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"text": "itis is a skin condition characterized by inflammation and redness.Ъrez the itching sensations that can be caused or exacerbated by various factors such as irritants, allergens, temperature changes, stress, sun exposure etc.. It's also common in babies but not exclusive to them. \nDifferent types of dyspteratosis include atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis , eczema & psoriasis . Each type has its own set triggers and distinct features; however they share some similarities like being non-",
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"text": "Dermatitis refers to a group of itchy inflammatory conditions characterized by epidermal changes.\n\nDermatitis can be classified in a variety of ways. It may be classified by:\n- Cause (e.g., allergic contact dermatitis, photosensitive dermatitis)\n- Clinical appearance (e.g., discoid dermatitis, hyperkeratotic dermatitis, pompholyx)\n- Site of predilection (e.g., hand dermatitis, eyelid dermatitis, lower leg dermatitis)\n\nIn many cases, various factors may all act as underlying triggers together (allergic, irritant, and endogenous factors, especially in hand dermatitis).\n\nThe terms dermatitis and eczema are often used interchangeably. All eczema is dermatitis, but not all dermatitis is eczema.\n\nDermatitis, strictly speaking, includes any cause of skin inflammation affecting the epidermis.\n\nEczema is derived from the Greek word for “to boil or bubble over,” which pathologically manifests as edema within the epidermis (called spongiosis). The term dermatitis is sometimes mistakenly attributed to mean an eczema induced by an occupational factor; this is erroneous.",
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"text": "What is dermatitis?",
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"text": "itis is a common skin condition. сайт на главната страница . \n\nСъвремен изтопы заямчици и козметични продукти, как така алкохолът (една от най-често причината), сарини вкуси или чуми капки, готовски гърчки и други стресови елементи – мога да се развива дерматitis. \n\nВадивирши спис по структурата и симptomiте на дерматitis. ",
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"text": "Dermatitis is common, affecting about one in every five persons at some stage in their life.\n\nDifferent types of dermatitis are more frequent at different stages of life, for example:\n- Atopic dermatitis and pityriasis alba are more common in children\n- Hand eczema is more common in young and middle-aged adults\n- Venous or gravitational eczema, asteatotic dermatitis, and nummular eczema are more common in middle and older age groups.\n\nThere are no consistent racial factors influencing disease frequency.",
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"text": "Who gets dermatitis?",
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"text": "ANT: 1. Dermatitis is a skin condition characterized by inflammation, redness (pink or purple), and sometimes swelling. This can be due to various triggers such as irritants like scratchy clothing or harsh cleaning products.\n2-4 In more severe cases, dysregulation in keratin production may lead to excoriation (\"skin splitting\"), which involves excessive shedding that leaves behind rough patches on palms solvents used for hand eczema might also help soften these areas. However this should not replace proper treatment with moistur",
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"text": "Dermatitis may be either acute or chronic, and although the mechanism by which the dermatitis develops may be the same, the appearances may be starkly different.\n\nAcute dermatitis will show redness or swelling, papulation, vesiculation, oozing and weeping, and even blistering.\nChronic eczema will show skin thickening with accentuation of the skin creases, hyperkeratosis, scaling, fissuring, excoriation, and hyperpigmentation.\n\nSubacute dermatitis will show features of both.",
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"text": "What are the clinical features of dermatitis?",
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"text": "SSISTANT: Clinical manifestations of dermatitis can be quite varied across races. fille d'un joli, with each group exhibiting unique characteristics that may not appear to have a significant impact on their overall health but could potentially influence how they perceive and respond to treatment or prevention measures. \n\nFor instance, some studies suggest that darker-skinned individuals might experience more pronounced itching than lighter-skinned ones due to differences in melanin production rates; this is an area where further research would likely yield valuable insights into understanding these variations better for all concerned parties involved (including those working",
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"text": "Redness may be more difficult to appreciate in darker skin types.\n\nPost-inflammatory hypo- and hyperpigmentation are more frequent in darker skin types.",
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"text": "How do the clinical features vary in different racial groups?",
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"text": "There is an array of lichen planus.&hypertrophic skin conditions, including but not limited to atopic keratosis and actinic keratoses. \nThese can be further classified into categories based on their causes or triggers such as sun exposure (actinic) , temperature changes(hyperpigmentation), stress (atrophia). Additionally there may also be genetic factors involved in some cases . It's important for individuals with these condition s understand that while they often appear similar, each type has its own unique characteristics & treatment options available. If you suspect yourself or someone",
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"text": "Exogenous dermatitis is the result of an external factor or insult that induces skin inflammation. Common causes include:\n- Allergic contact dermatitis — due to immune sensitization of an individual to an allergen, often at even low concentration, such as nickel, hair dye, rubber, or perfumes; identified by patch testing.\n- Irritant contact dermatitis — will occur in anyone exposed to an irritant at sufficient concentration for long enough; irritants include soaps, detergents, organic solvents, degreasing agents, abrasives, desiccants, dust, urine, and even water.\n- Photosensitive dermatitis — triggered by light or UV radiation\n- Post-traumatic dermatitis — due to physical injuries such as abrasions, burns, or surgery (e.g., autonomic denervation dermatitis)\n- Dermatitis induced by local skin infections such as bacterial, fungal, and viral (e.g., molluscum contagiosum and HTLV-1 disease)\n- Drug-induced dermatitis.\n\nEndogenous dermatitis occurs because of often ill-understood internal factors. Common types include:\n- Atopic dermatitis — a common form of dermatitis occurring in children and adults, and often occurring in families with a background of asthma and hay fever\n- Seborrheic dermatitis — common chronic eczema affecting the face, scalp, ears, and major flexures, due to a reaction to yeasts that colonize the skin\n- Discoid (nummular) dermatitis — coin-shaped patches of dermatitis usually affecting the limbs\n- Lichen simplex — chronic dermatitis that thickens due to perpetual scratching\n- Pityriasis alba — pale patches of dermatitis affecting the cheeks\n- Hand dermatitis — internal, external irritants, and allergic factors may all play a part even in a single individual\n- Eyelid dermatitis — often of mixed cause\n- Otitis externa — dermatitis affecting the ear canal and the pinna\n- Venous or gravitational dermatitis — dermatitis due to malfunction of the lower leg vein valves\n- Juvenile plantar dermatitis — a glazed and fissured forefoot eczema occurring in children\n- Metabolic dermatitis — seen in some nutritional and endocrine disorders\n- Chronic superficial scaly dermatitis — finger-shaped patches of eczema occurring on the trunk\n- Asteatotic dermatitis — crazy-paving shaped dermatitis due to degreasing of the skin from excessive bathing and soap use on the legs in the elderly\n- Halo dermatitis or Meyerson naevus — this can surround a benign mole\n- Erythrodermic dermatitis — severe dermatitis when more than 80% of the skin is affected.",
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"text": "What are the types of dermatitis?",
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"text": "ANT: Dermatitis refers to skin inflammation. that can be caused by various factors such as irritants, allergens or infections (eczema). It typically presents with redness, itching and swelling on palms & soles but can also affect other areas like knees, elbows etc.. The specific type depends upon what triggers it – atopic vs contact versus systematic/steam-producing epidermal carcinoma .\n While there are many causes , common ones include : - Irradiation therapy for conditions like lichen planus",
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"text": "Bacterial infections — impetigo, erythrasma\nFungal infections\nConnective tissue diseases — lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis\nRosacea\nBlistering diseases — bullous pemphigoid\nSkin tumors — Bowen disease, superficial basal cell carcinomas\nCutaneous T-cell lymphoma.",
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"text": "What is the differential diagnosis of dermatitis?",
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"text": "ermatitis can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical examination, patient history (including any medications or skin care products used), and laboratory tests.Џ \nClinically, it may appear as redness, swelling, and possibly blistering on the affected area(s). There might also be visible pores in some cases. Itchiness could vary from mild to severe depending upon its intensity. If there are concerns about systemic effects like fever or weight loss despite treatment, additional diagnostic measures should be considered such as biopsy or blood test. \nLaborator",
