259n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Two of the most famous anatomists and physiologists of the third century were Herophilus and Erasistratus.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250\u027e\u0259m\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i w\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02cc\u026al\u0259s \u00e6nd \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ast\u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259s."}, {"text": "These two physicians helped pioneer human dissection for medical research, using the cadavers of condemned criminals, which was considered taboo until the Renaissance\u2014Herophilus was recognized as the first person to perform systematic dissections.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz h\u02c8\u025blpt pa\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0279 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n da\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0250d\u02c8\u00e6v\u025az \u028cv k\u0259nd\u02c8\u025bmd k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259lz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u00e6b\u02c8u\u02d0 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u2014h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02cc\u026al\u0259s w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak da\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Herophilus became known for his anatomical works making impressing contributions to many branches of anatomy and many other aspects of medicine.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02cc\u026al\u0259s b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkts \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n."}, {"text": "Some of the works included classifying the system of the pulse, the discovery that human arteries had thicker walls than veins, and that the atria were parts of the heart.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u028cls, \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u00f0\u00e6t hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279iz h\u00e6d \u03b8\u02c8\u026ak\u025a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u00f0\u0250n v\u02c8e\u026anz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026at\u0279i\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t."}, {"text": "Herophilus's knowledge of the human body has provided vital input towards understanding the brain, eye, liver, reproductive organs and nervous system, and characterizing the course of disease.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u1d7bz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di h\u0250z p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd v\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u026anp\u028at t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an, \u02c8a\u026a, l\u02c8\u026av\u025a, \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv d\u026az\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Erasistratus accurately described the structure of the brain, including the cavities and membranes, and made a distinction between its cerebrum and cerebellum During his study in Alexandria, Erasistratus was particularly concerned with studies of the circulatory and nervous systems.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ast\u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259tli d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7b\u027eiz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bmb\u0279e\u026anz, \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u026ats s\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ab\u02c8\u025bl\u0259m d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az st\u02c8\u028cdi \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259, \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ast\u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259s w\u028cz p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u0259s s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz."}, {"text": "He was able to distinguish the sensory and the motor nerves in the human body and believed that air entered the lungs and heart, which was then carried throughout the body.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u00e6nd b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028c\u014bz \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "His distinction between the arteries and veins\u2014the arteries carrying the air through the body, while the veins carried the blood from the heart was a great anatomical discovery.", "phonemes": "h\u026az d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279iz \u00e6nd v\u02c8e\u026anz\u2014\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a\u0279iz k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8e\u026anz k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t w\u028cz\u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Erasistratus was also responsible for naming and describing the function of the epiglottis and the valves of the heart, including the tricuspid.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ast\u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259s w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bb\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u0261l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eiz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lvz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259sp\u02cc\u026ad."}, {"text": "During the third century, Greek physicians were able to differentiate nerves from blood vessels and tendons and to realize that the nerves convey neural impulses.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026at n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz f\u0279\u028cm bl\u02c8\u028cd v\u02c8\u025bs\u0259lz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nz \u00e6nd t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz k\u0259nv\u02c8e\u026a n\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u026amp\u028cls\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Herophilus named the meninges and ventricles in the brain, appreciated the division between cerebellum and cerebrum and recognized that the brain was the \"seat of intellect\" and not a \"cooling chamber\" as propounded by Aristotle Herophilus is also credited with describing the optic, oculomotor, motor division of the trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear and hypoglossal nerves.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02cc\u026al\u0259s n\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bn\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u026ak\u0259lz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an, \u0250p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n s\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026ab\u02c8\u025bl\u0259m \u00e6nd s\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \"s\u02c8i\u02d0t \u028cv \u02c8\u026ant\u0259l\u02cc\u025bkt\" \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 \"k\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8e\u026amb\u025a\" \u00e6z p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02cc\u026al\u0259s \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mo\u028a\u027e\u025a, m\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u025a d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279a\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bm\u026an\u0259l, f\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l, v\u02c8\u025bst\u026abj\u02cc\u028al\u0259k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t\u0283l\u026a\u0279 \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u026apo\u028a\u0261l\u02c8\u0254s\u0259l n\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz."}, {"text": "Herophilus was able to discover and describe not only the salivary glands, but the small intestine and liver.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02cc\u026al\u0259s w\u028cz \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a \u00e6nd d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8o\u028anli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6l\u026av\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026ant\u02c8\u025bst\u026an \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026av\u025a."}, {"text": "He recognized that spermatozoa were produced by the testes and was the first to identify the prostate gland.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u00e6t sp\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u0250\u027e\u0259z\u02c8o\u028a\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bsti\u02d0z \u00e6nd w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u028a a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ste\u026at \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "The anatomy of the muscles and skeleton is described in the Hippocratic Corpus, an Ancient Greek medical work written by unknown authors.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259lz \u00e6nd sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259n \u026az d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02cc\u026ap\u0259k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u0259s, \u0250n \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a \u028cnn\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az."}, {"text": "Also in the 4th century BCE, Herophilos and Erasistratus produced more accurate anatomical descriptions based on vivisection of criminals in Alexandria during the Ptolemaic period.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, h\u02cci\u0259\u0279o\u028af\u02c8\u026alo\u028az \u00e6nd \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ast\u0279\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259s p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259nz b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n v\u02cc\u026av\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259lz \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279i\u0259 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 to\u028alm\u02c8e\u026a\u026ak p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "In the 2nd century, Galen of Pergamum, an anatomist, clinician, writer and philosopher, wrote the final and highly influential anatomy treatise of ancient times.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u0261\u02c8e\u026al\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261\u00e6m\u0259m, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250\u027e\u0259m\u02cc\u026ast, kl\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a, \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026ali \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026az \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026amz."}, {"text": "Galen's drawings, based mostly on dog anatomy, became effectively the only anatomical textbook for the next thousand years.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8e\u026al\u0259nz d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz, b\u02c8e\u026ast m\u02c8o\u028astli \u02cc\u0254n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bkstb\u028ak f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "His work was known to Renaissance doctors only through Islamic Golden Age medicine until it was translated from the Greek some time in the 15th century.", "phonemes": "h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k w\u028cz n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025az \u02c8o\u028anli \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u026at w\u028cz t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k s\u02cc\u028cm t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Anatomy developed little from classical times until the sixteenth century; as the historian Marie Boas writes, \"Progress in anatomy before the sixteenth century is as mysteriously slow as its development after 1500 is startlingly rapid\".", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026amz \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i; \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8o\u028a\u0259z \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats, \"p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u025bs \u026an \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u026az \u00e6z m\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259sli sl\u02c8o\u028a \u00e6z \u026ats d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026az st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259l\u026a\u014bli \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ad\"."}, {"text": "Between 1275 and 1326, the anatomists Mondino de Luzzi, Alessandro Achillini and Antonio Benivieni at Bologna carried out the first systematic human dissections since ancient times.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250\u027e\u0259m\u02cc\u026asts m\u0254nd\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a d\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0zi, \u0250l\u026as\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279o\u028a \u0250t\u0283\u026al\u02c8i\u02d0ni \u00e6nd \u00e6nt\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u02cco\u028a b\u1d7bn\u02c8\u026avi\u0259ni \u00e6t b\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u02b2\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n da\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u026ans \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026amz."}, {"text": "It describes the body in the order followed in Mondino's dissections, starting with the abdomen, then the thorax, then the head and limbs.", "phonemes": "\u026at d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad \u026an m\u0254nd\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028az da\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz, st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6bd\u0259m\u0259n, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u00e6ks, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026amz."}, {"text": "He made use of his anatomical knowledge in his artwork, making many sketches of skeletal structures, muscles and organs of humans and other vertebrates that he dissected.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv h\u026az \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u026an h\u026az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tw\u025c\u02d0k, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni sk\u02c8\u025bt\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u027e\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az, m\u02c8\u028cs\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259nz \u028cv hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026as\u025bkt\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Andreas Vesalius (1514\u20131564), professor of anatomy at the University of Padua, is considered the founder of modern human anatomy.", "phonemes": "\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0259s v\u025bz\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0259s w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6du\u02d0\u0259, \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Originally from Brabant, Vesalius published the influential book De humani corporis fabrica (\"the structure of the human body\"), a large format book in seven volumes, in 1543.", "phonemes": "\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li f\u0279\u028cm b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259nt, v\u025bz\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0259s p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l b\u02c8\u028ak d\u0259 hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279po\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u026as f\u02c8\u00e6b\u0279\u026ak\u0259\"\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di\", \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t b\u02c8\u028ak \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lju\u02d0mz, \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The accurate and intricately detailed illustrations, often in allegorical poses against Italianate landscapes, are thought to have been made by the artist Jan van Calcar, a pupil of Titian.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kj\u028a\u0279\u0259t \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u026ak\u0259tli di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald \u02cc\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8o\u028az\u1d7bz \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u026at\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n\u02cce\u026at l\u02c8\u00e6ndske\u026aps, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 h\u0250vb\u026an m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ast d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6n v\u02c8\u00e6n k\u02c8\u00e6lk\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u0250 pj\u02c8u\u02d0p\u0259l \u028cv t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In England, anatomy was the subject of the first public lectures given in any science; these were given by the Company of Barbers and Surgeons in the 16th century, joined in 1583 by the Lumleian lectures in surgery at the Royal College of Physicians.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u0259nd, \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025az \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u026an \u02cc\u025bni s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns; \u00f0i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u028cv b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279b\u025az \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cmle\u026a\u0259n l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025az \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u025a\u0279i \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Classes in anatomy needed a continual stream of cadavers for dissection and these were difficult to obtain.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u026an \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0250 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u028cv k\u0250d\u02c8\u00e6v\u025az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 da\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0i\u02d0z w\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u028a \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Philadelphia, Baltimore and New York were all renowned for body snatching activity as criminals raided graveyards at night, removing newly buried corpses from their coffins.", "phonemes": "f\u026al\u0250d\u02c8\u025blfi\u0259, b\u02c8\u0254lt\u026am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di sn\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z k\u0279\u02c8\u026am\u026an\u0259lz \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u1d7bd \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026avj\u0251\u02d0\u0279dz \u00e6t n\u02c8a\u026at, \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0li b\u02c8\u025b\u0279id k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ps\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254f\u026anz."}, {"text": "A similar problem existed in Britain where demand for bodies became so great that grave-raiding and even anatomy murder were practised to obtain cadavers.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd \u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0diz b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am s\u02cco\u028a \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026av\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u025a w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast t\u028a \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an k\u0250d\u02c8\u00e6v\u025az."}, {"text": "The practice was halted in Britain by the Anatomy Act of 1832, while in the United States, similar legislation was enacted after the physician William S. Forbes of Jefferson Medical College was found guilty in 1882 of \"complicity with resurrectionists in the despoliation of graves in Lebanon Cemetery\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026as w\u028cz h\u02c8\u0254lt\u1d7bd \u026an b\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0259n ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi \u02c8\u00e6kt \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02cca\u026al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a l\u02cc\u025bd\u0292\u026asl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u025bn\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u026az\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m \u02c8\u025bs. f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279bz \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bf\u025as\u0259n m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u028and \u0261\u02c8\u026alti \u026an 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\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u02cc\u028cnd\u025al\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bd\u0259s\u0259n, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi."}, {"text": "As well as teaching, he collected many vertebrate skeletons for his museum of comparative anatomy, published over 70 research papers, and became famous for his public dissection of the Tay Whale.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b, hi\u02d0 k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025bni v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ab\u0279\u02cce\u026at sk\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bt\u0259nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az mju\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259m \u028cv k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi, p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u02cco\u028av\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 p\u02c8e\u026ap\u025az, \u00e6nd b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak da\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026a w\u02c8e\u026al."}, {"text": "He noticed that the frequently fatal fever occurred more often in mothers examined by medical students than by midwives.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026ast \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli f\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025a\u0279 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u026an m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026and ba\u026a m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts \u00f0\u0250n ba\u026a m\u02c8\u026adwa\u026avz."}, {"text": "Semmelweis showed that when the trainees washed their hands in chlorinated lime before each clinical examination, the incidence of puerperal fever among the mothers could be reduced dramatically.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u025bm\u026alw\u02cce\u026az \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u02d0z w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u026an kl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8a\u026am b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 kl\u02c8\u026an\u026ak\u0259l \u025b\u0261z\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv pj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259p\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025a\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st d\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli."}, {"text": "Before the modern medical era, the main means for studying the internal structures of the body were dissection of the dead and inspection, palpation and auscultation of the living.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8i\u02d0nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u028cdi\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di w\u025c\u02d0 da\u026as\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6nd \u026ansp\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, p\u00e6lp\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254\u02d0sk\u0259lt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "It was the advent of microscopy that opened up an understanding of the building blocks that constituted living tissues.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6dv\u025bnt \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u0259pi \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd \u02cc\u028cp \u0250n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Technical advances in the development of achromatic lenses increased the resolving power of the microscope and around 1839, Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann identified that cells were the fundamental unit of organization of all living things.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6k\u0279o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak l\u02c8\u025bnz\u1d7bz \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02cco\u028ap \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026ath\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, m\u0250\u03b8\u02c8a\u026a\u0259s j\u02c8\u00e6k\u0251\u02d0b \u0283l\u02c8e\u026ad\u0259n \u00e6nd 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t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 t\u028a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an."}, {"text": "Staining techniques using artificial dyes were established to help distinguish between different types of tissue.", "phonemes": "st\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l d\u02c8a\u026az w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025blp d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Advances in the fields of histology and cytology began in the late 19th century along with advances in surgical techniques allowing for the painless and safe removal of biopsy specimens.", "phonemes": "\u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0ldz \u028cv h\u026ast\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd sa\u026at\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259s \u00e6nd s\u02c8e\u026af \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l \u028cv ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0psi sp\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The invention of the electron microscope brought a great advance in resolution power and allowed research into the ultrastructure of cells and the organelles and other structures within them.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0251\u02d0n m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279\u0259sk\u02cco\u028ap b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns \u026an \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028alt\u0279\u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u025blz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02c8\u025blz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az w\u026a\u00f0\u02c8\u026an \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "About the same time, in the 1950s, the use of X-ray diffraction for studying the crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules gave rise to a new field of molecular anatomy.", "phonemes": "\u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026am, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u02c8\u025bks\u0279\u02c8e\u026a d\u1d7bf\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u028cdi\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ati\u02d0nz, nu\u02d0kl\u02c8\u026a\u026ak \u02c8\u00e6s\u026adz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a b\u02cca\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0lz \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8i\u02d0ld \u028cv m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259mi."}, {"text": "Equally important advances have occurred in  non-invasive techniques for examining the interior structures of the body.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz h\u00e6v \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026anv\u02c8e\u026as\u026av t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6m\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di."}, {"text": "X-rays can be passed through the body and used in medical radiography and fluoroscopy to differentiate interior structures that have varying degrees of opaqueness.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bks\u0279\u02c8e\u026az k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u00e6st \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an m\u02c8\u025bd\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u00e6nd fl\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u0259pi t\u0259 d\u02cc\u026af\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6v v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u028cv o\u028ap\u02c8e\u026akn\u0259s."}, {"text": "Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and ultrasound imaging have all enabled examination of internal structures in unprecedented detail to a degree far beyond the imagination of earlier generations.", "phonemes": "m\u00e6\u0261n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259n\u0259ns \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b, k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028alt\u0279\u0250s\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld \u025b\u0261z\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u026an \u028cnp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bd\u0259nt\u1d7bd di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026al t\u028a \u0250 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In propositional logic, affirming the consequent, sometimes called converse error, fallacy of the converse, or confusion of necessity and sufficiency, is a formal fallacy of taking a true conditional statement (e.g., \"if the lamp were broken, then the room would be dark\") under certain assumptions (there are no other lights in the room, it is nighttime and the windows are closed), and invalidly inferring its converse (\"the room is dark, so the lamp must be broken\"), even though that statement may not be true under the same assumptions.", "phonemes": "\u026an p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak, \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259nt, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u025c\u02d0s \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a, f\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259si \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u025c\u02d0s, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u028cv n\u0259s\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nsi, \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259si \u028cv t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \"\u026af \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6mp w\u025c\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m w\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\"\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8a\u026ats \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m, \u026a\u027e \u026az n\u02c8a\u026atta\u026am \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ando\u028az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8o\u028azd, \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8\u00e6l\u026adli \u026anf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u025c\u02d0s\"\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m \u026az d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6mp m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n\", \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "This arises when the consequent (\"the room would be dark\") has other possible antecedents (for example, \"the lamp is in working order, but is switched off\" or \"there is no lamp in the room\").", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz w\u025bn \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259nt\"\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m w\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\"h\u0250z \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \"\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6mp \u026az \u026an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az sw\u02c8\u026at\u0283t \u02c8\u0254f\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u00e6mp \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0m\"."}, {"text": "Converse errors are common in everyday thinking and communication and can result from, among other causes, communication issues, misconceptions about logic, and failure to consider other causes.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u025c\u02d0s \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026ad\u02cce\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u00e6n \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt f\u0279\u028cm, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz, k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z, m\u026ask\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak, \u00e6nd f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The opposite statement, denying the consequent, is called modus tollens and is a valid form of argument.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt, d\u1d7bn\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259nt, \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld m\u02c8o\u028ad\u0259s t\u02c8o\u028al\u0259nz \u00e6nd \u026az \u0250 v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ad f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Affirming the consequent is the action of taking a true statement  and invalidly concluding its converse .", "phonemes": "\u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259nt \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u026anv\u02c8\u00e6l\u026adli k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u025c\u02d0s ."}, {"text": "The name affirming the consequent derives from using the consequent, Q, of , to conclude the antecedent P. This fallacy can be summarized formally as  or, alternatively, .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259nt d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026avz f\u0279\u028cm j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259nt, kj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u028cv , t\u0259 k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259nt p\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259si k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li \u00e6z \u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli, ."}, {"text": "The root cause of such a logical error is sometimes failure to realize that just because P is a possible condition for Q, P may not be the only condition for Q, i.e. Q may follow from another condition as well.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz f\u02c8e\u026al\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz p\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 kj\u02c8u\u02d0, p\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 kj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. kj\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8e\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a f\u0279\u028cm \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "Affirming the consequent can also result from overgeneralizing the experience of many statements having true converses.", "phonemes": "\u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259nt k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt f\u0279\u028cm \u02cco\u028av\u025ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u02cca\u026az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nts h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "For example, the statements \"It is August 13, so it is my birthday\"  and \"It is my birthday, so it is August 13\"  are equivalent and both true consequences of the statement \"August 13 is my birthday\" (an abbreviated form of ).", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nts \"\u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n, s\u02cco\u028a \u026a\u027e \u026az ma\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8de\u026a\"  \u00e6nd \"\u026a\u027e \u026az ma\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8de\u026a, s\u02cco\u028a \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n\"  \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026akw\u02c8\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt \u00e6nd b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u026az ma\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8de\u026a\" \u0250n \u0250b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv."}, {"text": "One way to demonstrate the invalidity of this argument form is with a counterexample with true premises but an obviously false conclusion.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u0259l\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u026az w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8a\u028ant\u025a\u0279\u025b\u0261z\u02cc\u00e6mp\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bm\u026as\u1d7bz b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bvi\u0259sli f\u02c8\u0254ls k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "There are many places to live in California other than San Diego; however, one can affirm with certainty that \"if someone does not live in California\" (non-Q), then \"this person does not live in San Diego\" (non-P).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u026an k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n s\u02cc\u00e6n d\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, w\u02c8\u028cn k\u00e6n \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259nti \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u026af s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8\u026av \u026an k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259\" n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bkj\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \"\u00f0\u026as p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8\u026av \u026an s\u02cc\u00e6n d\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a\" n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0np\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "This is the contrapositive of the first statement, and it must be true if and only if the original statement is true.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt, \u00e6nd \u026at m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026af \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli \u026af \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt \u026az t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "Here, it is immediately intuitive that any number of other antecedents (\"If an animal is a deer...\", \"If an animal is an elephant...\", \"If an animal is a moose...\", etc.) can give rise to the consequent (\"then it has four legs\"), and that it is preposterous to suppose that having four legs must imply that the animal is a dog and nothing else.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u026ant\u02c8u\u02d0\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u025bni n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6nt\u026as\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259nts\"\u026af \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u026az \u0250 d\u02c8\u026a\u0279...\", \"\u026af \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u025bl\u026af\u0259nt...\", \"\u026af \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8u\u02d0s...\", \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259.k\u00e6n \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259nt\"\u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u026at h\u0250z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z\", \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u0254st\u025a\u0279\u0259s t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z m\u02c8\u028cst \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u026az \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bls."}, {"text": "This is useful as a teaching example since most people can immediately recognize that the conclusion reached must be wrong (intuitively, a cat cannot be a dog), and that the method by which it was reached must therefore be fallacious.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l \u00e6z \u0250 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ans m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l k\u00e6n \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t m\u02c8\u028cst bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u026ant\u02c8u\u02d0\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026avli, \u0250 k\u02c8\u00e6t k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u0250 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d ba\u026a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026at w\u028cz \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t m\u02c8\u028cst \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 bi\u02d0 f\u00e6l\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259s."}, {"text": "Being thrown off the top of the Eiffel Tower is not the only cause of death, since there exist numerous different causes of death.", "phonemes": "b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028an \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026af\u0259l t\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u028cv d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u028cv d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "In Catch-22, the chaplain is interrogated for supposedly being \"Washington Irving\"/\"Irving Washington\", who has been blocking out large portions of soldiers' letters home.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283 tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pl\u026an \u026az \u026ant\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259\u0261\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026adli b\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \"w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b\"sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\"\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u014bt\u0259n\", h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025az l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az h\u02c8o\u028am."}, {"text": "The chaplain's name may be written, but he did not necessarily write it, as the colonel falsely concludes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pl\u026anz n\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329, b\u02cc\u028ct hi\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02cc\u025bs\u026as\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u026at, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254lsli k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "When teaching the scientific method, the following example is used to illustrate why, via the fallacy of affirming the consequent, no scientific theory is ever proven true but rather simply failed to be falsified.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u028a \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026at w\u02c8a\u026a, v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259si \u028cv \u0250f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259nt, n\u02c8o\u028a sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u026az \u02c8\u025bv\u025a p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u026ampli f\u02c8e\u026ald t\u0259bi f\u02c8\u0254ls\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad."}, {"text": "Concluding or assuming that a theory is true because of a prediction it makes being observed is invalid.", "phonemes": "k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u026az t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u026at m\u02cce\u026aks b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0259bz\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u026az \u026anv\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ad."}, {"text": "This is one of the challenges of applying the scientific method though rarely is it brought up in academic contexts as it is unlikely to be of consequence to the results of the study.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279li \u026az \u026at b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u02cc\u028cp \u026an \u02cc\u00e6k\u0259d\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts \u02cc\u00e6z\u026at\u02cc\u026az \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026akli t\u0259bi \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u026akw\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdi."}, {"text": "Much more common is questioning the validity of the theory, the validity of expecting the theory to have predicted the observation, and/or the validity of the observation itself.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u026az kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u00e6l\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 v\u00e6l\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u025bksp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i t\u0259 h\u00e6v p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 v\u00e6l\u02c8\u026ad\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bz\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky (; 4 April 1932 \u2013 29 December 1986) was a Russian film director and screenwriter.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u0259n\u026a\u02cc\u025bv\u026at\u0283 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski; f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ap\u0279\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti n\u02c8a\u026an d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks w\u028cz\u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n f\u02c8\u026alm d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a \u00e6nd sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Widely considered one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinema history, Tarkovsky's films explore spiritual and metaphysical themes, and are noted for their slow pacing and long takes, dreamlike visual imagery, and preoccupation with nature and memory.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8a\u026adli k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az \u026an s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz f\u02c8\u026almz \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sl\u02c8o\u028a p\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u02c8e\u026aks, d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mla\u026ak v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u0279i, \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky studied film at Moscow's VGIK under filmmaker Mikhail Romm, and subsequently directed his first five features in the Soviet Union:", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski st\u02c8\u028cdid f\u02c8\u026alm \u00e6t m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028az v\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ak \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a m\u02c8\u026aka\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st f\u02c8a\u026av f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n:"}, {"text": "After years of creative conflict with state film authorities, Tarkovsky left the country in 1979 and made his final two films abroad; Nostalghia (1983) and The Sacrifice (1986) were produced in Italy and Sweden respectively.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8e\u026at f\u02c8\u026alm \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski l\u02c8\u025bft \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad h\u026az f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026almz \u0250b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d; n\u0259st\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li \u00e6nd sw\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "He died later that year of cancer, a condition possibly caused by the toxic locations used in the filming of Stalker.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u02c8a\u026ad l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a, \u0250 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm\u026a\u014b \u028cv st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky was the recipient of several awards at the Cannes Film Festival throughout his career, including the FIPRESCI prize, the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury, and the Grand Prix Sp\u00e9cial du Jury.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026api\u0259nt \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nz f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at h\u026az k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u025bska\u026a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bkju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sp\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i."}, {"text": "He was also awarded the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for his debut film, Ivan's Childhood.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025bn\u026as f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az de\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026alm, \u02c8a\u026av\u0259nz t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad."}, {"text": "Three of his films\u2014Andrei Rublev, Mirror, and Stalker\u2014featured in Sight & Sound 2012 poll of the 100 greatest films of all time.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cv h\u026az f\u02c8\u026almz\u2014\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0bl\u0259v, m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025a, \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a\u2014f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025ad \u026an s\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028and t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv p\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast f\u02c8\u026almz \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "Andrei Tarkovsky was born in the village of Zavrazhye in the Yuryevetsky District of the Ivanovo Industrial Oblast (modern-day Kadyysky District of the Kostroma Oblast, Russia) to the poet and translator Arseny Aleksandrovich Tarkovsky, a native of Yelysavethrad (now Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine), and Maria Ivanova Vishnyakova, a graduate of the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute who later worked as a proofreader; she was born in Moscow in the Dubasov family estate.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv z\u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u0250\u0292\u02cca\u026a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u026av\u02c8\u025btski d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026av\u0250n\u02c8o\u028avo\u028a \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0259bl\u02c8\u00e6st m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a k\u02cc\u00e6d\u026a\u02c8\u026aski d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026akt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259st\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259 \u0259bl\u02c8\u00e6st, \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at \u00e6nd t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u025bni \u0250l\u02cc\u025bks\u0250nd\u0279\u02c8o\u028av\u026at\u0283 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski, \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u028cv j\u02cc\u025bl\u026as\u0250v\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0279\u00e6d n\u02c8a\u028a k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026avn\u02cc\u026atsk\u026ai, ju\u02d0k\u0279\u02c8e\u026an, \u00e6nd m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 \u02cca\u026av\u0250n\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 v\u02cc\u026a\u0283n\u026a\u0250k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259, \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am \u0261\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ki l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t h\u02ccu\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f\u0279i\u02d0d\u025a; \u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0250s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u1d7bst\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Andrei's paternal grandfather Aleksandr Karlovich Tarkovsky (in ) was a Polish nobleman who worked as a bank clerk.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026az p\u0259t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndf\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250l\u02c8\u025bks\u00e6nd\u025a k\u0251\u02d0\u0279l\u02c8o\u028av\u026at\u0283 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u026an w\u028cz\u0250 p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0283 n\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259lm\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u00e6z \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk kl\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Andrei's maternal grandmother Vera Nikolayevna Vishnyakova (n\u00e9e Dubasova) belonged to an old Dubasov family of Russian nobility that traces its history back to the 17th century; among her relatives was Admiral Fyodor Dubasov, a fact she had to conceal during the Soviet days.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026az m\u0259t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u028c\u00f0\u025a v\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l\u02cce\u026a\u025bvn\u0259 v\u02cc\u026a\u0283n\u026a\u0250k\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a d\u02ccu\u02d0b\u0250s\u02c8o\u028av\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bd t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8o\u028ald d\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0250s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n no\u028ab\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026ats h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i; \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b h\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz w\u028cz \u02c8\u00e6dm\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026ao\u028ad\u025a d\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0250s\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v, \u0250 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0283i\u02d0 h\u00e6dt\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0l d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t d\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "She was married to Ivan Ivanovich Vishnyakov, a native of the Kaluga Governorate who studied law at the Moscow State University and served as a judge in Kozelsk.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 w\u028cz m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id t\u028a \u02c8a\u026av\u0259n \u02cca\u026av\u0250n\u02c8o\u028av\u026at\u0283 v\u02c8\u026a\u0283n\u026a\u02cc\u00e6k\u0251\u02d0v, \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u00e6l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0261\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at h\u02ccu\u02d0 st\u02c8\u028cdid l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a st\u02c8e\u026at j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 \u026an k\u02c8o\u028azlsk."}, {"text": "According to the family legend, Tarkovsky's ancestors on his father's side were princes from the Shamkhalate of Tarki, Dagestan, although his sister Marina Tarkovskaya who did a detailed research on their genealogy called it \"a myth, even a prank of sorts,\" stressing that none of the documents confirms this version.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259nd, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025az \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az s\u02c8a\u026ad w\u025c\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u00e6mkh\u0250l\u02cce\u026at \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ki, d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u026ast\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259vsk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0j\u0259 h\u02ccu\u02d0 d\u02c8\u026ad \u0250 di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026ald \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0n\u026a\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259d\u0292i k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u026at \"\u0250 m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8, \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u028cv s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ts,\" st\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u00f0\u026as v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "He was described by childhood friends as active and popular, having many friends and being typically in the center of action.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni f\u0279\u02c8\u025bndz \u00e6nd b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "He returned home in 1943, having been awarded a Red Star after being shot in one of his legs (which he would eventually need to amputate due to gangrene).", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd h\u02c8o\u028am \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u026an \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u026az l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 w\u028ad \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6mpju\u02d0t\u02cce\u026at d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0279\u025bn."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky stayed with his mother, moving with her and his sister Marina to Moscow, where she worked as a proofreader at a printing press.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski st\u02c8e\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a, m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0 \u00e6nd h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0283i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f\u0279i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u00e6\u027e\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ant\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky continued his studies at his old school, where the poet Andrei Voznesensky was one of his classmates.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d h\u026az st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u00e6t h\u026az \u02c8o\u028ald sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a v\u02cc\u0251\u02d0zn\u026as\u02c8\u025bnski w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u026az kl\u02c8\u00e6sme\u026ats."}, {"text": "Many themes of his childhood\u2014the evacuation, his mother and her two children, the withdrawn father, the time in the hospital\u2014feature prominently in his film Mirror.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u028cv h\u026az t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad\u2014\u00f0\u026a \u026av\u02cc\u00e6kju\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, h\u026az m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd h\u025c\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u026a\u027e\u0259l\u2014f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u026an h\u026az f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025a."}, {"text": "He still managed to graduate, and from 1951 to 1952 studied Arabic at the Oriental Institute in Moscow, a branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u026al m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ad\u0292d t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6dju\u02d0\u02cce\u026at, \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti w\u02c8\u028cn t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8\u028cdid \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02cco\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a, \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "Although he already spoke some Arabic and was a successful student in his first semesters, he did not finish his studies and dropped out to work as a prospector for the Academy of Science Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals and Gold.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a hi\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0l\u0279\u02cc\u025bdi sp\u02c8o\u028ak s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u00e6nd w\u028cz\u0250 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt \u026an h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u0259m\u02c8\u025bst\u025az, hi\u02d0 d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283 h\u026az st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u00e6nd d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u02c8a\u028at t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259s m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259lz \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald."}, {"text": "He participated in a year-long research expedition to the river Kureyka near Turukhansk in the Krasnoyarsk Province.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u0250 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ak\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 tj\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u028ckh\u00e6nsk \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sn\u0254\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279sk p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans."}, {"text": "Upon returning from the research expedition in 1954, Tarkovsky applied at the State Institute of Cinematography (VGIK) and was admitted to the film-directing program.", "phonemes": "\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi v\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ak \u00e6nd w\u028cz \u0250dm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almd\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m."}, {"text": "The Khrushchev Thaw relaxed Soviet social restrictions a bit and permitted a limited influx of European and North American literature, films and music.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0283\u025bf \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6kst s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259nz \u0250 b\u02c8\u026at \u00e6nd p\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u026anfl\u028cks \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a, f\u02c8\u026almz \u00e6nd mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak."}, {"text": "This allowed Tarkovsky to see films of the Italian neorealists, French New Wave, and of directors such as Kurosawa, Bu\u00f1uel, Bergman, Bresson, Wajda (whose film Ashes and Diamonds influenced Tarkovsky) and Mizoguchi.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026almz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n n\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028a\u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0259l\u026asts, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8e\u026av, \u00e6nd \u028cv d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z kj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0w\u0259, bj\u02c8u\u02d0njju\u02d0l, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261m\u0259n, b\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u0259n, w\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292d\u0259 h\u02ccu\u02d0z f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6nd d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259m\u0259ndz \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u026az\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u028ct\u0283i."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky's teacher and mentor was Mikhail Romm, who taught many film students who would later become influential film directors.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bnto\u02d0\u0279 w\u028cz m\u02c8\u026aka\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, h\u02ccu\u02d0 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t m\u02c8\u025bni f\u02c8\u026alm st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028ad l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8\u026alm d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az."}, {"text": "In 1956, Tarkovsky directed his first student short film, The Killers, from a short story of Ernest Hemingway.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd h\u026az f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u026alm, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u026al\u025az, f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026ast h\u02c8\u025bm\u026a\u014bw\u02cce\u026a."}, {"text": "Classmate Aleksandr Gordon, who married Tarkovsky's sister, in particular directed, wrote, edited, and acted in the two films with Tarkovsky.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8\u00e6sme\u026at \u0250l\u02c8\u025bks\u00e6nd\u025a \u0261\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a, \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd, \u0279\u02c8o\u028at, \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026almz w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski."}, {"text": "An important influence on Tarkovsky was the film director Grigory Chukhray, who was teaching at the VGIK.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i t\u0283\u02c8\u028ckh\u0279e\u026a, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ak."}, {"text": "Impressed by the talent of his student, Chukhray offered Tarkovsky a position as assistant director for his film Clear Skies.", "phonemes": "\u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259nt \u028cv h\u026az st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt, t\u0283\u02c8\u028ckh\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u0250 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az f\u02c8\u026alm kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 sk\u02c8a\u026az."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky initially showed interest but then decided to concentrate on his studies and his own projects.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u0283\u02c8o\u028ad \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u00e6nd h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkts."}, {"text": "They found much in common as they liked the same film directors and shared ideas on cinema and films.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8a\u028and m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a l\u02c8a\u026akt \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am f\u02c8\u026alm d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026almz."}, {"text": "In 1959, they wrote the script Antarctica \u2013 Distant Country, which was later published in the Moskovsky Komsomolets.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0e\u026a \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u00e6nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak\u0259 d\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ms\u0259m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026ats."}, {"text": "They were more successful with the script The Steamroller and the Violin, which they sold to Mosfilm.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0279o\u028al\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 va\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u026an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a s\u02c8o\u028ald t\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sf\u026alm."}, {"text": "This became Tarkovsky's graduation project, earning him his diploma in 1960 and winning First Prize at the New York Student Film Festival in 1961.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz \u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt, \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am h\u026az d\u026apl\u02c8o\u028am\u0259 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279k st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The film earned Tarkovsky international acclaim and won the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival in the year 1962.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025bn\u026as f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "In 1965, he directed the film Andrei Rublev about the life of Andrei Rublev, the fifteenth-century Russian icon painter.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av, hi\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0bl\u0259v \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0bl\u0259v, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8a\u026ak\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8e\u026ant\u025a."}, {"text": "Andrei Rublev was not, except for a single screening in Moscow in 1966, immediately released after completion due to problems with Soviet authorities.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0bl\u0259v w\u028cz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky had to cut the film several times, resulting in several different versions of varying lengths.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski h\u00e6dt\u0259 k\u02c8\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8s."}, {"text": "Nevertheless, the film had a budget of more than 1 million rubles \u2013 a significant sum for that period.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm h\u00e6d \u0250 b\u02c8\u028cd\u0292\u026at \u028cv m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259lz \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt s\u02c8\u028cm f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d."}, {"text": "In the same year, he married Larisa Kizilova (n\u00e9e Egorkina), who had been a production assistant for the film Andrei Rublev (they had been living together since 1965).", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, hi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026as\u0259 k\u02c8\u026az\u026al\u02cc\u028cv\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026a \u02cci\u02d0\u0261o\u028a\u0259k\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u0250db\u026an \u0250 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0bl\u0259v \u00f0e\u026a h\u0250db\u026an l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "Their son, Andrei Andreyevich Tarkovsky, (nicknamed Andriosha, meaning \"little Andre\" or \"Andre Junior\") was born in the same year on 7 August.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026av\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski, n\u02c8\u026akne\u026amd \u02cc\u00e6nd\u0279\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259, m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0nj\u025a\"w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st."}, {"text": "The film was presented at the Cannes Film Festival, won the Grand Prix Sp\u00e9cial du Jury, and was nominated for the Palme d'Or.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm w\u028cz p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nz f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l, w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sp\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i, \u00e6nd w\u028cz n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "From 1973 to 1974, he shot the film Mirror, a highly autobiographical and unconventionally structured film drawing on his childhood and incorporating some of his father's poems.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, hi\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025a, \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026ali \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027eo\u028ab\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd \u028c\u014bk\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025ad f\u02c8\u026alm d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025az p\u02c8o\u028a\u1d7bmz."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky had worked on the screenplay for this film since 1967, under the consecutive titles Confession, White day and A white, white day.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski h\u00e6d w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u026alm s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259lz k\u0259nf\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n, w\u02c8a\u026at d\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026at, w\u02c8a\u026at d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "From the beginning the film was not well received by Soviet authorities due to its content and its perceived elitist nature.