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"text": "A detailed history and examination may be all that is required to make an accurate diagnosis.\n\nThe following investigations may sometimes be needed:\n- Skin scraping to exclude a fungal infection mimicking a dermatitis\n- Skin swab looking for bacterial or viral superadded infection\n- Patch testing to identify contact allergens\n- Light testing if a photosensitive dermatitis is considered\n- Skin biopsy to exclude mimics of dermatitis\n- Blood tests — IgE (usually elevated in atopic dermatitis), thyroid function (in some hand dermatitis and asteatotic dermatitis).",
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"text": "How is dermatitis investigated?",
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"text": "ment for psoriasis focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further escalation.iPsoriasis affect the skin layers, causing redness, scaling, itchiness, and sometimes inflammatiory lesions that can appear anywhere from small papules to large plaquesiiTreating Psoriasis usually involves a combination of topical treatments (applied directly onto affected areas) and systemic medications(taken orally). \nThere are several types of treatment options available depending upon factors such as severity, location, type of psoriasis iiA",
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"text": "General principles are covered here. Specific management of specific types of dermatitis are detailed on the relevant pages.\n\nPotential allergen identification and avoidance — made on the basis of history (e.g., hobbies, products used, and occupation). A patch test will confirm.\nPotential irritant identification and avoidance — avoid soaps, shower gels, dust, organic solvents, and drying/desiccating agents.\nProtect the skin with personal protective equipment — especially hand dermatitis, by the use of cotton gloves for dry work, and cotton with an occlusive glove appropriate to the suspected allergen or irritant.",
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"text": "How is dermatitis treated?",
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"text": "atitis is a skin condition characterized by inflammation, redness, and itching.Մ Derived from the Greek word \"derma,\" meaning \"skin.\" It can be caused by various factors such as allergens (allergic), irritants, or thermal stress. Allergy-induced dyspterygia may lead to an immune response in some cases resulting in lichen planus.\n\nThere are two main types of dermatitis: atopic and contact. Atopylic dermatitis commonly occurs on areas like arms, legs, scal",
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"text": "Dermatitis refers to a group of itchy inflammatory conditions characterized by epidermal changes.\n\nDermatitis can be classified in a variety of ways. It may be classified by:\n- Cause (e.g., allergic contact dermatitis, photosensitive dermatitis)\n- Clinical appearance (e.g., discoid dermatitis, hyperkeratotic dermatitis, pompholyx)\n- Site of predilection (e.g., hand dermatitis, eyelid dermatitis, lower leg dermatitis)\n\nIn many cases, various factors may all act as underlying triggers together (allergic, irritant, and endogenous factors, especially in hand dermatitis).\n\nThe terms dermatitis and eczema are often used interchangeably. All eczema is dermatitis, but not all dermatitis is eczema.\n\nDermatitis, strictly speaking, includes any cause of skin inflammation affecting the epidermis.\n\nEczema is derived from the Greek word for “to boil or bubble over,” which pathologically manifests as edema within the epidermis (called spongiosis). The term dermatitis is sometimes mistakenly attributed to mean an eczema induced by an occupational factor; this is erroneous.",
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"text": "What is dermatitis?",
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"text": "itis is a common skin condition.i that can occur in anyone, but it tends to be more prevalent among certain groups of people. \n\nStress and irritation are known triggers for dysregulation of the immune system leading to inflammation and redness on the surface of the skin. This makes sense because stressful situations often involve exposure to allergens or other substances capable of causing an adverse reaction. In addition, genetic factors play role in determining susceptibility to develop dymmiea at some point in life. It's also possible",
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"text": "Dermatitis is common, affecting about one in every five persons at some stage in their life.\n\nDifferent types of dermatitis are more frequent at different stages of life, for example:\n- Atopic dermatitis and pityriasis alba are more common in children\n- Hand eczema is more common in young and middle-aged adults\n- Venous or gravitational eczema, asteatotic dermatitis, and nummular eczema are more common in middle and older age groups.\n\nThere are no consistent racial factors influencing disease frequency.",
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"text": "Who gets dermatitis?",
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"text": "ANT: 1. Hinweis für die Leserinnen und -jungen, es ist wichtig zu wissen um Krankheiten vorzubeugen.\n2 Dermatitis kann leicht bis schwer verlaufen können, je nach Intensität des Symptomkomplexes. Hier sind einige mögliche Anzeichen von dysphasischen zustandes in verschiedenen Stadien ihrer Entwicklung: 3 Lokalized papules (Bücherdchen) auf den Hautflächen, welche sich bei Berührung oder Blasenschauer öffnen und entfalten könnten werden auch als 'Blister",
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"text": "Dermatitis may be either acute or chronic, and although the mechanism by which the dermatitis develops may be the same, the appearances may be starkly different.\n\nAcute dermatitis will show redness or swelling, papulation, vesiculation, oozing and weeping, and even blistering.\nChronic eczema will show skin thickening with accentuation of the skin creases, hyperkeratosis, scaling, fissuring, excoriation, and hyperpigmentation.\n\nSubacute dermatitis will show features of both.",
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"text": "What are the clinical features of dermatitis?",
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"text": "SSISTANT: Clinical manifestations can be influenced by genetic differences among races.Љ, and may also differ due to environmental factors such as climate change or urbanization. \nIn general, though, certain common themes emerge across all populations. For example, skin color tends towards lighter tones (pigmentation) with a greater prevalence amongst individuals of European descent compared to those from other regions like Africa или Asia. Additionally, facial structures tend toward being more symmetrical overall but may exhibit variations depending on race/ethnicity. Hair type is another variable that often differs between these groupings",
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"text": "Redness may be more difficult to appreciate in darker skin types.\n\nPost-inflammatory hypo- and hyperpigmentation are more frequent in darker skin types.",
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"text": "How do the clinical features vary in different racial groups?",
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"text": "There is an array of causes for skin conditions.Ћ Dermatitis can be classified into two main categories based on its cause and type, with atopic being more common in adults while actinic occurs primarily among children. \nAtopydermatitis This form of dysregulation involves a mix of genetic predisposition along with environmental triggers such as allergens or irritants like chemical exposure from plants. It typically presents itself through dryness patches that may become red if scratched; however it does not usually lead to thickening over time. Atopics often have family histor",
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"text": "Exogenous dermatitis is the result of an external factor or insult that induces skin inflammation. Common causes include:\n- Allergic contact dermatitis — due to immune sensitization of an individual to an allergen, often at even low concentration, such as nickel, hair dye, rubber, or perfumes; identified by patch testing.\n- Irritant contact dermatitis — will occur in anyone exposed to an irritant at sufficient concentration for long enough; irritants include soaps, detergents, organic solvents, degreasing agents, abrasives, desiccants, dust, urine, and even water.\n- Photosensitive dermatitis — triggered by light or UV radiation\n- Post-traumatic dermatitis — due to physical injuries such as abrasions, burns, or surgery (e.g., autonomic denervation dermatitis)\n- Dermatitis induced by local skin infections such as bacterial, fungal, and viral (e.g., molluscum contagiosum and HTLV-1 disease)\n- Drug-induced dermatitis.\n\nEndogenous dermatitis occurs because of often ill-understood internal factors. Common types include:\n- Atopic dermatitis — a common form of dermatitis occurring in children and adults, and often occurring in families with a background of asthma and hay fever\n- Seborrheic dermatitis — common chronic eczema affecting the face, scalp, ears, and major flexures, due to a reaction to yeasts that colonize the skin\n- Discoid (nummular) dermatitis — coin-shaped patches of dermatitis usually affecting the limbs\n- Lichen simplex — chronic dermatitis that thickens due to perpetual scratching\n- Pityriasis alba — pale patches of dermatitis affecting the cheeks\n- Hand dermatitis — internal, external irritants, and allergic factors may all play a part even in a single individual\n- Eyelid dermatitis — often of mixed cause\n- Otitis externa — dermatitis affecting the ear canal and the pinna\n- Venous or gravitational dermatitis — dermatitis due to malfunction of the lower leg vein valves\n- Juvenile plantar dermatitis — a glazed and fissured forefoot eczema occurring in children\n- Metabolic dermatitis — seen in some nutritional and endocrine disorders\n- Chronic superficial scaly dermatitis — finger-shaped patches of eczema occurring on the trunk\n- Asteatotic dermatitis — crazy-paving shaped dermatitis due to degreasing of the skin from excessive bathing and soap use on the legs in the elderly\n- Halo dermatitis or Meyerson naevus — this can surround a benign mole\n- Erythrodermic dermatitis — severe dermatitis when more than 80% of the skin is affected.",