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u02c8\u025bl \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd ba\u026a s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u00e6nd \u026ats p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u026al\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026ast n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Soviet authorities placed the film in the \"third category\", a severely limited distribution, and only allowed it to be shown in third-class cinemas and workers' clubs.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \"\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i\", \u0250 s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279li l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd d\u02cc\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad \u026at t\u0259bi \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u026an \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dkl\u02c8\u00e6s s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259z \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az kl\u02c8\u028cbz."}, {"text": "Third category films also placed the film-makers in danger of being accused of wasting public funds, which could have serious effects on their future productivity.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u026almz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almm\u02c8e\u026ak\u025az \u026an d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u028cv w\u02c8e\u026ast\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026ak f\u02c8\u028cndz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02cc\u028ad\u0250v s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0d\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "These difficulties are presumed to have made Tarkovsky play with the idea of going abroad and producing a film outside the Soviet film industry.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028cltiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026az\u02c8u\u02d0md t\u0259 h\u00e6v m\u02cce\u026ad t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski pl\u02c8e\u026a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u028cv \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u02c8\u026alm a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i."}, {"text": "During 1975, Tarkovsky also worked on the screenplay Hoffmanniana, about the German writer and poet E. T. A. Hoffmann.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a h\u02cc\u0251\u02d0fm\u0250ni\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at \u02c8i\u02d0. t\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8e\u026a. h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0fm\u0259n."}, {"text": "The last film Tarkovsky completed in the Soviet Union was Stalker, inspired by the novel Roadside Picnic by the brothers Arkady and Boris Strugatsky.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st f\u02c8\u026alm t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n w\u028cz st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a, \u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u0279\u02c8o\u028adsa\u026ad p\u02c8\u026akn\u026ak ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u00e6di \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as st\u0279u\u02d0\u0261\u02c8\u00e6tski."}, {"text": "Initially he wanted to shoot a film based on their novel Dead Mountaineer's Hotel and he developed a raw script.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0t \u0250 f\u02c8\u026alm b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l d\u02c8\u025bd m\u02cca\u028ant\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279z ho\u028at\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt."}, {"text": "Influenced by a discussion with Arkady Strugatsky he changed his plan and began to work on the script based on Roadside Picnic.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u0250 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u00e6di st\u0279u\u02d0\u0261\u02c8\u00e6tski hi\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d h\u026az pl\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8o\u028adsa\u026ad p\u02c8\u026akn\u026ak."}, {"text": "The production was mired in troubles; improper development of the negatives had ruined all the exterior shots.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz m\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lz; \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz h\u00e6d \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u026and \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky's relationship with cinematographer Georgy Rerberg deteriorated to the point where he hired Alexander Knyazhinsky as a new first cinematographer.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292i \u0279\u1d7b\u0259b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261 d\u026at\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a n\u02cca\u026a\u0250\u0292\u02c8\u026anski \u00e6z \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a."}, {"text": "In a question and answer session at the Edinburgh Filmhouse on 11 February 1981, Tarkovsky trenchantly rejected suggestions that the film was either impenetrably mysterious or a political allegory.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a s\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bd\u026anb\u028c\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almha\u028as \u02cc\u0254n \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u0259ntli \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm w\u028cz \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8\u025bn\u026at\u0279\u0259bli m\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6l\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "In 1979, Tarkovsky began production of the film The First Day (Russian: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u044c Pervyj Dyen), based on a script by his friend and long-term collaborator Andrei Konchalovsky.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n: p\u02c8\u025b\u02d0 j\u02c8\u025b\u02d0 \u02c8\u025br v\u02c8\u025b\u02d0 j\u02c8\u025b\u0279u \u02cc\u026akr\u02c8\u00e6tk\u0254ji d\u02c8\u025b\u02d0 j\u02c8\u025b\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bn j\u02c8e\u0279i p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026ad\u0292 d\u02c8a\u026an, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt ba\u026a h\u026az f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6bo\u02d0\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0283\u0250l\u02c8\u028cvski."}, {"text": "The film was set in 18th-century Russia during the reign of Peter the Great and starred Natalya Bondarchuk and Anatoli Papanov.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bt \u026an \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0250l\u026a\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u02cc\u028ck \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0li p\u02c8\u00e6p\u0250n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v."}, {"text": "To get the project approved by Goskino, Tarkovsky submitted a script that was different from the original script, omitting several scenes that were critical of the official atheism in the Soviet Union.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 \u0261\u025bt \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u0261\u0259sk\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt, o\u028am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\u03b8\u026a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "After shooting roughly half of the film the project was stopped by Goskino after it became apparent that the film differed from the script submitted to the censors.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt w\u028cz st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt ba\u026a \u0261\u0259sk\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u026at b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm d\u02c8\u026af\u025ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns\u025az."}, {"text": "During the summer of 1979, Tarkovsky traveled to Italy, where he shot the documentary Voyage in Time together with his long-time friend Tonino Guerra.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259ld t\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 hi\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i v\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u026ad\u0292 \u026an t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az l\u02c8\u0254\u014bt\u02c8a\u026am f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky returned to Italy in 1980 for an extended trip, during which he and Guerra completed the script for the film Nostalghia.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u025a\u0279\u0259n \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0279\u02c8\u026ap, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm n\u0259st\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u0259."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky returned to Italy in 1982 to start shooting Nostalghia, but Mosfilm then withdrew from the project, so he sought and received financial backing from the Italian RAI.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd t\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b n\u0259st\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sf\u026alm \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn w\u026a\u03b8d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt, s\u02cco\u028a hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l b\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky completed the film in 1983, and it was presented at the Cannes Film Festival where it won the FIPRESCI prize and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u026at w\u028cz p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nz f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 f\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u025bska\u026a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bkju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i."}, {"text": "Soviet authorities lobbied to prevent the film from winning the Palme d'Or, a fact that hardened Tarkovsky's resolve to never work in the Soviet Union again.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u026ad t\u0259 p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279, \u0250 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259nd t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv t\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "After Cannes he went to London to stage and choreograph the opera Boris Godunov at the Royal Opera House under the musical direction of Claudio Abbado.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6nz hi\u02d0 w\u025bnt t\u0259 l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n t\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u00e6f \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259 h\u02c8a\u028as \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u0259 mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259l d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n \u028cv kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u00e6b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a."}, {"text": "At a press conference in Milan on 10 July 1984, he announced that he would never return to the Soviet Union and would remain in Western Europe.", "phonemes": "\u00e6\u027e\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bs k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nf\u0279\u0259ns \u026an m\u026al\u02c8\u00e6n \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u025bn d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, hi\u02d0 \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028ad n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u00e6nd w\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an \u026an w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "He stated, \"I am not a Soviet dissident, I have no conflict with the Soviet Government,\" but if he returned home, he added, \"I would be unemployed.\"", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \"a\u026a\u0250m n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t d\u02c8\u026as\u026ad\u0259nt, a\u026a h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt,\" b\u02cc\u028ct \u026af hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd h\u02c8o\u028am, hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd, \"a\u026a w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u028cn\u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad.\""}, {"text": "On 28 August 1985, Tarkovsky was processed as a Soviet Defector at a refugee camp in Latina, Italy, registered with the serial number 13225/379, and officially welcomed to the West.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259st n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bst \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u00e6\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6mp \u026an l\u00e6t\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li, \u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00e6nd \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li w\u02c8\u025blk\u028cmd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "It was finally shot in 1985 in Sweden, with many of the crew being alumni from Ingmar Bergman's films, including cinematographer Sven Nykvist.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u026an sw\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250l\u02c8\u028cmni f\u0279\u028cm \u026a\u014b\u0261m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261m\u0259nz f\u02c8\u026almz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a sv\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8\u026akv\u026ast."}, {"text": "While The Sacrifice is about an apocalypse and impending death, faith, and possible redemption, in the making-of documentary Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky, in a particularly poignant scene, writer/director Michal Leszczylowski follows Tarkovsky on a walk as he expresses his sentiments on death\u2014he claims himself to be immortal and has no fear of dying.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as \u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250n \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0250l\u02cc\u026aps \u00e6nd \u026amp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u025bmp\u0283\u0259n, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b\u028cv d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski, \u026an \u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali p\u02c8\u0254\u026anj\u0259nt s\u02c8i\u02d0n, \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a m\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l l\u02cc\u025bszkz\u026al\u02c8o\u028aski f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k \u00e6z hi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz h\u026az s\u02c8\u025bnt\u026am\u0259nts \u02cc\u0254n d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u2014hi\u02d0 kl\u02c8e\u026amz h\u026ams\u02c8\u025blf t\u0259bi \u026am\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv d\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In January 1986, he began treatment in Paris and was joined there by his son, Andre Jr, who was finally allowed to leave the Soviet Union.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, hi\u02d0 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0tm\u0259nt \u026an p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as \u00e6nd w\u028cz d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u00f0\u025b\u0279 ba\u026a h\u026az s\u02c8\u028cn, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u0279e\u026a d\u0292\u02cce\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Sacrifice was presented at the Cannes Film Festival and received the Grand Prix Sp\u00e9cial du Jury, the FIPRESCI prize and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as w\u028cz p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nz f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sp\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i, \u00f0\u0259 f\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u025bska\u026a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bkju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i."}, {"text": "The diaries are sometimes also known as Martyrology and were published posthumously in 1989 and in English in 1991.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279iz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t p\u02c8o\u028asthju\u02d0m\u0259sli \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "The inscription on his gravestone, which was erected in 1994, was conceived by Tarkovsky's wife, Larisa, reads: To the man who saw the Angel.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026ansk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026avsto\u028an, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 w\u028cz \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, w\u028cz k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0vd ba\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz w\u02c8a\u026af, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026as\u0259, \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0dz: t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n h\u02ccu\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u0259l."}, {"text": "A conspiracy theory emerged in Russia in the early 1990s when it was alleged that Tarkovsky did not die of natural causes, but was assassinated by the KGB.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u0259nsp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259si \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z w\u025bn \u026at w\u028cz \u0250l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292d \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u02c8a\u026a \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz \u0250s\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Evidence for this hypothesis includes testimonies by former KGB agents who claim that Viktor Chebrikov gave the order to eradicate Tarkovsky to curtail what the Soviet government and the KGB saw as anti-Soviet propaganda by Tarkovsky.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as ha\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz t\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bm\u0259niz ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a k\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u0259nts h\u02ccu\u02d0 kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t v\u02c8\u026akt\u025a t\u0283\u02c8\u025bb\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski t\u0259 k\u025c\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026al w\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00e6z \u02c8\u00e6nta\u026as\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0250\u0261\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259 ba\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski."}, {"text": "Other evidence includes several memoranda that surfaced after the 1991 coup and the claim by one of Tarkovsky's doctors that his cancer could not have developed from a natural cause.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l m\u02cc\u025bm\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8u\u02d0p \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8e\u026am ba\u026a w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t h\u026az k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a k\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0250v d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z."}, {"text": "As with Tarkovsky, his wife Larisa and actor Anatoly Solonitsyn all died from the very same type of lung cancer.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski, h\u026az w\u02c8a\u026af l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026as\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0li s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u02cc\u026ats\u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l d\u02c8a\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8e\u026am t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv l\u02c8\u028c\u014b k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u025a."}, {"text": "Vladimir Sharun, sound designer on Stalker, is convinced that they were all poisoned by the chemical plant where they were shooting the film.", "phonemes": "vl\u02c8\u00e6d\u026am\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u028cn, s\u02c8a\u028and d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a, \u026az k\u0259nv\u02c8\u026anst \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02c8\u0254\u026az\u0259nd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6nt w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 \u0283\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky became a film director during the mid and late 1950s, a period referred to as the Khrushchev Thaw, during which Soviet society opened to foreign films, literature and music, among other things.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u0250 f\u02c8\u026alm d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti z, \u0250 p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0st\u0283\u025bf \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n f\u02c8\u026almz, l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "This allowed Tarkovsky to see films of European, American and Japanese directors, an experience that influenced his own film making.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski t\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026almz \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n, \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az, \u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8e\u026ak\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "His teacher and mentor at the film school, Mikhail Romm, allowed his students considerable freedom and emphasized the independence of the film director.", "phonemes": "h\u026az t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bnto\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, m\u02c8\u026aka\u026al \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad h\u026az st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nts k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a."}, {"text": "He was amazed by how every character on the screen is exceptional and how everyday events such as a Samurai cutting bread with his sword are elevated to something special and put into the limelight.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250m\u02c8e\u026azd ba\u026a h\u02cca\u028a \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n \u026az \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u028a \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026ad\u02cce\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6mj\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02cca\u026a k\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8\u025bd w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bl\u026av\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u02cc\u028at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026amla\u026at."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky has also expressed interest in the art of Haiku and its ability to create \"images in such a way that they mean nothing beyond themselves\".", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026aku\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u026ats \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \"\u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 w\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0n n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz\"."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky was also a deeply religious Orthodox Christian, who believed great art should have a higher spiritual purpose.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 d\u02c8i\u02d0pli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u0283\u02cc\u028ad\u0259v \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a\u025a sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s."}, {"text": "He was a perfectionist not given to humor or humility: his signature style was ponderous and literary, having many characters that pondered over religious themes and issues regarding faith.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u0250 p\u025af\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n t\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 hju\u02d0m\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei: h\u026az s\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u026at\u0283\u025a st\u02c8a\u026al w\u028cz p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd\u025ad \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky perceived that the art of cinema has only been truly mastered by very few filmmakers, stating in a 1970 interview with Naum Abramov that \"they can be counted on the fingers of one hand\".", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski p\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259 h\u0250z \u02c8o\u028anli b\u02cc\u026an t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0li m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025ad ba\u026a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i fj\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025az, st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8a\u028am \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0250m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u025az \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u00e6nd\"."}, {"text": "The list includes: Diary of a Country Priest and Mouchette by Robert Bresson; Winter Light, Wild Strawberries, and Persona by Ingmar Bergman; Nazar\u00edn by Luis Bu\u00f1uel; City Lights by Charlie Chaplin; Ugetsu by Kenji Mizoguchi; Seven Samurai by Akira Kurosawa, and Woman in the Dunes by Hiroshi Teshigahara.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026ast \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz: d\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279i \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd ma\u028at\u0283\u02c8\u025bt ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at b\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u0259n; w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a l\u02c8a\u026at, w\u02c8a\u026ald st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0b\u025b\u0279iz, \u00e6nd p\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8o\u028an\u0259 ba\u026a \u026a\u014b\u0261m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261m\u0259n; n\u02c8\u00e6z\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026an ba\u026a l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as bj\u02c8u\u02d0njju\u02d0l; s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei l\u02c8a\u026ats ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279li t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6pl\u026an; ju\u02d0\u0261\u02c8\u025btsu\u02d0 ba\u026a k\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292i m\u02cc\u026az\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u028ct\u0283i; s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n s\u02c8\u00e6mj\u028a\u0279\u0279\u02cca\u026a ba\u026a \u0250k\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 kj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0w\u0259, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028am\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0nz ba\u026a h\u026a\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0283i t\u02cc\u025b\u0283\u026a\u0261\u0250h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Among his favorite directors were Bu\u00f1uel, Mizoguchi, Bergman, Bresson, Kurosawa, Michelangelo Antonioni, Jean Vigo, and Carl Theodor Dreyer.", "phonemes": "\u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b h\u026az f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 bj\u02c8u\u02d0njju\u02d0l, m\u02cc\u026az\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u028ct\u0283i, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261m\u0259n, b\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u0259n, kj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0w\u0259, m\u02cca\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nt\u02c8o\u028ani\u0259ni, d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0n v\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261o\u028a, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279l \u03b8i\u02d0\u0259d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u025a."}, {"text": "The reason is that Tarkovsky saw film as an art as only a relatively recent phenomenon, with the early film-making forming only a prelude.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026alm \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6z \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li f\u02c8\u026almm\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8e\u026alu\u02d0d."}, {"text": "The list has also no films or directors from Tarkovsky's native Russia, although he rated Soviet directors such as Boris Barnet, Sergei Parajanov and Alexander Dovzhenko highly.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026ast h\u0250z \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028a f\u02c8\u026almz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az f\u0279\u028cm t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a hi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279n\u026at, s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0261e\u026a p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0v \u00e6nd \u02cc\u00e6l\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025a d\u0259v\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u014bko\u028a h\u02c8a\u026ali."}, {"text": "He said of Dovzhenko's Earth: \"I have lived a lot among very simple farmers and met extraordinary people.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv d\u0259v\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u014bko\u028az \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8: \"a\u026a h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u026avd \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bt \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u02cc\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "They spread calmness, had such tact, they conveyed a feeling of dignity and displayed wisdom that I have seldom come across on such a scale.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mn\u0259s, h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 t\u02c8\u00e6kt, \u00f0e\u026a k\u0259nv\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250 f\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u028cv d\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd d\u026aspl\u02c8e\u026ad w\u02c8\u026azd\u0259m \u00f0\u00e6t a\u026a h\u00e6v s\u02c8\u025bld\u0259m k\u02c8\u028cm \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 sk\u02c8e\u026al."}, {"text": "This trespassing of the border between nature and mankind is an ideal place for the existence of man.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as t\u0279\u02c8\u025bsp\u0259s\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd m\u00e6\u014bk\u02c8a\u026and \u026az \u0250n a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026as f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "He was also not a fan of blockbusters or science fiction, largely dismissing the latter for its \"comic book\" trappings and vulgar commercialism.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6n \u028cv bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kb\u028cst\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li d\u026asm\u02c8\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats \"k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak b\u02c8\u028ak\" t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u014bz \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u028cl\u0261\u025a k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "However, in notable exceptions Tarkovsky praised the James Cameron blockbuster film The Terminator, saying that its \"vision of the future and the relation between man and its destiny is pushing the frontier of cinema as an art\".", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026an n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski p\u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz k\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a\u0279\u0259n bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kb\u028cst\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a, s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \u026ats \"v\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 fj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n m\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd \u026ats d\u02c8\u025bst\u026ani \u026az p\u02c8\u028a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u028cnt\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259 \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\"."}, {"text": "He was critical of the \"brutality and low acting skills\", but was nevertheless impressed by the film.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \"b\u0279u\u02d0t\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b sk\u02c8\u026alz\", b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz n\u02cc\u025bv\u025a\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm."}, {"text": "In a 1962 interview, Tarkovsky argued: \"All art, of course, is intellectual, but for me, all the arts, and cinema even more so, must above all be emotional and act upon the heart.\"", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d: \"\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, \u028cv k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s, \u026az \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cci\u02d0, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259 \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8o\u028a, m\u02c8\u028cst \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l bi\u02d0 \u026am\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt \u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t.\""}, {"text": "His films are characterized by metaphysical themes, extremely long takes, and images often considered by critics to be of exceptional beauty.", "phonemes": "h\u026az f\u02c8\u026almz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a m\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u0259f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz, \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli l\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u02c8e\u026aks, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad ba\u026a k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026aks t\u0259bi \u028cv \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n\u0259l bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei."}, {"text": "Recurring motifs are dreams, memory, childhood, running water accompanied by fire, rain indoors, reflections, levitation, and characters re-appearing in the foreground of long panning movements of the camera.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b mo\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mz, m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i, t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad, \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259nid ba\u026a f\u02c8a\u026a\u025a, \u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u026and\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279z, \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz, l\u02cc\u025bv\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0279a\u028and \u028cv l\u02c8\u0254\u014b p\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b m\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "He once said: \"Juxtaposing a person with an environment that is boundless, collating him with a countless number of people passing by close to him and far away, relating a person to the whole world, that is the meaning of cinema.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cns s\u02c8\u025bd: \"d\u0292\u02c8\u028ckst\u0250p\u02cco\u028az\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az b\u02c8a\u028andl\u0259s, k\u02c8o\u028ale\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b h\u02cc\u026am w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8a\u028antl\u0259s n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b ba\u026a kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8e\u026a, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028al w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259."}, {"text": "To him these scenes possess great power and are used for their photogenic value and magical inexplicability.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am \u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0nz p\u0259z\u02c8\u025bs \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u026an\u025bkspl\u026as\u02cc\u025b\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Water, clouds, and reflections were used by him for their surreal beauty and photogenic value, as well as their symbolism, such as waves or the forms of brooks or running water.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, kl\u02c8a\u028adz, \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a h\u02cc\u026am f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259l bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei \u00e6nd f\u02cco\u028a\u027eo\u028ad\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z w\u02c8e\u026avz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u028aks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "These are symbols of film, sight and sound, and Tarkovsky's film frequently has themes of self-reflection.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259lz \u028cv f\u02c8\u026alm, s\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028and, \u00e6nd t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz f\u02c8\u026alm f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli h\u0250z \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u028cv s\u02c8\u025blf\u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "By this he meant that the unique characteristic of cinema as a medium was to take our experience of time and alter it.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u026as hi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bnt \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u028cv s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259 \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m w\u028cz t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak \u02cca\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254lt\u025a\u0279 \u026at."}, {"text": "By using long takes and few cuts in his films, he aimed to give the viewers a sense of time passing, time lost, and the relationship of one moment in time to another.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u02c8e\u026aks \u00e6nd fj\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u028cts \u026an h\u026az f\u02c8\u026almz, hi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026amd t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u00f0\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am p\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b, t\u02c8a\u026am l\u02c8\u0254st, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nt \u026an t\u02c8a\u026am t\u028a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "Up to, and including, his film Mirror, Tarkovsky focused his cinematic works on exploring this theory.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028cp tu\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b, h\u026az f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025a, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259st h\u026az s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u02cc\u0254n \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i."}, {"text": "After Mirror, he announced that he would focus his work on exploring the dramatic unities proposed by Aristotle: a concentrated action, happening in one place, within the span of a single day.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025a, hi\u02d0 \u0250n\u02c8a\u028anst \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028ad f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u02cc\u0254n \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026a\u027eiz p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l: \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n, h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn pl\u02c8e\u026as, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "This first occurs in the otherwise monochrome Andrei Rublev, which features a color epilogue of Rublev's authentic religious icon paintings.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028ak\u0279\u02cco\u028am \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0bl\u0259v, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u0250 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bp\u026al\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261 \u028cv \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0bl\u0259vz \u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u02c8a\u026ak\u0251\u02d0n p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "All of his films afterwards contain monochrome, and in Stalker's case sepia sequences, while otherwise being in color.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv h\u026az f\u02c8\u026almz \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025aw\u025adz k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0no\u028ak\u0279\u02cco\u028am, \u00e6nd \u026an st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025az k\u02c8e\u026as s\u02c8i\u02d0pi\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ns\u1d7bz, w\u02cca\u026al \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026an k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a."}, {"text": "In 1966, in an interview conducted shortly after finishing Andrei Rublev, Tarkovsky dismissed color film as a \"commercial gimmick\" and cast doubt on the idea that contemporary films meaningfully use color.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u0259nd\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0bl\u0259v, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski d\u026asm\u02c8\u026ast k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a f\u02c8\u026alm \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a \"k\u0259m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259l \u0261\u02c8\u026am\u026ak\" \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6st d\u02c8a\u028at \u0254n\u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8\u026almz m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bf\u0259li j\u02c8u\u02d0s k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a."}, {"text": "He claimed that in everyday life one does not consciously notice colors most of the time, and that color should therefore be used in film mainly to emphasize certain moments, but not all the time, as this distracts the viewer.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 kl\u02c8e\u026amd \u00f0\u00e6t \u026an \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026ad\u02cce\u026a l\u02c8a\u026af w\u02c8\u028cn d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259sli n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u026as k\u02c8\u028cl\u025az m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8e\u026anli t\u028a \u02c8\u025bmf\u0250s\u02cca\u026az s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nts, b\u02cc\u028ct n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00e6z \u00f0\u026as d\u026ast\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kts \u00f0\u0259 vj\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a."}, {"text": "To him, films in color were like moving paintings or photographs, which are too beautiful to be a realistic depiction of life.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am, f\u02c8\u026almz \u026an k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b p\u02c8e\u026ant\u026a\u014bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l t\u0259bi \u0250 \u0279i\u02d0\u0259l\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af."}, {"text": "Contrarily, however, Bergman conceded the truth in the claim made by a critic who wrote that \"with Autumn Sonata Bergman does Bergman\", adding: \"Tarkovsky began to make Tarkovsky films, and that Fellini began to make Fellini films", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u025b\u0279ili, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261m\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8e\u026am m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a \u0250 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u028cm s\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261m\u0259n d\u02c8\u028cz b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261m\u0259n\", \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b: \"t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski f\u02c8\u026almz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t f\u025bl\u02c8i\u02d0ni b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak f\u025bl\u02c8i\u02d0ni f\u02c8\u026almz"}, {"text": "Tarkovsky worked in close collaboration with cinematographer Vadim Yusov from 1958 to 1972, and much of the visual style of Tarkovsky's films can be attributed to this collaboration.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u026an kl\u02c8o\u028as k\u0259l\u02cc\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a v\u02c8\u00e6d\u026am j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0251\u02d0v f\u0279\u028cm n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti \u02c8e\u026at t\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l st\u02c8a\u026al \u028cv t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz f\u02c8\u026almz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as k\u0259l\u02cc\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky would spend two days preparing for Yusov to film a single long take, and due to the preparation, usually only a single take was needed.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u028ad sp\u02c8\u025bnd t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az p\u0279\u026ap\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0251\u02d0v t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u02c8e\u026ak, \u00e6nd d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8o\u028anli \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l t\u02c8e\u026ak w\u028cz n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "In his last film, The Sacrifice, Tarkovsky worked with cinematographer Sven Nykvist, who had worked on many films with director Ingmar Bergman.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u026az l\u02c8\u00e6st f\u02c8\u026alm, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025a sv\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8\u026akv\u026ast, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u02cc\u0254n m\u02c8\u025bni f\u02c8\u026almz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u014b\u0261m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261m\u0259n."}, {"text": "(Nykvist was not alone: several people involved in the production had previously collaborated with Bergman, notably lead actor Erland Josephson, who had also acted for Tarkovsky in Nostalghia.)", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u026akv\u026ast w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an: s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261m\u0259n, n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259bli l\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u0259nd d\u0292\u02c8o\u028asfs\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u026an n\u0259st\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u0259."}, {"text": "Nykvist complained that Tarkovsky would frequently look through the camera and even direct actors through it, but ultimately stated that choosing to work with Tarkovsky was one of the best choices he had ever made.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8\u026akv\u026ast k\u0259mpl\u02c8e\u026and \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u028ad f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ntli l\u02c8\u028ak \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6m\u0279\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u02c8\u00e6kt\u025az \u03b8\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as\u1d7bz hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u02c8\u025bv\u025a m\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "Furthermore, he directed the play Hamlet for the stage in Moscow, directed the opera Boris Godunov in London, and he directed a radio production of the short story Turnabout by William Faulkner.", "phonemes": "f\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, hi\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6ml\u026at f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a, d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026as \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v \u026an l\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259n, \u00e6nd hi\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u0250 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u02cco\u028a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0250b\u02cca\u028at ba\u026a w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kn\u025a."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky was personally involved in writing the screenplays for all his films, sometimes with a cowriter.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u028cz p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259li \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l h\u026az f\u02c8\u026almz, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8a\u028a\u0279a\u026a\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "Tarkovsky once said that a director who realizes somebody else's screenplay without being involved in it becomes a mere illustrator, resulting in dead and monotonous films.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u02c8\u028cns s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026az\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028cmb\u0251\u02d0di \u02c8\u025bls\u1d7bz sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an \u026at b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz \u0250 m\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u02c8\u026al\u0259st\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an d\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6nd m\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0259n\u0259s f\u02c8\u026almz."}, {"text": "The screenplay is based on Tarkovsky's year in the taiga as a member of a research expedition, prior to his enrollment in film school.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259 \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, p\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 h\u026az \u025bn\u0279\u02c8o\u028alm\u0259nt \u026an f\u02c8\u026alm sk\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "It's about the leader of a geological expedition, who waits for the boat that brings back the concentrates collected by the expedition.", "phonemes": "\u026ats \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8e\u026ats f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u00e6t b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bz b\u02c8\u00e6k \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026ats k\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Although some authors claim that the screenplay was filmed, according to Marina Tarkovskaya, Tarkovsky's sister (and wife of Aleksandr Gordon, a fellow student of Tarkovsky during his film school years)", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az kl\u02c8e\u026am \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a w\u028cz f\u02c8\u026almd, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259vsk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0j\u0259, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a \u00e6nd w\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u025bks\u00e6nd\u025a \u0261\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n, \u0250 f\u02c8\u025blo\u028a st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt \u028cv t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az f\u02c8\u026alm sk\u02c8u\u02d0l j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z"}, {"text": "Tarkovsky wrote the screenplay during his entrance examination at the State Institute of Cinematography (VGIK) in a single sitting.", "phonemes": "t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u0279\u02c8o\u028at \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b h\u026az \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259ns \u025b\u0261z\u02cc\u00e6m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi v\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8\u026ak \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "In 1994, fragments of Concentrate were filmed and used in the documentary Andrei Tarkovsky's Taiga Summer by Marina Tarkovskaya and Aleksandr Gordon.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u0261m\u0259nts \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026at w\u025c\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026almd \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz t\u02c8e\u026a\u0261\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a ba\u026a m\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259vsk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0j\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u025bks\u00e6nd\u025a \u0261\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1974, an acquaintance from Tallinnfilm approached Tarkovsky to write a screenplay on a German theme.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0250n \u0250kw\u02c8e\u026ant\u0259ns f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026anf\u02cc\u026alm \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283t t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Writing was not without difficulty, less than a month before the deadline he had not written a single page.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u028cz n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti, l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8 b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bdla\u026an hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l p\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "He finally finished the project in late 1974 and submitted the final script to Tallinnfilm in October.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u026an l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u0259bm\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt t\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026anf\u02cc\u026alm \u026an \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a."}, {"text": "Although the script was well received by the officials at Tallinnfilm, it was the consensus that no one but Tarkovsky would be able to direct it.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt w\u028cz w\u02c8\u025bl \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259lz \u00e6t t\u02c8\u00e6l\u026anf\u02cc\u026alm, \u026at w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s \u00f0\u00e6t n\u02c8o\u028aw\u02c8\u028cn b\u02cc\u028ct t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u026at."}, {"text": "The script was sent to Goskino in February 1976, and although approval was granted for proceeding with making the film, the screenplay was never realized.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 \u0261\u0259sk\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u026an f\u02c8\u025bb\u0279u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279i n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u0259l w\u028cz \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nt\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm, \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a w\u028cz n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026azd."}, {"text": "In 1984, during the time of his exile in the West, Tarkovsky revisited the screenplay and made a few changes.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv h\u026az \u02c8\u025b\u0261za\u026al \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "He also considered to finally direct a film based on the screenplay but ultimately dropped this idea.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0250 f\u02c8\u026alm b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0nple\u026a b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u00f0\u026as a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259."}, {"text": "Voyage in Time (1983): documents the travels in Italy of Andrei Tarkovsky in preparation for the making of his film Nostalghia, co-directed with Tonino Guerra.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u026ad\u0292 \u026an t\u02c8a\u026am n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0: d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259lz \u026an \u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259li \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u026an p\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u028cv h\u026az f\u02c8\u026alm n\u0259st\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u0259, k\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0no\u028a \u0261\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "Festivals: Yerevan IFF 2006, Rotterdam IFF 2007, Busan IFF 2007, Sydney Film Festival 2007, Zerkalo FF, Ivanovo (Special Prize) 2008, Kinoshock FF 2014.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259lz: j\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u0259v\u02c8\u00e6n \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bf t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u025ad\u02cc\u00e6m \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bf t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, bj\u02c8u\u02d0s\u0259n \u02cca\u026a\u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bf t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, s\u02c8\u026adni f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l\u02cco\u028a \u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bf, \u02cca\u026av\u0250n\u02c8o\u028avo\u028a sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u02c8e\u026at, k\u02c8\u026an\u0259\u0283\u02cc\u0251\u02d0k \u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bf t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "Andrei Tarkovsky: A Cinema Prayer (2019): a poetic documentary by Tarkovsky's son Andrei A. Tarkovsky.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski: \u0250 s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n: \u0250 po\u028a\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i ba\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz s\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8e\u026a. t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski."}, {"text": "At the Cannes Film Festival, the FIPRESCI prize three times, the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury three times (more than any other director), the Grand Prix Sp\u00e9cial du Jury twice, and the Best Director award once.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6nz f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 f\u026ap\u0279\u02c8\u025bska\u026a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bkju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bn\u026ak\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8a\u026amz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 sp\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l d\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i tw\u02c8a\u026as, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bst d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d w\u02c8\u028cns."}, {"text": "In 1987, the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Language Film of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts for The Sacrifice.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6ft\u0259 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025bst f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 f\u02c8\u026alm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u0250k\u02c8\u00e6d\u0259mi \u028cv f\u02c8\u026alm \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as."}, {"text": "Under the influence of Glasnost and Perestroika, Tarkovsky was finally recognized in the Soviet Union in the Autumn of 1986, shortly before his death, by a retrospective of his films in Moscow.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u028cnd\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u028cv \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6sn\u0251\u02d0st \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ast\u0279\u02cc\u0254\u026ak\u0259, t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u028cz f\u02c8a\u026an\u0259li \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u028cm \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks, \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tli b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, ba\u026a \u0250 \u0279\u02cc\u025bt\u0279o\u028asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u028cv h\u026az f\u02c8\u026almz \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a."}, {"text": "In their obituaries, the film committee of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union and the Union of Soviet Film Makers expressed their sorrow that Tarkovsky had to spend the last years of his life in exile.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 o\u028ab\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028ans\u0259l \u028cv m\u02c8\u026an\u026ast\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t f\u02c8\u026alm m\u02c8e\u026ak\u025az \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski h\u00e6dt\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bnd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af \u026an \u02c8\u025b\u0261za\u026al."}, {"text": "Posthumously, he was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1990, one of the highest state honors in the Soviet Union.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8o\u028asthju\u02d0m\u0259sli, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bn\u026an p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast st\u02c8e\u026at \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n."}, {"text": "In 1989, the Andrei Tarkovsky Memorial Prize was established, with its first recipient being the Russian animator Yuri Norstein.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az w\u028cz \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t, w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026api\u0259nt b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279i n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sta\u026an."}, {"text": "In three consecutive events, the Moscow International Film Festival awarded the Andrei Tarkovsky Award in 1993, 1995, and 1997.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bkju\u02d0t\u02cc\u026av \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n."}, {"text": "A minor planet, 3345 Tarkovskij, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina in 1982, has been named after him.", "phonemes": "\u0250 m\u02c8a\u026an\u025a pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at, \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259vsk\u02cc\u026ad\u0292, d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad ba\u026a s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t \u0250st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u025a lju\u02d0dm\u02c8\u026al\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0250t\u0283k\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0, h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky is a 1988 documentary film by Michal Leszczylowski, an editor of the film The Sacrifice.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u026az \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u026alm ba\u026a m\u02c8\u026ak\u0259l l\u02cc\u025bszkz\u026al\u02c8o\u028aski, \u0250n \u02c8\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as."}, {"text": "Film director Chris Marker produced the television documentary One Day in the Life of Andrei Arsenevich as an homage to Andrei Tarkovsky in 2000.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026alm d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025a p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8e\u026a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u0259n\u02cc\u025bv\u026at\u0283 \u00e6z \u00e6n h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ad\u0292 t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd."}, {"text": "At the entrance to the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography in Moscow, there is a monument that includes statues of Tarkovsky, Gennady Shpalikov and Vasily Shukshin.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0250s\u02cc\u026am\u0251\u02d0v \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv s\u02cc\u026an\u026am\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u00f0\u00e6t \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz st\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283u\u02d0z \u028cv t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski, d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u00e6di \u02cc\u025bs\u02c8e\u026at\u0283p\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0v \u00e6nd v\u02c8e\u026asili \u0283\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u026an."}, {"text": "The Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman was quoted as saying: \"Tarkovsky for me is the greatest [of us all], the one who invented a new language, true to the nature of film, as it captures life as a reflection, life as a dream\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sw\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0283 f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u014b\u0261m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261m\u0259n w\u028cz kw\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b: \"t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cci\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast \u028cv \u02cc\u028cs \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026anv\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8\u026alm, \u00e6z \u026at k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u0283\u025az l\u02c8a\u026af \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n, l\u02c8a\u026af \u00e6z \u0250 d\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\"."}, {"text": "The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa remarked on Tarkovsky's films as saying: \"His unusual sensitivity is both overwhelming and astounding.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a\u0279 \u0250k\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 kj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0w\u025a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u02cc\u0254n t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz f\u02c8\u026almz \u00e6z s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b: \"h\u026az \u028cnj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l s\u02cc\u025bns\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02cco\u028av\u025aw\u02c8\u025blm\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0250st\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The Iranian filmmaker Abbas Kiarostami remarked that: \"Tarkovsky's works separate me completely from physical life, and are the most spiritual films I have seen\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6b\u0259z k\u02cca\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t: \"t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t m\u02cci\u02d0 k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli f\u0279\u028cm f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8a\u026af, \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l f\u02c8\u026almz a\u026a h\u00e6v s\u02c8i\u02d0n\"."}, {"text": "The Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kie\u015blowski commented that: \"Andrei Tarkovsky was one of the greatest directors of recent years,\" and regarded Tarkovsky's film Ivan's Childhood as an influence on his own work.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0283 f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a k\u0279\u026ast\u02c8\u0254f ki\u02d0sl\u02c8o\u028aski k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025bnt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t: \"\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026ast d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az \u028cv \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z,\" \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8a\u026av\u0259nz t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az \u02c8o\u028an w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k."}, {"text": "The Turkish filmmaker Nuri Bilge Ceylan said that when he first discovered the films of Andrei Tarkovsky as a college student, unsure of what he wanted to do with his life, he was utterly baffled by the lauded Russian master.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u0283 f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279i b\u02c8\u026ald\u0292 s\u02c8e\u026al\u00e6n s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025bn hi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u00e6z \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt, \u028cn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u028cv w\u028ct hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af, hi\u02d0 w\u028cz \u02c8\u028c\u027e\u025ali b\u02c8\u00e6f\u0259ld ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a."}, {"text": "He walked out of a screening of Solaris at the halfway point, and stopped a VHS tape of Mirror at a similar juncture.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0kt \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u0250 sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv so\u028al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026as \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6fwe\u026a p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant, \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt \u0250 v\u02cci\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8\u025bs t\u02c8e\u026ap \u028cv m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u00e6\u027e\u0259 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u028c\u014bkt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "The Armenian filmmaker Sergei Parajanov remarked that watching Tarkovsky's film, Ivan's Childhood was his main inspiration to become a filmmaker by saying: \"I did not know how to do anything and I would not have done anything if there had not been Ivan's Childhood\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259n f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a s\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0261e\u026a p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6n\u0251\u02d0v \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u00f0\u00e6t w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz f\u02c8\u026alm, \u02c8a\u026av\u0259nz t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad w\u028cz h\u026az m\u02c8e\u026an \u02cc\u026ansp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a ba\u026a s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b: \"a\u026a d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8o\u028a h\u02cca\u028a t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd a\u026a w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0250v d\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u03b8\u02cc\u026a\u014b \u026af \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u00e6d n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t b\u02cc\u026an \u02c8a\u026av\u0259nz t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad\"."