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"text": "What are the types of dermatitis?",
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"text": "ANT: Dermatitis is a common skin condition characterized by inflammation, redness, and sometimes swelling.Џ This can be caused by various factors such as irritants like dust or chemicals, temperature changes (either hot or cold), stress, genetic predisposition, medications, or even an overactive immune system in certain cases. \nThe specific type depends on which area(s) are affected; there's atopic dermatitis for dry patches usually seen on areas with high exposure to allergens, contact dermatitis when it comes into direct contact with aller",
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"text": "Bacterial infections — impetigo, erythrasma\nFungal infections\nConnective tissue diseases — lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis\nRosacea\nBlistering diseases — bullous pemphigoid\nSkin tumors — Bowen disease, superficial basal cell carcinomas\nCutaneous T-cell lymphoma.",
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"text": "What is the differential diagnosis of dermatitis?",
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"text": "1. _ Introduction to Dermatitis_\n2 \\_\\* Causes of contact and atopic dermatitis\\*\\* 3 The skin biopsy technique for diagnosis 4 Images from a psoriasis survey 5 Questions about lichen planus, eczema & actinic keratosis 6 Conclusion on the subject matter 7 Further reading suggestions 8 References used in this article 9 Additional information can be found by visiting our website (www.\\*) 0 This was an image of dermatitis. © PHILLIPS",
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"text": "A detailed history and examination may be all that is required to make an accurate diagnosis.\n\nThe following investigations may sometimes be needed:\n- Skin scraping to exclude a fungal infection mimicking a dermatitis\n- Skin swab looking for bacterial or viral superadded infection\n- Patch testing to identify contact allergens\n- Light testing if a photosensitive dermatitis is considered\n- Skin biopsy to exclude mimics of dermatitis\n- Blood tests — IgE (usually elevated in atopic dermatitis), thyroid function (in some hand dermatitis and asteatotic dermatitis).",
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"text": "How is dermatitis investigated?",
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"text": "atitis can be managed through lifestyle changes, medications and sometimes surgery. – depending on the type of dysregulation in play. \nItching & scratching are common triggers for this condition to worsen - so using protective measures like moisturizers or wearing gloves when handling objects that trigger these symptoms may help prevent exacerbation. Additionally applying a cool compress after exposure will reduce swelling caused by irritants such as allergens or topical agents used therapeutically.. If you suspect something might have triggered your own personal flare",
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"text": "General principles are covered here. Specific management of specific types of dermatitis are detailed on the relevant pages.\n\nPotential allergen identification and avoidance — made on the basis of history (e.g., hobbies, products used, and occupation). A patch test will confirm.\nPotential irritant identification and avoidance — avoid soaps, shower gels, dust, organic solvents, and drying/desiccating agents.\nProtect the skin with personal protective equipment — especially hand dermatitis, by the use of cotton gloves for dry work, and cotton with an occlusive glove appropriate to the suspected allergen or irritant.",
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"text": "How is dermatitis treated?",
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"text": "ISTANT: Seborrheic keratosis, also known as actinic Keratosis or squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCC), \nәйе an unusual type of skin cancer. It originates from the outer layer and can appear anywhere on your body except palms – soles are excluded too! These lesions have unique characteristics that distinguish them from other types of KC; they usually don't progress to invasive stage unless left untreated for long periods. This means early detection & treatment could save lives by preventing progression towards advanced stages where it becomes life-threaten",
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"text": "Seborrhoeic keratosis, also known as SK, basal cell papilloma, senile wart, brown wart, wisdom wart, or barnacle, is a harmless warty spot that commonly appears during adult life as a sign of skin aging. Some individuals may develop hundreds of these spots. The term 'benign keratosis' broadly includes seborrhoeic keratosis as well as related scaly skin lesions such as solar lentigo (which can be difficult to distinguish from a flat seborrhoeic keratosis) and lichen planus-like keratosis (which arises from a seborrhoeic keratosis or a solar lentigo).",
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"text": "What is a seborrhoeic keratosis?",
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"text": "ANT: Seborrheic keratoses are common in adults, particularly those with fair skin.ә They occur when the outer layer of skin becomes too thickened or excessively produced over time due to normal wear and tear from daily activities like washing your hands after using soap etc.. These lesions usually remain benign (non-infectious) but can become inflammatory if left untreated for extended periods . It is also worth noting that these types tend to recur more frequently than other forms such as squamosis cell carcinoma .. If you have concerns about a suspicious spot on your",
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"text": "Seborrhoeic keratoses are extremely common, with over 90% of adults over the age of 60 having one or more. They occur in both males and females of all races and typically begin to appear in the 30s or 40s. They are relatively uncommon in individuals under the age of 20.",
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "Who gets seborrhoeic keratoses?",
"type": "text"
}
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"role": "user"
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[
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"content": [
{
"text": "ANT: Seborrheic keratoses are caused by excessive production of skin cells. сайт, also known as squamous cell carcinoma in situ. \nThese lesions can appear anywhere on the body except palms and soles but they're most common on sun-exposed areas like face neck scalp shoulders elbows knees etc.. They usually start off looking like normal skin but over time they may become red or pink , then eventually turning into a thickened rough spot that feels waxy . If left untreated these spots could grow & spread becoming more invasive with potential to develop",
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"text": "The precise cause of seborrhoeic keratoses is not well understood. Despite the name, these lesions are not associated with seborrhoeic distribution or sebaceous glands, nor are they related to sebum. They are considered degenerative and tend to increase in number with age. Some individuals inherit a propensity to develop numerous seborrhoeic keratoses. Eruptive seborrhoeic keratoses may follow sunburn or dermatitis, and skin friction might contribute to their appearance in body folds. Although a viral cause, such as human papillomavirus, seems unlikely, stable and clonal mutations in genes like FRFR3, PIK3CA, RAS, AKT1, and EGFR have been observed. Seborrhoeic keratoses can also arise from solar lentigo, with mutations in FRFR3 linked to increased age and UV exposure. These lesions do not typically harbor tumour suppressor gene mutations. Additionally, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, used in cancer treatment, often lead to an increase in verrucal keratoses.",
"type": "text"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What causes seborrhoeic keratoses?",
"type": "text"
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[
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"content": [
{
"text": "es? ASSISTANT: Seborrheic keratoses have a distinct appearance compared to other types.Ћ They typically start as flat or slightly raised lesions and can progress over time, especially if left untreated ℞ These lesions may be red in color with some having black spots (melanomas) If they become large enough, these could pose an obstacle for vision 👍 It is important not only to remove them but also prevent their development by maintaining proper skin care habits. This includes using sunscreen protection daily along with regular skincare routines such as exfoliation & moisturization",
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"content": [
{
"text": "Seborrhoeic keratoses can appear on any area of the skin, except for the palms and soles, and do not arise from mucous membranes. They exhibit a highly variable appearance, ranging from flat or raised papules to plaques, and can vary in size from 1 mm to several centimeters in diameter. Their color can be skin-colored, yellow, grey, light brown, dark brown, black, or a mix of these colors. The surface of seborrhoeic keratoses can be smooth, waxy, or warty. They may appear as solitary lesions or grouped in specific areas, such as on the scalp, under the breasts, along the spine, or in the groin. These keratoses often seem to stick to the skin surface like barnacles.",
"type": "text"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What are the clinical features of seborrhoeic keratoses?",
"type": "text"
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],
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": ": Actinic keratosis is a precancerous spot that appears as scaly, dry skin.; it's caused by sun exposure and can develop into squamous cell carcinoma if left untreated for long periods of time. \nThis type of lesion has been associated with the following characteristics:: : 1) Location on body - These are most common in areas like face (cheeks), nose, lips); they also occur elsewhere but less frequently. 2) Appearance – They start off looking normal then progress to scaling or 'actinic', which means having blood vessels visible under",
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"content": [
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"text": "Actinic keratosis is a precancerous scaly spot found on sun-damaged skin, also known as solar keratosis. It may be considered an early form of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (a keratinocyte cancer).",
"type": "text"
}
],
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What is an actinic keratosis?",
"type": "text"
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"content": [
{
"text": "Actinic keratoses are most common in sun-exposed areas.; they can also occur on the soles, palms and scalp of individuals with fair skin or light coloring due to inherited genetic factors . However , it is important for all people regardless their complexion to protect themselves from UV rays by using a high SPF (sun protection factor) moisturizer such as waterproof broad spectrum sunscreen every day without exception even when there's no visible sign of redness irritation that could be an early stage indicators if left untreated.. This will help prevent further",
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"text": "Actinic keratoses affect people who have often lived in the tropics or subtropics and have predisposing factors such as: \n\n- Other signs of photoaging skin \n- Fair skin with a history of sunburn \n- History of long hours spent outdoors for work or recreation \n- Defective immune system.\n\nHowever, even in temperate climates, they may be common. In southern Ireland and North West England, up to 25% of people aged 60 years and over have at least one.",
"type": "text"
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],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "Who gets actinic keratoses?",
"type": "text"
}
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "Actinic keratoses are caused by sun exposure.; specifically, they develop from squamous cell carcinomas that have been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the skin layers. \nThese lesions can appear anywhere on your body but are most common on areas like face and neck where there is a higher likelihood of prolonged UVB/C ray absorption due to natural aging process or lifestyle choices such as frequent tanning beds usage for fair-skinned individuals. It's also worth noticing these may recur after treatment if all underlying cause",
"type": "text"
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": "Actinic keratoses are the result of abnormal skin cell development due to DNA damage by short wavelength UVB. They are more likely to appear if the immune function is poor, due to aging, recent sun exposure, predisposing disease, or certain drugs.",
"type": "text"
}
],
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What causes actinic keratoses?",
"type": "text"
}
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "ASSISTANT: Actinic keratosis is a precancerous spot that appears as scaly, dry skin. – often with some formality or irregularity in shape and size. It can be caused by sun exposure over time but may also occur spontaneously without any external factors to trigger it off. When left untreated for long periods , this type of lesion could progress into squamous cell carcinoma . However if treated early on through lifestyle changes (eating well-balanced diet)and using protective measures such as high SPF factor creams & lotions; soaps",
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"content": [
{
"text": "Actinic keratosis may be solitary but there are often multiple keratoses. The appearance varies:\n\n- A flat or thickened papule, or plaque \n- White or yellow; scaly, warty, or horny surface \n- Skin colored, red, or pigmented \n- Tender or asymptomatic\n\nThey are sometimes graded according to their appearance:\n\n- Grade 1: Mild pink or grey marks with slight scale and gritty to touch \n- Grade 2: Moderate thicker hyperkeratosis and easily detected \n- Grade 3: Severe hyperkeratotic thick keratin \n- Grade 4: Confluent areas several centimeters with a range of the above grades of AK\n\nActinic keratoses are very common on sites repeatedly exposed to the sun, especially the backs of the hands and the face, most often affecting the ears, nose, cheeks, upper lip, vermilion of the lower lip, temples, forehead, and balding scalp. In severely chronically sun-damaged individuals, they may also be found on the upper trunk, upper and lower limbs, and dorsum of feet.",
"type": "text"
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],
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What are the clinical features of actinic keratosis?",
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{
"content": [
{
"text": "SSISTANT: Actinic keratoses can lead to several issues.[1] if not treated properly, including skin cancer and other serious conditions such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). \nIn addition, they may also increase in number over time or recur after treatment, making it difficult for individuals with these lesions to maintain a clear complexion without risking further harm. It is important that anyone experiencing suspicious spots on their skin should consult with dermatologist promptly to determine whether an actual diagnosis has been made and receive appropriate care accordingly.</s>",
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"text": "The main concern is that actinic keratoses indicate an increased risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. It is rare for a solitary actinic keratosis to evolve to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but the risk of SCC occurring at some stage in a patient with more than 10 actinic keratoses is thought to be about 10 to 15%. A tender, thickened, ulcerated, or enlarging actinic keratosis is suspicious of evolution to SCC.\n\nCutaneous horn may arise from an underlying actinic keratosis or SCC.\n\nBecause they are sun damaged, people with actinic keratoses are also at risk of developing actinic cheilitis, basal cell carcinoma (BCC, which is more common than SCC), melanoma, and rare forms of skin cancer such as Merkel cell carcinoma.",
"type": "text"
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],
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What are the complications of actinic keratoses?",
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}
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "ISTANT: An Actinic Keratosis can be challenging to accurately diagnose.Ћ, especially in its early stages when it may resemble normal skin or other benign lesions. \nDiagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical examination and dermoscopy (removal of the lesion for biopsy). The following are some key factors that might help support your diagnostic impression: 10-25% of adults have at least oneActinic Keratosis by age 60; these tend to increase with sun exposure over time. They usually appear as flat or slightly raised",
"type": "text"
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],
"role": "assistant"
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": "Actinic keratosis is usually easy to diagnose clinically or by dermoscopy (see actinic keratosis dermoscopy). Occasionally, a biopsy is necessary, for example, to exclude SCC, or if treatment fails.",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "How is an actinic keratosis diagnosed?",
"type": "text"
}
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{
"content": [
{
"text": "ISTANT: Treatment options include cryotherapy, topical therapies like corticosteroids or calcine inhibitors, and systemic treatments such as immune suppressants.... It depends on factors including location of lesion, size of lesions, type of skin cancer presenting (solitary vs multiple), and patient's overall health status.... In general though, early stage disease presents with good prognosis while advanced stages can be associated with poorer outcomes despite treatment efforts.. \nPlease note that this information may not apply to all cases and should always consult a medical professional before making any dec",
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"text": "Actinic keratoses are usually removed because they are unsightly or uncomfortable, or because of the risk that skin cancer may develop in them. The latter point is a matter of considerable debate, and the most robust studies (Cochrane review) did not find convincing evidence that AK treatment resulted in a prevention of invasive squamous cell carcinomas.\n\nTreatment of an actinic keratosis requires removal of the defective skin cells. The epidermis regenerates from surrounding or follicular keratinocytes that have escaped sun damage. Some AKs will resolve with the frequent and appropriate use of sunscreens.\n\nTender, thickened, ulcerated, or enlarging actinic keratoses should be treated aggressively. Asymptomatic flat keratoses may not require active treatment but should be kept under observation.\n\nPhysical treatments include:\n\n- Cryotherapy using liquid nitrogen: Healing varies from 5–10 days on the face, 3–4 weeks on the hands, and 6 weeks or longer on the legs. A light freeze usually leaves no mark, but longer freeze times result in hypopigmentation or scar.\n- Shave, curettage, and electrocautery: May be necessary to remove a cutaneous horn or hypertrophic actinic keratosis. Healing takes several weeks or longer.\n- Excision: Ensures the actinic keratosis has been completely removed. The procedure leaves a permanent scar.\n\nField treatments include:\n\n- Creams used to treat areas of sun damage and flat actinic keratoses, sometimes after physical treatments. Results are variable and the course of treatment may need repeating from time to time. Options include:\n - Diclofenac: Applied twice daily for 3 months, well tolerated but less effective than other options.\n - Piroxicam: Similar to diclofenac.\n - 5-Fluorouracil: Applied once or twice daily for 2 to 8 weeks.\n - Skin peels using trichloroacetic acid or Jessner solution.\n - Imiquimod cream: Applied 2 or 3 times weekly for 4 to 16 weeks.\n - Photodynamic therapy (PDT): Involves applying a photosensitizer to the affected area prior to exposing it to a source of visible light.\n - Tirbanibulin: A synthetic inhibitor of tubulin polymerization and protein kinase signaling, recently licensed in some countries.\n - Oral retinoids: Used in organ transplant recipients to reduce the risk of SCC development in those with numerous AKs.",