}, {"text": "The Austrian filmmaker Michael Haneke voted for Mirror on his top 10 films in the 2002 Sight & Sound directors' poll and later said that he has seen the picture at least 25 times.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0st\u0279i\u0259n f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l h\u02c8e\u026a\u014bk v\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n h\u026az t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p t\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8\u026almz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028and d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u025az p\u02c8o\u028al \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a s\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 h\u0250z s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8a\u026amz."}, {"text": "The German filmmaker Wim Wenders dedicated his film Wings of Desire to Tarkovsky (along with Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut and Yasujir\u014d Ozu).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a w\u02c8\u026am w\u02c8\u025bnd\u025az d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az f\u02c8\u026alm w\u02c8\u026a\u014bz \u028cv d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u0259 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nsw\u0251\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8\u028cfa\u028at \u00e6nd j\u02cc\u00e6su\u02d0d\u0292\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0zu\u02d0."}, {"text": "The French filmmaker Chris Marker directed a documentary film as a homage to Tarkovsky called One Day in the Life of Andrei Arsenevich and used Tarkovsky's concept of \"The Zone\" (from the film, Stalker) for his 1983 film essay, Sans Soleil.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a k\u0279\u02c8\u026as m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u0250 d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u026alm \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ad\u0292 t\u0259 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u028cn d\u02c8e\u026a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u0259n\u02cc\u025bv\u026at\u0283 \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv \"\u00f0\u0259 z\u02c8o\u028an\" f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm, st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u025bse\u026a, s\u02c8\u00e6nz s\u02c8o\u028al\u026al."}, {"text": "The Greek filmmaker Theo Angelopoulos regarded Tarkovsky's film Stalker as one of the films that influenced him.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028a \u02cc\u00e6nd\u0292\u026al\u0259p\u02c8u\u02d0lo\u028az \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz f\u02c8\u026alm st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst h\u02cc\u026am."}, {"text": "The Polish filmmaker Andrzej \u017bu\u0142awski remarked that: \"If anybody influenced anybody, it\u2019s me being influenced by Tarkovsky, not the reverse\", and called Tarkovsky's film Andrei Rublev a \"masterpiece\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u0283 f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259z\u02cc\u025bd\u0292 zj\u028al\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ski \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t: \"\u026af \u02c8\u025bn\u026ab\u02cc\u0251\u02d0di \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst \u02c8\u025bn\u026ab\u02cc\u0251\u02d0di, \u026ats m\u02cci\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\", \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0bl\u0259v \u02c8e\u026a \"m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025ap\u02cci\u02d0s\"."}, {"text": "The Greek-Australian filmmaker Alex Proyas was \"extremely influenced\" by Tarkovsky's work and cited Stalker as one of his favorite films.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0254\u02d0st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6l\u026aks p\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u0259z w\u028cz \"\u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst\" ba\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u026az f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt f\u02c8\u026almz."}, {"text": "The French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre highly praised Tarkovsky's film Ivan's Childhood, saying that it was one of the most beautiful films he had ever seen.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025a d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0np\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a h\u02c8a\u026ali p\u0279\u02c8e\u026azd t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8a\u026av\u0259nz t\u0283\u02c8a\u026aldh\u028ad, s\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast bj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027eif\u0259l f\u02c8\u026almz hi\u02d0 h\u00e6d \u02c8\u025bv\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The Japanese anime filmmaker Mamoru Oshii, known for his works such as Ghost in the Shell, was influenced by Tarkovsky.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a f\u02c8\u026alme\u026ak\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6mo\u02d0\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u02cca\u026a, n\u02c8o\u028an f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0261\u02c8o\u028ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025bl, w\u028cz \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski."}, {"text": "The Indian-born British American novelist Salman Rushdie praised Tarkovsky and his work Solaris by calling it \"a sci-fi masterpiece\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259nb\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026al\u02cc\u026ast s\u0250lm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283di p\u0279\u02c8e\u026azd t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u00e6nd h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k so\u028al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026as ba\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u026at \"\u0250 s\u02c8a\u026af\u02cca\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025ap\u02cci\u02d0s\"."}, {"text": "Film historian Steven Dillon says that much of subsequent film was deeply influenced by the films of Tarkovsky.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026alm h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n st\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u02c8\u026al\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bz \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259nt f\u02c8\u026alm w\u028cz d\u02c8i\u02d0pli \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259nst ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026almz \u028cv t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski."}, {"text": "He once said in an interview: \"Andrei Rublev is maybe my favorite film ever\", and in another interview, he added: \"I remember, the first time I saw a Tarkovsky film, I was shocked by it.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cns s\u02c8\u025bd \u026an \u0250n \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0: \"\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0bl\u0259v \u026az m\u02c8e\u026abi\u02d0 ma\u026a f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u025bv\u025a\", \u00e6nd \u026an \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026ant\u025avj\u02ccu\u02d0, hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd: \"a\u026a \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am a\u026a s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0250 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski f\u02c8\u026alm, a\u026a w\u028cz \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt ba\u026a \u026at."}, {"text": "I was fascinated, because suddenly I realized that film could have so many more layers to it than what I had imagined before\".", "phonemes": "a\u026a w\u028cz f\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz s\u02c8\u028cd\u0259nli a\u026a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259la\u026azd \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8\u026alm k\u02cc\u028ad\u0250v s\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026a\u025az t\u028a \u026at \u00f0\u0250n w\u028ct a\u026a h\u00e6d \u026am\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026and b\u1d7bf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\"."}, {"text": "There are many direct references and hidden tributes to Tarkovsky's movies in I\u00f1arritu's 2015 Oscar-winning drama The Revenant.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026ad\u0259n t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0ts t\u0259 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026az \u026an \u02c8\u026anj\u0250\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u027eu\u02d0z t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk\u025aw\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u0259nt."}, {"text": "He dedicated his 2009 film Antichrist to him, and, while discussing it with critic David Jenkins, asked: \"Have you seen Mirror?", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u026az t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026an f\u02c8\u026alm \u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak\u0279\u02cca\u026ast t\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am, \u00e6nd, w\u02cca\u026al d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cs\u026a\u014b \u026at w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak d\u02c8e\u026av\u026ad d\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u014bk\u026anz, \u02c8\u00e6skt: \"h\u00e6v ju\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0n m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025a?"}, {"text": "International Human Rights Film Festival \"Stalker\", named after the film held annually in Moscow and regional centres since 1995", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \"st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u025a\", n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm h\u02c8\u025bld \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259li \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av"}, {"text": "International Film Festival \"Zerkalo\" named after Andrei Tarkovsky (meaning \"mirror\"), \"for fans of intellectual cinema\"; also known as Tarkovsky Film festival \u2013 Zerkalo, Zerkalo International Film Festival, Andrei Tarkovsky Zerkalo International Film Festival,  or simply Zerkalo, The festival is organized by a committee headed by Mikhail Men, governor of Ivanovo Oblast.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \"z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l\u02cco\u028a\" n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"m\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025a\", \"f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u00e6nz \u028cv \u02cc\u026ant\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259l s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259\"; \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l\u02cco\u028a, z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l\u02cco\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l, \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l\u02cco\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u02c8\u026alm f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l,  \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026ampli z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u0259l\u02cco\u028a, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u0259n\u02cca\u026azd ba\u026a \u0250 k\u0259m\u02c8\u026a\u027ei h\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8\u026aka\u026al m\u02c8\u025bn, \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02cca\u026av\u0250n\u02c8o\u028avo\u028a \u0259bl\u02c8\u00e6st."}, {"text": "Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia, the 14th edition was held online in 2020, and appears to be the last one held, .", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n p\u00e6nd\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n\u03b8 \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz h\u02c8\u025bld \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nla\u026an \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti, \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u025bld, ."}, {"text": "The festival awards a number of prizes, including the Special Award for Contribution to Andrei Tarkovsky's Cinema.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz s\u02c8\u026an\u0259m\u0259."}, {"text": "Held in Ivanovo since 2007, the festival is held in July each year, with the 16th edition scheduled for 22\u201327 July, to be held in various cities in the Ivanovo region, with special screenings in Moscow.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bld \u026an \u02cca\u026av\u0250n\u02c8o\u028avo\u028a s\u02c8\u026ans t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025bst\u026av\u0259l \u026az h\u02c8\u025bld \u026an d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 \u1d7bd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n sk\u02c8\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0ld f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u025bnti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a, t\u0259bi h\u02c8\u025bld \u026an v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cca\u026av\u0250n\u02c8o\u028avo\u028a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l sk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sko\u028a."}, {"text": "Films from France, India, Greece, Serbia, Colombia, Kazakhstan and other countries were entered into the competition, and a gala night was dedicated to Tarkovsky's 90th birthday, on the main square of his hometown of Yuryevets on 22 July.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u026almz f\u0279\u028cm f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0bi\u0259, k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmbi\u0259, k\u02cc\u00e6z\u0250khst\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u0250 \u0261\u02c8e\u026al\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at w\u028cz d\u02c8\u025bd\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vskiz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u0259\u03b8 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8de\u026a, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u028cv h\u026az h\u02c8o\u028amta\u028an \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u02cc\u025bv\u026ats \u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "Nostalghia.com - An Andrei Tarkovsky Information Site, at Film Studies Program in the Department of Communication and Culture, University of Calgary", "phonemes": "n\u0259st\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261i\u0259.k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0279e\u026a t\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0vski \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026at, \u00e6t f\u02c8\u026alm st\u02c8\u028cdiz p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tm\u0259nt \u028cv k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a, j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6l\u0261\u025a\u0279i"}, {"text": "Ambiguity is the type of meaning in which a phrase, statement, or resolution is not explicitly defined, making several interpretations plausible.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u026az \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az, st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026atli d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz pl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bb\u0259l."}, {"text": "It is thus an attribute of any idea or statement whose intended meaning cannot be definitively resolved, according to a rule or process with a finite number of steps.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6t\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0t \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt h\u02ccu\u02d0z \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u026an\u026at\u02cc\u026avli \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026ana\u026at n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv st\u02c8\u025bps."}, {"text": "In ambiguity, specific and distinct interpretations are permitted (although some may not be immediately obvious), whereas with vague information it is difficult to form any interpretation at the desired level of specificity.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei, sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u00e6nd d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8e\u026a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 \u026am\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u0259tli \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bvi\u0259s, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8e\u026a\u0261 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026a\u027e \u026az d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02cc\u025bni \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u028cv sp\u02cc\u025bs\u026af\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "The former represents a choice between a finite number of known and meaningful context-dependent interpretations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026ana\u026at n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bf\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkstd\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The latter represents a choice between any number of possible interpretations, none of which may have a standard agreed-upon meaning.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnts \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02cc\u025bni n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, n\u02c8\u028cn \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Languages that communicate efficiently will avoid sending information that is redundant with information provided in the context.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u00e6t k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259ntli w\u026al \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst."}, {"text": "Linguistic ambiguity can be a problem in law, because the interpretation of written documents and oral agreements is often of paramount importance.", "phonemes": "l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u026an l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts \u00e6nd \u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0259l \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nts \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u028cv p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259m\u02cca\u028ant \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The lexical ambiguity of a word or phrase applies to it having more than one meaning in the language to which the word belongs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u0259v\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026az t\u028a \u026at h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 t\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bz."}, {"text": "For instance, the word \"bank\" has several distinct lexical definitions, including \"financial institution\" and \"edge of a river\".", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \"b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\" h\u0250z s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \"fa\u026an\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l \u02cc\u026anst\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n\" \u00e6nd \"\u02c8\u025bd\u0292 \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a\"."}, {"text": "This could mean one actually spoke to the apothecary (pharmacist) or went to the apothecary (pharmacy).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as k\u028ad m\u02c8i\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li sp\u02c8o\u028ak t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u026ak\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0250s\u02cc\u026ast \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u025bnt t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u03b8\u026ak\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259si."}, {"text": "The context in which an ambiguous word is used often makes it clearer which of the meanings is intended.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250n \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n m\u02cce\u026aks \u026at kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz \u026az \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "If, for instance, someone says \"I put $100 in the bank\", most people would not think someone used a shovel to dig in the mud.", "phonemes": "\u026af, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn s\u02c8\u025bz \"a\u026a p\u02cc\u028at d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\", m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028cn j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u028cv\u0259l t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026a\u0261 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cd."}, {"text": "Lexical ambiguity can be addressed by algorithmic methods that automatically associate the appropriate meaning with a word in context, a task referred to as word-sense disambiguation.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a \u02cc\u00e6l\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u026ak m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u00f0\u00e6t \u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026akli \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u0259t m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst, \u0250 t\u02c8\u00e6sk \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u028a \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ds\u02c8\u025bns d\u02cc\u026as\u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The use of multi-defined words requires the author or speaker to clarify their context, and sometimes elaborate on their specific intended meaning (in which case, a less ambiguous term should have been used).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv m\u02c8\u028clta\u026ad\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a t\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02c8e\u026as, \u0250 l\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u0283\u02cc\u028ad\u0259v b\u02cc\u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "The goal of clear concise communication is that the receiver(s) have no misunderstanding about what was meant to be conveyed.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8a\u026as k\u0259mj\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0v\u025a \u02c8\u025bs h\u00e6v n\u02c8o\u028a m\u026as\u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u028ct w\u028cz m\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259bi k\u0259nv\u02c8e\u026ad."}, {"text": "An exception to this could include a politician whose \"weasel words\" and obfuscation are necessary to gain support from multiple constituents with mutually exclusive conflicting desires from his or her candidate of choice.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 \u00f0\u026as k\u028ad \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02ccu\u02d0z \"w\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz\" \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0bf\u0259sk\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026an s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t f\u0279\u028cm m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nts w\u026a\u00f0 mj\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026av k\u0259nfl\u02c8\u026akt\u026a\u014b d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025az f\u0279\u028cm h\u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6nd\u1d7bd\u02cce\u026at \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as."}, {"text": "\"Good\", for example, can mean \"useful\" or \"functional\" (That's a good hammer), \"exemplary\" (She's a good student), \"pleasing\" (This is good soup), \"moral\" (a good person versus the lesson to be learned from a story), \"righteous\", etc.", "phonemes": "\"\u0261\u02c8\u028ad\", f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, k\u00e6n m\u02c8i\u02d0n \"j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l\" \u00f0\u00e6ts \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad h\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a, \"\u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025bmpl\u025a\u0279i\" \u0283i\u02d0z \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad st\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0259nt, \"pl\u02c8i\u02d0z\u026a\u014b\" \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u0261\u02c8\u028ad s\u02c8u\u02d0p, \"m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259l\" \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bs\u0259n t\u0259bi l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd f\u0279\u028cm \u0250 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i, \"\u0279\u02c8a\u026at\u0283\u0259s\", \u025bts\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The various ways to apply prefixes and suffixes can also create ambiguity (\"unlockable\" can mean \"capable of being opened\" or \"impossible to lock\").", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s w\u02c8e\u026az t\u028a \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cf\u026aks\u1d7bz k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei\"\u028cnl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259b\u0259l\" k\u00e6n m\u02c8i\u02d0n \"k\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259b\u0259l \u028cv b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259nd\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\"."}, {"text": "Semantic ambiguity occurs when a word, phrase or sentence, taken out of context, has more than one interpretation.", "phonemes": "s\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z w\u025bn \u0250 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d, f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns, t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst, h\u0250z m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "to a motion she made (the verb \"duck\", the subject of which is the objective pronoun \"her\", object of the verb \"saw\").", "phonemes": "t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u0283i\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b \"d\u02c8\u028ck\", \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ana\u028an \"h\u025c\u02d0\", \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b \"s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\"."}, {"text": "Syntactic ambiguity arises when a sentence can have two (or more) different meanings because of the structure of the sentence\u2014its syntax.", "phonemes": "s\u026ant\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz w\u025bn \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns k\u00e6n h\u00e6v t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns\u2014\u026ats s\u02c8\u026ant\u00e6ks."}, {"text": "This is often due to a modifying expression, such as a prepositional phrase, the application of which is unclear.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u0250 p\u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "\"He ate the cookies on the couch\", for example, could mean that he ate those cookies that were on the couch (as opposed to those that were on the table), or it could mean that he was sitting on the couch when he ate the cookies.", "phonemes": "\"hi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028akiz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028at\u0283\", f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, k\u028ad m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at \u00f0o\u028az k\u02c8\u028akiz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028at\u0283 \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026at k\u028ad m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t hi\u02d0 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u028at\u0283 w\u025bn hi\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028akiz."}, {"text": "For the notion of, and theoretic results about, syntactic ambiguity in artificial, formal languages (such as computer programming languages), see Ambiguous grammar.", "phonemes": "f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv, \u00e6nd \u03b8i\u0259\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u0250b\u02c8a\u028at, s\u026ant\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u026an \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a."}, {"text": "Rarely, but occasionally, the different parsings of a syntactically ambiguous phrase result in the same meaning.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279li, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259li, \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014bz \u0259v\u0259 s\u026ant\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026akli \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "For example, the command \"Cook, cook!\" can be parsed as \"Cook (noun used as vocative), cook (imperative verb form)!", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nd \"k\u02c8\u028ak, k\u02c8\u028ak!\" k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279st \u00e6z \"k\u02c8\u028ak n\u02c8a\u028an j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z v\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259t\u02cc\u026av, k\u02c8\u028ak \u026amp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m!"}, {"text": "It is more common that a syntactically unambiguous phrase has a semantic ambiguity; for example, the lexical ambiguity in \"Your boss is a funny man\" is purely semantic, leading to the response \"Funny ha-ha or funny peculiar?\"", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u00f0\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u0259 s\u026ant\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026akli \u028cn\u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az h\u0250z \u0250 s\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u02c8\u026an \"j\u028a\u0279 b\u02c8\u0254s \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8\u028cni m\u02c8\u00e6n\" \u026az pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279li s\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak, l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns \"f\u02c8\u028cni h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u028cni p\u026akj\u02c8u\u02d0l\u026a\u0279?\""}, {"text": "Spoken language can contain many more types of ambiguities which are called phonological ambiguities, where there is more than one way to compose a set of sounds into words.", "phonemes": "sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 k\u00e6n k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026aps \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027eiz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld f\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027eiz, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 k\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bt \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028andz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz."}, {"text": "Philosophers (and other users of logic) spend a lot of time and effort searching for and removing (or intentionally adding) ambiguity in arguments because it can lead to incorrect conclusions and can be used to deliberately conceal bad arguments.", "phonemes": "f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025az \u028cv l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak sp\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bf\u025at s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u026an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u026at k\u00e6n l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u028a \u026a\u014bk\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz \u00e6nd k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 d\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026atli k\u0259ns\u02c8i\u02d0l b\u02c8\u00e6d \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nts."}, {"text": "For example, a politician might say, \"I oppose taxes which hinder economic growth\", an example of a glittering generality.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0250 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02cca\u026at s\u02c8e\u026a, \"a\u026a \u0259p\u02c8o\u028az t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8\u026and\u025a\u0279 \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8\", \u0250n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u0259v\u0259 \u0261l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "In writing, the sentence can be rewritten to reduce possible misinterpretation, either by adding a comma after \"taxes\" (to convey the first sense) or by changing \"which\" to \"that\" (to convey the second sense) or by rewriting it in other ways.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l m\u02cc\u026as\u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a ba\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \"t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u1d7bz\" t\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \"w\u02c8\u026at\u0283\" tu\u02d0 \"\u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t\" t\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8e\u026a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bns \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ba\u026a \u0279\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026a\u027e \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a w\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "The devious politician hopes that each constituent will interpret the statement in the most desirable way, and think the politician supports everyone's opinion.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259s p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8o\u028aps \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nt w\u026al \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l w\u02c8e\u026a, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bk \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u026aw\u02cc\u028cnz \u0259p\u02c8\u026ani\u0259n."}, {"text": "However, the opposite can also be true\u2014an opponent can turn a positive statement into a bad one if the speaker uses ambiguity (intentionally or not).", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u2014\u0250n \u0259p\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt k\u00e6n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av st\u02c8e\u026atm\u0259nt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 b\u02c8\u00e6d w\u02c8\u028cn \u026af \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t."}, {"text": "The logical fallacies of amphiboly and equivocation rely heavily on the use of ambiguous words and phrases.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259siz \u028cv \u00e6mf\u02c8\u026ab\u0251\u02d0li \u00e6nd \u026akw\u02cc\u026av\u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a h\u02c8\u025bvili \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "In continental philosophy (particularly phenomenology and existentialism), there is much greater tolerance of ambiguity, as it is generally seen as an integral part of the human condition.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259fi p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali f\u026an\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6nd \u025b\u0261z\u026ast\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei, \u02cc\u00e6z\u026at\u02cc\u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Martin Heidegger argued that the relation between the subject and object is ambiguous, as is the relation of mind and body, and part and whole.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u026an h\u02c8a\u026ad\u025b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbd\u0292\u025bkt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt \u026az \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s, \u02cc\u00e6z\u02cc\u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026and \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u00e6nd h\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "In Heidegger's phenomenology, Dasein is always in a meaningful world, but there is always an underlying background for every instance of signification.", "phonemes": "\u026an h\u02c8a\u026ad\u025b\u0261\u025az f\u026an\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, d\u02c8\u00e6si\u02d0n \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bf\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025al\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns \u028cv s\u02cc\u026a\u0261n\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Thus, although some things may be certain, they have little to do with Dasein's sense of care and existential anxiety, e.g., in the face of death.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a s\u02cc\u028cm \u03b8\u02c8\u026a\u014bz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329, \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u00e6si\u02d0nz s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00e6nd \u025b\u0261z\u026ast\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u00e6\u014bz\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei, \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0., \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8."}, {"text": "In calling his work Being and Nothingness an \"essay in phenomenological ontology\" Jean-Paul Sartre follows Heidegger in defining the human essence as ambiguous, or relating fundamentally to such ambiguity.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014bn\u0259s \u00e6n \"\u02c8\u025bse\u026a \u026an f\u026an\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u0251\u02d0nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i\" d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0np\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028az h\u02c8a\u026ad\u025b\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u026an d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u025bs\u0259ns \u00e6z \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259li t\u0259 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "Simone de Beauvoir tries to base an ethics on Heidegger's and Sartre's writings (The Ethics of Ambiguity), where she highlights the need to grapple with ambiguity: \"as long as there have been philosophers and they have thought, most of them have tried to mask it\u00a0...", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026amo\u028an d\u0259 b\u02c8o\u028avw\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks \u02cc\u0254n h\u02c8a\u026ad\u025b\u0261\u025az \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0283i\u02d0 h\u02c8a\u026ala\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei: \"\u00e6z l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u0250vb\u026an f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm h\u00e6v t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6sk \u026at\u00a0..."}, {"text": "It has been a matter of eliminating the ambiguity by making oneself pure inwardness or pure externality, by escaping from the sensible world or being engulfed by it, by yielding to eternity or enclosing oneself in the pure moment.\"", "phonemes": "\u026at h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei ba\u026a m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b w\u028cns\u02c8\u025blf pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02c8\u026anw\u025adn\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei, ba\u026a \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7bb\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8\u028clft ba\u026a \u026at, ba\u026a j\u02c8i\u02d0ld\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u014bkl\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b w\u028cns\u02c8\u025blf \u026an\u00f0\u0259 pj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nt.\""}, {"text": "Ethics cannot be based on the authoritative certainty given by mathematics and logic, or prescribed directly from the empirical findings of science.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u0279\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026av s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259nti \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u026ask\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u025bmp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014bz \u028cv s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns."}, {"text": "She states: \"Since we do not succeed in fleeing it, let us, therefore, try to look the truth in the face.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 st\u02c8e\u026ats: \"s\u02c8\u026ans wi\u02d0 du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u0259ks\u02c8i\u02d0d \u026an fl\u02c8i\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026at, l\u02c8\u025bt \u02cc\u028cs, \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, t\u0279\u02c8a\u026a t\u0259 l\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "It is in the knowledge of the genuine conditions of our life that we must draw our strength to live and our reason for acting\".", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnju\u02d0\u026an k\u0259nd\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02cca\u028a\u025a l\u02c8a\u026af \u00f0\u00e6t wi\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cst d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u02cca\u028a\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u00e6nd \u02cca\u028a\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b\"."}, {"text": "Corey Anton has argued that we cannot be certain what is separate from or unified with something else: language, he asserts, divides what is not, in fact, separate.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6nt\u0251\u02d0n h\u0250z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t wi\u02d0 k\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 w\u028ct \u026az s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t f\u0279\u028cm \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026af\u02cca\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u028cm\u03b8\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bls: l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292, hi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ts, d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026adz w\u028ct \u026az n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t, \u026an f\u02c8\u00e6kt, s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t."}, {"text": "Following Ernest Becker, he argues that the desire to 'authoritatively disambiguate' the world and existence has led to numerous ideologies and historical events such as genocide.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u026ast b\u02c8\u025bk\u025a, hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a t\u028a \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u0279\u1d7bt\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026avli d\u02cc\u026as\u02c8\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02ccu\u02d0e\u026at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u00e6nd \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns h\u0250z l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u02cca\u026ad\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u00e6nd h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s\u02cca\u026ad."}, {"text": "On this basis, he argues that ethics must focus on 'dialectically integrating opposites' and balancing tension, rather than seeking a priori validation or certainty.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u026as b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as, hi\u02d0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u026aks m\u02c8\u028cst f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n da\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkt\u026akli \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026ats \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259ns\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i v\u02cc\u00e6l\u026ad\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259nti."}, {"text": "Like the existentialists and phenomenologists, he sees the ambiguity of life as the basis of creativity.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u025b\u0261z\u026ast\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026asts \u00e6nd f\u026an\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292\u02cc\u026asts, hi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026af \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u028cv k\u0279i\u02d0\u02cce\u026at\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei."}, {"text": "Groucho Marx's classic joke depends on a grammatical ambiguity for its humor, for example: \"Last night I shot an elephant in my pajamas.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028at\u0283o\u028a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks\u1d7bz kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8o\u028ak d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u0250m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u025a, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l: \"l\u02c8\u00e6st n\u02c8a\u026at a\u026a \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u0250n \u02c8\u025bl\u026af\u0259nt \u026an ma\u026a p\u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259z."}, {"text": "Songs and poetry often rely on ambiguous words for artistic effect, as in the song title \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\" (where \"blue\" can refer to the color, or to sadness).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u0254\u014bz \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at\u0279i \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u0254n \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt, \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u014b t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \"d\u02c8o\u028ant \u026at m\u02cce\u026ak ma\u026a b\u0279\u02c8a\u028an \u02c8a\u026az bl\u02c8u\u02d0\" w\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \"bl\u02c8u\u02d0\" k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cl\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 s\u02c8\u00e6dn\u0259s."}, {"text": "F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the latter type of ambiguity with notable effect in his novel The Great Gatsby.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bf. sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t f\u026atsd\u0292\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259ld j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt \u026an h\u026az n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u0261\u02c8\u00e6tsbi."}, {"text": "Mathematical notation is a helpful tool that eliminates a lot of misunderstandings associated with natural language in physics and other sciences.", "phonemes": "m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0250 h\u02c8\u025blpf\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0l \u00f0\u00e6t \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026am\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026ats \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t \u028cv m\u026as\u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014bz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026an f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Nonetheless, there are still some inherent ambiguities due to lexical, syntactic, and semantic reasons that persist in mathematical notation.", "phonemes": "n\u02cc\u028cn\u00f0\u0259l\u02c8\u025bs, \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al s\u02cc\u028cm \u026anh\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259nt \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027eiz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l, s\u026ant\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak, \u00e6nd s\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t p\u025as\u02c8\u026ast \u026an m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259l no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The ambiguity in the style of writing a function should not be confused with a multivalued function, which can (and should) be defined in a deterministic and unambiguous way.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u026an\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8a\u026al \u028cv \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02cc\u028ad n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t bi\u02d0 k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026av\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0d f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n \u00e6nd \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and \u026an \u0250 d\u026at\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u00e6nd \u028cn\u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s w\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Usually, the conversion to another notation requires to scale the argument or the resulting value; sometimes, the same name of the function is used, causing confusions.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li, \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n t\u028a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az t\u0259 sk\u02c8e\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0; s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am n\u02c8e\u026am \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Elliptic integral of the third kind; translating elliptic integral form MAPLE to Mathematica, one should replace the second argument to its square, see Talk:Elliptic integral#List of notations; dealing with complex values, this may cause problems.", "phonemes": "\u026al\u02c8\u026apt\u026ak \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d k\u02c8a\u026and; t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026al\u02c8\u026apt\u026ak \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m m\u02c8e\u026ap\u0259l t\u0259 m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259, w\u02c8\u028cn \u0283\u02cc\u028ad \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt t\u028a \u026ats skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279, s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k:\u026al\u02c8\u026apt\u026ak \u02c8\u026ant\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 l\u02c8\u026ast \u028cv no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz; d\u02c8i\u02d0l\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mpl\u025bks v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z, \u00f0\u026as m\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz."}, {"text": "Then, if one sees , there is no way to distinguish whether it means  multiplied by , or function  evaluated at argument equal to .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025bn, \u026af w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8i\u02d0z , \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u026a\u0283 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026at m\u02c8i\u02d0nz m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u02c8a\u026ad b\u02c8a\u026a , \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u026av\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l tu\u02d0 ."}, {"text": "In each case of use of such notations, the reader is supposed to be able to perform the deduction and reveal the true meaning.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u026az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259bi \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bd\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The Wolfram Language used in Mathematica allows the user to omit the multiplication symbol, but requires square brackets to indicate the argument of a function; square brackets are not allowed for grouping of expressions.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028alf\u0279\u00e6m l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak\u0259 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u025a t\u028a o\u028am\u02c8\u026at \u00f0\u0259 m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026amb\u0259l, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025az skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ats t\u028a \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n; skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Fortran, in addition, does not allow use of the same name (identifier) for different objects, for example, function and variable; in particular, the expression f=f(x) is qualified as an error.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t\u0279\u00e6n, \u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am n\u02c8e\u026am a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u026af\u02cca\u026a\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l; \u026an p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025a, \u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bf \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz \u02c8\u025bf \u02c8\u025bks \u026az kw\u02c8\u0254l\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u025a."}, {"text": "In most programming languages, the operations of division and multiplication have equal priority and are executed from left to right.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0279\u00e6m\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u00e6v \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l p\u0279a\u026a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u025bks\u1d7bkj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u025bft t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "Until the last century, many editorials assumed that multiplication is performed first, for example,  is interpreted as ; in this case, the insertion of parentheses is required when translating the formulas to an algorithmic language.", "phonemes": "\u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, m\u02c8\u025bni \u02cc\u025bd\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259lz \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md \u00f0\u00e6t m\u02cc\u028clt\u026apl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026az p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l,  \u026az \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z ; \u026an \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8e\u026as, \u00f0\u026a \u026ans\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0z \u026az \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad w\u025bn t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259z t\u028a \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6l\u0261\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u03b8m\u026ak l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "In addition, it is common to write an argument of a function without parenthesis, which also may lead to ambiguity.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u026a\u027e \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u025bn\u03b8\u0259s\u02cc\u026as, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8e\u026a l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "In the scientific journal style, one uses roman letters to denote elementary functions, whereas variables are written using italics.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 sa\u026a\u0259nt\u02c8\u026af\u026ak d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l st\u02c8a\u026al, w\u02c8\u028cn j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n l\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u025az t\u0259 d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028at \u02cc\u025bl\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026at\u02c8\u00e6l\u026aks."}, {"text": "Commas in multi-component subscripts and superscripts are sometimes omitted; this is also potentially ambiguous notation.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259z \u026an m\u02c8\u028clta\u026ak\u0259mp\u02c8o\u028an\u0259nt s\u02c8\u028cbsk\u0279\u026apts \u00e6nd s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025ask\u0279\u02cc\u026apts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz o\u028am\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd; \u00f0\u026as \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259li \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "For example, in the notation , the reader can only infer from the context whether it means a single-index object, taken with the subscript equal to product of variables ,  and , or it is an indication to a trivalent tensor.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026an\u00f0\u0259 no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n , \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a k\u00e6n \u02c8o\u028anli \u026anf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026at m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l\u02c8\u026and\u025bks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkt, t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cbsk\u0279\u026apt \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u028cv v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259lz ,  \u00e6nd , \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u026and\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l\u0259nt t\u02c8\u025bns\u025a."}, {"text": "Often the author's intention can be understood from the context, in cases where only one of the two makes sense, but an ambiguity like this should be avoided, for example by writing  or .", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025az \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8\u028ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst, \u026an k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026aks s\u02c8\u025bns, b\u02cc\u028ct \u0250n \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026as \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u1d7bd, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l ba\u026a \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 ."}, {"text": "The expression  means  in several texts, though it might be thought to mean , since  commonly means .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u026an s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bksts, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u026at m\u02cca\u026at bi\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n , s\u02c8\u026ans k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli m\u02c8i\u02d0nz ."}, {"text": "Conversely,  might seem to mean , as this exponentiation notation usually denotes function iteration: in general,  means .", "phonemes": "k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0sli,  m\u02cca\u026at s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n , \u00e6z \u00f0\u026as \u025bksp\u02cco\u028an\u0259n\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bn\u02c8o\u028ats f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n: \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l,  m\u02c8i\u02d0nz ."}, {"text": "However, for trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, this notation conventionally means exponentiation of the result of function application.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02cc\u026a\u0261\u0259no\u028am\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak \u00e6nd h\u02cca\u026ap\u025ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ak f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz, \u00f0\u026as no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259li m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u025bksp\u02cco\u028an\u0259n\u0283\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "It is common to define the coherent states in quantum optics with  and states with fixed number of photons with .", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n t\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an \u00f0\u0259 ko\u028ah\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nt st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259m \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026aks w\u026a\u00f0 \u00e6nd st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u026akst n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv f\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0nz w\u026a\u00f0 ."}, {"text": "Then, there is an \"unwritten rule\": the state is coherent if there are more Greek characters than Latin characters in the argument, and photon state if the Latin characters dominate.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025bn, \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u00e6n \"\u028cn\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l\": \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at \u026az ko\u028ah\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nt \u026af \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u00f0\u0250n l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0m\u0259nt, \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n st\u02c8e\u026at \u026af \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025az d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "The ambiguity becomes even worse, if  is used for the states with certain value of the coordinate, and  means the state with certain value of the momentum, which may be used in books on quantum mechanics.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s, \u026af \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026ats w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ko\u028a\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bn\u0259t, \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 mo\u028am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an b\u02c8\u028aks \u02cc\u0254n kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259m m\u1d7bk\u02c8\u00e6n\u026aks."}, {"text": "Such ambiguities easily lead to confusions, especially if some normalized adimensional, dimensionless variables are used.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027eiz \u02c8i\u02d0zili l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026af s\u02cc\u028cm n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u02c8\u00e6da\u026am\u0259n\u0283\u0259n\u0259l, d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nl\u0259s v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "Expression  may mean a state with single photon, or the coherent state with mean amplitude equal to 1, or state with momentum equal to unity, and so on.", "phonemes": "\u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8e\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0250 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l f\u02c8o\u028at\u0251\u02d0n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 ko\u028ah\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nt st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8\u00e6mpl\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0d \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0 mo\u028am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259m \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259l t\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026a\u027ei, \u00e6nd s\u02cco\u028a \u02c8\u0254n."}, {"text": "Some physical quantities do not yet have established notations; their value (and sometimes even dimension, as in the case of the Einstein coefficients), depends on the system of notations.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027eiz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t j\u02c8\u025bt h\u00e6v \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283t no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz; \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026ansta\u026an k\u02cco\u028a\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nts, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bndz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u028cv no\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Just like Ludwig Wittgenstein states in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus: \"...\u00a0Only in the context of a proposition has a name meaning.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst l\u02c8a\u026ak l\u02c8\u028cdw\u026a\u0261 w\u02c8\u026atd\u0292\u0259nst\u02cca\u026an st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u00e6\u027e\u0259s l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u02cco\u028af\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259s: \"...\u00a0\u02c8o\u028anli \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n h\u0250z \u0250 n\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "For example, the sentence \"the gain of a system should be doubled\", without context, means close to nothing.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259ns \"\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026an \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259ld\", w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bkst, m\u02c8i\u02d0nz kl\u02c8o\u028as t\u0259 n\u02c8\u028c\u03b8\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "It may mean that the ratio of the output voltage of an electric circuit to the input voltage should be doubled.", "phonemes": "\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at v\u02c8o\u028alt\u026ad\u0292 \u0259v\u0259n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anp\u028at v\u02c8o\u028alt\u026ad\u0292 \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259ld."}, {"text": "It may mean that the ratio of the output power of an electric or optical circuit to the input power should be doubled.", "phonemes": "\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a\u0279 \u0259v\u0259n \u1d7bl\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u026ak \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026at t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026anp\u028at p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259ld."}, {"text": "It may mean that the gain of the laser medium should be doubled, for example, doubling the population of the upper laser level in a quasi-two level system (assuming negligible absorption of the ground-state).", "phonemes": "\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026az\u025a m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259m \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259ld, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, d\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a l\u02c8e\u026az\u025a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u026an \u0250 kw\u02c8e\u026aza\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u025b\u0261l\u026ad\u0292\u0259b\u0259l \u0250bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279p\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andst\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The term can refer to any of irradiance, luminous intensity, radiant intensity, or radiance, depending on the background of the person using the term.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u028a \u02cc\u025bni \u028cv \u02c8\u026a\u0279e\u026ad\u02cci\u0259ns, l\u02c8u\u02d0m\u026an\u0259s \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0279\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259nt \u026ant\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259ns, d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Also, confusions may be related with the use of atomic percent as measure of concentration of a dopant, or resolution of an imaging system, as measure of the size of the smallest detail which still can be resolved at the background of statistical noise.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292\u0259nz m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259nt, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cc\u025bz\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m, \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026ast di\u02d0t\u02c8e\u026al w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8\u026al k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k\u0261\u0279a\u028and \u028cv st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u0254\u026az."}, {"text": "The Berry paradox arises as a result of systematic ambiguity in the meaning of terms such as \"definable\" or \"nameable\".", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279i p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz \u00e6z \u0250 \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u028cv s\u02cc\u026ast\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u028cv t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \"d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026an\u0259b\u0259l\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"n\u02c8e\u026am\u0259b\u0259l\"."}, {"text": "Other terms with this type of ambiguity are: satisfiable, true, false, function, property, class, relation, cardinal, and ordinal.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u0251\u02d0\u0279: s\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02cca\u026a\u0259b\u0259l, t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0, f\u02c8\u0254ls, f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n, p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei, kl\u02c8\u00e6s, \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "In mathematics and logic, ambiguity can be considered to be an instance of the logical concept of underdetermination\u2014for example,  leaves open what the value of X is\u2014while its opposite is a self-contradiction, also called inconsistency, paradoxicalness, or oxymoron, or in mathematics an inconsistent system\u2014such as , which has no solution.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak, \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u0250n \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ad\u026at\u02cc\u025c\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u2014f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l,  l\u02c8i\u02d0vz \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n w\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv \u02c8\u025bks \u026az\u2014w\u02cca\u026al \u026ats \u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0259z\u02cc\u026at \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025blfk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u026a\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nsi, p\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026ak\u0259ln\u0259s, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0251\u02d0n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks \u0250n \u026a\u014bk\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m\u2014s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z , w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z n\u02c8o\u028a s\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Logical ambiguity and self-contradiction is analogous to visual ambiguity and impossible objects, such as the Necker cube and impossible cube, or many of the drawings of M. C. Escher.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025blfk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u026az \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259\u0261\u0259s t\u0259 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u00e6nd \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bk\u025a kj\u02c8u\u02d0b \u00e6nd \u026amp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bb\u0259l kj\u02c8u\u02d0b, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026a\u014bz \u028cv \u02c8\u025bm. s\u02c8i\u02d0. \u02c8\u025b\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Some languages have been created with the intention of avoiding ambiguity, especially lexical ambiguity.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz h\u0250vb\u026an k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li l\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei."}, {"text": "Lojban and Loglan are two related languages which have been created for this, focusing chiefly on syntactic ambiguity as well.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292b\u0259n \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254\u0261l\u0259n \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250vb\u026an k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0fli \u02cc\u0254n s\u026ant\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "These languages are intended to provide a greater technical precision over big natural languages, although historically, such attempts at language improvement have been criticized.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u02c8\u025bkn\u026ak\u0259l p\u0279\u026as\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025a b\u02c8\u026a\u0261 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpts \u00e6t l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292 \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt h\u0250vb\u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026as\u02cca\u026azd."}, {"text": "In structural biology, ambiguity has been recognized as a problem for studying protein conformations.", "phonemes": "\u026an st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u00e6z \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u028cdi\u026a\u014b p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ati\u02d0n k\u0251\u02d0nfo\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The analysis of a protein three-dimensional structure consists in dividing the macromolecule into subunits called domains.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ati\u02d0n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u026an d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0l \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02c8\u028cbju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ats k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld d\u0259m\u02c8e\u026anz."}, {"text": "The difficulty of this task arises from the fact that different definitions of what a domain is can be used (e.g. folding autonomy, function, thermodynamic stability, or domain motions), which sometimes results in a single protein having different\u2014yet equally valid\u2014domain assignments.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti \u028cv \u00f0\u026as t\u02c8\u00e6sk \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt d\u02cc\u025bf\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv w\u028ct \u0250 d\u0259m\u02c8e\u026an \u026az k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. f\u02c8o\u028ald\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi, f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n, \u03b8\u02cc\u025c\u02d0mo\u028ada\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak st\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0259m\u02c8e\u026an m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ati\u02d0n h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt\u2014j\u02c8\u025bt \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026ad\u2014d\u0259m\u02c8e\u026an \u0250s\u02c8a\u026anm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Many Christians and Jews endorse Rudolf Otto's description of the sacred as 'mysterium tremendum et fascinans', the awe-inspiring mystery which fascinates humans.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0z \u025bnd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0251\u02d0lf \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028az d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026ak\u0279\u026ad \u00e6z m\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259m t\u0279\u025bm\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259m \u02c8\u025bt f\u02c8\u00e6s\u026an\u0259nz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u026ansp\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026ats hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259nz."}, {"text": "The apocryphal Book of Judith is noted for the \"ingenious ambiguity\" expressed by its heroine; for example, she says to the villain of the story, Holofernes, \"my lord will not fail to achieve his purposes\", without specifying whether my lord refers to the villain or to God.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u026af\u0259l b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u03b8 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \"\u026and\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0ni\u0259s \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei\" \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a \u026ats h\u02c8\u025b\u0279o\u028a\u02cc\u026an; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u0283i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bz t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026al\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028af\u025anz, \"ma\u026a l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d w\u026al n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t f\u02c8e\u026al t\u028a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v h\u026az p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz\", w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026a\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a ma\u026a l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0z t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026al\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d."}, {"text": "The orthodox Catholic writer G. K. Chesterton regularly employed paradox to tease out the meanings in common concepts which he found ambiguous or to reveal meaning often overlooked or forgotten in common phrases: the title of one of his most famous books, Orthodoxy (1908), itself employed such a paradox.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. k\u02c8e\u026a. t\u0283\u02c8\u025bst\u025at\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks t\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpts w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 hi\u02d0 f\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8i\u02d0l m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u028akt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u025a\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u1d7bz: \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u026az m\u02c8o\u028ast f\u02c8e\u026am\u0259s b\u02c8\u028aks, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ksi n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026at, \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026ad s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "In music, pieces or sections which confound expectations and may be or are interpreted simultaneously in different ways are ambiguous, such as some polytonality, polymeter, other ambiguous meters or rhythms, and ambiguous phrasing, or (Stein 2005, p.\u00a079) any aspect of music.", "phonemes": "\u026an mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak, p\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nf\u02c8a\u028and \u025bksp\u026akt\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02cca\u026am\u0259lt\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259sli \u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt w\u02c8e\u026az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z s\u02cc\u028cm p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026at\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u1d7b\u027ei, p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u026am\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s m\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u00f0\u0259mz, \u00e6nd \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s f\u0279\u02c8e\u026az\u026a\u014b, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8a\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkt \u028cv mj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026ak."}, {"text": "To quote Sir Donald Francis Tovey (1935, p.\u00a0195), \"Theorists are apt to vex themselves with vain efforts to remove uncertainty just where it has a high aesthetic value.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 kw\u02c8o\u028at s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259ld f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026as t\u02c8o\u028avi n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av, p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u00a0w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, \"\u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026asts \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6pt t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025bks \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz w\u026a\u00f0 v\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8u\u02d0v \u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0259nti d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at h\u0250z \u0250 h\u02c8a\u026a \u025bs\u03b8\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0."}, {"text": "In visual art, certain images are visually ambiguous, such as the Necker cube, which can be interpreted in two ways.", "phonemes": "\u026an v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bk\u025a kj\u02c8u\u02d0b, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "Perceptions of such objects remain stable for a time, then may flip, a phenomenon called multistable perception.", "phonemes": "p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0bd\u0292\u025bkts \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l f\u025a\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8e\u026a fl\u02c8\u026ap, \u0250 f\u026an\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259n k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld m\u02c8\u028cltist\u0259b\u0259l p\u025as\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Pictures or photographs may also be ambiguous at the semantic level: the visual image is unambiguous, but the meaning and narrative may be ambiguous: is a certain facial expression one of excitement or fear, for instance?", "phonemes": "p\u02c8\u026akt\u0283\u025az \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02cc\u00e6fz m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a bi\u02d0 \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259m\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l: \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026a\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l \u02c8\u026am\u026ad\u0292 \u026az \u028cn\u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s: \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 f\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u025bksp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u025bks\u02c8a\u026atm\u0259nt \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u026a\u0279, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns?"}, {"text": "In social psychology, ambiguity is a factor used in determining peoples' responses to various situations.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l sa\u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u026az \u0250 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u026a\u014b p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u1d7bz t\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "High levels of ambiguity in an emergency (e.g. an unconscious man lying on a park bench) make witnesses less likely to offer any sort of assistance, due to the fear that they may have misinterpreted the situation and acted unnecessarily.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8a\u026a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u026an \u0250n \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsi \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0250n \u028c\u014bk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259s m\u02c8\u00e6n l\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k b\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 m\u02cce\u026ak w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s\u1d7bz l\u02c8\u025bs l\u02c8a\u026akli t\u028a \u02c8\u0254f\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u025bni s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v m\u02cc\u026as\u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd \u028cnn\u02cc\u025bs\u026as\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli."}, {"text": "Alternately, non-ambiguous emergencies (e.g. an injured person verbally asking for help) elicit more consistent intervention and assistance.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259tli, n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsiz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. \u0250n \u02c8\u026and\u0292\u025ad p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259li \u02c8\u00e6sk\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u025blp \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bt m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt \u02cc\u026ant\u025av\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0250s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns."}, {"text": "With regard to the bystander effect, studies have shown that emergencies deemed ambiguous trigger the appearance of the classic bystander effect (wherein more witnesses decrease the likelihood of any of them helping) far more than non-ambiguous emergencies.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026ast\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt, st\u02c8\u028cdiz h\u00e6v \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsiz d\u02c8i\u02d0md \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s t\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak b\u02c8a\u026ast\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026an m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259s\u1d7bz d\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279i\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026aklih\u02cc\u028ad \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm h\u02c8\u025blp\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nsiz."}, {"text": "In computer science, the SI prefixes kilo-, mega- and giga- were historically used in certain contexts to mean either the first three powers of 1024 (1024, 10242 and 10243) contrary to the metric system in which these units unambiguously mean one thousand, one million, and one billion.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u0259mpj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u025a s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz k\u02c8i\u02d0lo\u028a, m\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts t\u0259 m\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u028cv w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, t\u02c8\u025bn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u025b\u0279i t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bt\u0279\u026ak s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0i\u02d0z j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026ats \u028cn\u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259sli m\u02c8i\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n."}, {"text": "This usage is particularly prevalent with electronic memory devices (e.g. DRAM) addressed directly by a binary machine register where a decimal interpretation makes no practical sense.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 \u026az p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali p\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l\u0259nt w\u026a\u00f0 \u1d7bl\u025bkt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak m\u02c8\u025bm\u025a\u0279i d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m \u0250d\u0279\u02c8\u025bst d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli ba\u026a \u0250 b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i m\u0259\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u026ast\u025a w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bs\u026am\u0259l \u026ant\u02cc\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026at\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02cce\u026aks n\u02c8o\u028a p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bns."}, {"text": "Subsequently, the Ki, Mi, and Gi prefixes were introduced so that binary prefixes could be written explicitly, also rendering k, M, and G unambiguous in texts conforming to the new standard\u2014this led to a new ambiguity in engineering documents lacking outward trace of the binary prefixes (necessarily indicating the new style) as to whether the usage of k, M, and G remains ambiguous (old style) or not (new style).", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8a\u026a, m\u02c8a\u026a, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 \u025bkspl\u02c8\u026as\u026atli, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b k\u02c8e\u026a, \u02c8\u025bm, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u028cn\u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s \u026an t\u02c8\u025bksts k\u0259nf\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad\u2014\u00f0\u026as l\u02c8\u025bd t\u028a \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei \u026an \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts l\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028atw\u025ad t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279i p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0f\u026aks\u1d7bz n\u02cc\u025bs\u026as\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8a\u026al \u00e6z t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv k\u02c8e\u026a, \u02c8\u025bm, \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026anz \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s \u02c8o\u028ald st\u02c8a\u026al \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t n\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8a\u026al."}, {"text": "1 M (where M is ambiguously 1,000,000 or 1,048,576) is less uncertain than the engineering value 1.0e6 (defined to designate the interval 950,000 to 1,050,000).", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u025bm w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u025bm \u026az \u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259sli w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at,f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks \u026az l\u02c8\u025bs \u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u025bnd\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u026aks d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bz\u026a\u0261n\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ant\u025av\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026anh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a f\u02c8\u026afti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a."}, {"text": "As non-volatile storage devices begin to exceed 1 GB in capacity (where the ambiguity begins to routinely impact the second significant digit), GB and TB almost always mean 109 and 1012 bytes.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0250\u027e\u0259l st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 d\u026av\u02c8a\u026as\u1d7bz b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an t\u028a \u025bks\u02c8i\u02d0d w\u02c8\u028cn d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026an k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6mb\u026a\u0261j\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u027ei b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026anz t\u0259 \u0279u\u02d0t\u02c8i\u02d0nli \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt d\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026at, d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd t\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az m\u02c8i\u02d0n w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv b\u02c8a\u026ats."}, {"text": "He was the younger brother of Cain, and the younger son of Adam and Eve, the first couple in Biblical history.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8e\u026an, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u0261\u025a s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st k\u02c8\u028cp\u0259l \u026an b\u02c8\u026abl\u026ak\u0259l h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "According to the narrative in Genesis, Abel ( H\u00e9bel, in pausa  H\u0101\u0301\u1e07el;  H\u00e1bel; , H\u0101b\u0113l) is Eve's second son.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u1d7bs\u02cc\u026as, \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l h\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l, \u026an p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u0259 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02cce\u026am\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0t l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028as\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bl;  h\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l; , h\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0vz s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd s\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "Eberhard Schrader had previously put forward the Akkadian (Old Assyrian dialect) ablu (\"son\") as a more likely etymology.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025bb\u025ah\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279d \u0283\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025a h\u00e6d p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0vi\u0259sli p\u02cc\u028at f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad \u00f0\u026a \u00e6k\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n \u02c8o\u028ald \u0250s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u025bkt \u0250bl\u02c8u\u02d0\"s\u02c8\u028cn\"\u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8a\u026akli \u02cc\u025b\u027e\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i."}, {"text": "In Christianity, comparisons are sometimes made between the death of Abel and that of Jesus, the former thus seen as being the first martyr.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei, k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026as\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz m\u02cce\u026ad b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8 \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025a \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a."}, {"text": "In  Jesus speaks of Abel as \"righteous\", and the Epistle to the Hebrews states that \"The blood of sprinkling ...", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259s sp\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6z \"\u0279\u02c8a\u026at\u0283\u0259s\", \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u1d7bp\u02c8\u026as\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0z st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t \"\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cd \u028cv sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bkl\u026a\u014b ..."}, {"text": "The blood of Jesus is interpreted as bringing mercy; but that of Abel as demanding vengeance (hence the curse and mark).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u028cd \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259s \u026az \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u025c\u02d0si; b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6z d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259ns h\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k."}, {"text": "Abel is invoked in the litany for the dying in the Roman Catholic Church, and his sacrifice is mentioned in the Canon of the Mass along with those of Abraham and Melchizedek.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u026az \u026anv\u02c8o\u028akt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026at\u0259ni f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, \u00e6nd h\u026az s\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026as \u026az m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025blt\u0283a\u026azd\u02cc\u025bk."}, {"text": "According to the Coptic Book of Adam and Eve (at 2:1\u201315), and the Syriac Cave of Treasures, Abel's body, after many days of mourning, was placed in the Cave of Treasures, before which Adam and Eve, and descendants, offered their prayers.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026ak b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v \u00e6t t\u02c8u\u02d0:w\u02c8\u028cn f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u02cc\u00e6k k\u02c8e\u026av \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az, \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8e\u026az \u028cv m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n\u026a\u014b, w\u028cz pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026av \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az, b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v, \u00e6nd d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nts, \u02c8\u0254f\u025ad \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279z."}, {"text": "In addition, the Sethite line of the Generations of Adam swear by Abel's blood to segregate themselves from the unrighteous.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u03b8a\u026at l\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m sw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259lz bl\u02c8\u028cd t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0279\u026a\u0261\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u028cn\u0279\u02c8a\u026at\u0283\u0259s."}, {"text": "In the Book of Enoch (22:7), regarded by most Christian and Jewish traditions as extra-biblical, the soul of Abel is described as having been appointed as the chief of martyrs, crying for vengeance, for the destruction of the seed of Cain.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0n\u0251\u02d0k tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0:s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd ba\u026a m\u02c8o\u028ast k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00e6z \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259b\u02c8\u026abl\u026ak\u0259l, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u026az d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd \u00e6z h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b b\u02cc\u026an \u0250p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az, k\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025bnd\u0292\u0259ns, f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0d \u028cv k\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "A similar view is later shown in the Testament of Abraham (A:13 / B:11), where Abel has been raised to the position as the judge of the souls.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a vj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026az l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bst\u0259m\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ab\u0279\u0259h\u02cc\u00e6m \u02c8e\u026a:\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 b\u02c8i\u02d0:\u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8e\u026azd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cd\u0292 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028alz."}, {"text": "In Bereshit Rabbah (22:2), a discussion of Gen. 4:1 ff. has Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korcha mentioning that Cain was born with a twin sister, and Abel with two twin sisters.", "phonemes": "\u026an b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0283\u02cc\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0:t\u02c8u\u02d0, \u0250 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn. f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279:w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u025bf\u02c8\u025bf. h\u0250z \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ba\u026a j\u025bh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0283ju\u02d0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025bn k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t k\u02c8e\u026an w\u028cz b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 tw\u02c8\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a, \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 tw\u02c8\u026an s\u02c8\u026ast\u025az."}, {"text": "This is based on the principle that the otherwise superfluous accusative article \"et\" always conveys some additional teaching (Pesachim 22b).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u026ans\u026ap\u0259l \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025aw\u02cca\u026az su\u02d0p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0flu\u02d0\u0259s \u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0z\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \"\u02c8\u025bt\" \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az k\u0259nv\u02c8e\u026az s\u02cc\u028cm \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u025bs\u00e6t\u0283\u026am tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The \"et\"'s are parsed slightly differently in Yebamot 62a where the two \"et\"'s in Gen. 4:2 indicate Cain and his sister, and Abel and his (one) sister.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8\u025bt\"\u02c8\u025bs \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279st sl\u02c8a\u026atli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ntli \u026an j\u02c8\u025bb\u0250m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8e\u026a w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \"\u02c8\u025bt\"\u02c8\u025bs \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn. f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279:t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026at k\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd h\u026az s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a, \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u00e6nd h\u026az w\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a."}, {"text": ", Abel is the offspring of Yaldaboath and Eve, who is placed over the elements of water and earth as Elohim, but was only given his name as a form of deception.", "phonemes": ", \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254fsp\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv j\u02c8\u00e6ld\u0250b\u02cco\u028a\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6z \u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028ah\u026am, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz \u02c8o\u028anli \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n h\u026az n\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6z \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "According to Mandaean beliefs and scriptures including the Qolast\u0101, the Book of John and Genz\u0101 Rabb\u0101, Abel is cognate with the angelic soteriological figure Hibil Ziwa, (, sometimes translated \"Splendid Hibel\"), who is spoken of as a son of Hayyi or of Manda d-Hayyi, and as a brother to Anush (Enosh) and to Sheetil (Seth), who is the son of Adam.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u00e6nd\u02c8i\u0259n b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0fs \u00e6nd sk\u0279\u02c8\u026apt\u0283\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u00e6st\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bnz\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6b\u0259, \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u026az k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261ne\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u00e6nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bl\u026ak so\u028at\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025a h\u02c8\u026ab\u026al z\u02c8i\u02d0w\u0259,, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \"spl\u02c8\u025bnd\u026ad h\u02c8\u026ab\u0259l\", h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u02c8e\u026aji \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259 d\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8e\u026aji, \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u0250 b\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6n\u028c\u0283 \u02c8i\u02d0n\u0251\u02d0\u0283 \u00e6nd t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026al s\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m."}, {"text": "Elsewhere, Anush is spoken of as the son of Sheetil, and Sheetil as the son of Hibil, where Hibil came to Adam and Eve as a young boy when they were still virgins, but was called their son.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025blsw\u025b\u0279, \u02c8\u00e6n\u028c\u0283 \u026az sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u028cv \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026al, \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026al \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv h\u02c8\u026ab\u026al, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u026ab\u026al k\u02c8e\u026am t\u028a \u02c8\u00e6d\u0259m \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0v \u00e6z \u0250 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b b\u02c8\u0254\u026a w\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 st\u02c8\u026al v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u026anz, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "As Yawar Hibil, he is one of multiple figures known as Yawar (), being so named by and after his father.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z j\u02c8\u00e6w\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8\u026ab\u026al, hi\u02d0 \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv m\u02cc\u028clt\u026ap\u0259l f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z j\u02c8\u00e6w\u0254\u02d0\u0279, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b s\u02cco\u028a n\u02c8e\u026amd ba\u026a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "According to Shi'a Muslim belief, Abel (\"Habeel\") is buried in the Nabi Habeel Mosque, located on the west mountains of Damascus, near the Zabadani Valley, overlooking the villages of the Barada river (Wadi Barada), in Syria.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026a\u0259 m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f, \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l\"h\u02c8\u00e6bi\u02d0l\"\u026az b\u02c8\u025b\u0279id \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6ba\u026a h\u02c8\u00e6bi\u02d0l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sk, lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u028cv d\u0250m\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259s, n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 z\u02cc\u00e6b\u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni v\u02c8\u00e6li, \u02cco\u028av\u025al\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u00e6\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0di b\u00e6\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259, \u026an s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Road Warrior Animal or Animal, ring names of American professional wrestler Joseph Michael Laurinaitis (1960\u20132020)", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l, \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b n\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bsl\u025a d\u0292\u02c8o\u028as\u0259f m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0259l l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026an\u02cce\u026a\u027eiz n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025bnti"}, {"text": "Animal (2005 film), an American direct-to-video action drama film starring Ving Rhames and Terrance Howard", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av f\u02c8\u026alm, \u0250n \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktt\u0259v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u02c8\u00e6k\u0283\u0259n d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 f\u02c8\u026alm st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b v\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8e\u026amz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259ns h\u02c8a\u028a\u025ad"}, {"text": "It is the only living species of the order Tubulidentata, although other prehistoric species and genera of Tubulidentata are known.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u02ccu\u02d0bj\u028al\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u02cci\u02d0h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u028cv t\u02ccu\u02d0bj\u028al\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "Unlike most other insectivores, it has a long snout, similar to that of a pig, which is used to sniff out food.", "phonemes": "\u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u026ans\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av\u02cco\u02d0\u0279z, \u026at h\u0250z \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b sn\u02c8a\u028at, s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 sn\u02c8\u026af \u02c8a\u028at f\u02c8u\u02d0d."}, {"text": "The aardvark is found over much of the southern two-thirds of the African continent, avoiding areas that are mainly rocky.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az f\u02c8a\u028and \u02cco\u028av\u025a m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an t\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt, \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026anli \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ki."}, {"text": "A nocturnal feeder, it subsists on ants and termites, which it will dig out of their hills using its sharp claws and powerful legs.", "phonemes": "\u0250 n\u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a, \u026at s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026asts \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6nts \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026at w\u026al d\u02c8\u026a\u0261 \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u026alz j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026ats \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00e6nd p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z."}, {"text": "The aardvark is sometimes colloquially called the \"African ant bear\", \"anteater\" (not to be confused with the South American anteaters), or the \"Cape anteater\" after the Cape of Good Hope.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028akw\u026a\u0259li k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 \"\u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6nt b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\", \"\u02c8\u00e6nti\u02d0\u027e\u025a\" n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t t\u0259bi k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0zd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6nti\u02d0\u027e\u025az, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 \"k\u02c8e\u026ap \u02c8\u00e6nti\u02d0\u027e\u025a\" \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026ap \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u028ad h\u02c8o\u028ap."}, {"text": "The name \"aardvark\" is Afrikaans (), comes from earlier Afrikaans  and means \"earth pig\" or \"ground pig\" (aarde: \"earth\", vark: \"pig\", or \"young pig\"/child), because of its burrowing habits.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \"\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\" \u026az \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nz, k\u02c8\u028cmz f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nz \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \"\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261\" \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and p\u02c8\u026a\u0261\" \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d: \"\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8\", v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k: \"p\u02c8\u026a\u0261\", \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"j\u02c8\u028c\u014b p\u02c8\u026a\u0261\"sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ald, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u026ats b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ats."}, {"text": "The aardvark is not closely related to the pig; rather, it is the sole extant representative of the obscure mammalian order Tubulidentata, in which it is usually considered to form one variable species of the genus Orycteropus, the sole surviving genus in the family Orycteropodidae.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u026a\u0261; \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al \u025bkst\u02c8\u00e6nt \u0279\u02cc\u025bp\u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0259bskj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 m\u00e6m\u02c8e\u026ali\u0259n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u02ccu\u02d0bj\u028al\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u027e \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m w\u02c8\u028cn v\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0259b\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259s, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028al s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259d\u02cc\u026adi\u02d0."}, {"text": "The aardvark is not closely related to the South American anteater, despite sharing some characteristics and a superficial resemblance.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t kl\u02c8o\u028asli \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6nti\u02d0\u027e\u025a, d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02cc\u028cm k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u00e6nd \u0250 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmbl\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Along with sirenians, hyraxes, elephants, and their extinct relatives, these animals form the superorder Afrotheria.", "phonemes": "\u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8a\u026a\u025ani\u0259nz, h\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u00e6ks\u1d7bz, \u02c8\u025bl\u026af\u0259nts, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz, \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6f\u0279o\u028a\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Based on fossils, Bryan Patterson has concluded that early relatives of the aardvark appeared in Africa around the end of the Paleocene.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259lz, b\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025as\u0259n h\u0250z k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cce\u026ali\u02d0o\u028as\u02c8i\u02d0n."}, {"text": "The ptolemaiidans, a mysterious clade of mammals with uncertain affinities, may actually be stem-aardvarks, either as a sister clade to Tubulidentata or as a grade leading to true tubulidentates.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028alma\u026a\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nz, \u0250 m\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s kl\u02c8e\u026ad \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz w\u026a\u00f0 \u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u0250f\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027eiz, m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li bi\u02d0 st\u02c8\u025bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks, \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u026ast\u025a kl\u02c8e\u026ad t\u0259 t\u02ccu\u02d0bj\u028al\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0bj\u028al\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nt\u02cce\u026ats."}, {"text": "The first unambiguous tubulidentate was probably Myorycteropus africanus from Kenyan Miocene deposits.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cn\u00e6mb\u02c8\u026a\u0261ju\u02d0\u0259s t\u02c8u\u02d0bj\u028al\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nt\u02cce\u026at w\u028cz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli m\u02c8a\u026ao\u02d0\u0279\u02cc\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259s \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259s f\u0279\u028cm k\u02c8\u025bnj\u0259n m\u026a\u02c8o\u028asi\u02d0n d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats."}, {"text": "The earliest example from the genus Orycteropus was Orycteropus mauritanicus, found in Algeria in deposits from the middle Miocene, with an equally old version found in Kenya.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u0259s \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259s w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259s m\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259s, f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an \u00e6ld\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259 \u026an d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l m\u026a\u02c8o\u028asi\u02d0n, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259li \u02c8o\u028ald v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an k\u02c8\u025bnj\u0259."}, {"text": "Fossils from the aardvark have been dated to 5 million years, and have been located throughout Europe and the Near East.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259lz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k h\u0250vb\u026an d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u00e6nd h\u0250vb\u026an lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "The mysterious Pleistocene Plesiorycteropus from Madagascar was originally thought to be a tubulidentate that was descended from ancestors that entered the island during the Eocene.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s pl\u02c8\u025bsto\u028as\u02cci\u02d0n pl\u02c8i\u02d0z\u026a\u0279\u02cc\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259s f\u0279\u028cm m\u02cc\u00e6d\u0259\u0261\u02c8\u00e6sk\u025a w\u028cz \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259bi \u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0bj\u028al\u02cc\u026ad\u0259nt\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028cz d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6ns\u025bst\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bnt\u025ad \u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0\u0259s\u02cci\u02d0n."}, {"text": "However, a number of subtle anatomical differences coupled with recent molecular evidence now lead researchers to believe that Plesiorycteropus is a relative of golden moles and tenrecs that achieved an aardvark-like appearance and ecological niche through convergent evolution.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u028c\u027e\u0259l \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak\u0259l d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz k\u02c8\u028cp\u0259ld w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns n\u02c8a\u028a l\u02c8i\u02d0d \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u025az t\u0259 b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u00e6t pl\u02c8i\u02d0z\u026a\u0279\u02cc\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u0259s \u026az \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cv \u0261\u02c8o\u028ald\u0259n m\u02c8o\u028alz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bn\u0279\u025bks \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279kl\u02c8a\u026ak \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bk\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l n\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nt \u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The front feet have lost the pollex (or 'thumb'), resulting in four toes, while the rear feet have all five toes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt f\u02c8i\u02d0t h\u00e6v l\u02c8\u0254st \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025bks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u028cm, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8o\u028az, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0t h\u00e6v \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8o\u028az."}, {"text": "Each toe bears a large, robust nail which is somewhat flattened and shovel-like, and appears to be intermediate between a claw and a hoof.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u02c8o\u028a b\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292, \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u028cst n\u02c8e\u026al w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmw\u028ct fl\u02c8\u00e6\u0294n\u0329d \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u028cv\u0259ll\u02c8a\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z t\u0259bi \u02cc\u026ant\u025am\u02c8i\u02d0di\u0259t b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0250 kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u0250 h\u02c8u\u02d0f."}, {"text": "A contributing characteristic to the burrow digging capabilities of aardvarks is an endosteal tissue called compacted coarse cancellous bone (CCCB).", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028a d\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u026a\u014b k\u02cce\u026ap\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027eiz \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u025bndo\u028ast\u02cci\u0259l t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld k\u0259mp\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s k\u02c8\u00e6ns\u0259l\u0259s b\u02c8o\u028an s\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "The stress and strain resistance provided by CCCB allows aardvarks to create their burrows, ultimately leading to a favourable environment for plants and a variety of animals.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd ba\u026a s\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028az, \u02c8\u028clt\u1d7bm\u0259tli l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 f\u02c8e\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 pl\u02c8\u00e6nts \u00e6nd \u0250 v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz."}, {"text": "An aardvark's length is usually between , and can reach lengths of  when its tail (which can be up to ) is taken into account.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n , \u00e6nd k\u00e6n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 l\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8s \u028cv w\u025bn \u026ats t\u02c8e\u026al w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a \u026az t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant."}, {"text": "The greatly elongated head is set on a short, thick neck, and the end of the snout bears a disc, which houses the nostrils.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli \u02c8i\u02d0l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u025bd \u026az s\u02c8\u025bt \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279t, \u03b8\u02c8\u026ak n\u02c8\u025bk, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sn\u02c8a\u028at b\u02c8\u025b\u0279z \u0250 d\u02c8\u026ask, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u02c8a\u028az\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0279\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Instead of having a pulp cavity, each tooth has a cluster of thin, hexagonal, upright, parallel tubes of vasodentin (a modified form of dentine), with individual pulp canals, held together by cementum.", "phonemes": "\u026anst\u02c8\u025bd \u028cv h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250 p\u02c8\u028clp k\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7b\u027ei, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 t\u02c8u\u02d0\u03b8 h\u0250z \u0250 kl\u02c8\u028cst\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u026an, h\u02c8\u025bks\u0250\u0261\u0259n\u0259l, \u02c8\u028cp\u0279a\u026at, p\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259l\u02cc\u025bl t\u02c8u\u02d0bz \u028cv v\u02c8\u00e6so\u028ad\u02cc\u025bnt\u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u028cv d\u02c8\u025bnti\u02d0n, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l p\u02c8\u028clp k\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6lz, h\u02c8\u025bld t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a ba\u026a s\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259m."}, {"text": "The aardvark is born with conventional incisors and canines at the front of the jaw, which fall out and are not replaced.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n w\u026a\u00f0 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026ans\u02c8a\u026az\u025az \u00e6nd k\u02c8e\u026ana\u026anz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8a\u028at \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8e\u026ast."}, {"text": "Adult aardvarks have only cheek teeth at the back of the jaw, and have a dental formula of:  These remaining teeth are peg-like and rootless and are of unique composition.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8\u028clt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks h\u00e6v \u02c8o\u028anli t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6k \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u00e6nd h\u00e6v \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mj\u028al\u0259 \u028cv:  \u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025b\u0261l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0tl\u0259s \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The nasal area of the aardvark is another unique area, as it contains ten nasal conchae, more than any other placental mammal.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026az\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a ju\u02d0n\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u00e6z \u026at k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026anz t\u02c8\u025bn n\u02c8e\u026az\u0259l k\u0259\u014bk\u02c8i\u02d0, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a pl\u0259s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259l."}, {"text": "The fleshy dividing tissue between its nostrils probably has sensory functions, but it is uncertain whether they are olfactory or vibratory in nature.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 fl\u02c8\u025b\u0283i d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u026a\u0283u\u02d0 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u026ats n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0st\u0279\u0259lz p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli h\u0250z s\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279i f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026a\u027e \u026az \u028cns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0251\u02d0lf\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279e\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u026an n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "Its nose is made up of more turbinate bones than any other mammal, with between 9 and 11, compared to dogs with 4 to 5.", "phonemes": "\u026ats n\u02c8o\u028az \u026az m\u02cce\u026ad \u02cc\u028cp \u028cv m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8o\u028anz \u00f0\u0250n \u02cc\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av."}, {"text": "With a large quantity of turbinate bones, the aardvark has more space for the moist epithelium, which is the location of the olfactory bulb.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at b\u02c8o\u028anz, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k h\u0250z m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8e\u026as f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast \u02cc\u025bp\u026a\u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0li\u0259m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0lf\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i b\u02c8\u028clb."}, {"text": "Its keen sense of smell is not just from the quantity of bulbs in the nose but also in the development of the brain, as its olfactory lobe is very developed.", "phonemes": "\u026ats k\u02c8i\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv sm\u02c8\u025bl \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 kw\u02c8\u0254nt\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv b\u02c8\u028clbz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028az b\u02cc\u028ct \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8e\u026an, \u00e6z \u026ats \u0251\u02d0lf\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i l\u02c8o\u028ab \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt."}, {"text": "The aardvark has a long, thin, snakelike, protruding tongue (as much as  long) and elaborate structures supporting a keen sense of smell.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k h\u0250z \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, \u03b8\u02c8\u026an, sn\u02c8e\u026akla\u026ak, p\u0279\u0259t\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u00e6z m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6z l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd \u1d7bl\u02c8\u00e6b\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026at st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250 k\u02c8i\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bns \u028cv sm\u02c8\u025bl."}, {"text": "The aardvark's stomach has a muscular pyloric area that acts as a gizzard to grind swallowed food up, thereby rendering chewing unnecessary.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks st\u02c8\u028cm\u0259k h\u0250z \u0250 m\u02c8\u028cskj\u028al\u025a pa\u026al\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u00e6kts \u00e6z \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u026az\u025ad t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u026and sw\u02c8\u0254lo\u028ad f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u028cp, \u00f0\u025b\u0279b\u02c8a\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u028cnn\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Its salivary glands are highly developed and almost completely ring the neck; their output is what causes the tongue to maintain its tackiness.", "phonemes": "\u026ats s\u02c8\u00e6l\u026av\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ali d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bk; \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at \u026az w\u028ct k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028c\u014b t\u0259 me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an \u026ats t\u02c8\u00e6kin\u0259s."}, {"text": "Genetically speaking, the aardvark is a living fossil, as its chromosomes are highly conserved, reflecting much of the early eutherian arrangement before the divergence of the major modern taxa.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az \u0250 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l, \u00e6z \u026ats k\u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259s\u02cco\u028amz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 h\u02c8a\u026ali k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd, \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkt\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li ju\u02d0\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292m\u0259nt b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an t\u02c8\u00e6ks\u0259."}, {"text": "Aardvarks are found in sub-Saharan Africa, where suitable habitat (savannas, grasslands, woodlands and bushland) and food (i.e., ants and termites) is available.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an s\u02c8\u028cbs\u02c8\u00e6h\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259b\u0259l h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6t s\u00e6v\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259z, \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sl\u0259ndz, w\u02c8\u028adl\u0259ndz \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u028a\u0283l\u0259nd \u00e6nd f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0., \u02c8\u00e6nts \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats \u026az \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l."}, {"text": "The only major habitat that they are not present in is swamp forest, as the high water table precludes digging to a sufficient depth.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u02cc\u00e6t \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u026an \u026az sw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mp f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a t\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l p\u0279\u026akl\u02c8u\u02d0dz d\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250 s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt d\u02c8\u025bp\u03b8."}, {"text": "They are present throughout sub-Saharan Africa all the way to South Africa with few exceptions including the coastal areas of Namibia, Ivory Coast, and Ghana.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at s\u02c8\u028cbs\u02c8\u00e6h\u00e6\u0279\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026a t\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 fj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u025bks\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv n\u00e6m\u02c8\u026abi\u0259, \u02c8a\u026av\u025a\u0279i k\u02c8o\u028ast, \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259."}, {"text": "Its keen hearing warns it of predators: lions, leopards, cheetahs, African wild dogs, hyenas, and pythons.", "phonemes": "\u026ats k\u02c8i\u02d0n h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nz \u026a\u027e \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az: l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nz, l\u02c8\u025bp\u025adz, t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259z, \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n w\u02c8a\u026ald d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261z, ha\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259z, \u00e6nd p\u02c8a\u026a\u03b8\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Aardvarks can dig fast or run in zigzag fashion to elude enemies, but if all else fails, they will strike with their claws, tail and shoulders, sometimes flipping onto their backs lying motionless except to lash out with all four feet.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks k\u00e6n d\u02c8\u026a\u0261 f\u02c8\u00e6st \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u028cn \u026an z\u02c8\u026a\u0261z\u00e6\u0261 f\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n t\u028a \u1d7bl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u025bn\u0259miz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026af \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bls f\u02c8e\u026alz, \u00f0e\u026a w\u026al st\u0279\u02c8a\u026ak w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z, t\u02c8e\u026al \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8o\u028ald\u025az, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz fl\u02c8\u026ap\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6ks l\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259nl\u0259s \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt t\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8a\u028at w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0t."}, {"text": "The aardvark is nocturnal and is a solitary creature that feeds almost exclusively on ants and termites (myrmecophagy); the only fruit eaten by aardvarks is the aardvark cucumber.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az n\u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u00e6nd \u026az \u0250 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8i\u02d0dz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026avli \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u00e6nts \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats m\u02c8\u026a\u0259m\u02cc\u025bk\u0259f\u02cc\u00e6d\u0292i; \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t \u02c8i\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k kj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u028cmb\u025a."}, {"text": "In fact, the cucumber and the aardvark have a symbiotic relationship as they eat the subterranean fruit, then defecate the seeds near their burrows, which then grow rapidly due to the loose soil and fertile nature of the area.", "phonemes": "\u026an f\u02c8\u00e6kt, \u00f0\u0259 kj\u02c8u\u02d0k\u028cmb\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k h\u00e6v \u0250 s\u02cc\u026amba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0t \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u028cbt\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn d\u02c8\u025bf\u026ak\u02cce\u026at \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0dz n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028az, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8u\u02d0s s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "The time spent in the intestine of the aardvark helps the fertility of the seed, and the fruit provides needed moisture for the aardvark.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am sp\u02c8\u025bnt \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u025bst\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k h\u02c8\u025blps \u00f0\u0259 f\u025c\u02d0t\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0d, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026adz n\u02c8i\u02d0d\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast\u0283\u025a f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k."}, {"text": "An aardvark emerges from its burrow in the late afternoon or shortly after sunset, and forages over a considerable home range encompassing .", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028a \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u00e6ft\u025an\u02c8u\u02d0n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0283\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279tli \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u02c8\u028cns\u025bt, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l h\u02c8o\u028am \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u026a\u014b ."}, {"text": "While foraging for food, the aardvark will keep its nose to the ground and its ears pointed forward, which indicates that both smell and hearing are involved in the search for food.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8u\u02d0d, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k w\u026al k\u02c8i\u02d0p \u026ats n\u02c8o\u028az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6nd \u026ats \u02c8\u026a\u0279z p\u02c8\u0254\u026ant\u1d7bd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279w\u025ad, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 sm\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026anv\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lvd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8u\u02d0d."}, {"text": "They zig-zag as they forage and will usually not repeat a route for 5\u20138 days as they appear to allow time for the termite nests to recover before feeding on it again.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a z\u02c8\u026a\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u00e6nd w\u026al j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0250 \u0279\u02c8a\u028at f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8e\u026at d\u02c8e\u026az \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a t\u02c8a\u026am f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026at n\u02c8\u025bsts t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cv\u025a b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u026a\u027e \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "During a foraging period, they will stop to dig a \"V\" shaped trench with their forefeet and then sniff it profusely as a means to explore their location.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00f0e\u026a w\u026al st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026a\u0261 \u02c8e\u026a \"v\u02c8i\u02d0\" \u0283\u02c8e\u026apt t\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283 w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279fi\u02d0t \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn sn\u02c8\u026af \u026at p\u0279\u0259fj\u02c8u\u02d0zli \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8i\u02d0nz t\u028a \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "When a concentration of ants or termites is detected, the aardvark digs into it with its powerful front legs, keeping its long ears upright to listen for predators, and takes up an astonishing number of insects with its long, sticky tongue\u2014as many as 50,000 in one night have been recorded.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u0250 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8\u00e6nts \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats \u026az d\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k d\u02c8\u026a\u0261z \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u026at w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats p\u02c8a\u028a\u025af\u0259l f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z, k\u02c8i\u02d0p\u026a\u014b \u026ats l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u028cp\u0279a\u026at t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026as\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az, \u00e6nd t\u02c8e\u026aks \u02cc\u028cp \u0250n \u0250st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026a\u0283\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, st\u02c8\u026aki t\u02c8\u028c\u014b\u2014\u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bni \u00e6z f\u02c8\u026afti,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn n\u02c8a\u026at h\u0250vb\u026an \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "When successful, the aardvark's long (up to ) tongue licks up the insects; the termites' biting, or the ants' stinging attacks are rendered futile by the tough skin.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a t\u02c8\u028c\u014b l\u02c8\u026aks \u02cc\u028cp \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts; \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats b\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nts st\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u026a\u014b \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6ks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8\u025bnd\u025ad fj\u02c8u\u02d0\u027e\u0259l ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028cf sk\u02c8\u026an."}, {"text": "Termite mounds alone do not provide enough food for the aardvark, so they look for termites that are on the move.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026at m\u02c8a\u028andz \u0250l\u02c8o\u028an du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u026an\u02c8\u028cf f\u02c8u\u02d0d f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a l\u02c8\u028ak f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v."}, {"text": "When these insects move, they can form columns  long and these tend to provide easy pickings with little effort exerted by the aardvark.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn \u00f0i\u02d0z \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts m\u02c8u\u02d0v, \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u028cmz l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8i\u02d0zi p\u02c8\u026ak\u026a\u014bz w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u025bf\u025at \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k."}, {"text": "The trampled grass and dung attract termites from the Odontotermes, Microtermes, and Pseudacanthotermes genera.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259ld \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ad\u0254nt\u02cco\u028a\u027e\u025amz, m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028at\u02cc\u025c\u02d0mz, \u00e6nd sj\u02c8u\u02d0d\u0250k\u02cc\u00e6n\u03b8o\u028a\u027e\u025amz d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "On a nightly basis they tend to be more active during the first portion of night (roughly the four hours between 8:00p.m. and 12:00a.m.); however, they do not seem to prefer bright or dark nights over the other.