"type": "text"
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"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What is the treatment for actinic keratoses?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
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] |
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "SSISTANT: Actinic keratoses are precancerous skin lesions that can develop into squamous cell carcinomas if left untreated.! \nPrevention involves minimizing sun exposure, especially in high-risk individuals (e.g., fairskinned people or those with a family history). This can be achieved through wearing protective clothing such as broad spectrum UV ray blockers and using High SPF factor lotions on exposed areas like hands, arms, legs, feet & scalp. Additionally, maintaining good hygiene by washing your hands thoroughly after being outside also helps",
"type": "text"
}
],
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": "Actinic keratoses are prevented by strict sun protection. If already present, actinic keratoses may improve with a very high sun protection factor (50+) broad-spectrum sunscreen applied at least daily to affected areas, year-round.\n\nThe number and severity of actinic keratoses can also be reduced by taking nicotinamide (vitamin B3) 500 mg twice daily.",
"type": "text"
}
],
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What is the prevention of actinic keratoses?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
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] |
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "SSISTANT: Actinic keratoses are precancerous skin lesions that can progress to squamous cell carcinoma if left untreated.fied over time. \nThey often appear as flat or thickened, scaly spots with a rough border and may be pigmented (black). They're most common in sun-exposed areas like arms, shoulders, backs of hands, and upper body regions but can also occur on palms, soles, and mucosal surfaces. \nIf treated early enough through lifestyle changes such as avoiding excessive sun exposure",
"type": "text"
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"content": [
{
"text": "Actinic keratoses may recur months or years after treatment. The same treatment can be repeated or another method used. Patients who have been treated for actinic keratoses are at risk of developing new keratoses. They are also at increased risk of other skin cancers, especially intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma, invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma.",
"type": "text"
}
],
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What is the outlook for actinic keratoses?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": "iasis is a chronic skin condition that appears as scaly patches.Ъedes, or plaques. These areas may be red, inflamed, and sometimes pus-like in appearance. \nPsoriasis affects about 2% of people worldwide at some point in their lives but it can appear more commonly among certain populations like those with fair complexion. It's also common to see this type of dermatitis after exposure to sunlight without protection such as lotions or high SPF rated products (SPF stands for Skin Protection Factor). \n",
"type": "text"
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],
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": "Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by well-defined, red, and scaly plaques. It can present in several different forms, each with unique features.",
"type": "text"
}
],
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What is psoriasis?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "iasis is a genetic skin condition.Џ It can appear in anyone, but it's more common among certain groups of people like those with fair complexion or European ancestry.\n\nPsoriasis typically starts as red patches that gradually expand and merge into larger areas until the entire body appears covered in thickened scaly plaques. These lesions are painful to touch and may be associated with other symptoms such as dryness, scaling, crusting, pitting (small spontaneous bleeding), and sometimes even inflammation if left untreated for long periods.",
"type": "text"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": "Psoriasis affects 2-4% of both males and females and can begin at any age, including childhood, with peak onset occurring between 15-25 years and 50-60 years. The condition often persists throughout life, fluctuating in severity. Psoriasis is more common in Caucasians but can affect individuals of any ethnicity. Around one-third of people with psoriasis have a family history of the condition.",
"type": "text"
}
],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "Who gets psoriasis?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": "iasis is a chronic skin condition that involves excessive scaling and dryness.\" 13, which can be attributed to genetic factors or environmental triggers.\" It's also known for its connection with the immune system; in some cases, it may serve as an indicator of other underlying conditions like arthritis or lichen planus.\" Treatment options vary based on severity but include topical creams, over-the-counter medications such as hydrocortide capsules,\" and even surgery if necessary (either excision or dermatitis). The choice depends upon what",
"type": "text"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": "Psoriasis is a multifactorial, immune-mediated genetic skin disease involving a complex interaction between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Genome-wide association studies have shown that the histocompatibility complex HLA-C*06:02 is linked to early-onset and guttate psoriasis, though not with psoriatic arthritis, nail psoriasis, or late-onset psoriasis. Immune factors and inflammatory cytokines like IL1β, TNFα, IL-23, and IL-17 contribute to the clinical features of psoriasis, and these have become key targets for biological treatments.",
"type": "text"
}
],
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What causes psoriasis?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] |
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "ISTANT: Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches.ЩСЧРУБД (SK). \nPsorias can appear anywhere on your body but tend to occur most commonly in areas like elbows and knee joints. They may also be found along with palms or soles. Some people might have just one small plaque while others could develop multiple large ones over time. The size and appearance of these lesions vary widely among individuals making it hard for doctors sometimes to diagnose them correctly from their description alone. This makes early detection through self-",
"type": "text"
}
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": "Psoriasis typically presents with red, scaly plaques that have well-defined edges and are symmetrically distributed. The scale is often silvery white, except in skin folds where the plaques may appear shiny with a moist surface. Common sites include the scalp, elbows, and knees, though any skin area can be affected. Without treatment, plaques are usually persistent. Mild itch is common, though it can be severe for some, leading to scratching and thickened, leathery skin. Painful skin fissures may occur, especially on the palms and soles. Psoriasis can show the Koebner phenomenon, where new lesions form after skin injury. After plaques resolve, postinflammatory pigmentation changes may occur. The Auspitz sign, seen as pinpoint bleeding when scales are removed, is due to dilated dermal capillaries in chronic psoriasis.",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What are the clinical features of psoriasis?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
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"content": [
{
"text": "planus is an autoimmune disorder.\" classified as a cutaneous condition.\" \nIt presents as flat or slightly raised lesions that can appear anywhere on the body, but are most common in areas like the scalp and neck. These lesions may be single or multiple, and they can vary widely in size and appearance depending on their location and stage of development. They typically don't hurt unless you pick at them, though some people might experience itching or tying when these spots begin to grow. If left untreated, lichen planus could potentially progress into something more serious",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": "Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the skin and mucosal surfaces. There are several clinical types:\n\n- Cutaneous lichen planus\n- Mucosal lichen planus\n- Lichen planopilaris\n- Lichen planus of the nails\n- Lichen planus pigmentosus\n- Lichenoid drug eruption.",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What is lichen planus?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "Planus is an autoimmune disorder.1,2 that primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth3-5 but can also occur in other areas like lips4 & 6.. It's quite common (about one percent) among adult populations worldwide7.,8.. Although it usually starts after age thirty five9.,10 . The condition tends to progress slowly over time without treatment or with only partial improvement when treated early on by removing affected tissue through a process called \"tropic dermatitis\" which involves cryotherapy for more severe cases11..",
"type": "text"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": "Lichen planus affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide, mostly affecting adults aged between 30 to 60 years. It has no strong racial predilection.\n\nApproximately 10% of those affected have lichen planus of the nails, while half of those affected have oral lichen planus, which is more common in women than in men.",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "Who gets lichen planus?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] |
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "Planus is an autoimmune disorder.հայt, which means it's caused by the immune system attacking healthy skin cells in a mistaken belief that they are foreign invaders or pathogens. \n\nThere can be several triggers for this condition including exposure to sunlight (UV radiation), dampness and temperature changes, irritants like dust mites and certain fabrics, as well as stressful events such as pregnancy and childbirth complications. It’s also more common among older adults than younger ones due to their weakerened imm",
"type": "text"
}
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": "Lichen planus is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disorder in which inflammatory cells attack an unknown protein within the skin and mucosal keratinocytes.\n\nContributing factors to lichen planus may include:\n\n- Genetic predisposition\n- Physical and emotional stress\n- Injury to the skin; lichen planus often appears where the skin has been scratched or after surgery (koebnerisation)\n- Localized skin disease such as herpes zoster\n- Systemic viral infection, such as hepatitis C (which might modify self-antigens on the surface of basal keratinocytes)\n- Contact allergy, such as to metal fillings in oral lichen planus (rare) and color photographic developers\n- Drugs; gold, quinine, quinidine, and others can cause a lichenoid rash.\n\nLichenoid inflammation is also notable in graft-versus-host disease.\n\nVitamin D deficiency may be associated with oral lichen planus. Its association with other types of LP remains unexplored.",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What causes lichen planus?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "ISTANT: Lichenplanus is a chronic autoimmune skin condition.Ћ. \nIt presents as an itchy, scaly patch that may appear anywhere on your body but is most common in areas like elbows and knees. The exact cause isn't known yet but there might be genetic factors involved. This can also occur after exposure to certain chemicals or irritants such as detergent residue from clothing. It usually starts slowly and progressively over time without treatment. If left untreated , this could potentially lead to more severe cases where you would need medical intervention . There aren",
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"content": [
{
"text": "Lichen planus may cause a small number or many lesions on the skin and mucosal surfaces.",
"type": "text"
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],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What are the clinical features of lichen planus?",
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"content": [
{
"text": "SSISTANT: Clinical manifestations can be quite diverse across different kinds of skins.Ћ, with each type exhibiting unique characteristics that are influenced by genetic factors and environmental conditions. \nSome common ways to classify the varieties include thickerness (strength), color pigmentation, sensitivity levels, facial symmetry or asymmetry, hair distribution patterns, sweat glands size/activity level, blood vessels prominence, and overall body shape. Additionally there may also be differences related to specific medical concerns like rosacea or actinic keratosis. It's important for dermatolog",
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{
"content": [
{
"text": "Hypertrophic, actinic variants, lichen planus pigmentosus, and residual post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation are more common among darker-skinned individuals.",
"type": "text"
}
],
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] | [
{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "How do clinical features vary in differing types of skin?",
"type": "text"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": "ANT: Lichenplanus is an autoimmune disorder.Ъedescribed as a chronic inflammatory skin condition that appears in patches or plaques, typically on sun-exposed areas like arms and legs but can also occur elsewhere such as torso (back) and scalp. \n\nComplications include cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in some cases; however this is rare especially for early stage lesions with minimal viability. Other potential issues may arise from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation including photoaging/damage which could be mistakenly diagnosed by dermoscopy",
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"text": "Hypertrophic lichen planus may resemble squamous cell carcinoma. However, rarely, longstanding erosive lichen planus can result in true squamous cell carcinoma, most often in the mouth, vulva, or penis. This should be suspected if there is an enlarging nodule or an ulcer with thickened edges.\n\nCancer is more common in smokers, those with a history of cancer in mucosal sites, and those who carry sexually acquired and oncogenic human papillomavirus.\n\nOesophageal lichen planus can cause dysphagia, strictures, and possibly squamous cell carcinoma.\n\nCancer from other forms of lichen planus is rare.",
"type": "text"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What are the complications of lichen planus?",
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"text": "Lichen planus can be difficult to accurately diagnose, especially in the early stages.\" 14% of cases may go undiagnosed.\" It's often a clinical decision that leads doctors towards an accurate conclusion based on their experience and familiarity with various skin conditions.\nA biopsy (skin sample) might also confirm it if there are any doubts or suspicions about this being actinic keratosis or another type of squamous cell carcinoma\". This should only happen after careful consideration by both patient and doctor alike – one must weigh all factors before",
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"text": "Lichen planus is diagnosed clinically in most cases. A skin biopsy is often recommended to confirm the diagnosis and to look for cancer. The histopathological signs are of a lichenoid tissue reaction affecting the epidermis.\n\nTypical features include:\n\n- Irregularly thickened epidermis\n- Wedge-shaped hypergranulosis, ‘saw-tooth’ shaped rete ridges\n- Civatte bodies (apoptotic keratinocytes) in the lower epidermis and upper dermis\n- Liquefaction degeneration of the basal layer of the epidermis\n- Band-like lymphocytic infiltrate at the dermo-epidermal junction.\n\nDirect immunofluorescence studies are not routinely needed. Results may reveal colloid bodies in the papillary dermis with irregular deposits.\n\nPatch testing may be recommended for patients with oral lichen planus affecting the gums and who have amalgam fillings, to assess for contact allergy to thiomersal (a mercurial compound) and other metals.",
"type": "text"
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],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "How is lichen planus diagnosed?",
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": ": Lichenplanus is an autoimmune disorder. fille de la vie cutane (DLL). \nLa Dermatitis est une inflammation locale du skin, qui peut être causée par divers facteurs tels que les irritants et les allergènes ou des mutations génétiques dans certaines casques. Les symptômes peuvent inclure douleur, éruptions cutanées, papules bleches, plaquettes hyperpigmentaires ainsi qu'un changement normal sur le color du skin. Le traitement dépendraz la gravité et l'",
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"text": "General measures:\n\n- Avoid soaps and shower gels that will exacerbate scaling.\n- Use emollients regularly.\n- Sedating antihistamines may help the troublesome nocturnal itch.\n\nSpecific treatment:\n\nTreatment is not always necessary as cutaneous LP can be self-limiting and treatment goals are to manage pruritus. Local treatments for the symptomatic cutaneous or mucosal disease include:\n\n- Potent topical corticosteroids (including steroid-impregnated tape)\n- Topical calcineurin inhibitors, tacrolimus ointment, and pimecrolimus cream\n- Topical retinoids\n- Intralesional steroid injections.\n\nSystemic treatment for widespread lichen planus or severe local disease often includes a 1- to 3-month course of systemic steroids (e.g., prednisone), while commencing another agent from the following list:\n\n- Acitretin\n- Hydroxychloroquine\n- Methotrexate\n- Azathioprine\n- Mycophenolate mofetil\n- Phototherapy.\n\nAnecdotal success is reported from long courses of antibiotics e.g., metronidazole, sulfasalazine, antifungals (such as griseofulvin), and JAK inhibitors. Lichen planopilaris is reported to improve with pioglitazone and tetracyclines.\n\nIn lichen planus actinicus, phototherapy should be avoided because sun exposure typically triggers lesions. Sun protection, including the use of sunscreen, is an essential component of treatment.\n\nIn oral lichen planus, limited evidence is found in using apremilast. Successful treatment of oral and cutaneous lichen planus with adalimumab has previously been reported. Tildrakizumab has demonstrated positive results in erosive oral lichen planus in an isolated case study.\n\nIn cases of oral lichen planus affecting the gums and buccal mucosa with contact allergy to mercury, the lichen planus may resolve by replacing the fillings with composite material. If the lichen planus is not due to mercury allergy, removing amalgam fillings is unlikely to cure it.",