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026atli b\u02c8e\u026as\u026as \u00f0e\u026a t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259bi m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u02c8a\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u025az b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026at:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bm. \u00e6nd tw\u02c8\u025blv:z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8e\u026a.\u02c8\u025bm.; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0e\u026a du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259 p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 b\u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k n\u02c8a\u026ats \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a."}, {"text": "They cover between  per night; however, some studies have shown that they may traverse as far as  in a night.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n p\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026at; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02cc\u028cm st\u02c8\u028cdiz h\u00e6v \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8e\u026a t\u0279\u0250v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z \u026an \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "Aardvarks shift their circadian rhythms to more diurnal activity patterns in response to a reduced food supply.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u0283\u02c8\u026aft \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u025c\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u00f0\u0259mz t\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026a\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025anz \u026an \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u028a \u0250 \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0st f\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "However, it does make soft grunting sounds as it forages and loud grunts as it makes for its tunnel entrance.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u026at d\u02c8\u028cz m\u02cce\u026ak s\u02c8\u0254ft \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt\u026a\u014b s\u02c8a\u028andz \u00e6z \u026at f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd l\u02c8a\u028ad \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u028cnts \u00e6z \u026at m\u02cce\u026aks f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026ats t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259ns."}, {"text": "The aardvark is known to be a good swimmer and has been witnessed successfully swimming in strong currents.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259bi \u0250 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad sw\u02c8\u026am\u025a \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n w\u02c8\u026atn\u0259st s\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259li sw\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u014b \u026an st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nts."}, {"text": "When leaving the burrow at night, they pause at the entrance for about ten minutes, sniffing and listening.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn l\u02c8i\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028a \u00e6t n\u02c8a\u026at, \u00f0e\u026a p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259ns f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u026an\u026ats, sn\u02c8\u026af\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026as\u0259n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "It will then pause, prick its ears, twisting its head to listen, then jump and move off to start foraging.", "phonemes": "\u026at w\u026al \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn p\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z, p\u0279\u02c8\u026ak \u026ats \u02c8\u026a\u0279z, tw\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u026ats h\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026as\u0259n, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn d\u0292\u02c8\u028cmp \u00e6nd m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u02c8\u0254f t\u0259 st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Aside from digging out ants and termites, the aardvark also excavates burrows in which to live, which generally fall into one of three categories: burrows made while foraging, refuge and resting location, and permanent homes.", "phonemes": "\u0250s\u02c8a\u026ad f\u0279\u028cm d\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u026a\u014b \u02c8a\u028at \u02c8\u00e6nts \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u02c8\u025bksk\u0259v\u02cce\u026ats b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028az \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279iz: b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028az m\u02cce\u026ad w\u02cca\u026al f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259n\u0259nt h\u02c8o\u028amz."}, {"text": "Temporary sites are scattered around the home range and are used as refuges, while the main burrow is also used for breeding.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8a\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sk\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025ad \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028am \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8\u025bfju\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz, w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028a \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a j\u02c8u\u02d0zd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The aardvark changes the layout of its home burrow regularly, and periodically moves on and makes a new one.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026aa\u028at \u028cv \u026ats h\u02c8o\u028am b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028a \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u025ali, \u00e6nd p\u02cci\u0259\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026akli m\u02c8u\u02d0vz \u02cc\u0254n \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026aks \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02cc\u028cn."}, {"text": "As they are vacated, then they are inhabited by smaller animals like the African wild dog, ant-eating chat, Nycteris thebaica and warthogs.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8e\u026ake\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz l\u02c8a\u026ak \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n w\u02c8a\u026ald d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261, \u02c8\u00e6nt\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6t, n\u02c8\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u026as \u00f0\u0259b\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279th\u0251\u02d0\u0261z."}, {"text": "Only mothers and young share burrows; however, the aardvark is known to live in small family groups or as a solitary creature.", "phonemes": "\u02c8o\u028anli m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028az; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av \u026an sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i k\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "If attacked in the tunnel, it will escape by digging out of the tunnel thereby placing the fresh fill between it and its predator, or if it decides to fight it will roll onto its back, and attack with its claws.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6kt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l, \u026at w\u026al \u025bsk\u02c8e\u026ap ba\u026a d\u02c8\u026a\u0261\u026a\u014b \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u028cn\u0259l \u00f0\u025b\u0279b\u02c8a\u026a pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283 f\u02c8\u026al b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u026at \u00e6nd \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026af \u026at d\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026adz t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026at \u026at w\u026al \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u026ats b\u02c8\u00e6k, \u00e6nd \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6k w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats kl\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The aardvark has been known to sleep in a recently excavated ant nest, which also serves as protection from its predators.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 sl\u02c8i\u02d0p \u026an \u0250 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli \u02c8\u025bksk\u0259v\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6nt n\u02c8\u025bst, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vz \u00e6z p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u0259\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "Aardvarks pair only during the breeding season; after a gestation period of seven months, one cub weighing around  is born during May\u2013July.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks p\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n; \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250 d\u0292\u025bst\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s, w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8\u028cb w\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u026az b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026a d\u0292u\u02d0l\u02c8a\u026a."}, {"text": "It is able to leave the burrow to accompany its mother after only two weeks and eats termites at 9\u00a0weeks, and is weaned between three months and 16\u00a0weeks.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 l\u02c8i\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028a t\u028a \u0250k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259ni \u026ats m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u02c8o\u028anli t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0ts t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats \u00e6t n\u02c8a\u026an w\u02c8i\u02d0ks, \u00e6nd \u026az w\u02c8i\u02d0nd b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n w\u02c8i\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "At six months of age, it is able to dig its own burrows, but it will often remain with the mother until the next mating season, and is sexually mature from approximately two years of age.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292, \u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 d\u02c8\u026a\u0261 \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279o\u028az, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026at w\u026al \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026an w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst m\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026az s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li m\u0259t\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli t\u02c8u\u02d0 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u028cv \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292."}, {"text": "Aardvarks were thought to have declining numbers, however, this is possibly because they are not readily seen.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks w\u025c\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 h\u00e6v d\u1d7bkl\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u026as \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u1d7bbli b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8\u025bdili s\u02c8i\u02d0n."}, {"text": "There are no definitive counts because of their nocturnal and secretive habits; however, their numbers seem to be stable overall.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u026an\u026at\u02cc\u026av k\u02c8a\u028ants b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u00e6nd s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ats; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az s\u02c8i\u02d0m t\u0259bi st\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "They are not considered common anywhere in Africa, but due to their large range, they maintain sufficient numbers.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u02c8\u025bn\u026aw\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u00f0e\u026a me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az."}, {"text": "However, they are a species in a precarious situation, as they are so dependent on such specific food; therefore if a problem arises with the abundance of termites, the species as a whole would be affected drastically.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026an \u0250 p\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cco\u028a d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt \u02cc\u0254n s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak f\u02c8u\u02d0d; \u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279 \u026af \u0250 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259m \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259ns \u028cv t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats, \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u00e6z \u0250 h\u02c8o\u028al w\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250f\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u026akli."}, {"text": "Recent research suggests that aardvarks may be particularly vulnerable to alterations in temperature caused by climate change.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u028a \u02cc\u0254lt\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0zd ba\u026a kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292."}, {"text": "Droughts negatively impact the availability of termites and ants, which comprise the bulk of an aardvark's diet.", "phonemes": "d\u0279\u02c8a\u028ats n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u00f0\u026a \u0250v\u02cce\u026al\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6nts, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028clk \u0259v\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t."}, {"text": "Nocturnal species faced with resource scarcity may increase their diurnal activity to spare the energy costs of staying warm at night, but this comes at the cost of withstanding high temperatures during the day.", "phonemes": "n\u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z f\u02c8e\u026asd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s sk\u02c8\u025b\u0279s\u1d7b\u027ei m\u02c8e\u026a \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u026a\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i k\u02c8\u0254sts \u028cv st\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u00e6t n\u02c8a\u026at, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u026as k\u02c8\u028cmz \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254st \u028cv w\u026a\u00f0st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "A study on aardvarks in the Kalahari Desert saw that five out of six aardvarks being studied perished following a drought.", "phonemes": "\u0250 st\u02c8\u028cdi \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6l\u0250h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279i d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at s\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u00f0\u00e6t f\u02c8a\u026av \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b st\u02c8\u028cdid p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u0283t f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0250 d\u0279\u02c8a\u028at."}, {"text": "Aardvarks that survive droughts can take long periods of time to regain health and optimal thermoregulatory physiology, reducing the reproductive potential of the species.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279ks \u00f0\u00e6t s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av d\u0279\u02c8a\u028ats k\u00e6n t\u02c8e\u026ak l\u02c8\u0254\u014b p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259dz \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026an h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026am\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0261j\u028al\u0259t\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i f\u02cc\u026az\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u0279\u1d7bd\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u0279\u0259d\u02c8\u028ckt\u026av p\u0259t\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "In African folklore, the aardvark is much admired because of its diligent quest for food and its fearless response to soldier ants.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n f\u02c8o\u028aklo\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u026az m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250dm\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u026ats d\u02c8\u026al\u026ad\u0292\u0259nt kw\u02c8\u025bst f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00e6nd \u026ats f\u02c8\u026a\u0279l\u0259s \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns t\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028ald\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6nts."}, {"text": "Hausa magicians make a charm from the heart, skin, forehead, and nails of the aardvark, which they then proceed to pound together with the root of a certain tree.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0s\u0259 m\u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t, sk\u02c8\u026an, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279h\u025bd, \u00e6nd n\u02c8e\u026alz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn p\u0279\u0259s\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 p\u02c8a\u028and t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t \u0259v\u0259 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Wrapped in a piece of skin and worn on the chest, the charm is said to give the owner the ability to pass through walls or roofs at night.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u00e6pt \u026an \u0250 p\u02c8i\u02d0s \u028cv sk\u02c8\u026an \u00e6nd w\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279n \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025bst, \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u026az s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u026av \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028an\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u02c8\u026al\u0259\u027ei t\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6s \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0fs \u00e6t n\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "The charm is said to be used by burglars and those seeking to visit young girls without their parents' permission.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m \u026az s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259bi j\u02c8u\u02d0zd ba\u026a b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0261l\u025az \u00e6nd \u00f0o\u028az s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b t\u0259 v\u02c8\u026az\u026at j\u02c8\u028c\u014b \u0261\u02c8\u025c\u02d0lz w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259nts p\u025am\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Also, some tribes, such as the Margbetu, Ayanda, and Logo, will use aardvark teeth to make bracelets, which are regarded as good luck charms.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, s\u02cc\u028cm t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261b\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0, a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259, \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a\u0261o\u028a, w\u026al j\u02c8u\u02d0z \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak b\u0279\u02c8e\u026asl\u026ats, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00e6z \u0261\u02c8\u028ad l\u02c8\u028ck t\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279mz."}, {"text": "The ancient Egyptian god Set is usually depicted with the head of an unidentified animal, whose similarity to an aardvark has been noted in scholarship.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u026ap\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d s\u02c8\u025bt \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u026akt\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd \u0259v\u0259n \u02cc\u028cna\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l, h\u02ccu\u02d0z s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei t\u028a \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an sk\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap."}, {"text": "The titular character and his families from Arthur, an animated television series for children based on a book series and produced by WGBH, shown in more than 180 countries, is an aardvark.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u026at\u0283\u0259l\u025a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u00e6nd h\u026az f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026aliz f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u025a, \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7bv\u02cc\u026a\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 b\u02c8\u028ak s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a d\u02cc\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0b\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at\u0283, \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u026an m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k."}, {"text": "In the first book of the series, Arthur's Nose (1976), he has a long, aardvark-like nose, but in later books, his face becomes more rounded.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u025az n\u02c8o\u028az n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks, hi\u02d0 h\u0250z \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279kl\u02c8a\u026ak n\u02c8o\u028az, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a b\u02c8\u028aks, h\u026az f\u02c8e\u026as b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "An aardvark features as the antagonist in the cartoon The Ant and the Aardvark as well as in the Canadian animated series The Raccoons.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025az \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u00e6nt\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8u\u02d0n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6nt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u0250n\u02c8e\u026adi\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u026a\u0279iz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u00e6k\u02c8u\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "The supersonic fighter-bomber F-111/FB-111 was nicknamed the Aardvark because of its long nose resembling the animal.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025as\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u026ak f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025ab\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025bf w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cc\u025bfb\u02c8i\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n w\u028cz n\u02c8\u026akne\u026amd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u026ats l\u02c8\u0254\u014b n\u02c8o\u028az \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmbl\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l."}, {"text": "It also had similarities with its nocturnal missions flown at a very low level employing ordnance that could penetrate deep into the ground.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u00e6d s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats n\u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz fl\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6\u027e\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dn\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t k\u028ad p\u02c8\u025bn\u026at\u0279\u02cce\u026at d\u02c8i\u02d0p \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "The squadron mascot was adapted from the animal in the comic strip B.C., which the F-4 was said to resemble.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 skw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0279\u0259n m\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0251\u02d0t w\u028cz \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u1d7bd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak st\u0279\u02c8\u026ap b\u02c8i\u02d0.s\u02c8i\u02d0., w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bf f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 w\u028cz s\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259l."}, {"text": "The aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) is an insectivorous species of hyena, native to East and Southern Africa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259lz k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u026az \u0250n \u02cc\u026ans\u025bkt\u02c8\u026av\u025a\u0279\u0259s sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u028cv ha\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, n\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026av t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "It is also called the maanhaar-jackal (Afrikaans for \"mane-jackal\"), termite-eating hyena and civet hyena, based on its habit of secreting substances from its anal gland, a characteristic shared with the African civet.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \u00f0\u0259 m\u0251\u02d0nh\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"m\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u02c8\u00e6k\u0259l\", t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026at\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b ha\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t ha\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at \u028cv s\u1d7bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats \u02c8e\u026an\u0259l \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u0250 k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026av\u0259t."}, {"text": "It eats insects and their larvae, mainly termites; one aardwolf can lap up as many as 300,000 termites during a single night using its long, sticky tongue.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8i\u02d0ts \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0, m\u02c8e\u026anli t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats; w\u02c8\u028cn \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf k\u00e6n l\u02c8\u00e6p \u02cc\u028cp \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bni \u00e6z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l n\u02c8a\u026at j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u026ats l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, st\u02c8\u026aki t\u02c8\u028c\u014b."}, {"text": "The aardwolf lives in the shrublands of eastern and southern Africa \u2013 open lands covered with stunted trees and shrubs.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf l\u02c8a\u026avz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028cbl\u0259ndz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6ndz k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad w\u026a\u00f0 st\u02c8\u028cnt\u1d7bd t\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u00e6nd \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u028cbz."}, {"text": "The aardwolf is generally classified with the hyena family Hyaenidae, though it was formerly placed in its own family Protelidae.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf \u026az d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259li kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 ha\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali h\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0n\u02cc\u026adi\u02d0, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u026at w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025ali pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u026an \u026ats \u02c8o\u028an f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali p\u0279\u02c8o\u028atl\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0."}, {"text": "Early on, scientists felt that it was merely mimicking the striped hyena, which subsequently led to the creation of Protelidae.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8\u0254n, s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts f\u02c8\u025blt \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at w\u028cz m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li m\u02c8\u026am\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8a\u026apt ha\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv p\u0279\u02c8o\u028atl\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0."}, {"text": "Recent studies have suggested that the aardwolf probably diverged from other hyaenids early on; how early is still unclear, as the fossil record and genetic studies disagree by 10 million years.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt st\u02c8\u028cdiz h\u00e6v s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259bli da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292d f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0n\u02cc\u026adz \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8\u0254n; h\u02cca\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u026az st\u02c8\u026al \u028c\u014bkl\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad \u00e6nd d\u0292\u026an\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak st\u02c8\u028cdiz d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026a t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "There is disagreement as to whether the species is monotypic, or can be divided into subspecies P. c. cristatus of Southern Africa and P. c. septentrionalis of East Africa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az d\u02cc\u026as\u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt \u00e6z t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z \u026az m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028at\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02c8\u028cbspi\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0z p\u02c8i\u02d0. s\u02c8i\u02d0. k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u028cv s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd p\u02c8i\u02d0. s\u02c8i\u02d0. s\u02cc\u025bpt\u0259nt\u0279\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0liz \u028cv \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "A 2006 molecular analysis indicates that it is phylogenetically the most basal of the four extant hyaenidae species.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks m\u0259l\u02c8\u025bkj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u026az f\u02cca\u026alo\u028ad\u0292n\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026akli \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u00e6nt h\u02c8a\u026ai\u02d0n\u02cc\u026adi\u02d0 sp\u02c8i\u02d0si\u02d0z."}, {"text": "The generic name proteles comes from two words both of Greek origin, protos and teleos which combined means \"complete in front\" based on the fact that they have five toes on their front feet and four on the rear.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak n\u02c8e\u026am p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259lz k\u02c8\u028cmz f\u0279\u028cm t\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026an, p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027eo\u028az \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025bl\u1d7b\u02cco\u028az w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \"k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0t \u026an f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt\" b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6kt \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a h\u00e6v f\u02c8a\u026av t\u02c8o\u028az \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u0279\u02c8\u028cnt f\u02c8i\u02d0t \u00e6nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "The specific name, cristatus, comes from Latin and means \"provided with a comb\", relating to their mane.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak n\u02c8e\u026am, k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u00e6\u027e\u0259s, k\u02c8\u028cmz f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u00e6t\u026an \u00e6nd m\u02c8i\u02d0nz \"p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 k\u02c8o\u028am\", \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "The aardwolf resembles a very thin striped hyena, but with a more slender muzzle, black vertical stripes on a coat of yellowish fur, and a long, distinct mane down the midline of the neck and back.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf \u0279\u1d7bz\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259lz \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u03b8\u02c8\u026an st\u0279\u02c8a\u026apt ha\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 sl\u02c8\u025bnd\u025a m\u02c8\u028cz\u0259l, bl\u02c8\u00e6k v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u026ak\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8a\u026aps \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 k\u02c8o\u028at \u028cv j\u02c8\u025blo\u028a\u026a\u0283 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0, \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt m\u02c8e\u026an d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026adla\u026an \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bk \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u00e6k."}, {"text": "It also has one or two diagonal stripes down the fore- and hind-quarters, along with several stripes on its legs.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u0250z w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 da\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0259n\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8a\u026aps d\u02cca\u028an \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd h\u02c8a\u026andkw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025az, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8a\u026aps \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats l\u02c8\u025b\u0261z."}, {"text": "The aardwolf is about  long, excluding its bushy tail, which is about  long, and stands about  tall at the shoulders.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf \u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026ats b\u02c8\u028a\u0283i t\u02c8e\u026al, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u0250b\u02cca\u028at l\u02c8\u0254\u014b, \u00e6nd st\u02c8\u00e6ndz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at t\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u00e6t \u00f0\u0259 \u0283\u02c8o\u028ald\u025az."}, {"text": "The aardwolves in the south of the continent tend to be smaller (about ) than the eastern version (around ).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alvz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt t\u02c8\u025bnd t\u0259bi sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an v\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "The skull is similar in shape to those of other hyenas, though much smaller, and its cheek teeth are specialised for eating insects.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u028cl \u026az s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap t\u0259 \u00f0o\u028az \u028cv \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a ha\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259z, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a, \u00e6nd \u026ats t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0k t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts."}, {"text": "It does still have canines, but, unlike other hyenas, these teeth are used primarily for fighting and defense.", "phonemes": "\u026at d\u02c8\u028cz st\u02c8\u026al h\u00e6v k\u02c8e\u026ana\u026anz, b\u02cc\u028ct, \u028cnl\u02c8a\u026ak \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a ha\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0n\u0259z, \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bns."}, {"text": "As an aardwolf ages, it will normally lose some of its teeth, though this has little impact on its feeding habits due to the softness of the insects that it eats.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u026at w\u026al n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li l\u02c8u\u02d0z s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u026ats t\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u026as h\u0250z l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats f\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u00e6b\u026ats d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254ftn\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts \u00f0\u02cc\u0250\u027e\u026at \u02c8i\u02d0ts."}, {"text": "Due to their specific food requirements, they are found only in regions where termites of the family Hodotermitidae occur.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nts, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8a\u028and \u02c8o\u028anli \u026an \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a\u027e\u025am\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u026ad\u02cci\u02d0 \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "Termites of this family depend on dead and withered grass and are most populous in heavily grazed grasslands and savannahs, including farmland.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats \u028cv \u00f0\u026as f\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ali d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd \u02cc\u0254n d\u02c8\u025bd \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026a\u00f0\u025ad \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u0259s \u026an h\u02c8\u025bvili \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026azd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sl\u0259ndz \u00e6nd s\u0250v\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259z, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ml\u0259nd."}, {"text": "For most of the year, aardwolves spend time in shared territories consisting of up to a dozen dens, which are occupied for six weeks at a time.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alvz sp\u02c8\u025bnd t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02cc\u028cp t\u028a \u0250 d\u02c8\u028cz\u0259n d\u02c8\u025bnz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026ad f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026aks w\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00e6\u027e\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am."}, {"text": "There are two distinct populations: one in Southern Africa, and another in East and Northeast Africa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz: w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6nd \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "They are primarily solitary animals, though during mating season they form monogamous pairs which occupy a territory with their young.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6n\u026am\u0259lz, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u00f0e\u026a f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m m\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0250m\u0259s p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026a \u0250 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 j\u02c8\u028c\u014b."}, {"text": "If the intruder is caught, which rarely happens, a fight will occur, which is accompanied by soft clucking, hoarse barking, and a type of roar.", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u026az k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279li h\u02c8\u00e6p\u0259nz, \u0250 f\u02c8a\u026at w\u026al \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u0250k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259nid ba\u026a s\u02c8\u0254ft kl\u02c8\u028ck\u026a\u014b, h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv \u0279\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "When food is scarce, the stringent territorial system may be abandoned and as many as three pairs may occupy a single territory.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026az sk\u02c8\u025b\u0279s, \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u026and\u0292\u0259nt t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd \u00e6nd \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bni \u00e6z \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279z m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0kj\u028ap\u02cca\u026a \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i."}, {"text": "The territory is marked by both sexes, as they both have developed anal glands from which they extrude a black substance that is smeared on rocks or grass stalks in -long streaks.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u026az m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt ba\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bks\u1d7bz, \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 h\u00e6v d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02c8e\u026an\u0259l \u0261l\u02c8\u00e6ndz f\u0279\u028cm w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u00f0e\u026a \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250 bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8\u028cbst\u0259ns \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az sm\u02c8\u026a\u0279d \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6s st\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ks \u026an l\u02c8\u0254\u014b st\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "If they are patrolling their territorial boundaries, the marking frequency increases drastically, to once every .", "phonemes": "\u026af \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0250t\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l b\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279iz, \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259nsi \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0s\u1d7bz d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6st\u026akli, t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cns \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i ."}, {"text": "Their dens are usually abandoned aardvark, springhare, or porcupine dens, or on occasion they are crevices in rocks.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bnz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li \u0250b\u02c8\u00e6nd\u0259nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, sp\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bh\u025b\u0279, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279kju\u02d0p\u02cca\u026an d\u02c8\u025bnz, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks."}, {"text": "They typically will only use one or two dens at a time, rotating through all of their dens every six months.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli w\u026al \u02c8o\u028anli j\u02c8u\u02d0z w\u02c8\u028cn \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u025bnz \u00e6\u027e\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am, \u0279o\u028at\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bnz \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s."}, {"text": "During the summer, they may rest outside their den during the night and sleep underground during the heat of the day.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a, \u00f0e\u026a m\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u025bst a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bn d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd sl\u02c8i\u02d0p \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Therefore, when threatened, the aardwolf may attempt to mislead its foe by doubling back on its tracks.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u025b\u0279fo\u02d0\u0279, w\u02cc\u025bn \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329d, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf m\u02c8e\u026a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bmpt t\u0259 m\u026asl\u02c8i\u02d0d \u026ats f\u02c8o\u028a ba\u026a d\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6k \u02cc\u0254n \u026ats t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ks."}, {"text": "In East Africa, they eat Trinervitermes bettonianus, in central Africa, they eat Trinervitermes rhodesiensis, and in southern Africa, they eat T. trinervoides.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0t t\u0279\u02c8a\u026an\u025av\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u025amz b\u02c8\u025b\u0294n\u0329\u02cci\u0259n\u0259s, \u026an s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0t t\u0279\u02c8a\u026an\u025av\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u025amz \u0279\u02cco\u028adi\u02d0z\u02c8i\u0259ns\u026as, \u00e6nd \u026an s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0t t\u02c8i\u02d0. t\u0279\u02c8a\u026an\u025av\u02cc\u0254\u026adz."}, {"text": "Their technique consists of licking them off the ground as opposed to the aardvark, which digs into the mound.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0k k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts \u028cv l\u02c8\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u00e6z \u0259p\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dv\u0251\u02d0\u0279k, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u02c8\u026a\u0261z \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028and."}, {"text": "They do not destroy the termite mound or consume the entire colony, thus ensuring that the termites can rebuild and provide a continuous supply of food.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026at m\u02c8a\u028and \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u0259ns\u02c8u\u02d0m \u00f0\u026a \u025bnt\u02c8a\u026a\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259ni, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats k\u00e6n \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u026ald \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a \u028cv f\u02c8u\u02d0d."}, {"text": "During certain seasonal events, such as the onset of the rainy season and the cold of midwinter, the primary termites become scarce, so the need for other foods becomes pronounced.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n\u0259l \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ani s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ald \u028cv m\u02c8\u026adw\u026ant\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm sk\u02c8\u025b\u0279s, s\u02cco\u028a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a f\u02c8u\u02d0dz b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz p\u0279\u0259n\u02c8a\u028anst."}, {"text": "During these times, the southern aardwolf will seek out Hodotermes mossambicus, a type of harvester termite active in the afternoon, which explains some of their diurnal behavior in the winter.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0i\u02d0z t\u02c8a\u026amz, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf w\u026al s\u02c8i\u02d0k \u02c8a\u028at h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a\u027e\u025amz m\u0254s\u02c8\u00e6mb\u026ak\u0259s, \u0250 t\u02c8a\u026ap \u028cv h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026ast\u025a t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026at \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6ft\u025an\u02c8u\u02d0n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025bkspl\u02c8e\u026anz s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8\u026a\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l b\u1d7bh\u02c8e\u026avj\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a."}, {"text": "The eastern aardwolf, during the rainy season, subsists on termites from the genera Odontotermes and Macrotermes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf, d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ani s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, s\u028cbs\u02c8\u026asts \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u02c8o\u028ad\u0254nt\u02cco\u028a\u027e\u025amz \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u0259\u027e\u025amz."}, {"text": "They are also known to feed on other insects, larvae, eggs, and, some sources say, occasionally small mammals and birds, but these constitute a very small percentage of their total diet.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0d \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkts, l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0, \u02c8\u025b\u0261z, \u00e6nd, s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz s\u02c8e\u026a, \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\u0259li sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l m\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259lz \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u0250 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l d\u02c8a\u026a\u0259t."}, {"text": "Contrary to popular myths, aardwolves do not eat carrion, and if they are seen eating while hunched over a dead carcass, they are actually eating larvae and beetles.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u025b\u0279i t\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a m\u02c8\u026a\u03b8s, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alvz du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8i\u02d0t k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u026af \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u02cca\u026al h\u02c8\u028cnt\u0283t \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u0259s, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li \u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vi\u02d0 \u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259lz."}, {"text": "Also, contrary to some sources, they do not like meat, unless it is finely ground or cooked for them.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u025b\u0279i t\u0259 s\u02cc\u028cm s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, \u00f0e\u026a du\u02d0n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8a\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0t, \u028cnl\u02c8\u025bs \u026a\u027e \u026az f\u02c8a\u026anli \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u028akt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "The adult aardwolf was formerly assumed to forage in small groups, but more recent research has shown that they are primarily solitary foragers, necessary because of the scarcity of their insect prey.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u028clt \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf w\u028cz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u025ali \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u026an sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 h\u0250z \u0283\u02c8o\u028an \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u025az, n\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bs\u025a\u0279i b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u025b\u0279s\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u026ans\u025bkt p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "While foraging, the aardwolf can cover about  per hour, which translates to  per summer night and  per winter night.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf k\u00e6n k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at p\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8a\u028a\u025a, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u0279\u00e6nsl\u02c8e\u026ats t\u0259 p\u025c\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a n\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd p\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8\u026ant\u025a n\u02c8a\u026at."}, {"text": "During the breeding season, unpaired male aardwolves search their own territory, as well as others, for a female to mate with.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n, \u028cnp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d m\u02c8e\u026al \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alvz s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az, f\u025a\u0279\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al t\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0."}, {"text": "Dominant males also mate opportunistically with the females of less dominant neighboring aardwolves, which can result in conflict between rival males.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt m\u02c8e\u026alz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a m\u02c8e\u026at \u0251\u02d0p\u025atu\u02d0n\u02c8\u026ast\u026akli w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz \u028cv l\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt n\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alvz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nfl\u026akt b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026alz."}, {"text": "Dominant males even go a step further and as the breeding season approaches, they make increasingly greater and greater incursions onto weaker males' territories.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt m\u02c8e\u026alz \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0261\u02cco\u028a \u0250 st\u02c8\u025bp f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz, \u00f0e\u026a m\u02cce\u026ak \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u014bk\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a w\u02c8i\u02d0k\u025a m\u02c8e\u026alz t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz."}, {"text": "As the female comes into oestrus, they add pasting to their tricks inside of the other territories, sometimes doing so more in rivals' territories than their own.", "phonemes": "\u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026al k\u02c8\u028cmz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u0279\u0259s, \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6d p\u02c8e\u026ast\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u026aks \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz, s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz d\u02ccu\u02d0\u026a\u014b s\u02cco\u028a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259lz t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an."}, {"text": "Females will also, when given the opportunity, mate with the dominant male, which increases the chances of the dominant male guarding \"his\" cubs with her.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8i\u02d0me\u026alz w\u026al \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, w\u02cc\u025bn \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u00f0\u026a \u0251\u02d0p\u025at\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei, m\u02c8e\u026at w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt m\u02c8e\u026al, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6ns\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt m\u02c8e\u026al \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b \"h\u02c8\u026az\" k\u02c8\u028cbz w\u026a\u00f0 h\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "Gestation lasts between 89 and 92 days, producing two to five cubs (most often two or three) during the rainy season (November\u2013December), when termites are more active.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u025bst\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n l\u02c8\u00e6sts b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an \u00e6nd n\u02c8a\u026anti t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8e\u026az, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av k\u02c8\u028cbz m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ani s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a, w\u02cc\u025bn t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av."}, {"text": "The male may spend up to six hours a night watching over the cubs while the mother is out looking for food.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026al m\u02c8e\u026a sp\u02c8\u025bnd \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8a\u028a\u025az \u0250 n\u02c8a\u026at w\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cbz w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u02c8a\u028at l\u02c8\u028ak\u026a\u014b f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8u\u02d0d."}, {"text": "After three months, they begin supervised foraging, and by four months are normally independent, though they often share a den with their mother until the next breeding season.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s, \u00f0e\u026a b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an s\u02c8u\u02d0p\u025av\u02cca\u026azd f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u026a\u014b, \u00e6nd ba\u026a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279m\u0259li \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259nt, \u00f0\u02cco\u028a \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bn w\u026a\u00f0 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst b\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259n."}, {"text": "They are not common throughout their range, as they maintain a density of no more than 1 per square kilometer, if food is abundant.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a me\u026ant\u02c8e\u026an \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025c\u02d0 skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 k\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025a, \u026af f\u02c8u\u02d0d \u026az \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt."}, {"text": "In some areas, they are persecuted because of the mistaken belief that they prey on livestock; however, they are actually beneficial to the farmers because they eat termites that are detrimental.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u026akj\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u026ast\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0f \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a p\u0279\u02c8e\u026a \u02cc\u0254n l\u02c8a\u026avst\u0251\u02d0k; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li b\u02cc\u025bn\u026af\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u00f0e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0t t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ma\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02cc\u025bt\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l."}, {"text": "In other areas, the farmers have recognized this, but they are still killed, on occasion, for their fur.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az h\u00e6v \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd \u00f0\u02c8\u026as, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al k\u02c8\u026ald, \u02cc\u0254n \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0."}, {"text": "Frankfurt Zoo in Germany was home to the oldest recorded aardwolf in captivity at 18 years and 11 months.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkf\u025c\u02d0t z\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni w\u028cz h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dw\u028alf \u026an k\u00e6pt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6\u027e \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u00e6nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n m\u02c8\u028cn\u03b8s."}, {"text": "In some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage, such as the Southwestern United States, the term is used to refer to any kind of earthen construction, or various architectural styles like Pueblo Revival or Territorial Revival.", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 h\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u026ad\u0292, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 t\u028a \u02cc\u025bni k\u02c8a\u026and \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u0259n k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at\u02c8\u025bkt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8a\u026alz l\u02c8a\u026ak pw\u02c8\u025bblo\u028a \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l."}, {"text": "Adobe bricks are rectangular prisms small enough that they can quickly air dry individually without cracking.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u025bkt\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261j\u028al\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259mz sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026an\u02c8\u028cf \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n kw\u02c8\u026akli \u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "They can be subsequently assembled, with the application of adobe mud to bond the individual bricks into a structure.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u028cbs\u1d7bkw\u0259ntli \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259ld, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6pl\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi m\u02c8\u028cd t\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "In some areas a popular size measured  weighing about ; in other contexts the size is  weighing about .", "phonemes": "\u026an s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a s\u02c8a\u026az m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad w\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02c8a\u028at ; \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bksts \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026az \u026az w\u02c8e\u026a\u026a\u014b \u0250b\u02c8a\u028at ."}, {"text": "The maximum sizes can reach up to ; above this weight it becomes difficult to move the pieces, and it is preferred to ram the mud in situ, resulting in a different typology known as rammed earth.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026am\u0259m s\u02c8a\u026az\u1d7bz k\u00e6n \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u028cp tu\u02d0 ; \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u026as w\u02c8e\u026at \u026at b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cmz d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u0259 m\u02c8u\u02d0v \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8i\u02d0s\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6m \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cd \u026an s\u02c8\u026a\u027eu\u02d0, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0250 d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt ta\u026ap\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u0279\u02c8\u00e6md \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8."}, {"text": "In dry climates, adobe structures are extremely durable, and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259ts, \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259b\u0259l, \u00e6nd \u0250k\u02c8a\u028ant f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater thermal mass, but they are known to be particularly susceptible to earthquake damage if they are not reinforced.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz \u02c8\u0254f\u025a s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6s, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028an t\u0259bi p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali s\u0259s\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bb\u0259l t\u028a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292 \u026af \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st."}, {"text": "Cases where adobe structures were widely damaged during earthquakes include the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, the 2003 Bam earthquake, and the 2010 Chile earthquake.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 w\u02c8a\u026adli d\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad\u0292d d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026aks \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti s\u02c8\u026aks \u0261w\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u026am\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02c8\u00e6m \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn t\u0283\u02c8\u026ali \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak."}, {"text": "Buildings made of sun-dried earth are common throughout the world (Middle East, Western Asia, North Africa, West Africa, South America, Southwestern North America, Southwestern and Eastern Europe.).", "phonemes": "b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014bz m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv s\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0\u02c8a\u028at \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st, w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p.."}, {"text": "Adobe had been in use by indigenous peoples of the Americas in the Southwestern United States, Mesoamerica, and the Andes for several thousand years.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi h\u0250db\u026an \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s ba\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, m\u02cc\u025bso\u028a\u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6ndi\u02d0z f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "Puebloan peoples built their adobe structures with handsful or basketsful of adobe, until the Spanish introduced them to making bricks.", "phonemes": "pj\u02c8u\u02d0blo\u028an p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259lz b\u02c8\u026alt \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8\u00e6ndsf\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u00e6sk\u025btsf\u0259l \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi, \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "The word adobe  has existed for around 4,000 years with relatively little change in either pronunciation or meaning.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi h\u0250z \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ast\u1d7bd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a p\u0279\u0259n\u02cc\u028cns\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "This was adopted into Arabic as  a\u1e6d-\u1e6dawbu or a\u1e6d-\u1e6d\u016bbu, with the definite article al- attached to the root tuba.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as w\u028cz \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250b\u02cc\u026ak \u00e6z \u02c8e\u026a l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8\u026aksd\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8\u026aksd\u02c8i\u02d0\u0250d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0b\u02c8i\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8\u026aksd\u02c8i\u02d0l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0s\u02c8\u026aksd\u02c8i\u02d0j\u02ccu\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nb\u02c8i\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bf\u026an\u0259t \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6l \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0t t\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259."}, {"text": "English borrowed the word from Spanish in the early 18th century, still referring to mudbrick construction.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028ad \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d f\u0279\u028cm sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, st\u02c8\u026al \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cdb\u0279\u026ak k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In more modern English usage, the term adobe has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America, especially in New Mexico, regardless of the construction method.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026ad\u0292, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi h\u0250z k\u02c8\u028cm t\u028a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u0250 st\u02c8a\u026al \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at\u02cc\u025bkt\u0283\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259ts \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li \u026an n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a, \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279dl\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d."}, {"text": "An adobe brick is a composite material made of earth mixed with water and an organic material such as straw or dung.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak \u026az \u0250 k\u0259mp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026at m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 m\u02c8\u026akst w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250n \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u028c\u014b."}, {"text": "Straw is useful in binding the brick together and allowing the brick to dry evenly, thereby preventing cracking due to uneven shrinkage rates through the brick.", "phonemes": "st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0sf\u0259l \u026an b\u02c8a\u026and\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak t\u0259\u0261\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259nli, \u00f0\u025b\u0279b\u02c8a\u026a p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt\u026a\u014b k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u0283\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u026ad\u0292 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak."}, {"text": "The most desirable soil texture for producing the mud of adobe is 15% clay, 10\u201330% silt, and 55\u201375% fine sand.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u026az\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l s\u02c8\u0254\u026al t\u02c8\u025bkst\u0283\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028cd \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi \u026az f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt kl\u02c8e\u026a, t\u02c8\u025bn \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt s\u02c8\u026alt, \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt f\u02c8a\u026an s\u02c8\u00e6nd."}, {"text": "Another source quotes 15\u201325% clay and the remainder sand and coarser particles up to cobbles , with no deleterious effect.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s kw\u02c8o\u028ats f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt kl\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and\u025a s\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz \u02cc\u028cp t\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u0259lz , w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8o\u028a d\u1d7bl\u026at\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259s \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "No more than half the clay content should be expansive clays, with the remainder non-expansive illite or kaolinite.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8o\u028am\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n h\u02c8\u00e6f \u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u025bnt \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026av kl\u02c8e\u026az, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and\u025a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026av \u026al\u02c8a\u026at \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8e\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026ana\u026at."}, {"text": "Too much expansive clay results in uneven drying through the brick, resulting in cracking, while too much kaolinite will make a weak brick.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u028ct\u0283 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6ns\u026av kl\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clts \u026an \u028cn\u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b, w\u02cca\u026al t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u028ct\u0283 k\u02c8e\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026ana\u026at w\u026al m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250 w\u02c8i\u02d0k b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak."}, {"text": "Typically the soils of the Southwest United States, where such construction has been widely used, are an adequate composition.", "phonemes": "t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u026alz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n w\u02c8a\u026adli j\u02c8u\u02d0zd, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6d\u026akw\u0259t k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0mp\u0259z\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Adobe walls are load bearing, i.e. they carry their own weight into the foundation rather than by another structure, hence the adobe must have sufficient compressive strength.