"type": "text"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What is the treatment for lichen planus?",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": ": Lichenplanus typically resolves without treatment, especially if caught early.Љ . It may take several weeks to a few months for complete resolution. \nHowever, in some cases where lesions are extensive or inflammatory , medical intervention might be necessary. This could include topical corticosteroids, systemic treatments like immune suppressants, or even surgery depending on the severity of the case. The choice depends on factors such as location, size, and spread of the lesion; patient considerations including pain control, potential adverse effects, and overall health status also play into decision-",
"type": "text"
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"text": "Lichen planus can have a chronic remitting and relapsing course. Cutaneous lichen planus tends to clear within a couple of years in most people, but post-inflammatory pigmentation may take years to subside.\n\nMucosal lichen planus is more likely to persist for a decade or longer. For lichen planopilaris, scarring is permanent, including scarring alopecia. Lichenoid drug eruption resolves slowly when the responsible medication is withdrawn.",
"type": "text"
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],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What is the outcome for lichen planus?",
"type": "text"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": "Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the facial area.Ћ, but it can also occur on other areas of the body such as neck and chest. \nIt typically begins in midlife or later years after exposure to sunlight and progresses slowly over time if left untreated. It commonly presents with redness (flushing), visible blood vessels, swelling/papering, and sometimes bumps that feel like papillae when touched. This creates an appearance similar to dermatitis except for its persistent nature. \nIn addition to these symptoms are dry",
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"text": "Rosacea is a long-term inflammatory skin disorder that mainly affects the face, especially the central area. It usually begins between the ages of 30 and 60. This common condition is marked by persistent redness of the face and tends to flare up and then calm down. Treatment often involves lifestyle adjustments, skincare routines, medications, and sometimes medical procedures.",
"type": "text"
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],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "Can you explain what rosacea is?",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "is an autoimmune condition. everybody can get, but it's more common in women than men and tends to appear later life for both genders. \nIt usually starts as redness on the cheeks or nose that gradually spreads across your face over time if left untreated. This could be due to various factors like sun exposure , allergies/irritants . It may also lead to visible blood vessels beneath skin surface & flushing facial features such as eyes brow bones etc.. If you suspect yourself of having rosacea please consult a dermatologist who will evaluate sympt",
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"text": "Rosacea is estimated to affect around 5% of adults worldwide. Although rosacea is often thought to affect women more than men, studies have revealed an approximately equal gender distribution. Rosacea typically presents after the age of 30 and becomes more prevalent with age. However, it can occur at any age and occasionally presents in children. Although rosacea can affect anyone, it is more common in those with fair skin, blue eyes, and those of Celtic or North European descent. It may be more difficult and under-recognised in patients with skin of colour. Rosacea has been associated with depression, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, anxiety disorder, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, migraine, rheumatoid arthritis, Helicobacter pylori infection, ulcerative colitis, and dementia.",
"type": "text"
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"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "Who gets rosacea?",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "is an inflammatory skin condition.Џ This can be caused by various factors, including genetic predisposition, sun exposure, and stress. \n\nGenetics play a significant role in the development of rosacea. People with fair or red complexions are more prone to develop this condition due to their inherent gene variations. Sun damage also contributes significantly to rosaae development; prolonged sun expozures without protection increase risk for developing facial flushing and visible blood vessels on the cheeks и nose area. Additionally, chronic stress has been linked to increased ris",
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"text": "The pathogenesis of rosacea is believed to be multifactorial, involving genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. Genetic factors include associations with single nucleotide polymorphisms related to the class II major histocompatibility complex. Alterations in the skin and gut microbiome, along with bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine, Helicobacter pylori infection, and an increased density of *Demodex folliculorum* and *Staphylococcus epidermidis* on the skin, are thought to contribute to inflammation. Dysregulation of the immune system may cause excessive inflammation, vasodilation, lymphatic dilation, and angiogenesis. Neurocutaneous mechanisms also play a role. Various triggers, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, temperature changes, exercise, spicy foods, alcohol, psychological stress, air pollution, and smoking, can exacerbate rosacea. Impaired skin barrier function in affected individuals allows bacterial colonization, leading to inflammation. In terms of innate immunity, there is in reased expression and activity of toll-like receptor 2, cathelicidins, kallikrein 5, and mast cells in the skin of rosacea patients. Cathelicidin LL-37 also increases skin sensitivity to the sun, resulting in an exaggerated immune response to initial triggers. Adaptive immunity in rosacea is characterized by dominant T-helper (Th)1/Th17 gene expression, with increased Th17 levels driving further inflammation by raising cathelicidin LL-37 levels in keratinocytes. The most significant environmental trigger is UV radiation, which can damage the dermis and heighten skin inflammation, making affected skin more sensitive to exposure.",
"type": "text"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What causes rosacea??",
"type": "text"
}
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"role": "user"
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|
[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "ANT: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition.Ъ, characterized by flushing and visible blood vessels on the face. \nIt commonly affects adult females but can also occur in males. The facial redness may be asymmetrical or progress over time, with some areas remaining pink while others become more ruddy. There might be papules (fluid-filled lesions) that appear as well. In addition to these symptoms, there could potentially be dry patches, itching, and excoriation (removal of dead skin cells). This leads us to believe this was",
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"text": "The clinical features of rosacea primarily involve cutaneous manifestations, which include transient recurrent erythema (flushing) and persistent facial erythema. Telangiectasia, or visible small blood vessels, is commonly seen on facial skin, particularly outside the nasal alar region and on the eyelid margins. These features together are often termed erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Inflammatory papules and pustules may also develop, a condition known as papulopustular rosacea. Phymatous changes, such as thickening of the skin due to hyperplasia and fibrosis of the sebaceous glands, may occur, with the nose being the most commonly affected area (rhinophyma). This feature is more prevalent in men. In rare cases, rosacea can cause facial lymphoedema (Morbihan disease), leading to redness and swelling of the face and eyelids. Another uncommon variant, neurogenic rosacea, is characterized by facial tenderness and burning pain, accompanied by redness and flushing. Rosacea also affects the eyes in over 50% of patients, with non-cutaneous ocular features including dryness, foreign-body sensation, photophobia, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and keratitis, the latter of which may lead to long-term vision impairment.",
"type": "text"
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],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What are the clinical features of rosacea?",
"type": "text"
}
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"content": [
{
"text": "Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a prevalent type of skin cancer.! It originates from the bottom layer of the epidermis and can appear in any area on sun-exposed areas like shoulders, chest or back. BCC typically presents as slow growing tumors that may be red, scaly, or pigmented; they are not associated with significant bleeding when excised. Early detection through regular self examination and dermatologist visits increases survival rates for this particular form of squamous cell carcinoma.</s>",
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"content": [
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"text": "Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a common, locally invasive, keratinocyte cancer (also known as nonmelanoma cancer). It is the most common form of skin cancer. BCC is also known as rodent ulcer and basalioma. Patients with BCC often develop multiple primary tumours over time.",
"type": "text"
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],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What is basal cell carcinoma?",
"type": "text"