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028ad b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b, \u02c8a\u026a.\u02c8i\u02d0. \u00f0e\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an w\u02c8e\u026at \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n ba\u026a \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a, h\u02c8\u025bns \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi m\u02c8\u028cst\u0250v s\u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nt k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8."}, {"text": "In the United States, most building codes call for a minimum compressive strength of 300\u00a0lbf/in2 (2.07\u00a0newton/mm2) for the adobe block.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats, m\u02c8o\u028ast b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b k\u02c8o\u028adz k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u025a\u0279\u0259 m\u02c8\u026an\u026am\u0259m k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02cc\u025blb\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0259n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k."}, {"text": "Adobe construction should be designed so as to avoid lateral structural loads that would cause bending loads.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and s\u02cco\u028a \u00e6z t\u028a \u0250v\u02c8\u0254\u026ad l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8o\u028adz \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z b\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b l\u02c8o\u028adz."}, {"text": "Such an acceleration will cause lateral loads on the walls, resulting in shear and bending and inducing tensile stresses.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250n \u0250ks\u02cc\u025bl\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u026al k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l l\u02c8o\u028adz \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz, \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an \u0283\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u026and\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bns\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "To withstand such loads, the codes typically call for a tensile modulus of rupture strength of at least 50\u00a0lbf/in2 (0.345\u00a0newton/mm2) for the finished block.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0st\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 l\u02c8o\u028adz, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028adz t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l f\u025a\u0279\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bns\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292u\u02d0l\u0259s \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028cpt\u0283\u025a st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u028cv \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st f\u02c8\u026afti \u02cc\u025blb\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8\u025bf sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av n\u02c8u\u02d0t\u0259n sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cc\u025bm\u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t bl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k."}, {"text": "In addition to being an inexpensive material with a small resource cost, adobe can serve as a significant heat reservoir due to the thermal properties inherent in the massive walls typical in adobe construction.", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u0259 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02cc\u026an\u025bksp\u02c8\u025bns\u026av m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s k\u02c8\u0254st, \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi k\u00e6n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v \u00e6z \u0250 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt h\u02c8i\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u025avw\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027eiz \u026anh\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l \u026an \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "In climates typified by hot days and cool nights, the high thermal mass of adobe mediates the high and low temperatures of the day, moderating the temperature of the living space.", "phonemes": "\u026an kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259ts t\u02c8\u026ap\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad ba\u026a h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t d\u02c8e\u026az \u00e6nd k\u02c8u\u02d0l n\u02c8a\u026ats, \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l m\u02c8\u00e6s \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi m\u02c8i\u02d0d\u026a\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a \u00e6nd l\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a, m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8e\u026as."}, {"text": "The massive walls require a large and relatively long input of heat from the sun (radiation) and from the surrounding air (convection) before they warm through to the interior.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u02c8\u026anp\u028at \u028cv h\u02c8i\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn \u0279\u02cce\u026ad\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025b\u0279 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0e\u026a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a."}, {"text": "After the sun sets and the temperature drops, the warm wall will continue to transfer heat to the interior for several hours due to the time-lag effect.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8\u025bts \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a d\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l w\u026al k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u0259 t\u0279\u00e6nsf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0 h\u02c8i\u02d0t t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l \u02c8a\u028a\u025az d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026aml\u02c8\u00e6\u0261 \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt."}, {"text": "Thus, a well-planned adobe wall of the appropriate thickness is very effective at controlling inside temperature through the wide daily fluctuations typical of desert climates, a factor which has contributed to its longevity as a building material.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u02c8\u028cs, \u0250 w\u02c8\u025blpl\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u0279\u026a\u0259t \u03b8\u02c8\u026akn\u0259s \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u00e6t k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al\u026a\u014b \u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026ad d\u02c8e\u026ali fl\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u02c8\u026ap\u026ak\u0259l \u028cv d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259ts, \u0250 f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u026ats l\u0254nd\u0292\u02c8\u025bv\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z \u0250 b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l."}, {"text": "Some experiments suggest that the standard consideration of conductivity is not adequate for this material, as its main thermodynamic property is inertia, and conclude that experimental tests should be performed over a longer period of time than usual - preferably with changing thermal jumps.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u025bksp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026am\u0259nts s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bst \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad k\u0259ns\u02cc\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u00e6d\u026akw\u0259t f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l, \u00e6z \u026ats m\u02c8e\u026an \u03b8\u02cc\u025c\u02d0mo\u028ada\u026an\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u027ei \u026az \u026an\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283\u0259, \u00e6nd k\u0259\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u00f0\u00e6t \u025bksp\u02cc\u025b\u0279\u026am\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l t\u02c8\u025bsts \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 p\u025af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u028cv t\u02c8a\u026am \u00f0\u0250n j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259bli w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u028cmps."}, {"text": "There is an effective R-value for a north facing 10-in wall of R0=10 hr ft2 \u00b0F/Btu, which corresponds to thermal conductivity k=10 in x 1\u00a0ft/12 in /R0=0.33 Btu/(hr", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u0250n \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 f\u025a\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 f\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u025bn\u026an w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz t\u02c8\u025bn \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bft\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bf sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 b\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ndz t\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei k\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz t\u02c8\u025bn \u026an \u02c8\u025bks w\u02c8\u028cn \u02cc\u025bft\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 tw\u02c8\u025blv \u026an sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.\u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279"}, {"text": "ft \u00b0F) or 0.52 W/(m K); specific heat capacity=0.24 Btu/(lb \u00b0F) or 1 kJ/(kg K) and density=106\u00a0lb/ft3 or 1700\u00a0kg/m3, giving heat capacity=25.4 Btu/(ft3 \u00b0F) or 1700 kJ/(m3 K).", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bft\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bf \u0254\u02d0\u0279 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8\u026afti t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bm k\u02c8e\u026a; sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak h\u02c8i\u02d0t k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cc\u025blb\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bf \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn k\u02c8e\u026a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 k\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bns\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aks \u02cc\u025blb\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cc\u025bft\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad k\u02cce\u026ad\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0261\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b h\u02c8i\u02d0t k\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7b\u027ei \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cc\u025bft\u02c8i\u02d0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bf \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad k\u02c8e\u026a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026a sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bm \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8e\u026a."}, {"text": "Using the average value of the thermal conductivity as k = 32 Btu/(hr ft \u00b0F) or 0.55 W/(m K), the thermal diffusivity is calculated to be 0.013\u00a0ft2/h or 3.3x10\u22127 m2/s.", "phonemes": "j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l k\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6z k\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259lz \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 b\u02cci\u02d0t\u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02cce\u026at\u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bft\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u025bf \u0254\u02d0\u0279 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8\u026afti f\u02c8a\u026av d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bm k\u02c8e\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l d\u1d7bfju\u02d0s\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259bi z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u02cc\u025bft\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u02c8u\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u025bks t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8a\u026an\u0259s s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u02c8\u025bm t\u02c8u\u02d0 sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 \u02c8\u025bs."}, {"text": "Poured and puddled adobe (puddled clay, piled earth), today called cob, is made by placing soft adobe in layers, rather than by making individual dried bricks or using a form.", "phonemes": "p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cd\u0259ld \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi p\u02c8\u028cd\u0259ld kl\u02c8e\u026a, p\u02c8a\u026ald \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8, t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b, \u026az m\u02cce\u026ad ba\u026a pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u0254ft \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi \u026an l\u02c8e\u026a\u025az, \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n ba\u026a m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l d\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks \u0254\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m."}, {"text": "\"Puddle\" is a general term for a clay or clay and sand-based material worked into a dense, plastic state.", "phonemes": "\"p\u02c8\u028cd\u0259l\" \u026az \u0250 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m f\u025a\u0279\u0259 kl\u02c8e\u026a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 kl\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u00e6ndb\u02c8e\u026ast m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0kt \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 d\u02c8\u025bns, pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ak st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "These are the oldest methods of building with adobe in the Americas until holes in the ground were used as forms, and later wooden forms used to make individual bricks were introduced by the Spanish.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259dz \u028cv b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259z \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al h\u02c8o\u028alz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u025c\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz, \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a w\u02c8\u028ad\u0259n f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u0283."}, {"text": "The same mixture, without straw, is used to make mortar and often plaster on interior and exterior walls.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a, w\u026a\u00f0\u02cca\u028at st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u0254n \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "Depending on the form into which the mixture is pressed, adobe can encompass nearly any shape or size, provided drying is even and the mixture includes reinforcement for larger bricks.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u025bst, \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi k\u00e6n \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u02cc\u025bni \u0283\u02c8e\u026ap \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8a\u026az, p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0dz \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279sm\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Straw, cement, or manure added to a standard adobe mixture can produce a stronger, more crack-resistant brick.", "phonemes": "st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0, s\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bnt, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u0259nj\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6d\u1d7bd t\u028a \u0250 st\u02c8\u00e6nd\u025ad \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a k\u00e6n p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0250 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259nt b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak."}, {"text": "To do so, a sample of the soil is mixed into a clear container with some water, creating an almost completely saturated liquid.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 so\u028a, \u0250 s\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u0254\u026al \u026az m\u02c8\u026akst \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250 kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u025a w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02cc\u028cm w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast k\u0259mpl\u02c8i\u02d0tli s\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd l\u02c8\u026akw\u026ad."}, {"text": "Heavier particles settle out first, sand above, silt above that, and very fine clay and organic matter will stay in suspension for days.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u025bvi\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026ak\u0259lz s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l \u02c8a\u028at f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st, s\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0259b\u02c8\u028cv, s\u02c8\u026alt \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv \u00f0\u02c8\u00e6t, \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i f\u02c8a\u026an kl\u02c8e\u026a \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak m\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a w\u026al st\u02c8e\u026a \u026an s\u0259sp\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026az."}, {"text": "The Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service at New Mexico State University recommends a mix of not more than  clay, not less than  sand, and never more than  silt.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 ko\u028a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av st\u02c8e\u026at \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283, \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as \u00e6t n\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bks\u026ak\u02cco\u028a st\u02c8e\u026at j\u02ccu\u02d0n\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u02c8\u025bndz \u0250 m\u02c8\u026aks \u028cv n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n kl\u02c8e\u026a, n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u026alt."}, {"text": "During the Great Depression, designer and builder Hugh W. Comstock used cheaper materials and made a specialized adobe brick called \"Bitudobe.\"", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n, d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026ald\u025a hj\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259lj\u02ccu\u02d0. k\u0259mst\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k j\u02c8u\u02d0zd t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p\u025a m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz \u00e6nd m\u02cce\u026ad \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259l\u02cca\u026azd \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ld \"ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028ab.\""}, {"text": "In 1948, he published the book Post-Adobe; Simplified Adobe Construction Combining A Rugged Timber Frame And Modern Stabilized Adobe, which described his method of construction, including how to make \"Bitudobe.\"", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, hi\u02d0 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak p\u02c8o\u028ast\u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi; s\u02c8\u026ampl\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u1d7bd t\u02c8\u026amb\u025a f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an st\u02c8e\u026ab\u026al\u02cca\u026azd \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7bsk\u0279\u02c8a\u026abd h\u026az m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d \u028cv k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u02cca\u028a t\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ak \"ba\u026at\u02c8u\u02d0do\u028ab.\""}, {"text": "In 1938, he served as an adviser to the architects Franklin & Kump Associates, who built the Carmel High School, which used his Post-adobe system.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at, hi\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0vd \u00e6z \u0250n \u0250dv\u02c8a\u026az\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026at\u02cc\u025bkts f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkl\u026an \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028cmp \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026ats, h\u02ccu\u02d0 b\u02c8\u026alt \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u0259l h\u02c8a\u026a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd h\u026az p\u02c8o\u028ast\u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m."}, {"text": "The ground supporting an adobe structure should be compressed, as the weight of adobe wall is significant and foundation settling may cause cracking of the wall.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028and s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8\u025bst, \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u026az s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u00e6nd fa\u028and\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026a k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l."}, {"text": "Adobe walls usually never rise above two stories as they are load bearing and adobe has low structural strength.", "phonemes": "\u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li n\u02c8\u025bv\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u0259b\u02cc\u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279iz \u00e6z \u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028ad b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi h\u0250z l\u02c8o\u028a st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8."}, {"text": "When creating window and door openings, a lintel is placed on top of the opening to support the bricks above.", "phonemes": "w\u02cc\u025bn k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u026ando\u028a \u00e6nd d\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n\u026a\u014bz, \u0250 l\u02c8\u026ant\u0259l \u026az pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks \u0259b\u02c8\u028cv."}, {"text": "Atop the last courses of brick, bond beams made of heavy wood beams or modern reinforced concrete are laid to provide a horizontal bearing plate for the roof beams and to redistribute lateral earthquake loads to shear walls more able to carry the forces.", "phonemes": "\u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz \u028cv b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak, b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nd b\u02c8i\u02d0mz m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bvi w\u02c8\u028ad b\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u0279\u02cci\u02d0\u026anf\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u0279i\u02d0t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8e\u026ad t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 h\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u0254nt\u0259l b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b pl\u02c8e\u026at f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f b\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u00e6nd t\u0259 \u0279\u02cci\u02d0d\u02c8\u026ast\u0279\u026abj\u02ccu\u02d0t l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8kwe\u026ak l\u02c8o\u028adz t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "To protect the interior and exterior adobe walls, finishes such as mud plaster, whitewash or stucco can be applied.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bkt \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz, f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283\u1d7bz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8\u028cd pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a, w\u02c8a\u026atw\u0251\u02d0\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u028cko\u028a k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad."}, {"text": "Alternatively, the walls can be finished with other nontraditional plasters that provide longer protection.", "phonemes": "\u0254\u02d0lt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli, \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0283t w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u025az \u00f0\u00e6t p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u025a p\u0279\u0259t\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The traditional adobe roof has been constructed using a mixture of soil/clay, water, sand and organic materials.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8\u0254\u026al sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 kl\u02c8e\u026a, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, s\u02c8\u00e6nd \u00e6nd \u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The mixture was then formed and pressed into wood forms, producing rows of dried earth bricks that would then be laid across a support structure of wood and plastered into place with more adobe.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026akst\u0283\u025a w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md \u00e6nd p\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02c8\u028ad f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mz, p\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0s\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8o\u028az \u028cv d\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn bi\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026ad \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u0250 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv w\u02c8\u028ad \u00e6nd pl\u02c8\u00e6st\u025ad \u02cc\u026ant\u028a pl\u02c8e\u026as w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi."}, {"text": "Depending on the materials available, a roof may be assembled using wood or metal beams to create a framework to begin layering adobe bricks.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz \u0250v\u02c8e\u026al\u0259b\u0259l, \u0250 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8\u025bmb\u0259ld j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u028ad \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l b\u02c8i\u02d0mz t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amw\u025c\u02d0k t\u0259 b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks."}, {"text": "Depending on the thickness of the adobe bricks, the framework has been preformed using a steel framing and a layering of a metal fencing or wiring over the framework to allow an even load as masses of adobe are spread across the metal fencing like cob and allowed to air dry accordingly.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u026akn\u0259s \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks, \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amw\u025c\u02d0k h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n p\u0279\u026af\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u0250 st\u02c8i\u02d0l f\u0279\u02c8e\u026am\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0250 l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0259v\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l f\u02c8\u025bns\u026a\u014b \u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8a\u026a\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 f\u0279\u02c8e\u026amw\u025c\u02d0k t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u0250n \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n l\u02c8o\u028ad \u00e6z m\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u0259l f\u02c8\u025bns\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026ak k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8a\u028ad t\u028a \u02c8\u025b\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014bli."}, {"text": "This method was demonstrated with an adobe blend heavily impregnated with cement to allow even drying and prevent cracking.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02c8\u025b\u03b8\u0259d w\u028cz d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi bl\u02c8\u025bnd h\u02c8\u025bvili \u026amp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0261ne\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 s\u1d7bm\u02c8\u025bnt t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0v\u0259n d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd p\u0279\u026av\u02c8\u025bnt k\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The more traditional flat adobe roofs are functional only in dry climates that are not exposed to snow loads.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259l fl\u02c8\u00e6t \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0fs \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u028c\u014bk\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u02c8o\u028anli \u026an d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259ts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u025bksp\u02c8o\u028azd t\u0259 sn\u02c8o\u028a l\u02c8o\u028adz."}, {"text": "To construct a flat adobe roof, beams of wood were laid to span the building, the ends of which were attached to the tops of the walls.", "phonemes": "t\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt \u0250 fl\u02c8\u00e6t \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f, b\u02c8i\u02d0mz \u028cv w\u02c8\u028ad w\u025c\u02d0 l\u02c8e\u026ad t\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bndz \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250t\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283t t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "An adobe roof is often laid with bricks slightly larger in width to ensure a greater expanse is covered when placing the bricks onto the roof.", "phonemes": "\u0250n \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f \u026az \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n l\u02c8e\u026ad w\u026a\u00f0 b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks sl\u02c8a\u026atli l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u026an w\u02c8\u026at\u03b8 t\u028a \u025bn\u0283\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6ns \u026az k\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad w\u025bn pl\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f."}, {"text": "Following each individual brick should be a layer of adobe mortar, recommended to be at least  thick to make certain there is ample strength between the brick's edges and also to provide a relative moisture barrier during rain.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026ad\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak \u0283\u02cc\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250 l\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi m\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u025a, \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd t\u0259bi \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st \u03b8\u02c8\u026ak t\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0294n\u0329 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks \u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u0259 p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast\u0283\u025a b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i\u025a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Three inches of adobe mud was applied on top of the latillas, then 18 inches of dry adobe dirt applied to the roof.", "phonemes": "\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02c8\u026ant\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi m\u02c8\u028cd w\u028cz \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u02cc\u0254n t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u00e6t\u02c8\u026al\u0259z, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n \u02c8\u026ant\u0283\u1d7bz \u028cv d\u0279\u02c8a\u026a \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi d\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f."}, {"text": "The construction of a chimney can greatly influence the construction of the roof supports, creating an extra need for care in choosing the materials.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u026amni k\u00e6n \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli \u02c8\u026anflu\u02d0\u0259ns \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0f s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts, k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0250n \u02c8\u025bkst\u0279\u0259 n\u02c8i\u02d0d f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u026an t\u0283\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259lz."}, {"text": "The builders can make an adobe chimney by stacking simple adobe bricks in a similar fashion as the surrounding walls.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald\u025az k\u00e6n m\u02cce\u026ak \u0250n \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi t\u0283\u02c8\u026amni ba\u026a st\u02c8\u00e6k\u026a\u014b s\u02c8\u026amp\u0259l \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks \u026an \u0250 s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025a f\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 s\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lz."}, {"text": "These included: restriction of building height of adobe structures to 1-story, requirements for adobe mix (compressive and shear strength) and new requirements which stated that every building shall be designed to withstand seismic activity, specifically lateral forces.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u1d7bd: \u0279\u1d7bst\u0279\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u028cv b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b h\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az t\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cnst\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i, \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi m\u02c8\u026aks k\u0259mp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u026av \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u026a\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8 \u00e6nd n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025am\u0259nts w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b \u0283\u02cc\u00e6l bi\u02d0 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and t\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0st\u02c8\u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u026azm\u026ak \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei, sp\u0259s\u02c8\u026af\u026akli l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "By the 1980s however, seismic related changes in the California Building Code effectively ended solid wall adobe construction in California; however Post-and-Beam adobe and veneers are still being used.", "phonemes": "ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, s\u02c8a\u026azm\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259 b\u02c8\u026ald\u026a\u014b k\u02c8o\u028ad \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli \u02c8\u025bnd\u1d7bd s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u026an k\u02cc\u00e6l\u026af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ni\u0259; ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a p\u02c8o\u028ast\u00e6ndb\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi \u00e6nd v\u025bn\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8\u026al b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "Other large adobe structures are the Huaca del Sol in Peru, with 100 million signed bricks and the ciudellas of Chan Chan and Tambo Colorado, both in Peru.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u0250d\u02c8o\u028abi st\u0279\u02c8\u028ckt\u0283\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 hju\u02d0\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bl s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l \u026an p\u025a\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0, w\u026a\u00f0 w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026and b\u0279\u02c8\u026aks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 s\u02cc\u026aju\u02d0d\u02c8\u025bl\u0259z \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u00e6mbo\u028a k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0do\u028a, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026an p\u025a\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "(also known as Ctesiphon Arch) in Iraq is the largest mud brick arch in the world, built beginning in 540 AD", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z s\u02c8i\u02d0t\u02c8\u025bs\u026af\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 \u026an \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast m\u02c8\u028cd b\u0279\u02c8\u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u0283 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, b\u02c8\u026alt b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026an f\u02c8a\u026avh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei \u02cce\u026ad\u02c8i\u02d0"}, {"text": "Adventures may be activities with danger such as traveling, exploring, skydiving, mountain climbing, scuba diving, river rafting, or other extreme sports.", "phonemes": "\u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u025a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259l\u026a\u014b, \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u014b, sk\u02c8a\u026ada\u026av\u026a\u014b, m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an kl\u02c8a\u026am\u026a\u014b, sk\u02c8u\u02d0b\u0259 d\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b, \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ft\u026a\u014b, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m sp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "Adventures are often undertaken to create psychological arousal or in order to achieve a greater goal, such as the pursuit of knowledge that can only be obtained by such activities.", "phonemes": "\u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n \u02cc\u028cnd\u025at\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028az\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u026an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u025a t\u028a \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0v \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a \u0261\u02c8o\u028al, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0t \u028cv n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 \u00f0\u00e6t k\u00e6n \u02c8o\u028anli bi\u02d0 \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026and ba\u026a s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Adventurous experiences create psychological arousal, which can be interpreted as negative (e.g. fear) or positive (e.g. flow).", "phonemes": "\u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at sa\u026ak\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026ak\u0259l \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028az\u0259l, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 \u026ant\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0279\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00e6z n\u02c8\u025b\u0261\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. f\u02c8\u026a\u0279 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02c8i\u02d0.d\u0292\u02c8i\u02d0. fl\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "According to adventurer Andr\u00e9 Malraux, in his Man's Fate (1933), \"If a man is not ready to risk his life, where is his dignity?\"", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd\u0279\u02c8e\u026a m\u02c8\u00e6l\u0279\u0254\u02d0ks, \u026an h\u026az m\u02c8\u00e6nz f\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \"\u026af \u0250 m\u02c8\u00e6n \u026az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8\u025bdi t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u026ask h\u026az l\u02c8a\u026af, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026az h\u026az d\u02c8\u026a\u0261n\u1d7b\u027ei?\""}, {"text": "Outdoor adventurous activities are typically undertaken for the purposes of recreation or excitement: examples are adventure racing and adventure tourism.", "phonemes": "a\u028atd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli \u02cc\u028cnd\u025at\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0p\u0259s\u1d7bz \u028cv \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025bks\u02c8a\u026atm\u0259nt: \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259lz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a \u0279\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "Adventurous activities can also lead to gains in knowledge, such as those undertaken by explorers and pioneersthe British adventurer Jason Lewis, for example, uses adventures to draw global sustainability lessons from living within finite environmental constraints on expeditions to share with schoolchildren.", "phonemes": "\u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz k\u00e6n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a l\u02c8i\u02d0d t\u0259 \u0261\u02c8e\u026anz \u026an n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0o\u028az \u02cc\u028cnd\u025at\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n ba\u026a \u025bkspl\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u025az \u00e6nd p\u026a\u02c8o\u028an\u025as\u00f0 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u025a d\u0292\u02c8e\u026as\u0259n l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as, f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, j\u02c8u\u02d0s\u1d7bz \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l s\u0259st\u02cce\u026an\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei l\u02c8\u025bs\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an f\u02c8a\u026ana\u026at \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8e\u026ants \u02cc\u0254n \u02cc\u025bksp\u0259d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 w\u026a\u00f0 sk\u02c8u\u02d0lt\u0283\u026ald\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "Author Jon Levy suggests that an experience should meet several criteria to be considered an adventure:", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u03b8\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n l\u02c8\u025bvi s\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u025bsts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0250n \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns \u0283\u02cc\u028ad m\u02c8i\u02d0t s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l k\u0279a\u026at\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259 t\u0259bi k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250n \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a:"}, {"text": "Some of the oldest and most widespread stories in the world are stories of adventure, such as Homer's Odyssey.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279iz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u0251\u02d0\u0279 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279iz \u028cv \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z h\u02c8o\u028am\u025az \u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u026asi."}, {"text": "Adventure fiction exhibits these \"protagonist on adventurous journey\" characteristics, as do many popular feature films, such as Star Wars and Raiders of the Lost Ark.", "phonemes": "\u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026ak\u0283\u0259n \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026ats \u00f0\u02c8i\u02d0z \"p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0250\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259s d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ni\" k\u02cc\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks, \u00e6z d\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u02c8\u025bni p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u025a f\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u025a f\u02c8\u026almz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254st \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k."}, {"text": "Adventure books may have the theme of the hero or main character going to face the wilderness or Mother Nature.", "phonemes": "\u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a b\u02c8\u028aks m\u02cce\u026ah\u0250v \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8i\u02d0m \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8e\u026an k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u0261\u02cco\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 f\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u026ald\u025an\u0259s \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8e\u026at\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "These books are less about \"questing\", such as in mythology or other adventure novels, but more about surviving on their own, living off the land, gaining new experiences, and becoming closer to the natural world.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z b\u02c8\u028aks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bs \u0250b\u02c8a\u028at \"kw\u02c8\u025bst\u026a\u014b\", s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026an m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz, b\u02cc\u028ct m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u025av\u02c8a\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u0254n \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8o\u028an, l\u02c8\u026av\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u0254f \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd, \u0261\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u025bksp\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b kl\u02c8o\u028as\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Many adventures are based on the idea of a quest: the hero goes off in pursuit of a reward, whether it be a skill, prize, treasure, or perhaps the safety of a person.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025az \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u026a a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259 \u0259v\u0259 kw\u02c8\u025bst: \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u0261o\u028az \u02c8\u0254f \u026an p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0t \u0259v\u025a \u0279\u1d7bw\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d, w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u026at bi\u02d0 \u0250 sk\u02c8\u026al, p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az, t\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025a, \u0254\u02d0\u0279 p\u025ah\u02c8\u00e6ps \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026afti \u0259v\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n."}, {"text": "In video game culture, an adventure game is a video game in which the player assumes the role of a protagonist in an interactive story driven by exploration and puzzle solving.", "phonemes": "\u026an v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u0261\u02c8e\u026am k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a, \u0250n \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a \u0261\u02c8e\u026am \u026az \u0250 v\u02c8\u026ad\u026ao\u028a \u0261\u02c8e\u026am \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0mz \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u0259v\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0250\u0261\u0259n\u02cc\u026ast \u026an \u0250n \u02cc\u026ant\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i d\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a \u025bksplo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u028cz\u0259l s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lv\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "The genre's focus on story allows it to draw heavily from other narrative-based media, literature and film, encompassing a wide variety of literary genres.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u0259z f\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259s \u02cc\u0254n st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az \u026at t\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0 h\u02c8\u025bvili f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026avb\u02c8e\u026ast m\u02c8i\u02d0di\u02d0\u0259, l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u026alm, \u025b\u014bk\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259s\u026a\u014b \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026ad v\u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u028cv l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0279\u0259z."}, {"text": "Many adventure games (text and graphic) are designed for a single player, since this emphasis on story and character makes multi-player design difficult.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a \u0261\u02c8e\u026amz t\u02c8\u025bkst \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u026az\u02c8a\u026and f\u025a\u0279\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l pl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a, s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u026as \u02c8\u025bmf\u0259s\u026as \u02cc\u0254n st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a m\u02cce\u026aks m\u02c8\u028clta\u026apl\u02c8e\u026a\u025a d\u026az\u02c8a\u026an d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt."}, {"text": "Journals which became best-sellers in their day were written, such as Marco Polo's journal The Travels of Marco Polo or Mark Twain's Roughing It.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259lz w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am b\u02c8\u025bsts\u02c8\u025bl\u025az \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 d\u02c8e\u026a w\u025c\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ko\u028a p\u02c8o\u028alo\u028az d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259lz \u028cv m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ko\u028a p\u02c8o\u028alo\u028a \u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k tw\u02c8e\u026anz \u0279\u02c8\u028cf\u026a\u014b \u026at."}, {"text": "Others were personal journals, only later published, such as the journals of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark or Captain James Cook's journals.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u0259n\u0259l d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259lz, \u02c8o\u028anli l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259lz \u028cv m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026aw\u02cc\u025b\u00f0\u025a l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u026alj\u0259m kl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279k \u0254\u02d0\u0279 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026an d\u0292\u02c8e\u026amz k\u02c8\u028aks d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259lz."}, {"text": "There are also books written by those not directly a part of the adventure in question, such as The Right Stuff by Tom Wolfe or books written by those participating in the adventure but in a format other than that of a journal, such as Conquistadors of the Useless by Lionel Terray.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a b\u02c8\u028aks \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a \u00f0o\u028az n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bktli \u0250 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026an kw\u02c8\u025bst\u0283\u0259n, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at st\u02c8\u028cf ba\u026a t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m w\u02c8\u028alf \u0254\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8\u028aks \u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0294n\u0329 ba\u026a \u00f0o\u028az p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026as\u1d7bp\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a b\u02cc\u028ct \u026an \u0250 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u00e6t \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n \u00f0\u00e6t \u0259v\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0n\u0259l, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u02c8i\u02d0st\u0259d\u02cco\u02d0\u0279z \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0sl\u0259s ba\u026a l\u02c8a\u026a\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8\u025b\u0279e\u026a."}, {"text": "Website of the Research Unit \"Philology of Adventure\": ongoing research project on the literary history of the adventure pattern", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025bbsa\u026at \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u026at \"f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u028cv \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\": \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b\u0261o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkt \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250dv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a p\u02c8\u00e6t\u025an"}, {"text": "It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometers, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area.", "phonemes": "\u026at k\u02c8\u028cv\u025az \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n skw\u02c8\u025b\u0279 k\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026a\u027e\u025az, \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 h\u0250z l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02cc\u026an h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Its 4.7 billion people constitute roughly 60% of the world's population, having more people than all other continents combined.", "phonemes": "\u026ats f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli s\u02c8\u026aksti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nts k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and."}, {"text": "In general terms, it is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, and on the north by the Arctic Ocean.", "phonemes": "\u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz, \u026a\u027e \u026az b\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, \u00e6nd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The border of Asia with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u026az \u0250 h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u0279\u028ckt, \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a kl\u02c8\u026a\u0279 f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "The division of Eurasia into two continents reflects East\u2013West cultural, linguistic, and ethnic differences, some of which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv ju\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a t\u02c8u\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nts \u0279\u1d7bfl\u02c8\u025bkts \u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u025bst k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l, l\u026a\u014b\u0261w\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u026ak d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259ns\u1d7bz, s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i \u02cc\u0254n \u0250 sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259m \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 \u0283\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279p d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b l\u02c8a\u026an."}, {"text": "A commonly accepted division places Asia to the east of the Suez Canal separating it from Africa; and to the east of the Turkish Straits, the Ural Mountains and Ural River, and to the south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black seas, separating it from Europe.", "phonemes": "\u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259nli \u0250ks\u02c8\u025bpt\u1d7bd d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u026az k\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026at f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259; \u00e6nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u026a\u0283 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats, \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a, \u00e6nd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u00e6s\u0259s m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6spi\u0259n \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8i\u02d0z, s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u026at f\u0279\u028cm j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "China was a major economic power and attracted many to the east, and for many the legendary wealth and prosperity of the ancient culture of India personified Asia, attracting European commerce, exploration and colonialism.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 w\u028cz\u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak p\u02c8a\u028a\u025a \u00e6nd \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u1d7bd m\u02c8\u025bni t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st, \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u025bni \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u0259nd\u025a\u0279i w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259sp\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 p\u025c\u02d0s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026a\u014b j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025c\u02d0s, \u025bksplo\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028an\u02cc\u026a\u0259l\u02cc\u026az\u0259m."}, {"text": "The accidental discovery of a trans-Atlantic route from Europe to America by Columbus while in search for a route to India demonstrates this deep fascination.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u00e6ks\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u0259v\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6nz\u0250tl\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ak \u0279\u02c8a\u028at f\u0279\u028cm j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p t\u028a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 ba\u026a k\u0259l\u02c8\u028cmb\u0259s w\u02cca\u026al \u026an s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 f\u025a\u0279\u025a \u0279\u02c8a\u028at t\u028a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bm\u0259nst\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u026as d\u02c8i\u02d0p f\u02cc\u00e6s\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The Silk Road became the main east\u2013west trading route in the Asian hinterlands while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026alk \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an \u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u025bst t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u028at \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ant\u025al\u0259ndz w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026ats \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6l\u00e6k\u0259 st\u02c8\u028ad \u00e6z \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u028at."}, {"text": "Asia has exhibited economic dynamism (particularly East Asia) as well as robust population growth during the 20th century, but overall population growth has since fallen.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 h\u0250z \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u026ab\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250m\u02cc\u026az\u0259m p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u0279o\u028ab\u02c8\u028cst p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, b\u02cc\u028ct \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 h\u0250z s\u02c8\u026ans f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u0259n."}, {"text": "Asia was the birthplace of most of the world's mainstream religions including Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Jainism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, as well as many other religions.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8ple\u026as \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz m\u02c8e\u026anst\u0279i\u02d0m \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, z\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279o\u028ast\u0279\u02cci\u0259n\u026az\u0259m, d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0de\u026a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an\u026az\u0259m, b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026az\u0259m, k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, t\u02c8a\u028a\u026az\u0259m, k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei, \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Given its size and diversity, the concept of Asia\u2014a name dating back to classical antiquity\u2014may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography.", "phonemes": "\u0261\u02c8\u026av\u0259n \u026ats s\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s\u1d7b\u027ei, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259\u2014\u0250 n\u02c8e\u026am d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u0259 kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u026ak\u0259l \u00e6nt\u02c8\u026akw\u1d7b\u027ei\u2014m\u02c8e\u026a \u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li h\u00e6v m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 t\u0259 d\u02c8u\u02d0 w\u026a\u00f0 hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi."}, {"text": "Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties and government systems.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279iz \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026atli \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u026ats \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d t\u028a \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps, k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az, \u025bnv\u02c8a\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u0259nts, \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks, h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026az \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025anm\u0259nt s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz."}, {"text": "It also has a mix of many different climates ranging from the equatorial south via the hot desert in the Middle East, temperate areas in the east and the  continental centre to vast subarctic and polar areas in Siberia.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a h\u0250z \u0250 m\u02c8\u026aks \u028cv m\u02c8\u025bni d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259ts \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u026akw\u0250t\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t d\u02c8\u025bz\u025at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st, t\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u0259t \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a t\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6st s\u028cb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u00e6nd p\u02c8o\u028al\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u026an sa\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259."}, {"text": "This makes Egypt a transcontinental country, with the Sinai peninsula in Asia and the remainder of the country in Africa.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as m\u02cce\u026aks \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt \u0250 t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u026ana\u026a p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u026an \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "The threefold division of the Old World into Europe, Asia and Africa has been in use since the 6th century BCE, due to Greek geographers such as Anaximander and Hecataeus.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0fo\u028ald d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u02cc\u026ant\u028a j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u026an j\u02c8u\u02d0s s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aks\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u02c8\u00e6n\u0250ks\u02cc\u026am\u00e6nd\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u025bk\u0250t\u02cci\u02d0\u0259s."}, {"text": "Anaximander placed the boundary between Asia and Europe along the Phasis River (the modern Rioni river) in Georgia of Caucasus (from its mouth by Poti on the Black Sea coast, through the Surami Pass and along the Kura River to the Caspian Sea), a convention still followed by Herodotus in the 5th century BCE.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6n\u0250ks\u02cc\u026am\u00e6nd\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279i b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6siz \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an \u0279\u026a\u02c8o\u028ani \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a \u026an d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u00e6s\u0259s f\u0279\u028cm \u026ats m\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 ba\u026a p\u02c8o\u028a\u027ei \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8i\u02d0 k\u02c8o\u028ast, \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 s\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mi p\u02c8\u00e6s \u00e6nd \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 kj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u025a \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6spi\u0259n s\u02c8i\u02d0, \u0250 k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n st\u02c8\u026al f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a h\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259\u027e\u0259s \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026af\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "During the Hellenistic period, this convention was revised, and the boundary between Europe and Asia was now considered to be the Tanais (the modern Don River).", "phonemes": "d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 h\u02cc\u025bl\u0259n\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d, \u00f0\u026as k\u0259nv\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u0279\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026azd, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279i b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 w\u028cz n\u02c8a\u028a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259bi \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u00e6na\u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025an d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a."}, {"text": "The Don River became unsatisfactory to northern Europeans when Peter the Great, king of the Tsardom of Russia, defeating rival claims of Sweden and the Ottoman Empire to the eastern lands, and armed resistance by the tribes of Siberia, synthesized a new Russian Empire extending to the Ural Mountains and beyond, founded in 1721.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u028cns\u02cc\u00e6\u027e\u026asf\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279i t\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259nz w\u025bn p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at, k\u02c8\u026a\u014b \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 ts\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0259m \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259, d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8a\u026av\u0259l kl\u02c8e\u026amz \u028cv sw\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an l\u02c8\u00e6ndz, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279md \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026ast\u0259ns ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026abz \u028cv sa\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259, s\u02c8\u026an\u03b8\u0259s\u02cca\u026azd \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u00e6nd b\u1d7bj\u02c8\u0254nd, f\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn."}, {"text": "In Sweden, five years after Peter's death, in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Ural Mountains as the border of Asia.", "phonemes": "\u026an sw\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0259n, f\u02c8a\u026av j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a p\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u025az d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, \u026an w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8\u026al\u026ap d\u0292\u02c8o\u028ah\u00e6n v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n st\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259nb\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0261 p\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u0283t \u0250 n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u02c8\u00e6tl\u0259s p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the mid-19th century.", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s p\u0279\u0259p\u02c8o\u028az\u0259lz w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02cce\u026ad \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a p\u0279\u026av\u02c8e\u026ald \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a h\u0250db\u026an m\u02c8u\u02d0vd p\u025af\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6spi\u0259n s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u025bkts."}, {"text": "The border between the Black Sea and the Caspian is usually placed along the crest of the Caucasus Mountains, although it is sometimes placed further north.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6spi\u0259n \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li pl\u02c8e\u026ast \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u00e6s\u0259s m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u026a\u027e \u026az s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz pl\u02c8e\u026ast f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8."}, {"text": "The border between Asia and the region of Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Indonesia Archipelago.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u02cco\u028a\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni\u0259 \u026az j\u02c8u\u02d0\u0292u\u02d0\u0259li pl\u02c8e\u026ast s\u02c8\u028cmw\u025b\u0279 \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u026ando\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259 \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ap\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a."}, {"text": "The Maluku Islands are often considered to lie on the border of southeast Asia, with Indonesian New Guinea, to the east of the islands, being wholly part of Oceania.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u00e6l\u02c8u\u02d0ku\u02d0 \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad t\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026a \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ando\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026ani, t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b h\u02c8o\u028ali p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02cco\u028a\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni\u0259."}, {"text": "The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania, devised in the 19th century, have had several vastly different geographic meanings since their inception.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02cco\u028a\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni\u0259, d\u026av\u02c8a\u026azd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, h\u00e6v h\u00e6d s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l v\u02c8\u00e6stli d\u02c8\u026af\u0279\u0259nt d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014bz s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026ans\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "The chief factor in determining which islands of the Indonesian Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the colonial possessions of the various empires there (not all European).", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0f f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u025a\u0279 \u026an d\u026at\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026ando\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026ap\u026al\u02c8e\u026a\u0261o\u028a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l p\u0259z\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025az \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n."}, {"text": "Lewis and Wigen assert, \"The narrowing of 'Southeast Asia' to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process.", "phonemes": "l\u02c8u\u02d0\u026as \u00e6nd w\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u0250s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t, \"\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 t\u028a \u026ats p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259nt b\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279iz w\u028cz \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292u\u02d0\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs."}, {"text": "The Bering Strait and Bering Sea separate the landmasses of Asia and North America, as well as forming the international boundary between Russia and the United States.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u00e6s\u1d7bz \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l b\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279i b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "This national and continental boundary separates the Diomede Islands in the Bering Strait, with Big Diomede in Russia and Little Diomede in the United States.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u00e6nd k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l b\u02c8a\u028and\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026ats \u00f0\u0259 d\u026a\u02c8o\u028amd \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at, w\u026a\u00f0 b\u02c8\u026a\u0261 d\u026a\u02c8o\u028amd \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l d\u026a\u02c8o\u028amd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats."}, {"text": "The Aleutian Islands are an island chain extending westward from the Alaskan Peninsula toward Russia's Komandorski Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025bstw\u025ad f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259n p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u0250nd\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ski \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u00e6mt\u0283\u00e6tk\u0259 p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259."}, {"text": "Most of them are always associated with North America, except for the westernmost Near Islands group, which is on Asia's continental shelf beyond the North Aleutians Basin and on rare occasions could be associated with Asia, which could then allow the U.S. state of Alaska as well as the United States itself to be considered a transcontinental state.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025anm\u02cco\u028ast n\u02cc\u026a\u0279 \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259z k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u025blf b\u1d7bj\u02cc\u0254nd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz b\u02c8e\u026as\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02cc\u0254n \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0259k\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259nz k\u028ad bi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u028ad \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u0250l\u02c8a\u028a \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0.\u02c8\u025bs. st\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026ats\u02c8\u025blf t\u0259bi k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l st\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The Aleutian Islands are sometimes associated with Oceania, owing to their status as remote Pacific islands, and their proximity to the Pacific Plate.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u028cmta\u026amz \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02cco\u028a\u0283\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ni\u0259, \u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0259s \u00e6z \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8o\u028at p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 p\u0279\u0251\u02d0ks\u02c8\u026am\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak pl\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "This is extremely rare however, due to their non-tropical biogeography, as well as their inhabitants, who have historically been related to Indigenous Americans.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as \u026az \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli \u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0279 ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l b\u02cca\u026ao\u028ad\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fi, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026at\u0259nts, h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli b\u02cc\u026an \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u028a \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259nz."}, {"text": "St. Lawrence Island in the northern Bering Sea belongs to Alaska and may be associated with either continent but is almost always considered part of North America, as with the Rat Islands in the Aleutian chain.", "phonemes": "s\u0259nt. l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259ns \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an b\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u014b s\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u1d7bl\u02c8\u0254\u014bz t\u028a \u0250l\u02c8\u00e6sk\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u0250s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8i\u02d0\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lwe\u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6z w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6t \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u0250l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8e\u026an."}, {"text": "Geographical Asia is a cultural artifact of European conceptions of the world, beginning with the Ancient Greeks, being imposed onto other cultures, an imprecise concept causing endemic contention about what it means.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u026az \u0250 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026af\u02cc\u00e6kt \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u0259ns\u02c8\u025bp\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks, b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026amp\u02c8o\u028azd \u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u028a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025az, \u0250n \u02cc\u026amp\u0279\u026as\u02c8a\u026as k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z\u026a\u014b \u025bnd\u02c8\u025bm\u026ak k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at w\u028ct \u026at m\u02c8i\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three-continent system (Europe, Africa, Asia) on the grounds that there is no substantial physical separation between them.", "phonemes": "f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8a\u026am \u028cv h\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259\u027e\u0259s \u0250 ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv d\u0292\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259f\u025az h\u00e6v \u0279\u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259m j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andz \u00f0\u00e6t \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u026az n\u02c8o\u028a s\u0259bst\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259l f\u02c8\u026az\u026ak\u0259l s\u02cc\u025bp\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n b\u1d7btw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm."}, {"text": "For example, Sir Barry Cunliffe, the emeritus professor of European archeology at Oxford, argues that Europe has been geographically and culturally merely \"the western excrescence of the continent of Asia\".", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0 b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279i k\u02c8\u028cnl\u026af, \u00f0\u026a \u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026a\u027e\u0259s p\u0279\u0259f\u02c8\u025bs\u025a\u0279 \u028cv j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n \u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279k\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u00e6\u027e \u02c8\u0251\u02d0ksf\u025ad, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0261ju\u02d0z \u00f0\u00e6t j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026akli \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li m\u02c8\u026a\u0279li \"\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u025bksk\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259\"."}, {"text": "Geographically, Asia is the major eastern constituent of the continent of Eurasia with Europe being a northwestern peninsula of the landmass.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026akli, \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an k\u0259nst\u02c8\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt \u028cv ju\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u0250 n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an p\u0259n\u02c8\u026ansj\u028al\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u00e6s."}, {"text": "Asia, Europe and Africa make up a single continuous landmass\u2014Afro-Eurasia (except for the Suez Canal)\u2014and share a common continental shelf.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 m\u02cce\u026ak \u02cc\u028cp \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0\u0259s l\u02c8\u00e6ndm\u00e6s\u2014\u02c8\u00e6f\u0279o\u028aju\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u026az k\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l\u2014\u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u0250 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u0283\u02c8\u025blf."}, {"text": "Almost all of Europe and a major part of Asia sit atop the Eurasian Plate, adjoined on the south by the Arabian and Indian Plate and with the easternmost part of Siberia (east of the Chersky Range) on the North American Plate.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 s\u02c8\u026at \u0250t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n pl\u02c8e\u026at, \u0250d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026and \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n pl\u02c8e\u026at \u00e6nd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025anm\u02cco\u028ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv sa\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259 \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ski \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n pl\u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "The term \"Asia\" is believed to originate in the Bronze Age placename Assuwa () which originally referred only to a portion of northwestern Anatolia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \"\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259\" \u026az b\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0vd t\u028a \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nz \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 pl\u02c8e\u026asne\u026am \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0w\u0259 w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u026an\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u02c8o\u028anli t\u028a \u0250 p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259n \u028cv n\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8o\u028ali\u0259."}, {"text": "The term appears in Hittite records recounting how a confederation of Assuwan states including Troy unsuccessfully rebelled against the Hittite king Tudhaliya I around 1400 BCE.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u0250p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u026an h\u02c8\u026a\u027ea\u026at \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025adz \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8a\u028ant\u026a\u014b h\u02cca\u028a \u0250 k\u0259nf\u02cc\u025bd\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0w\u0259n st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b t\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u026a \u028cns\u0259ks\u02c8\u025bsf\u0259li \u0279\u1d7bb\u02c8\u025bld \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026a\u027ea\u026at k\u02c8\u026a\u014b t\u02c8\u028cdh\u0250l\u02cc\u026aj\u0259 a\u026a \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Roughly contemporary Linear B documents contain the term asiwia (), seemingly in reference to captives from the same area.", "phonemes": "\u0279\u02c8\u028cfli k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8\u026an\u026a\u0279 b\u02c8i\u02d0 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kju\u02d0m\u0259nts k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m \u0250s\u02c8\u026awi\u0259, s\u02c8i\u02d0m\u026a\u014bli \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026avz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8e\u026am \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259."}, {"text": "Herodotus used the term \u1f08\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 in reference to Anatolia and the territory of the Persian Empire, in contrast to Greece and Egypt.", "phonemes": "h\u026a\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259\u027e\u0259s j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028as\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259a\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u028a \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8o\u028ali\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a, \u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apt."}, {"text": "He reports that Greeks assumed that Asia was named after the wife of Prometheus, but that Lydians say it was named after Asies, son of Cotys, who passed the name on to a tribe at Sardis.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u00f0\u00e6t \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u0250s\u02c8u\u02d0md \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 w\u028cz n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8a\u026af \u028cv p\u0279o\u028am\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u026a\u0259s, b\u02cc\u028ct \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u026adi\u0259nz s\u02c8e\u026a \u026at w\u028cz n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a\u0279 \u0250s\u02c8a\u026az, s\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv k\u02c8o\u028a\u027eiz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 p\u02c8\u00e6st \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u02cc\u0254n t\u028a \u0250 t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ab \u00e6t s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279diz."}, {"text": "In Greek mythology, \"Asia\" (\u1f08\u03c3\u03af\u03b1) or \"Asie\" (\u1f08\u03c3\u03af\u03b7) was the name of a \"Nymph or Titan goddess of Lydia\".", "phonemes": "\u026an \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \"\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259\" l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028as\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259a\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u02c8\u00e6lf\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"\u0250s\u02c8a\u026a\" l\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025aw\u02c8\u028cn\u02c8\u025bfz\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028as\u02c8\u026a\u0261m\u0259a\u026a\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259\u02c8i\u02d0\u027e\u0259 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8e\u026am \u0259v\u0259 \"n\u02c8\u026amf \u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026at\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0259s \u028cv l\u02c8\u026adi\u0259\"."}, {"text": "The Iliad (attributed by the ancient Greeks to Homer) mentions two Phrygians in the Trojan War named Asios (an adjective meaning \"Asian\"); and also a marsh or lowland containing a marsh in Lydia as .", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026al\u026a\u02cc\u00e6d \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0ks t\u0259 h\u02c8o\u028am\u025a m\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nz t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u0279\u02c8a\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u0292\u0259n w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8e\u026amd \u0250s\u02c8i\u02d0o\u028az \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6d\u0292\u026akt\u02cc\u026av m\u02c8i\u02d0n\u026a\u014b \"\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n\"; \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8o\u028al\u0259nd k\u0259nt\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u0250 m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283 \u026an l\u02c8\u026adi\u0259 \u00e6z ."}, {"text": "According to many Muslims, the term came from Ancient Egypt's Queen Asiya, the adoptive mother of Moses.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u028azl\u026amz, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m k\u02c8e\u026am f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt \u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u026apts kw\u02c8i\u02d0n \u0250s\u02c8\u026aj\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u026av m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8o\u028as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "The term was later adopted by the Romans, who used it in reference to the province of Asia, located in western Anatolia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m w\u028cz l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259nz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd \u026a\u027e \u026an \u0279\u02c8\u025bf\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u026ans \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8o\u028ali\u0259."}, {"text": "In languages of the Chinese character cultural sphere words related to the character \u4e9c\u7d30\u4e9c Y\u00e0x\u00ecy\u00e0 are used.", "phonemes": "\u026an l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l sf\u02c8\u026a\u0279 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0dz \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a t\u0283\u02c8a\u026ani\u02d0zl\u02cc\u025b\u027e\u025a j\u02c8\u00e6ks\u026aj\u02cc\u00e6 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 j\u02c8u\u02d0zd."}, {"text": "The history of Asia can be seen as the distinct histories of several peripheral coastal regions: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East (West Asia), linked by the interior mass of the Central Asian steppes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 k\u00e6n bi\u02d0 s\u02c8i\u02d0n \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u026ast\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279iz \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259l k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz: \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, l\u02c8\u026a\u014bkt ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u026ant\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u025a m\u02c8\u00e6s \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n st\u02c8\u025bps."}, {"text": "The coastal periphery was home to some of the world's earliest known civilizations, each of them developing around fertile river valleys.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ast\u0259l p\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279i w\u028cz h\u02c8o\u028am t\u0259 s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast n\u02c8o\u028an s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, \u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u0259v \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u026av\u025a v\u02c8\u00e6l\u026az."}, {"text": "These civilizations may well have exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz m\u02c8e\u026a w\u02c8\u025bl h\u00e6v \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292iz \u00e6nd a\u026ad\u02c8i\u0259z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z m\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u026am\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026aks \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8i\u02d0l."}, {"text": "The central steppe region had long been inhabited by horse-mounted nomads who could reach all areas of Asia from the steppes.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l st\u02c8\u025bp \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n h\u00e6d l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02cc\u026an \u026anh\u02c8\u00e6b\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279sm\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd n\u02c8o\u028am\u00e6dz h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u028ad \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259z \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u025bps."}, {"text": "The earliest postulated expansion out of the steppe is that of the Indo-Europeans, who spread their languages into the Middle East, South Asia, and the borders of China, where the Tocharians resided.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast p\u02c8\u0254st\u0283\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6n\u0283\u0259n \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u025bp \u026az \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ando\u028aj\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259nz, h\u02ccu\u02d0 sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u00f0\u025b\u0279 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u025az \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 t\u0259t\u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259nz \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "The northernmost part of Asia, including much of Siberia, was largely inaccessible to the steppe nomads, owing to the dense forests, climate and tundra.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025anm\u02cco\u028ast p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv sa\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259, w\u028cz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li \u026an\u00e6ks\u02c8\u025bs\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u025bp n\u02c8o\u028am\u00e6dz, \u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u025bns f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts, kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The Caucasus and Himalaya mountains and the Karakum and Gobi deserts formed barriers that the steppe horsemen could cross only with difficulty.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u00e6s\u0259s \u00e6nd h\u02cc\u026am\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u00e6k\u0259m \u00e6nd \u0261\u02c8o\u028aba\u026a d\u02c8\u025bz\u025ats f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279md b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0279z \u00f0\u00e6t\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u025bp h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279sm\u025bn k\u028ad k\u0279\u02c8\u0254s \u02c8o\u028anli w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u02cc\u028clti."}, {"text": "While the urban city dwellers were more advanced technologically and socially, in many cases they could do little in a military aspect to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe.", "phonemes": "w\u02cca\u026al \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0b\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei dw\u02c8\u025bl\u025az w\u025c\u02d0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst t\u02cc\u025bkn\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u026akli \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259li, \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u00f0e\u026a k\u028ad d\u02c8u\u02d0 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u026an \u0250 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8\u00e6sp\u025bkt t\u0259 d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u025bnd \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8a\u028ant\u1d7bd h\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279dz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u025bp."}, {"text": "However, the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force; for this and other reasons, the nomads who conquered states in China, India, and the Middle East often found themselves adapting to the local, more affluent societies.", "phonemes": "ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028al\u0259ndz d\u026adn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t h\u00e6v \u026an\u02c8\u028cf \u02c8o\u028ap\u0259n \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6sl\u0259ndz t\u0259 s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279sba\u028and f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s; f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u026as \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028am\u00e6dz h\u02ccu\u02d0 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u025ad st\u02c8e\u026ats \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u0254f\u0259n f\u02c8a\u028and \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u0250d\u02c8\u00e6pt\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6flu\u02d0\u0259nt s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz."}, {"text": "The Islamic Caliphate's defeats of the Byzantine and Persian empires led to West Asia and southern parts of Central Asia and western parts of South Asia under its control during its conquests of the 7th century.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak k\u02c8\u00e6l\u026af\u02cce\u026atz d\u1d7bf\u02c8i\u02d0ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u026az\u0250nt\u02cci\u02d0n \u00e6nd p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025az l\u02c8\u025bd t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u026ats k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026ats k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bkw\u025bsts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The Mongol Empire conquered a large part of Asia in the 13th century, an area extending from China to Europe.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u0251\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u025ad \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u0250n \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u025bkst\u02c8\u025bnd\u026a\u014b f\u0279\u028cm t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 t\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "Before the Mongol invasion, Song dynasty reportedly had approximately 120 million citizens; the 1300 census which followed the invasion reported roughly 60 million people.", "phonemes": "b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u0251\u02d0l \u026anv\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n, s\u02c8\u0254\u014b d\u02c8a\u026an\u0250sti \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bdli h\u00e6d \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad tw\u02c8\u025bnti m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259nz; \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bns\u0259s w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad \u00f0\u026a \u026anv\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli s\u02c8\u026aksti m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "The Black Death, one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 bl\u02c8\u00e6k d\u02c8\u025b\u03b8, w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast d\u02c8\u025bv\u1d7bst\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u00e6nd\u02c8\u025bm\u026aks \u026an hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i, \u026az \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t t\u0259 h\u00e6v \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad pl\u02c8e\u026anz \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, w\u02cc\u025b\u0279 \u026at \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u0259ld \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026alk \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad."}, {"text": "The Russian Empire began to expand into Asia from the 17th century, and would eventually take control of all of Siberia and most of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u00e6n t\u028a \u025bksp\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u00e6nd w\u028ad \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283u\u02d0\u0259li t\u02c8e\u026ak k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cv sa\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "The Ottoman Empire controlled Anatolia, most of the Middle East, North Africa and the Balkans from the mid 16th century onwards.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8o\u028ali\u0259, m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lk\u0259nz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u02c8\u0251\u02d0nw\u025adz."}, {"text": "The Islamic Mughal Empire and the Hindu Maratha Empire controlled much of India in the 16th and 18th centuries respectively.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak m\u02c8o\u028a\u0261\u0259l \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0 m\u00e6\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u0259 \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "Western European colonisation of Asia coincided with the Industrial Revolution in the West and the dethroning of India and China as the world's foremost economies.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0l\u0259n\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 k\u02cco\u028a\u026ans\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bv\u0259l\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 di\u02d0\u03b8\u0279\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u014b \u028cv \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279mo\u028ast \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259miz."}, {"text": "The British Empire became dominant in South Asia, with large parts of the region first being conquered by British traders before falling under direct British rule; extreme poverty doubled to over 50% during this era.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014bk\u025ad ba\u026a b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad\u025az b\u1d7bf\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a d\u1d7b\u0279\u02c8\u025bkt b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l; \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei d\u02c8\u028cb\u0259ld t\u028a \u02cco\u028av\u025a f\u02c8\u026afti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The Middle East was contested and partitioned by the British and French, while Southeast Asia was carved up between the British, Dutch and French.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st w\u028cz k\u0259nt\u02c8\u025bst\u1d7bd \u00e6nd p\u0251\u02d0\u0279t\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, w\u02cca\u026al s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 w\u028cz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279vd \u02cc\u028cp b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283, d\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283."}, {"text": "Various Western powers dominated China in what later became known as the \"century of humiliation\", with the British-supported opium trade and later Opium Wars resulting in China being forced into an unprecedented situation of importing more than it exported.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an p\u02c8a\u028a\u025az d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 \u026an w\u028ct l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 \"s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i \u028cv hj\u02ccu\u02d0m\u026al\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\", w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 b\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0283s\u0259p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8o\u028api\u0259m t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u02c8o\u028api\u0259m w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279z \u0279\u026az\u02c8\u028clt\u026a\u014b \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279st \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0250n \u028cnp\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bd\u0259nt\u1d7bd s\u02cc\u026at\u0283u\u02d0\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u014b m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u026a\u027e \u025bksp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Foreign domination of China was furthered by the Empire of Japan, which controlled most of East Asia and much of Southeast Asia, New Guinea and the Pacific islands during this era; Japan's domination was enabled by its rapid rise that had taken place during the Meiji era of the late 19th century, in which it applied industrial knowledge learned from the West and thus overtook the rest of Asia.", "phonemes": "f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u0259n d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 w\u028cz f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025ad ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028ald m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, n\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0261\u02c8\u026ani \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8a\u026al\u0259ndz d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u026as \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259; d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6nz d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n w\u028cz \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259ld ba\u026a \u026ats \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026ad \u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u00f0\u00e6t h\u00e6d t\u02c8e\u026ak\u0259n pl\u02c8e\u026as d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292i \u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u0259 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u026anw\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u026a\u027e \u0250pl\u02c8a\u026ad \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292 l\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bst \u00e6nd \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "With the end of World War II in 1945 and the wartime ruination of Europe and imperial Japan, many countries in Asia were able to rapidly free themselves of colonial rule.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279ta\u026am \u0279\u02ccu\u02d0\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd \u026amp\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l t\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00f0\u025bms\u02c8\u025blvz \u028cv k\u0259l\u02c8o\u028an\u026a\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0l."}, {"text": "The independence of India came along with the carving out of a separate nation for the majority of Indian Muslims, which today has become the countries Pakistan and Bangladesh.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026and\u1d7bp\u02c8\u025bnd\u0259ns \u028cv \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 k\u02c8e\u026am \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u026a\u014b \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bp\u0279\u0259t n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n m\u02c8\u028azl\u026amz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a h\u0250z b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz p\u02cc\u00e6k\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd b\u02cc\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u0250d\u02c8\u025b\u0283."}, {"text": "Some Arab countries took economic advantage of massive oil deposits that were discovered in their territory, becoming globally influential.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz t\u02c8\u028ak \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6s\u026av \u02c8\u0254\u026al d\u1d7bp\u02c8\u0251\u02d0z\u026ats \u00f0\u00e6t w\u025c\u02d0 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025ad \u026an \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i, b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259li \u02cc\u026anflu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259l."}, {"text": "East Asian nations (along with Singapore in Southeast Asia) became economically prosperous with high-growth \"tiger economies\", with China regaining its place among the top two economies of the world by the 21st century.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014b w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0250p\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026akli p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0sp\u025a\u0279\u0259s w\u026a\u00f0 h\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \"t\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279 \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259miz\", w\u026a\u00f0 t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u025a \u0279\u1d7b\u0261\u02c8e\u026an\u026a\u014b \u026ats pl\u02c8e\u026as \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259miz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "India has grown significantly because of economic liberalisation that started in the 1990s, with extreme poverty now below 20%.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u026andi\u0259 h\u0250z \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028an s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259ntli b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz \u028cv \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak l\u02cc\u026ab\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u0259z\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00f0\u00e6t st\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z, w\u026a\u00f0 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u028a b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a tw\u02c8\u025bnti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "It covers 9% of the Earth's total surface area (or 30% of its land area), and has the longest coastline, at .", "phonemes": "\u026at k\u02c8\u028cv\u025az n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8z t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0f\u026as \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv \u026ats l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259, \u00e6nd h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast k\u02c8o\u028astla\u026an, \u00e6t ."}, {"text": "It is located to the east of the Suez Canal and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma\u2013Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u026az k\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0\u025a\u0279\u0259l m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0k\u00e6s\u0259s m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026anz \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6n\u026at\u0283 d\u1d7bp\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u00e6spi\u0259n \u00e6nd bl\u02c8\u00e6k s\u02c8i\u02d0z."}, {"text": "It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az b\u02c8a\u028and\u1d7bd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n, \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259n."}, {"text": "Asia is subdivided into 49 countries, five of them (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkey) are transcontinental countries lying partly in Europe.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u026az s\u02cc\u028cbd\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, f\u02c8a\u026av \u028cv \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u0259, \u02cc\u00e6z\u025aba\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n, \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259, k\u02cc\u00e6z\u0250khst\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ki \u0251\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u00e6nsk\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz l\u02c8a\u026a\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p."}, {"text": "Geographically, Russia is partly in Asia, but is considered a European nation, both culturally and politically.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026akli, \u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0283\u0259 \u026az p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279tli \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026az k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad \u0250 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259li \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026akli."}, {"text": "Tropical rainforests stretch across much of southern Asia and coniferous and deciduous forests lie farther north.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8e\u026anf\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts st\u0279\u02c8\u025bt\u0283 \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd k\u0259n\u02c8\u026af\u025a\u0279\u0259s \u00e6nd d\u1d7bs\u02c8\u026adju\u02d0\u0259s f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts l\u02c8a\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8."}, {"text": "This division of Asia into regions by the United Nations is done solely for statistical reasons and does not imply any assumption about political or other affiliations of countries and territories.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026as d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u02cc\u026ant\u028a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026az d\u02c8\u028cn s\u02c8o\u028alli f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak\u0259l \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z\u0259nz \u00e6nd d\u028czn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t \u026ampl\u02c8a\u026a \u02cc\u025bni \u0250s\u02c8\u028cmp\u0283\u0259n \u0250b\u02cca\u028at p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u0250f\u02cc\u026al\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz."}, {"text": "Climates range from arctic and subarctic in Siberia to tropical in southern India and Southeast Asia.", "phonemes": "kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259ts \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u00e6nd s\u028cb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u026an sa\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259 t\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l \u026an s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "The monsoon circulation dominates across southern and eastern sections, due to the presence of the Himalayas forcing the formation of a thermal low which draws in moisture during the summer.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u0254ns\u02c8u\u02d0n s\u02cc\u025c\u02d0kj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026ats \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an s\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz, d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02cc\u026am\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0259z f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279m\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0259v\u0259 \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259l l\u02c8o\u028a w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 d\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0z \u026an m\u02c8\u0254\u026ast\u0283\u025a d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028cm\u025a."}, {"text": "Siberia is one of the coldest places in the Northern Hemisphere, and can act as a source of arctic air masses for North America.", "phonemes": "sa\u026ab\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259 \u026az w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an h\u02c8\u025bm\u026asf\u02cc\u026a\u0279, \u00e6nd k\u00e6n \u02c8\u00e6kt \u00e6z \u0250 s\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s \u028cv \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279kt\u026ak \u02c8\u025b\u0279 m\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259."}, {"text": "The most active place on Earth for tropical cyclone activity lies northeast of the Philippines and south of Japan.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av pl\u02c8e\u026as \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l s\u02c8a\u026aklo\u028an \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei l\u02c8a\u026az n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i\u02d0st \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0nz \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "A survey carried out in 2010 by global risk analysis farm Maplecroft identified 16 countries that are extremely vulnerable to climate change.", "phonemes": "\u0250 s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ve\u026a k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02c8a\u028at \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn ba\u026a \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u0279\u02c8\u026ask \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m m\u02c8e\u026apl\u026ak\u0279\u02cc\u0254ft a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292."}, {"text": "Each nation's vulnerability was calculated using 42 socio, economic and environmental indicators, which identified the likely climate change impacts during the next 30 years.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz v\u02cc\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei w\u028cz k\u02c8\u00e6lkj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd j\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026a\u014b f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei t\u02c8u\u02d0 s\u02c8o\u028as\u026a\u02cco\u028a, \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u00e6nd \u025bnv\u02cca\u026a\u0279\u0259nm\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u026and\u1d7bk\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 a\u026ad\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026akli kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kts d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u025bkst \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z."}, {"text": "The Asian countries of Bangladesh, India, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Pakistan, China and Sri Lanka were among the 16 countries facing extreme risk from climate change.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u028cv b\u02cc\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u0250d\u02c8\u025b\u0283, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0nz, v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, t\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, p\u02cc\u00e6k\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6n, t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259 w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026aksti\u02d0n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz f\u02c8e\u026as\u026a\u014b \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m \u0279\u02c8\u026ask f\u0279\u028cm kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292."}, {"text": "For example, in tropical parts of India with a semi-arid climate, the temperature increased by 0.4\u00a0\u00b0C between 1901 and 2003.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u026an t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026ak\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t, \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bmp\u0279\u026at\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st ba\u026a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7b\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8i\u02d0 b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "A 2013 study by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) aimed to find science-based, pro-poor approaches and techniques that would enable Asia's agricultural systems to cope with climate change, while benefitting poor and vulnerable farmers.", "phonemes": "\u0250 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n st\u02c8\u028cdi ba\u026a \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ps \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u02c8\u026anst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ad t\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u026aks \u02c8a\u026ak\u0279\u026as\u02cc\u00e6t \u02c8e\u026amd t\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026and s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nsb\u02c8e\u026ast, p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ap\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u0250p\u0279\u02c8o\u028at\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6nd t\u025bkn\u02c8i\u02d0ks \u00f0\u00e6t w\u028ad \u025bn\u02c8e\u026ab\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259z \u02cc\u00e6\u0261\u0279\u026ak\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02c8\u026ast\u0259mz t\u0259 k\u02c8o\u028ap w\u026a\u00f0 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292, w\u02cca\u026al b\u02c8\u025bn\u026af\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00e6nd v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az."}, {"text": "The study's recommendations ranged from improving the use of climate information in local planning and strengthening weather-based agro-advisory services, to stimulating diversification of rural household incomes and providing incentives to farmers to adopt natural resource conservation measures to enhance forest cover, replenish groundwater and use renewable energy.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8\u028cdiz \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259m\u025bnd\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292d f\u0279\u028cm \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u028cv kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an l\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259l pl\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b \u00e6nd st\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u014b\u03b8\u0259n\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025b\u00f0\u025ab\u02c8e\u026ast \u02c8\u00e6\u0261\u0279o\u028a\u0250dv\u02c8a\u026az\u025a\u0279i s\u02c8\u025c\u02d0v\u026as\u1d7bz, t\u0259 st\u02c8\u026amj\u028al\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b da\u026av\u02cc\u025c\u02d0s\u026af\u026ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u0279\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259l h\u02c8a\u028asho\u028ald \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cmz \u00e6nd p\u0279\u0259v\u02c8a\u026ad\u026a\u014b \u026ans\u02c8\u025bnt\u026avz t\u0259 f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u025az t\u028a \u0250d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0pt n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ns\u025av\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025az t\u028a \u025bnh\u02c8\u00e6ns f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ast k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a, \u0279\u1d7bpl\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0283 \u0261\u0279\u02c8a\u028andw\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a \u00e6nd j\u02c8u\u02d0s \u0279\u1d7bn\u02c8u\u02d0\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u025bn\u025ad\u0292i."}, {"text": "The ten countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) \u2013 Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam \u2013 are among the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change in the world, however, ASEAN's climate mitigation efforts are not commensurate with the climate threats and risks it faces.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250s\u02cco\u028as\u026a\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u02c8\u00e6si\u0259n b\u0279u\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a, k\u00e6mb\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259, \u026ando\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259, l\u02c8a\u028az, m\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, mj\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nm\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0nz, s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0250p\u02cco\u02d0\u0279, t\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, \u00e6nd v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8o\u028ast v\u02c8\u028cln\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkts \u028cv kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t t\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, ha\u028a\u02c8\u025bv\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6si\u0259n kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t m\u02cc\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0261\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0t k\u0259m\u02c8\u025bns\u025a\u0279\u0259t w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 kl\u02c8a\u026am\u0259t \u03b8\u0279\u02c8\u025bts \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u026asks \u026at f\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Asia has the largest continental economy in the world by both GDP nominal and PPP values, and is the fastest growing economic region.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 h\u0250z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld ba\u026a b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z, \u00e6nd \u026az \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ast \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": ", China is by far the largest economy on the continent, making up nearly half of the continent's economy by GDP nominal.", "phonemes": ", t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 \u026az ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u02cc\u028cp n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li h\u02c8\u00e6f \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nts \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi ba\u026a d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l."}, {"text": "It is followed by Japan, India, South Korea, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, which are all ranked amongst the top 20 largest economies both by nominal and PPP values.", "phonemes": "\u026a\u027e \u026az f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259, \u026ando\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028adi \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259 \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ki, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014bst \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p tw\u02c8\u025bnti l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259miz b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 ba\u026a n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 v\u02c8\u00e6lju\u02d0z."}, {"text": "Based on Global Office Locations 2011, Asia dominated the office locations with 4 of the top 5 being in Asia: Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo and Seoul.", "phonemes": "b\u02c8e\u026ast \u02cc\u0254n \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026as lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p f\u02c8a\u026av b\u02cci\u02d0\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259: h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b, s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0250p\u02cco\u02d0\u0279, t\u02c8o\u028ak\u026a\u02cco\u028a \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the economies of China and India grew rapidly, both with an average annual growth rate of more than 8%.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd z, \u00f0\u026a \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259miz \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6p\u026adli, b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02c8\u00e6nju\u02d0\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n \u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "Other recent very-high-growth nations in Asia include Israel, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines, and mineral-rich nations such as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Brunei, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Oman.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259nt v\u02c8\u025b\u0279ih\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u026az\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l, m\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u026ando\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259, b\u02cc\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u0250d\u02c8\u025b\u0283, t\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd, v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0nz, \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279\u0259l\u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z k\u02cc\u00e6z\u0250khst\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n, t\u02cc\u025c\u02d0km\u0259n\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6n, \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n, b\u0279u\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a, \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b \u02c8\u025bm\u1d7b\u0279\u02cce\u026ats, k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u0251\u02d0\u0279, ku\u02d0w\u02c8e\u026at, s\u02c8a\u028adi \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259, b\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd o\u028am\u02c8\u00e6n."}, {"text": "According to economic historian Angus Maddison in his book The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, India had the world's largest economy during 0 BCE and 1000 BCE.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak h\u026ast\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i\u0259n \u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261\u0259s m\u02c8\u00e6d\u026as\u0259n \u026an h\u026az b\u02c8\u028ak \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi: \u0250 m\u026al\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259l p\u025asp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 h\u00e6d \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u028cn \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Historically, India was the largest economy in the world for most of the two millennia from the 1st until 19th century, contributing 25% of the world's industrial output.", "phonemes": "h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026akli, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 m\u026al\u02c8\u025bni\u0259 f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u028cnt\u02c8\u026al n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8\u026abju\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz \u026and\u02c8\u028cst\u0279\u026a\u0259l \u02c8a\u028atp\u028at."}, {"text": "China was the largest and most advanced economy on earth for much of recorded history and shared the mantle with India.", "phonemes": "t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nst \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u028cv \u0279\u1d7bk\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd h\u02c8\u026ast\u025a\u0279i \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u00e6nt\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u026andi\u0259."}, {"text": "For several decades in the late twentieth century Japan was the largest economy in Asia and second-largest of any single nation in the world, after surpassing the Soviet Union (measured in net material product) in 1990 and Germany in 1968.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n w\u028cz\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259ndl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0259l n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a s\u025ap\u02c8\u00e6s\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8o\u028avi\u0259t j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n m\u02c8\u025b\u0292\u025ad \u026an n\u02c8\u025bt m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u028ckt \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u00e6nd d\u0292\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259ni \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "(NB: A number of supernational economies are larger, such as the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or APEC).", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u025bnb\u02c8i\u02d0: \u0250 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv s\u02ccu\u02d0p\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259miz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u025a, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n j\u02c8u\u02d0ni\u0259n \u02cci\u02d0j\u02c8u\u02d0, \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n f\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u0250\u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0m\u0259nt n\u02c8\u00e6ft\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ap\u025bk."}, {"text": "In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Japan's GDP by currency exchange rates was almost as large as that of the rest of Asia combined.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8e\u026at n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei z \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025c\u02d0li n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z, d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6nz d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 ba\u026a k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nsi \u025bkst\u0283\u02c8e\u026and\u0292 \u0279\u02c8e\u026ats w\u028cz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u00e6z l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6z \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bst \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and."}, {"text": "In 1995, Japan's economy nearly equaled that of the US as the largest economy in the world for a day, after the Japanese currency reached a record high of 79 yen/US$. Economic growth in Asia since World War II to the 1990s had been concentrated in Japan as well as the four regions of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore located in the Pacific Rim, known as the Asian tigers, which are now all considered developed economies, having amongst the highest GDP per capita in Asia.", "phonemes": "\u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av, d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6nz \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u02c8i\u02d0kw\u0259ld \u00f0\u00e6t \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259mi \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld f\u025a\u0279\u0259 d\u02c8e\u026a, \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a \u00f0\u0259 d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259nsi \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u0250 \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u025ad h\u02c8a\u026a \u028cv s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti n\u02c8a\u026an j\u02c8\u025bn sl\u02c8\u00e6\u0283 j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a. \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 s\u02c8\u026ans w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02cco\u028am\u0259n t\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti z h\u0250db\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u0259nt\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259, ta\u026aw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n, h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0250p\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0279\u02c8\u026am, n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n t\u02c8a\u026a\u0261\u025az, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u028a \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025ad d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259miz, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014bst \u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast d\u0292\u02cci\u02d0d\u02cci\u02d0p\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "Asia is the largest continent in the world by a considerable margin, and it is rich in natural resources, such as petroleum, forests, fish, water, rice, copper and silver.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u026az \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld ba\u026a \u0250 k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026an, \u00e6nd \u026a\u027e \u026az \u0279\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026an n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u1d7bz, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z p\u0259t\u0279\u02c8o\u028ali\u02d0\u0259m, f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026asts, f\u02c8\u026a\u0283, w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a, \u0279\u02c8a\u026as, k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279 \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026alv\u025a."}, {"text": "Manufacturing in Asia has traditionally been strongest in East and Southeast Asia, particularly in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, India, the Philippines, and Singapore.", "phonemes": "m\u02cc\u00e6nju\u02d0f\u02c8\u00e6kt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 h\u0250z t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0259li b\u02cc\u026an st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast \u026an \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, ta\u026aw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259, d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0nz, \u00e6nd s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0250p\u02cco\u02d0\u0279."}, {"text": "Japan and South Korea continue to dominate in the area of multinational corporations, but increasingly the PRC and India are making significant inroads.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0 t\u0259 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026at \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259 \u028cv m\u02cc\u028clt\u026an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l k\u02cc\u0254\u02d0\u0279p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, b\u02cc\u028ct \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u026a\u014bli \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cci\u02d0\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u02c8\u026an\u0279o\u028adz."}, {"text": "Many companies from Europe, North America, South Korea and Japan have operations in Asia's developing countries to take advantage of its abundant supply of cheap labour and relatively developed infrastructure.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bni k\u02c8\u028cmp\u0259niz f\u0279\u028cm j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 \u00e6nd d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n h\u00e6v \u02cc\u0251\u02d0p\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259z d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259p\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz t\u0259 t\u02c8e\u026ak \u0250dv\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026ad\u0292 \u028cv \u026ats \u0250b\u02c8\u028cnd\u0259nt s\u0259pl\u02c8a\u026a \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0p l\u02c8e\u026ab\u025a \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u025bl\u0259t\u02cc\u026avli d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pt \u02c8\u026anf\u0279\u0259st\u0279\u02cc\u028ckt\u0283\u025a."}, {"text": "According to Citigroup in 2011, 9 of 11 Global Growth Generators countries came from Asia driven by population and income growth.", "phonemes": "\u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0p \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u026an \u028cv \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u025az k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz k\u02c8e\u026am f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8\u026av\u0259n ba\u026a p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8."}, {"text": "They are Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Mongolia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02cc\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u0250d\u02c8\u025b\u0283, t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, \u026ando\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259, \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6k, m\u0254\u014b\u0261\u02c8o\u028ali\u0259, \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0nz, s\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259 \u00e6nd v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m."}, {"text": "Call centers and business process outsourcing (BPOs) are becoming major employers in India and the Philippines due to the availability of a large pool of highly skilled, English-speaking workers.", "phonemes": "k\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025az \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026azn\u0259s p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u025bs a\u028ats\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014b b\u02c8i\u02d0p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u1d7bk\u02c8\u028cm\u026a\u014b m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a\u0279 \u025bmpl\u02c8\u0254\u026a\u025az \u026an \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0nz d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u0250v\u02cce\u026al\u0259b\u02c8\u026al\u1d7b\u027ei \u0259v\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 p\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv h\u02c8a\u026ali sk\u02c8\u026ald, \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283sp\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026a\u014b w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k\u025az."}, {"text": "Due to its large and extremely competitive information technology industry, India has become a major hub for outsourcing.", "phonemes": "d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u026ats l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 \u00e6nd \u025bkst\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0mli k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u1d7bt\u02cc\u026av \u02cc\u026anf\u025am\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n t\u025bkn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8\u026and\u028cst\u0279i, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 h\u0250z b\u026ak\u02cc\u028cm \u0250 m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a h\u02c8\u028cb f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 a\u028ats\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279s\u026a\u014b."}, {"text": "Trade between Asian countries and countries on other continents is largely carried out on the sea routes that are important for Asia.", "phonemes": "t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad b\u1d7btw\u02cci\u02d0n \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nts \u026az l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292li k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02c8a\u028at \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u028ats \u00f0\u00e6t \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u026amp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "The main route leads from the Chinese coast south via Hanoi to Jakarta, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur through the Strait of Malacca via the Sri Lankan Colombo to the southern tip of India via Mal\u00e9 to East Africa Mombasa, from there to Djibouti, then through the Red Sea over the Suez Canal into Mediterranean, there via Haifa, Istanbul and Athens to the upper Adriatic to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe or further to Barcelona and around Spain and France to the European northern ports.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8e\u026an \u0279\u02c8a\u028at l\u02c8i\u02d0dz f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u02c8o\u028ast s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 h\u00e6n\u02c8\u0254\u026a t\u0259 d\u0292\u0250k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259, s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0250p\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd kw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0250 l\u02c8\u028cmp\u028a\u0279 \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8e\u026at \u028cv m\u02c8\u00e6l\u00e6k\u0259 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259n k\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mbo\u028a t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025an t\u02c8\u026ap \u028cv \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 m\u00e6l\u02c8e\u026a t\u028a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8\u00e6f\u0279\u026ak\u0259 m\u0259mb\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259, f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0259 d\u0292\u026ab\u02c8u\u02d0\u027ei, \u00f0\u02c8\u025bn \u03b8\u0279u\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8\u025bd s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8u\u02d0\u026az k\u0259n\u02c8\u00e6l \u02cc\u026ant\u028a m\u02cc\u025bd\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0279\u02c8e\u026ani\u0259n, \u00f0\u025b\u0279 v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 h\u02c8e\u026af\u0259, \u02cc\u026ast\u02cc\u00e6nb\u02c8\u028al \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u03b8\u1d7bnz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02cc\u028cp\u025a\u0279 \u02cc\u00e6d\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026ak t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u026at\u02c8\u00e6li\u0259n h\u02c8\u028cb \u028cv t\u0279\u02c8a\u026ast w\u026a\u00f0 \u026ats \u0279\u02c8e\u026al k\u0259n\u02c8\u025bk\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u00f0\u025a t\u0259 b\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279s\u026al\u02c8o\u028an\u0259 \u00e6nd \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and sp\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd f\u0279\u02c8\u00e6ns t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 j\u02cc\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p\u02c8i\u0259n n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an p\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts."}, {"text": "A particularly significant part of the Asian goods traffic is carried out across the Pacific towards Los Angeles and Long Beach.", "phonemes": "\u0250 p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279t \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0261\u02c8\u028adz t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak \u026az k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279id \u02c8a\u028at \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak t\u0259w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u02c8\u00e6nd\u0292\u0259l\u026as \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u0254\u014b b\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283."}, {"text": "In contrast to the sea routes, the Silk Road via the land route to Europe is on the one hand still under construction and on the other hand is much smaller in terms of scope.", "phonemes": "\u026an k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u00e6st t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0279\u02c8a\u028ats, \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u026alk \u0279\u02c8o\u028ad v\u02c8a\u026a\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u028at t\u0259 j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u026az \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u028cn h\u02c8\u00e6nd st\u02c8\u026al \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a k\u0259nst\u0279\u02c8\u028ck\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a h\u02c8\u00e6nd \u026az m\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0mz \u028cv sk\u02c8o\u028ap."}, {"text": "In 2010, Asia had 3.3 million millionaires (people with net worth over US$1 million excluding their homes), slightly below North America with 3.4 million millionaires.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 h\u00e6d \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n m\u02cc\u026ali\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u0279z p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 n\u02c8\u025bt w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 \u02cco\u028av\u025a j\u02ccu\u02d0\u02c8\u025bs d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8o\u028amz, sl\u02c8a\u026atli b\u1d7bl\u02cco\u028a n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n m\u02cc\u026ali\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u0279z."}, {"text": "Citigroup in The Wealth Report 2012 stated that Asian centa-millionaire overtook North America's wealth for the first time as the world's \"economic center of gravity\" continued moving east.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026a\u0261\u0279\u02ccu\u02d0p \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279t t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv st\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u00f0\u00e6t \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259m\u02cc\u026ali\u0259n\u02c8\u025b\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025at\u02c8\u028ak n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259z w\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz \"\u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6v\u1d7b\u027ei\" k\u0259nt\u02c8\u026anju\u02d0d m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u026a\u014b \u02c8i\u02d0st."}, {"text": "At the end of 2011, there were 18,000 Asian people mainly in Southeast Asia, China and Japan who have at least $100 million in disposable assets, while North America with 17,000 people and Western Europe with 14,000 people.", "phonemes": "\u00e6t \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n, \u00f0\u025b\u0279w\u02cc\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8e\u026ati\u02d0n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l m\u02c8e\u026anli \u026an s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 \u00e6nd d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n h\u02ccu\u02d0 h\u00e6v \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u025a w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u026an d\u026asp\u02c8o\u028az\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u00e6s\u025bts, w\u02cca\u026al n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst\u025an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l."}, {"text": "With growing Regional Tourism with domination of Chinese visitors, MasterCard has released Global Destination Cities Index 2013 with 10 of 20 are dominated by Asia and Pacific Region Cities and also for the first time a city of a country from Asia (Bangkok) set in the top-ranked with 15.98 million international visitors.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n\u0259l t\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026az\u0259m w\u026a\u00f0 d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u025az, m\u02c8\u00e6st\u025a k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d h\u0250z \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0st \u0261l\u02c8o\u028ab\u0259l d\u02cc\u025bst\u026an\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u02c8\u026and\u025bks t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n w\u026a\u00f0 t\u02c8\u025bn \u028cv tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd ba\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd p\u0250s\u02c8\u026af\u026ak \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n s\u02c8\u026a\u027eiz \u00e6nd \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st t\u02c8a\u026am \u0250 s\u02c8\u026a\u027ei \u0259v\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0251\u02d0k s\u02c8\u025bt \u026an\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt w\u026a\u00f0 f\u02c8\u026afti\u02d0n.n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l v\u02c8\u026az\u026a\u027e\u025az."}, {"text": "East Asia had by far the strongest overall Human Development Index (HDI) improvement of any region in the world, nearly doubling average HDI attainment over the past 40 years, according to the report's analysis of health, education and income data.", "phonemes": "\u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 h\u00e6d ba\u026a f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 st\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u014b\u0261\u026ast \u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt \u02c8\u026and\u025bks \u02cce\u026at\u0283d\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a \u026amp\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0vm\u0259nt \u028cv \u02cc\u025bni \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li d\u02c8\u028cbl\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u026ad\u0292 \u02cce\u026at\u0283d\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a \u0250t\u02c8e\u026anm\u0259nt \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u00e6st f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ts \u0250n\u02c8\u00e6l\u0259s\u02cc\u026as \u028cv h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8, \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u0259."}, {"text": "1970, is the only country on the \"Top 10 Movers\" list due to income rather than health or education achievements.", "phonemes": "n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti, \u026az \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028anli k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 \"t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0p t\u02c8\u025bn m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025az\" l\u02c8\u026ast d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u028a \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u00f0\u025a \u00f0\u0250n h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "Its per capita income increased a stunning 21-fold over the last four decades, also lifting hundreds of millions out of income poverty.", "phonemes": "\u026ats p\u025c\u02d0 k\u02c8\u00e6p\u026a\u027e\u0259 \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm \u026a\u014bk\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0st \u0250 st\u02c8\u028cn\u026a\u014b tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cnf\u02c8o\u028ald \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u00e6st f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u025bke\u026adz, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a l\u02c8\u026aft\u026a\u014b h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026adz \u028cv m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259nz \u02cca\u028a\u027e\u0259v \u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u028cm p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u025a\u027ei."}, {"text": "Nepal, a South Asian country, emerges as one of the world's fastest movers since 1970 mainly due to health and education achievements.", "phonemes": "n\u025bp\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, \u0250 s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i, \u026am\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d\u0292\u1d7bz \u00e6z w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz f\u02c8\u00e6st\u026ast m\u02c8u\u02d0v\u025az s\u02c8\u026ans n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti m\u02c8e\u026anli d\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bl\u03b8 \u00e6nd \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u0250t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0vm\u0259nts."}, {"text": "More than four of every five children of school age in Nepal now attend primary school, compared to just one in five 40 years ago.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8\u025bv\u0279i f\u02c8a\u026av t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u028cv sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u02c8e\u026ad\u0292 \u026an n\u025bp\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8a\u028a \u0250t\u02c8\u025bnd p\u0279\u02c8a\u026am\u025a\u0279i sk\u02c8u\u02d0l, k\u0259mp\u02c8\u025b\u0279d t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8\u028cst w\u02c8\u028cn \u026an f\u02c8a\u026av f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei j\u02c8\u026a\u0279z \u0250\u0261\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "Hong Kong ranked highest among the countries grouped on the HDI (number 7 in the world, which is in the \"very high human development\" category), followed by Singapore (9), Japan (19) and South Korea (22).", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u014b \u0279\u02c8\u00e6\u014bkt h\u02c8a\u026a\u026ast \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0pt \u0254n\u00f0\u026a \u02cce\u026at\u0283d\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8a\u026a n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, w\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u026az \u026an\u00f0\u0259 \"v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i h\u02c8a\u026a hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt\" k\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u026a\u0261\u025a\u0279i, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a s\u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261\u0250p\u02cco\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8a\u026an, d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n \u00e6nd s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0."}, {"text": "For instance, according to Ethnologue, more than 700 languages are spoken in Indonesia, more than 400 languages spoken in India, and more than 100 are spoken in the Philippines.", "phonemes": "f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02c8\u026anst\u0259ns, \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u028a \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u0259l\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0261, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u026an \u026ando\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259, m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u026an \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u0251\u02d0\u0279 sp\u02c8o\u028ak\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0nz."}, {"text": "Many of the world's major religions have their origins in Asia, including the five most practiced in the world (excluding irreligion), which are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Chinese folk religion (classified as Confucianism and Taoism), and Buddhism respectively.", "phonemes": "m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldz m\u02c8e\u026ad\u0292\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz h\u00e6v \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av m\u02c8o\u028ast p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u025bkskl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b \u026a\u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei, \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z f\u02c8o\u028ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n kl\u02c8\u00e6s\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad \u00e6z k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u00e6nd t\u02c8a\u028a\u026az\u0259m, \u00e6nd b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026az\u0259m \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "The story of the Great Flood for example, as presented to Jews in the Hebrew Bible in the narrative of Noah\u2014and later to Christians in the Old Testament, and to Muslims in the Quran\u2014is earliest found in Mesopotamian mythology, in the En\u00fbma Eli\u0161 and Epic of Gilgamesh.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 st\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at fl\u02c8\u028cd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6mp\u0259l, \u00e6z p\u0279\u026az\u02c8\u025bnt\u1d7bd t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0 b\u02c8a\u026ab\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259t\u02cc\u026av \u028cv n\u02c8o\u028a\u028c\u2014\u00e6nd l\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a t\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald t\u02c8\u025bst\u0259m\u0259nt, \u00e6nd t\u0259 m\u02c8\u028azl\u026amz \u026an\u00f0\u0259 kw\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n\u2014\u026az \u02c8\u025c\u02d0l\u026a\u026ast f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an m\u02cc\u025bs\u0259p\u0259t\u02c8e\u026ami\u0259n m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i, \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u025bn\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259 \u1d7bl\u02c8\u026a\u0283 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u025bp\u026ak \u028cv \u0261\u02c8\u026al\u0261e\u026am\u0259\u0283."}, {"text": "Hindu mythology similarly tells about an avatar of Vishnu in the form of a fish who warned Manu of a terrible flood.", "phonemes": "h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0 m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i s\u02c8\u026am\u026al\u025ali t\u02c8\u025blz \u0250b\u02cca\u028at \u0250n \u02c8\u00e6v\u0250t\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u028cv v\u02c8\u026a\u0283nu\u02d0 \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279m \u0259v\u0259 f\u02c8\u026a\u0283 h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279nd m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nju\u02d0 \u0259v\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bb\u0259l fl\u02c8\u028cd."}, {"text": "Ancient Chinese mythology also tells of a Great Flood spanning generations, one that required the combined efforts of emperors and divinities to control.", "phonemes": "\u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z m\u026a\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259d\u0292i \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a t\u02c8\u025blz \u0259v\u0259 \u0261\u0279\u02c8e\u026at fl\u02c8\u028cd sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02cc\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u00e6t \u0279\u1d7bkw\u02c8a\u026a\u025ad \u00f0\u0259 k\u0259mb\u02c8a\u026and \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats \u028cv \u02c8\u025bmp\u025a\u0279\u025az \u00e6nd d\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026an\u1d7b\u027eiz t\u0259 k\u0259nt\u0279\u02c8o\u028al."}, {"text": "The Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druze faith, and Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith originated in West Asia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u0279\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0de\u026a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei, \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8, \u00e6nd b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02cca\u026a\u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0t f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "Judaism, the oldest of the Abrahamic faiths, is practiced primarily in Israel, the indigenous homeland and historical birthplace of the Hebrew nation: which today consists both of those Jews who remained in the Middle East and those who returned from diaspora in Europe, North America, and other regions; though various diaspora communities persist worldwide.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0de\u026a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u0279\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8s, \u026az p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast p\u0279a\u026am\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u1d7bli \u026an \u02c8\u026az\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l, \u00f0\u026a \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s h\u02c8o\u028aml\u0259nd \u00e6nd h\u026ast\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ak\u0259l b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8ple\u026as \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8i\u02d0b\u0279u\u02d0 n\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n: w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026asts b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u028cv \u00f0o\u028az d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0z h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bm\u02c8e\u026and \u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd \u00f0o\u028az h\u02ccu\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bt\u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd f\u0279\u028cm da\u026a\u02c8\u00e6sp\u025a\u0279\u0259 \u026an j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz; \u00f0\u02cco\u028a v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s da\u026a\u02c8\u00e6sp\u025a\u0279\u0259 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz p\u025as\u02c8\u026ast w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad."}, {"text": "Jews are the predominant ethnic group in Israel (75.6%) numbering at about 6.1 million, although the levels of adherence to Jewish religion vary.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0p \u026an \u02c8\u026az\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av.s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00e6\u027e \u0250b\u02cca\u028at s\u02c8\u026aks.w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, \u0254\u02d0l\u00f0\u02c8o\u028a \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u025bv\u0259lz \u028cv \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259ns t\u0259 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u0283 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i."}, {"text": "Outside of Israel there are small ancient Jewish communities in Turkey (17,400), Azerbaijan (9,100), Iran (8,756), India (5,000) and Uzbekistan (4,000), among many other places.", "phonemes": "a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad \u028cv \u02c8\u026az\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l \u00f0\u025b\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0\u026a\u0283 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ki s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nt\u02cci\u02d0n,f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, \u02cc\u00e6z\u025aba\u026ad\u0292\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n n\u02c8a\u026an,w\u02c8\u028cnh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad, \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n \u02c8e\u026at,s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad f\u02c8\u026afti s\u02c8\u026aks, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 f\u02c8a\u026av,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a \u00e6nd \u02cc\u028azb\u025bk\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6n f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279,z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028az\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a, \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b m\u02c8\u025bni \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a pl\u02c8e\u026as\u1d7bz."}, {"text": "Jews alive in the world today, making them one of the smallest Asian minorities, at roughly 0.3 to 0.4 percent of the total population of the continent.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0z \u0250l\u02c8a\u026av \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld t\u0259d\u02c8e\u026a, m\u02cce\u026ak\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u02cc\u025bm w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l\u026ast \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u00e6t \u0279\u02c8\u028cfli z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.\u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 t\u0259 z\u02c8i\u0259\u0279o\u028a.f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt."}, {"text": "Christianity is a widespread religion in Asia with more than 286 million adherents according to Pew Research Center in 2010, and nearly 364 million according to Britannica Book of the Year 2014.", "phonemes": "k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei \u026az \u0250 w\u02c8a\u026adsp\u0279\u025bd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8u\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 pj\u02c8u\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u025a\u0279 \u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn, \u00e6nd n\u02cc\u026a\u0279li \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0h\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n \u0250k\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279d\u026a\u014b t\u0259 b\u0279\u026at\u02c8\u00e6n\u026ak\u0259 b\u02c8\u028ak \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 j\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n."}, {"text": "In the Philippines and East Timor, Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion; it was introduced by the Spaniards and the Portuguese, respectively.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u026al\u1d7bp\u02cci\u02d0nz \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st t\u02c8i\u02d0mo\u02d0\u0279, \u0279\u02c8o\u028am\u0259n k\u00e6\u03b8\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026as\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259nt \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n; \u026at w\u028cz \u02cc\u026ant\u0279\u0259d\u02c8u\u02d0st ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u00e6n\u026a\u025adz \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u02cco\u02d0\u0279t\u0283\u0259\u0261\u02c8i\u02d0z, \u0279\u1d7bsp\u02c8\u025bkt\u026avli."}, {"text": "In the Middle East, such as in the Levant, Anatolia and Fars, Syriac Christianity (Church of the East) and Oriental Orthodoxy are prevalent minority denominations, which are both Eastern Christian sects mainly adhered to Assyrian people or Syriac Christians.", "phonemes": "\u026an\u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st, s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u026an\u00f0\u0259 l\u0259v\u02c8\u00e6nt, \u02cc\u00e6n\u0250t\u02c8o\u028ali\u0259 \u00e6nd f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279z, s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u02cc\u00e6k k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283 \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st \u00e6nd \u02cco\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ksi \u0251\u02d0\u0279 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bv\u0259l\u0259nt ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei d\u1d7bn\u02cc\u0251\u02d0m\u1d7bn\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n s\u02c8\u025bkts m\u02c8e\u026anli \u00e6dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279d t\u028a \u0250s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259n p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u02cc\u00e6k k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "Vibrant indigenous minorities in West Asia are adhering to the Eastern Catholic Churches and Eastern Orthodoxy.", "phonemes": "v\u02c8a\u026ab\u0279\u0259nt \u026and\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n\u0259s ma\u026an\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an k\u02c8\u00e6\u03b8l\u026ak t\u0283\u02c8\u025c\u02d0t\u0283\u1d7bz \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st\u025an \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8\u0259d\u02cc\u0251\u02d0ksi."}, {"text": "Saint Thomas Christians in India trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8e\u026ant t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259nz \u026an \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 t\u0279\u02c8e\u026as \u00f0\u025b\u0279 \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026ad\u0292\u02cc\u026anz t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u026av\u02cc\u00e6nd\u0292\u026al\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259s \u00f0\u026a \u0250p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i."}, {"text": "Significant Christian communities also found in Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia.", "phonemes": "s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt k\u0279\u02c8\u026ast\u0283\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u00e6nd \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "Islam, which originated in the Hejaz located in modern-day Saudi Arabia, is the second largest and most widely-spread religion in Asia with at least 1 billion Muslims constituting around 23.8% of the total population of Asia.", "phonemes": "\u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u025bd\u0292\u00e6z lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an m\u02c8\u0251\u02d0d\u025and\u02c8e\u026a s\u02c8a\u028adi \u025a\u0279\u02c8e\u026abi\u0259, \u026az \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028ast w\u02c8a\u026adlisp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 w\u026a\u00f0 \u00e6t l\u02c8i\u02d0st w\u02c8\u028cn b\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n m\u02c8\u028azl\u026amz k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0\u027e\u026a\u014b \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0.\u02c8e\u026at p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259l p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "With 12.7% of the world Muslim population, the country currently with the largest Muslim population in the world is Indonesia, followed by Pakistan (11.5%), India (10%), Bangladesh, Iran and Turkey.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0 tw\u02c8\u025blv.s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n, \u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279i k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0279\u0259ntli w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292\u026ast m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u026az \u026ando\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259, f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0lo\u028ad ba\u026a p\u02cc\u00e6k\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6n \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n.f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, b\u02cc\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u0250d\u02c8\u025b\u0283, \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ki."}, {"text": "The Hajj and Umrah attract large numbers of Muslim devotees from all over the world to Mecca and Medina.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u00e6d\u0292 \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028cm\u0279\u0259 \u0250t\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025az \u028cv m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am d\u02cc\u025bvo\u028at\u02c8i\u02d0z f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02cco\u028av\u025a \u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld t\u0259 m\u02c8\u025bk\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u02c8\u025bd\u026an\u0259."}, {"text": "The Druze Faith or Druzism originated in West Asia, is a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of figures like Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad and Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z\u026az\u0259m \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u026az \u0250 m\u02cc\u0251\u02d0no\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0\u02c8\u026ast\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n b\u02c8e\u026ast \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 t\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283\u026a\u014bz \u028cv f\u02c8\u026a\u0261j\u025az l\u02c8a\u026ak h\u02c8\u00e6mz\u0259 \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0li \u02c8\u026ab\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u00e6d \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6lh\u02c8\u00e6k\u026am b\u02c8a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6m\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6l\u0259, \u00e6nd \u0261\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0k f\u026al\u02c8\u0251\u02d0s\u0259f\u025az s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z pl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027eo\u028a \u00e6nd \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026ast\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259l."}, {"text": "The number of Druze people worldwide is around one million, with about 45% to 50% live in Syria, 35% to 40% live in Lebanon, and less than 10% live in Israel, with recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ldwa\u026ad \u026az \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and w\u02c8\u028cn m\u02c8\u026ali\u0259n, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0250b\u02cca\u028at f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt l\u02c8\u026av \u026an s\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259, \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt t\u0259 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt l\u02c8\u026av \u026an l\u02c8\u025bb\u0259n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0n, \u00e6nd l\u02c8\u025bs \u00f0\u0250n t\u02c8\u025bn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt l\u02c8\u026av \u026an \u02c8\u026az\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l, w\u026a\u00f0 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259ntli \u00f0\u025b\u0279 h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n \u0250 \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u026a\u014b d\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0z da\u026a\u02c8\u00e6sp\u025a\u0279\u0259."}, {"text": "The Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith originated in Asia, in Iran (Persia), and spread from there to the Ottoman Empire, Central Asia, India, and Burma during the lifetime of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02cca\u026a\u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0t f\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8 \u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bn\u02cce\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u026an \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259, \u00e6nd sp\u0279\u02c8\u025bd f\u0279\u028cm \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u0259 \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025a, s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259 d\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026a\u014b \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8a\u026afta\u026am \u028cv b\u02cc\u00e6h\u0250\u0259l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0."}, {"text": "Since the middle of the 20th century, growth has particularly occurred in other Asian countries, because Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed activities in many Muslim countries has been severely suppressed by authorities.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8\u026ans \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti\u0259\u03b8 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279i, \u0261\u0279\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 h\u0250z p\u025at\u02c8\u026akj\u028al\u025ali \u0259k\u02c8\u025c\u02d0d \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz, b\u026ak\u02c8\u028cz b\u02c8i\u02d0 \u0250 \u02c8e\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0 \u1d7bd\u0292\u02c8\u025bkt\u026av \u02cca\u026a\u0250kj\u02c8u\u02d0t \u00e6kt\u02c8\u026av\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an m\u02c8\u025bni m\u02c8\u028azl\u026am k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz h\u02c8\u00e6zbi\u02d0n s\u1d7bv\u02c8\u026a\u0279li s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025bst ba\u026a \u0250\u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u027eiz."}, {"text": "Almost all Asian religions have philosophical character and Asian philosophical traditions cover a large spectrum of philosophical thoughts and writings.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lmo\u028ast \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz h\u00e6v f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l k\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026akt\u025a \u00e6nd \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz k\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279 \u0250 l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279d\u0292 sp\u02c8\u025bkt\u0279\u0259m \u028cv f\u02cc\u026al\u0259s\u02c8\u0251\u02d0f\u026ak\u0259l \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0ts \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014bz."}, {"text": "They include elements of nonmaterial pursuits, whereas another school of thought from India, C\u0101rv\u0101ka, preached the enjoyment of the material world.", "phonemes": "\u00f0e\u026a \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d \u02c8\u025bl\u026am\u0259nts \u028cv n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nm\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l p\u025as\u02c8u\u02d0ts, w\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u00e6z \u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a sk\u02c8u\u02d0l \u028cv \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, k\u0251\u02d0\u0279v\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0259, p\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0t\u0283t \u00f0\u026a \u025bnd\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u026am\u0259nt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259t\u02c8\u026a\u0279i\u0259l w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld."}, {"text": "Over 80% of the populations of both India and Nepal adhere to Hinduism, alongside significant communities in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Bali, Indonesia.", "phonemes": "\u02cco\u028av\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv b\u02c8o\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd n\u025bp\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279 t\u0259 h\u02c8\u026andu\u02d0\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, \u0250l\u02c8\u0254\u014bsa\u026ad s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an b\u02cc\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u0250d\u02c8\u025b\u0283, p\u02cc\u00e6k\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6n, bu\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n, s\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259 \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li, \u026ando\u028an\u02c8i\u02d0\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "Buddhism is the religion of the majority of the populations of Cambodia (96%), Thailand (95%), Burma (80\u201389%), Japan (36\u201396%), Bhutan (75\u201384%), Sri Lanka (70%), Laos (60\u201367%) and Mongolia (53\u201393%).", "phonemes": "b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259n \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 m\u0259d\u0292\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u1d7b\u027ei \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv k\u00e6mb\u02c8o\u028adi\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, t\u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259 \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei n\u02c8a\u026an p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei s\u02c8\u026aks n\u02c8a\u026anti s\u02c8\u026aks p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, bu\u02d0t\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av \u02c8e\u026a\u027ei f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, s\u0279\u02cci\u02d0 l\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, l\u02c8a\u028az s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u026aksti s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt \u00e6nd m\u0254\u014b\u0261\u02c8o\u028ali\u0259 f\u02c8\u026afti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt."}, {"text": "Taiwan (35\u201393%), South Korea (23\u201350%), Malaysia (19\u201321%), Nepal (9\u201311%), Vietnam (10\u201375%), China (20\u201350%), North Korea (2\u201314%), and small communities in India and Bangladesh.", "phonemes": "ta\u026aw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei f\u02c8a\u026av n\u02c8a\u026anti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u02c8\u026afti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, m\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0n tw\u02c8\u025bnti w\u02c8\u028cn p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, n\u025bp\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l n\u02c8a\u026an \u026al\u02c8\u025bv\u0259n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m t\u02c8\u025bn s\u02c8\u025bv\u0259nti f\u02c8a\u026av p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 tw\u02c8\u025bnti f\u02c8\u026afti p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 t\u02c8u\u02d0 f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n p\u025as\u02c8\u025bnt, \u00e6nd sm\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd b\u02cc\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u0250d\u02c8\u025b\u0283."}, {"text": "The Communist-governed countries of China, Vietnam and North Korea are officially atheist, thus the number of Buddhists and other religious adherents may be under-reported.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mju\u02d0n\u02cc\u026ast\u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025and k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, v\u02cci\u02d0\u0259tn\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0259f\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259li \u02c8e\u026a\u03b8\u026a\u02cc\u026ast, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u028cmb\u025a\u0279 \u028cv b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026asts \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s \u0250dh\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u0259nts m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279\u1d7bp\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Jainism is found mainly in India and in overseas Indian communities such as the United States and Malaysia.", "phonemes": "d\u0292\u02c8e\u026an\u026az\u0259m \u026az f\u02c8a\u028and m\u02c8e\u026anli \u026an \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd \u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z \u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u00e6nd m\u0259l\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "Sikhism is found in Northern India and amongst overseas Indian communities in other parts of Asia, especially Southeast Asia.", "phonemes": "s\u02c8i\u02d0k\u026az\u0259m \u026az f\u02c8a\u028and \u026an n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u00f0\u025an \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014bst \u02cco\u028av\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0z \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz \u026an \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279ts \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "Confucianism is found predominantly in Mainland China, South Korea, Taiwan and in overseas Chinese populations.", "phonemes": "k\u0259nfj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283i\u0259n\u02cc\u026az\u0259m \u026az f\u02c8a\u028and p\u0279\u026ad\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026an\u0259ntli \u026an m\u02c8e\u026anl\u0259nd t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259, ta\u026aw\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n \u00e6nd \u026an \u02cco\u028av\u025as\u02c8i\u02d0z t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z p\u02cc\u0251\u02d0pj\u028al\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz."}, {"text": "In many Chinese communities, Taoism is easily syncretized with Mahayana Buddhism, thus exact religious statistics are difficult to obtain and may be understated or overstated.", "phonemes": "\u026an m\u02c8\u025bni t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027eiz, t\u02c8a\u028a\u026az\u0259m \u026az \u02c8i\u02d0zili s\u02c8\u026a\u014bk\u0279\u026at\u02cca\u026azd w\u026a\u00f0 m\u02cc\u00e6he\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259 b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026az\u0259m, \u00f0\u02c8\u028cs \u025b\u0261z\u02c8\u00e6kt \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259s st\u0250t\u02c8\u026ast\u026aks \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259lt t\u028a \u0259bt\u02c8e\u026an \u00e6nd m\u02c8e\u026a bi\u02d0 \u02cc\u028cnd\u025ast\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u02cco\u028av\u025ast\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd."}, {"text": "Some of the events pivotal in the Asia territory related to the relationship with the outside world in the post-Second World War were:", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u1d7bv\u02c8\u025bnts p\u02c8\u026av\u0259\u027e\u0259l \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279i \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap w\u026a\u00f0\u00f0\u026a a\u028ats\u02c8a\u026ad w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8o\u028asts\u02c8\u025bk\u0259nd w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279 w\u025c\u02d0:"}, {"text": "The culture of Asia is a diverse blend of customs and traditions that have been practiced by the various ethnic groups of the continent for centuries.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u028cv \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u026az \u0250 da\u026av\u02c8\u025c\u02d0s bl\u02c8\u025bnd \u028cv k\u02c8\u028cst\u0259mz \u00e6nd t\u0279\u0250d\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u00f0\u00e6t h\u0250vb\u026an p\u0279\u02c8\u00e6kt\u026ast ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i\u0259s \u02c8\u025b\u03b8n\u026ak \u0261\u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ps \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283\u025a\u0279iz."}, {"text": "The continent is divided into six geographic sub-regions: Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and West Asia.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt \u026az d\u1d7bv\u02c8a\u026ad\u1d7bd \u02cc\u026ant\u028a s\u02c8\u026aks d\u0292\u02cc\u026a\u0259\u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6f\u026ak s\u02c8\u028cb\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz: s\u02c8\u025bnt\u0279\u0259l \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u02c8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, n\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8i\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u00e6nd w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259."}, {"text": "These regions are defined by their cultural similarities, including common religions, languages, and ethnicities.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259nz \u0251\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bf\u02c8a\u026and ba\u026a \u00f0\u025b\u0279 k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l s\u02cc\u026am\u026al\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u1d7b\u027eiz, \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026a\u014b k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz, l\u02c8\u00e6\u014b\u0261w\u026ad\u0292\u1d7bz, \u00e6nd \u025b\u03b8n\u02c8\u026as\u1d7b\u027eiz."}, {"text": "West Asia, also known as Southwest Asia or the Middle East, has cultural roots in the ancient civilizations of the Fertile Crescent and Mesopotamia, which gave rise to the Persian, Arab, Ottoman empires, as well as the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.", "phonemes": "w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a n\u02c8o\u028an \u00e6z sa\u028a\u03b8w\u02c8\u025bst \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259 \u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u026ad\u0259l \u02c8i\u02d0st, h\u0250z k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u0279\u02c8u\u02d0ts \u026an\u00f0\u026a \u02c8e\u026ant\u0283\u0259nt s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027e\u0259l k\u0279\u02c8\u025bs\u0259nt \u00e6nd m\u02cc\u025bs\u0259p\u0259t\u02c8e\u026ami\u0259, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0261\u02c8e\u026av \u0279\u02c8a\u026az t\u0259 \u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0292\u0259n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0259b, \u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259m\u0259n \u02c8\u025bmpa\u026a\u025az, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u026a \u0250b\u0279\u0250h\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ak \u0279\u1d7bl\u02c8\u026ad\u0292\u0259nz \u028cv d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0de\u026a\u02cc\u026az\u0259m, k\u0279\u02cc\u026ast\u026a\u02c8\u00e6n\u1d7b\u027ei \u00e6nd \u026asl\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m."}, {"text": "These civilizations, which are located in the Hilly flanks, are among the oldest in the world, with evidence of farming dating back to around 9000 BCE.", "phonemes": "\u00f0i\u02d0z s\u02cc\u026av\u026al\u1d7bz\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259nz, w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0251\u02d0\u0279 lo\u028ak\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd \u026an\u00f0\u0259 h\u02c8\u026ali fl\u02c8\u00e6\u014bks, \u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u0250m\u02cc\u028c\u014b \u00f0\u026a \u02c8o\u028ald\u026ast \u026an\u00f0\u0259 w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ld, w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u025bv\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv f\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279m\u026a\u014b d\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b b\u02c8\u00e6k t\u028a \u025a\u0279\u02c8a\u028and n\u02c8a\u026an \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd b\u02cci\u02d0s\u02cci\u02d0\u02c8i\u02d0."}, {"text": "Despite the challenges posed by the vast size of the continent and the presence of natural barriers such as deserts and mountain ranges, trade and commerce have helped to create a Pan-Asian culture that is shared across the region.", "phonemes": "d\u1d7bsp\u02c8a\u026at \u00f0\u0259 t\u0283\u02c8\u00e6l\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz p\u02c8o\u028azd ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 v\u02c8\u00e6st s\u02c8a\u026az \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nt\u026an\u0259nt \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u025bz\u0259ns \u028cv n\u02c8\u00e6t\u0283\u025a\u0279\u0259l b\u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u026a\u0279z s\u02c8\u028ct\u0283 \u0250z d\u02c8\u025bz\u025ats \u00e6nd m\u02c8a\u028ant\u026an \u0279\u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u1d7bz, t\u0279\u02c8e\u026ad \u00e6nd k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u025c\u02d0s h\u00e6v h\u02c8\u025blpt t\u0259 k\u0279i\u02d0\u02c8e\u026at \u0250 p\u02c8\u00e6n\u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n k\u02c8\u028clt\u0283\u025a \u00f0\u00e6t \u026az \u0283\u02c8\u025b\u0279d \u0259k\u0279\u02cc\u0251\u02d0s \u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8i\u02d0d\u0292\u0259n."}, {"text": "The polymath Rabindranath Tagore, a Bengali poet, dramatist, and writer from Santiniketan, now in West Bengal, India, became in 1913 the first Asian Nobel laureate.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u026am\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8 \u0279\u02c8\u00e6ba\u026and\u0279\u0250n\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8 t\u02c8\u00e6\u0261o\u02d0\u0279, \u0250 b\u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8\u0251\u02d0li p\u02c8o\u028a\u026at, d\u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259t\u02cc\u026ast, \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a f\u0279\u028cm s\u02c8\u00e6nt\u026an\u02cca\u026akt\u0259n, n\u02c8a\u028a \u026an w\u02c8\u025bst b\u02cc\u025b\u014b\u0261\u02c8\u0254\u02d0l, \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n \u00f0\u0259 f\u02c8\u025c\u02d0st \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0\u02cce\u026at."}, {"text": "He won his Nobel Prize in Literature for notable impact his prose works and poetic thought had on English, French, and other national literatures of Europe and the Americas.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn h\u026az no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u026an l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u0259b\u0259l \u02c8\u026amp\u00e6kt h\u026az p\u0279\u02c8o\u028az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ks \u00e6nd po\u028a\u02c8\u025b\u027e\u026ak \u03b8\u02c8\u0254\u02d0t h\u00e6d \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8\u026a\u014b\u0261l\u026a\u0283, f\u0279\u02c8\u025bnt\u0283, \u00e6nd \u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025az \u028cv j\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u0259p \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259z."}, {"text": "Other Asian writers who won Nobel Prize for literature include Yasunari Kawabata (Japan, 1968), Kenzabur\u014d \u014ce (Japan, 1994), Gao Xingjian (China, 2000), Orhan Pamuk (Turkey, 2006), and Mo Yan (China, 2012).", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025az h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a\u0279 \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d j\u02cc\u00e6s\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0279i k\u02cc\u00e6w\u0259b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u0259 d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad s\u02c8\u026aksti \u02c8e\u026at, k\u02cc\u025bnz\u0250bj\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279o\u028a \u02c8o\u028a d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n, n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279, \u0261\u02c8a\u028a z\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0292i\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279h\u0259n p\u02c8\u00e6m\u028ck t\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ki, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, \u00e6nd m\u02c8o\u028a j\u02c8\u00e6n t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd tw\u02c8\u025blv."}, {"text": "Some may consider the American writer, Pearl S. Buck, an honorary Asian Nobel laureate, having spent considerable time in China as the daughter of missionaries, and based many of her novels, namely The Good Earth (1931) and The Mother (1933), as well as the biographies of her parents for their time in China, The Exile and Fighting Angel, all of which earned her the Literature prize in 1938.", "phonemes": "s\u02cc\u028cm m\u02c8e\u026a k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a \u00f0\u026a \u0250m\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026ak\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u025a, p\u02c8\u025c\u02d0l \u02c8\u025bs. b\u02c8\u028ck, \u0250n \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl l\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279i\u02d0\u02cce\u026at, h\u02cc\u00e6v\u026a\u014b sp\u02c8\u025bnt k\u0259ns\u02c8\u026ad\u025a\u0279\u0259b\u0259l t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259 \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u027e\u025a\u0279 \u028cv m\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0279iz, \u00e6nd b\u02c8e\u026ast m\u02c8\u025bn\u026a\u0259v h\u025c\u02d0 n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0v\u0259lz, n\u02c8e\u026amli \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028ad \u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u03b8 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei w\u02c8\u028cn \u00e6nd \u00f0\u0259 m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0, \u00e6z w\u02c8\u025bl \u00e6z \u00f0\u0259 ba\u026a\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0279\u0259fiz \u028cv h\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259nts f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 t\u02c8a\u026am \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259, \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u025b\u0261za\u026al \u00e6nd f\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u026a\u014b \u02c8e\u026and\u0292\u0259l, \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l \u028cvw\u02c8\u026at\u0283 \u02c8\u025c\u02d0nd h\u025c\u02d0 \u00f0\u0259 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0279\u1d7bt\u0283\u025a p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u026an n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u02c8e\u026at."}, {"text": "Also, Mother Teresa of India and Shirin Ebadi of Iran were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially for the rights of women and children.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u0254\u02d0lso\u028a, m\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a t\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0s\u0259 \u028cv \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd \u0283\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026an \u025bb\u02c8\u00e6di \u028cv \u026a\u0279\u02c8\u00e6n w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl p\u02c8i\u02d0s p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 s\u026a\u0261n\u02c8\u026af\u026ak\u0259nt \u00e6nd pa\u026a\u0259n\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u02c8\u025bf\u025ats f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si \u00e6nd hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u028cv w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u00e6nd t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n."}, {"text": "Another Nobel Peace Prize winner is Aung San Suu Kyi from Burma for her peaceful and non-violent struggle under a military dictatorship in Burma.", "phonemes": "\u0250n\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl p\u02c8i\u02d0s p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az w\u02c8\u026an\u025a\u0279 \u026az \u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u014b s\u02cc\u00e6n s\u02c8u\u02d0 t\u0283\u02c8i\u02d0 f\u0279\u028cm b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u025c\u02d0 p\u02c8i\u02d0sf\u0259l \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259l \u02cc\u028cnd\u025a\u0279 \u0250 m\u02c8\u026al\u0259t\u02cc\u025b\u0279i d\u026akt\u02c8e\u026a\u027e\u025a\u0283\u02cc\u026ap \u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259."}, {"text": "She is a nonviolent pro-democracy activist and leader of the National League for Democracy in Burma (Myanmar) and a noted prisoner of conscience.", "phonemes": "\u0283i\u02d0 \u026az \u0250 n\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt p\u0279\u02c8o\u028ad\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si \u02c8\u00e6kt\u026av\u02cc\u026ast \u00e6nd l\u02c8i\u02d0d\u025a\u0279 \u028cv\u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l l\u02c8i\u02d0\u0261 f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 d\u1d7bm\u02c8\u0251\u02d0k\u0279\u0259si \u026an b\u02c8\u025c\u02d0m\u0259 mj\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nm\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u0250 n\u02c8o\u028a\u027e\u1d7bd p\u0279\u02c8\u026az\u0259n\u025a\u0279 \u028cv k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0283\u0259ns."}, {"text": "Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for \"his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China\" on 8 October 2010.", "phonemes": "t\u0283a\u026an\u02c8i\u02d0z d\u02c8\u026as\u026ad\u0259nt l\u02c8\u026au\u02d0 z\u02cca\u026a\u0259\u02c8o\u028abo\u028a w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl p\u02c8i\u02d0s p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \"h\u026az l\u02c8\u0254\u014b \u00e6nd n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0nv\u02c8a\u026a\u0259l\u0259nt st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259l f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 f\u02cc\u028cnd\u0259m\u02c8\u025bnt\u0259l hj\u02c8u\u02d0m\u0259n \u0279\u02c8a\u026ats \u026an t\u0283\u02c8a\u026an\u0259\" \u02cc\u0254n \u02c8e\u026at \u0251\u02d0kt\u02c8o\u028ab\u025a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd t\u02c8\u025bn."}, {"text": "In 2014, Kailash Satyarthi from India and Malala Yousafzai from Pakistan were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize \"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\".", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279ti\u02d0n, k\u02c8a\u026al\u00e6\u0283 s\u00e6tj\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u03b8i f\u0279\u028cm \u02c8\u026andi\u0259 \u00e6nd m\u00e6l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259 j\u02c8a\u028as\u0250fz\u02cca\u026a f\u0279\u028cm p\u02cc\u00e6k\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6n w\u025c\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl p\u02c8i\u02d0s p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \"f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 \u00f0\u025b\u0279 st\u0279\u02c8\u028c\u0261\u0259l \u0250\u0261\u02c8\u025bnst \u00f0\u0259 s\u0259p\u0279\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259n \u028cv t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n \u00e6nd j\u02c8\u028c\u014b p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u00e6nd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 \u0279\u02c8a\u026at \u028cv \u02c8\u0254\u02d0l t\u0283\u02c8\u026ald\u0279\u0259n t\u028a \u02cc\u025bd\u0292u\u02d0k\u02c8e\u026a\u0283\u0259n\"."}, {"text": "He won the Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him\".", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 w\u02c8\u028cn \u00f0\u0259 no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u026an f\u02c8\u026az\u026aks \"f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az w\u02c8\u025c\u02d0k \u0254n\u00f0\u0259 sk\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u026a\u014b \u028cv l\u02c8a\u026at \u00e6nd f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 d\u026ask\u02c8\u028cv\u025a\u0279i \u028cv\u00f0\u026a \u026af\u02c8\u025bkt n\u02c8e\u026amd \u02c8\u00e6ft\u025a h\u02cc\u026am\"."}, {"text": "Amartya Sen, (born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory, and for his interest in the problems of society's poorest members.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u00e6m\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u026a\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bn, b\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279n \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 no\u028av\u02c8\u025bmb\u025a n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u027ei \u03b8\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0 \u026az \u0250n \u02c8\u026andi\u0259n \u026ak\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u02cc\u026ast h\u02ccu\u02d0 w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 n\u02c8a\u026anti\u02d0nh\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279\u026ad n\u02c8a\u026anti \u02c8e\u026at no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl m\u0259m\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279\u026a\u0259l p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az \u026an \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026ak s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259ns\u1d7bz f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az k\u02cc\u0251\u02d0nt\u0279\u026abj\u02c8u\u02d0\u0283\u0259nz t\u0259 w\u02c8\u025blf\u025b\u0279 \u02cci\u02d0k\u0259n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u026aks \u00e6nd s\u02c8o\u028a\u0283\u0259l t\u0283\u02c8\u0254\u026as \u03b8\u02c8i\u0259\u0279i, \u00e6nd f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 h\u026az \u02c8\u026ant\u0279\u025bst \u026an\u00f0\u0259 p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0bl\u0259mz \u028cv s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027eiz p\u02c8\u028a\u0279\u0279\u026ast m\u02c8\u025bmb\u025az."}, {"text": "Other Asian Nobel Prize winners include Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Abdus Salam, Malala Yousafzai, Robert Aumann, Menachem Begin, Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Daniel Kahneman, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin, Ada Yonath, Yasser Arafat, Jos\u00e9 Ramos-Horta and Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo of Timor Leste, Kim Dae-jung, and 13 Japanese scientists.", "phonemes": "\u02c8\u028c\u00f0\u025a\u0279 \u02c8e\u026a\u0292\u0259n no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az w\u02c8\u026an\u025az \u026a\u014bkl\u02c8u\u02d0d s\u02cc\u028cb\u0279\u0251\u02d0m\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259n t\u0283\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279e\u026ask\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279, \u02c8\u00e6bd\u0259s s\u02c8\u00e6l\u00e6m, m\u00e6l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259 j\u02c8a\u028as\u0250fz\u02cca\u026a, \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0b\u025at \u02c8\u0254\u02d0m\u0259n, m\u02c8\u025bn\u00e6\u0283\u0259m b\u026a\u0261\u02c8\u026an, \u02c8\u025b\u0279\u0259n s\u02c8a\u026at\u0283\u0250n\u02cco\u028av\u025a, \u02c8\u00e6v\u0279\u00e6m h\u02c8\u025c\u02d0\u0283ko\u028a, d\u02c8\u00e6nj\u0259l k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025bm\u0259n, \u0283\u02c8\u026am\u0259n p\u02c8\u026a\u0279z, j\u02c8\u026atsh\u00e6k \u0279\u02c8\u00e6b\u026an, \u02c8e\u026ad\u0259 j\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u00e6\u03b8, j\u02c8\u00e6s\u025a\u0279 \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250f\u02cc\u00e6t, ho\u028as\u02c8e\u026a \u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0mo\u028azh\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259 \u00e6nd b\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259p k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279lo\u028az f\u1d7bl\u02c8i\u02d0p z\u02c8a\u026ami\u02d0nz b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a \u028cv t\u02c8i\u02d0mo\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bst, k\u02c8\u026am d\u02c8i\u02d0j\u02c8\u028a\u014b, \u00e6nd \u03b8\u02c8\u025c\u02d0ti\u02d0n d\u0292\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259n\u02c8i\u02d0z s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259nt\u026asts."}, {"text": "Most of the said awardees are from Japan and Israel except for Chandrasekhar and Raman (India), Abdus Salam and Malala Yousafzai, (Pakistan), Arafat (Palestinian Territories), Kim (South Korea), and Horta and Belo (Timor Leste).", "phonemes": "m\u02c8o\u028ast \u0259v \u00f0\u0259 s\u02c8\u025bd \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279di\u02d0z \u0251\u02d0\u0279 f\u0279\u028cm d\u0292\u0259p\u02c8\u00e6n \u00e6nd \u02c8\u026az\u0279i\u02d0\u0259l \u025bks\u02c8\u025bpt f\u0254\u02d0\u0279 t\u0283\u02c8\u028cnd\u0279e\u026ask\u02cc\u0251\u02d0\u0279 \u00e6nd \u0279\u02c8\u00e6m\u0259n \u02c8\u026andi\u0259, \u02c8\u00e6bd\u0259s s\u02c8\u00e6l\u00e6m \u00e6nd m\u00e6l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0l\u0259 j\u02c8a\u028as\u0250fz\u02cca\u026a, p\u02cc\u00e6k\u026ast\u02c8\u00e6n, \u02c8\u00e6\u0279\u0250f\u02cc\u00e6t p\u02cc\u00e6l\u0259st\u02c8\u026ani\u02d0\u0259n t\u02c8\u025b\u0279\u026at\u02cco\u02d0\u0279iz, k\u02c8\u026am s\u02c8a\u028a\u03b8 k\u025a\u0279\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259, \u00e6nd h\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279\u027e\u0259 \u00e6nd b\u1d7bl\u02c8o\u028a t\u02c8i\u02d0mo\u02d0\u0279 l\u02c8\u025bst."}, {"text": "In 2006, Dr. Muhammad Yunus of Bangladesh was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for the establishment of Grameen Bank, a community development bank that lends money to poor people, especially women in Bangladesh.", "phonemes": "\u026an t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, d\u02c8\u0251\u02d0kt\u025a. m\u0259h\u02c8\u00e6m\u026ad j\u02c8u\u02d0n\u0259s \u028cv b\u02cc\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u0250d\u02c8\u025b\u0283 w\u028cz \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d\u1d7bd \u00f0\u0259 no\u028ab\u02c8\u025bl p\u02c8i\u02d0s p\u0279\u02c8a\u026az f\u025a\u00f0\u026a \u026ast\u02c8\u00e6bl\u026a\u0283m\u0259nt \u028cv \u0261\u0279\u02c8\u00e6mi\u02d0n b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk, \u0250 k\u0259mj\u02c8u\u02d0n\u1d7b\u027ei d\u026av\u02c8\u025bl\u0259pm\u0259nt b\u02c8\u00e6\u014bk \u00f0\u00e6t l\u02c8\u025bndz m\u02c8\u028cni t\u0259 p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l, \u026asp\u02c8\u025b\u0283\u0259li w\u02c8\u026am\u026an \u026an b\u02cc\u00e6\u014b\u0261l\u0250d\u02c8\u025b\u0283."}, {"text": "He is internationally known for the concept of micro credit which allows poor and destitute people with little or no collateral to borrow money.", "phonemes": "hi\u02d0 \u026az \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259li n\u02c8o\u028an f\u025a\u00f0\u0259 k\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ns\u025bpt \u028cv m\u02c8a\u026ak\u0279o\u028a k\u0279\u02c8\u025bd\u026at w\u02cc\u026at\u0283 \u0250l\u02c8a\u028az p\u02c8\u028a\u0279 \u00e6nd d\u02c8\u025bst\u026at\u02ccu\u02d0t p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u0259l \u0254\u02d0\u0279 n\u02c8o\u028a k\u0259l\u02c8\u00e6\u027e\u025a\u0279\u0259l t\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028a m\u02c8\u028cni."}, {"text": "The borrowers typically pay back money within the specified period and the incidence of default is very low.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279o\u028a\u025az t\u02c8\u026ap\u026akli p\u02c8e\u026a b\u02c8\u00e6k m\u02c8\u028cni w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u0259 sp\u02c8\u025bs\u1d7bf\u02cca\u026ad p\u02c8i\u0259\u0279\u026a\u0259d \u00e6nd \u00f0\u026a \u02c8\u026ans\u026ad\u0259ns \u028cv d\u1d7bf\u02c8\u0254lt \u026az v\u02c8\u025b\u0279i l\u02c8o\u028a."}, {"text": "The Dalai Lama has received approximately eighty-four awards over his spiritual and political career.", "phonemes": "\u00f0\u0259 d\u02c8\u00e6la\u026a l\u02c8\u0251\u02d0m\u0259 h\u0250z \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u0250p\u0279\u02c8\u0251\u02d0ks\u026am\u0259tli \u02c8e\u026a\u027eif\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279dz \u02cco\u028av\u025a h\u026az sp\u02c8\u026a\u0279\u026at\u0283\u02ccu\u02d0\u0259l \u00e6nd p\u0259l\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026ak\u0259l k\u025a\u0279\u02c8\u026a\u0279."}, {"text": "On 22 June 2006, he became one of only four people ever to be recognized with Honorary Citizenship by the Governor General of Canada.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti t\u02c8u\u02d0 d\u0292\u02c8u\u02d0n t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd s\u02c8\u026aks, hi\u02d0 b\u026ak\u02cce\u026am w\u02c8\u028cn \u028cv \u02c8o\u028anli f\u02c8o\u02d0\u0279 p\u02c8i\u02d0p\u0259l \u02c8\u025bv\u025a t\u0259bi \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd w\u026a\u00f0 \u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u025a\u0279\u02cc\u025b\u0279i s\u02c8\u026a\u027e\u026az\u0259n\u0283\u02cc\u026ap ba\u026a \u00f0\u0259 \u0261\u02c8\u028cv\u025an\u025a d\u0292\u02c8\u025bn\u025a\u0279\u0259l \u028cv k\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259."}, {"text": "On 28 May 2005, he received the Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom.", "phonemes": "\u02cc\u0254n tw\u02c8\u025bnti \u02c8e\u026at m\u02c8e\u026a t\u02c8u\u02d0 \u03b8\u02c8a\u028az\u0259nd f\u02c8a\u026av, hi\u02d0 \u0279\u1d7bs\u02c8i\u02d0vd \u00f0\u0259 k\u0279\u02c8\u026asm\u0259s h\u02c8\u028cmf\u0279iz \u0250w\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0279d f\u0279\u028cm\u00f0\u0259 b\u02c8u\u02d0d\u026ast s\u0259s\u02c8a\u026a\u0259\u027ei \u026an\u00f0\u0259 ju\u02d0n\u02c8a\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd k\u02c8\u026a\u014bd\u0259m."}, {"text": "Within the above-mentioned states are several partially recognized countries with limited to no international recognition.", "phonemes": "w\u026a\u00f0\u02cc\u026an \u00f0\u026a \u0259b\u02cc\u028cvm\u02c8\u025bn\u0283\u0259nd st\u02c8e\u026ats \u0251\u02d0\u0279 s\u02c8\u025bv\u0279\u0259l p\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0279\u0283\u0259li \u0279\u02c8\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02cca\u026azd k\u02c8\u028cnt\u0279iz w\u026a\u00f0 l\u02c8\u026am\u026a\u027e\u1d7bd t\u0259 n\u02c8o\u028a \u02cc\u026ant\u025an\u02c8\u00e6\u0283\u0259n\u0259l \u0279\u02cc\u025bk\u0259\u0261n\u02c8\u026a\u0283\u0259n."}]