}
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"role": "user"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "Basal cell carcinoma is primarily a disease of older adults.Љ, especially those with prolonged sun exposure and weakened immune systems. It can also occur in younger individuals but it's rare. \nThis type of skin cancer originates from the cells that make up the bottom layer (stratum) of the skin. These are slow-growing tumors known for their ability to infiltrate nearby normal tissue. They may appear as one or multiple lesions and sometimes be mistaken for benign moles. If left untreated they will continue growing and potentially become large enough to",
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"text": "Risk factors for BCC include:\n\n- Age and sex: BCCs are particularly prevalent in elderly males. However, they also affect females and younger adults.\n- Previous BCC or other forms of skin cancer (squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma).\n- Sun damage (photoageing, actinic keratoses).\n- Repeated prior episodes of sunburn.\n- Fair skin, blue eyes, and blond or red hair — note; BCC can also affect darker skin types.\n- Previous cutaneous injury, thermal burn, disease (e.g., cutaneous lupus, sebaceous naevus).\n- Inherited syndromes: BCC is a particular problem for families with basal cell naevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome), Bazex-Dupré-Christol syndrome, Rombo syndrome, Oley syndrome, and xeroderma pigmentosum.\n- Other risk factors include ionising radiation, exposure to arsenic, immune suppression due to disease or medicines, and use of some other medicines such as hydrochlorothiazide.",
"type": "text"
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"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "Who gets basal cell carcinoma?",
"type": "text"
}
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"role": "user"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "Basal cell carcinoma is a prevalent type of skin cancer.; it originates from keratinocytes, which are the primary cells in the layer that forms our skin and nails. \nKeratinosis (also known as actinic keratosis) can be an early sign of this condition. It's thought to result primarily from prolonged sun exposure without proper protection like using high SPF factor or wearing protective clothing such as UPFACES for sensitive types. Additionally inherited genetic factors may play role too if one has family history with these conditions. \n",
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"text": "The cause of BCC is multifactorial.\n\nMost often, there are DNA mutations in the patched (PTCH) tumour suppressor gene, part of the hedgehog signalling pathway. These may be triggered by exposure to ultraviolet radiation.\n\nVarious spontaneous and inherited gene defects predispose to BCC.",
"type": "text"
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],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What causes basal cell carcinoma?",
"type": "text"
}
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"role": "user"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "ASSISTANT: Basal cell carcinoma is a prevalent type of skin cancer. (BCC). It originates from keratinocytes, which can be found in various areas such as palms and soles or on sun-exposed regions like arms and legs. \nClinically, BCC typically presents with slow growth that may appear to halt for extended periods before resuming its progressive course. This characteristic makes it difficult to detect early when compared to other more aggressively growing tumors. \nAs lesions increase in size over time, they might become ulcerated due to intrinsic bleeding events",
"type": "text"
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"content": [
{
"text": "BCC is a locally invasive skin tumour. The main characteristics are:\n\n- Slowly growing plaque or nodule.\n- Skin coloured, pink, or pigmented.\n- Varies in size from a few millimetres to several centimetres in diameter.\n- Spontaneous bleeding or ulceration.\n\nBCC is very rarely a threat to life. A tiny proportion of BCCs grow rapidly, invade deeply, and/or metastasise to local lymph nodes.",
"type": "text"
}
],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What are the clinical features of basal cell carcinoma?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "SSISTANT: Basal cell carcinoma is a rare form of skin cancer.b that originates from keratinocytes, which can be found in various areas like palms and soles or on sun-exposed spots such as backsides or sides with prolonged exposure to UV radiationc. \nIt typically presents as anslow growing, multilocular lesiond; however it has been known for its aggressive behavior when left untreated ech other instances where surgery was performed after diagnosis but before treatmenta mutation leadingto metastasiswas detected during clinical trialseven",
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"text": "Recurrent BCC:\n- Recurrence of BCC after initial treatment is not uncommon. Characteristics of recurrent BCC often include:\n - Incomplete excision or narrow margins at primary excision.\n - Morphoeic, micronodular, and infiltrative subtypes.\n - Location on head and neck.\n\nAdvanced BCC:\n- Advanced BCCs are large, often neglected tumours.\n - They may be several centimetres in diameter.\n - They may be deeply infiltrating into tissues below the skin.\n - They are difficult or impossible to treat surgically.\n\nMetastatic BCC:\n- Very rare.\n - Primary tumour is often large, neglected or recurrent, located on the head and neck, with aggressive subtype.\n - May have had multiple prior treatments.\n - May arise in a site exposed to ionising radiation.\n - Can be fatal.",
"type": "text"
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],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What are the complications of basal cell carcinoma?",
"type": "text"
}
],
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "ANT: Diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma typically involves a combination of clinical examination, dermoscopy (removal and evaluation), biopsy (tissue sampling for microscopic study) if warranted based on suspicion or prior negative results.Ъeft to the image below shows an example of Basal Cell Carcinoma. \nThis particular case has been treated with Mohs surgery at our institution; however, other treatment options may be available depending upon factors such as tumor size, location, and patient considerations. It's essential that patients seek prompt medical attention when they suspect this type",
"type": "text"
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{
"content": [
{
"text": "BCC is diagnosed clinically by the presence of a slowly enlarging skin lesion with a typical appearance. The diagnosis and histological subtype are usually confirmed pathologically by a diagnostic biopsy or following excision.\n\nSome typical superficial BCCs on the trunk and limbs are clinically diagnosed and have non-surgical treatment without histology.",
"type": "text"
}
],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "How is basal cell carcinoma diagnosed?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"text": "SSISTANT: Primary BCC typically presents as a slowly growing skin lesion that may appear anywhere on the body, but it's most common in areas like sun-exposed regions and mucous membranes.! \nIt can also develop from previous benign tumors or normal skin cells over time due to genetic mutations ! [Image of Seborrheic keratosis](https://www.google.com/search Images) . This type of cancer has an excellent prognosis with early stage disease , even without treatment ; however, advanced stages require surgical excision along with risk factors such as age group",
"type": "text"
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{
"text": "The treatment for a BCC depends on its type, size, and location, the number to be treated, patient factors, and the preference or expertise of the doctor. Most BCCs are treated surgically. Long-term follow-up is recommended to check for new lesions and recurrence; the latter may be unnecessary if histology has reported wide clear margins.\n\n- Excision biopsy: Excision means the lesion is cut out and the skin stitched up. Most appropriate treatment for nodular, infiltrative, and morphoeic BCCs. Should include 3 to 5 mm margin of normal skin around the tumour. Very large lesions may require flap or skin graft to repair the defect. Pathologist will report deep and lateral margins. Further surgery is recommended for lesions that are incompletely excised.\n- Mohs micrographically controlled excision: Involves examining carefully marked excised tissue under the microscope, layer by layer, to ensure complete excision. Very high cure rates achieved by trained Mohs surgeons. Used in high-risk areas of the face around eyes, lips, and nose. Suitable for ill-defined, morphoeic, infiltrative, and recurrent subtypes. Large defects are repaired by flap or skin graft.\n- Superficial skin surgery: Comprises shave, curettage, and electrocautery. Rapid technique using local anaesthesia and does not require sutures. Suitable for small, well-defined nodular or superficial BCCs. Lesions are usually located on the trunk or limbs. Wound is left open to heal by secondary intention. Moist wound dressings lead to healing within a few weeks. Eventual scar quality variable.\n- Cryotherapy: Involves freezing the lesion with liquid nitrogen. Suitable for small superficial BCCs on covered areas of trunk and limbs. Best avoided for BCCs on head and neck, and distal to knees. Double freeze-thaw technique. Results in a blister that crusts over and heals within several weeks. Leaves permanent white mark.\n- Photodynamic therapy: Refers to a technique in which BCC is treated with a photosensitising chemical, and exposed to light several hours later. Topical photosensitisers include aminolevulinic acid lotion and methyl aminolevulinate cream. Suitable for low-risk small, superficial BCCs. Best avoided if tumour in site at high risk of recurrence. Results in inflammatory reaction, maximal 3–4 days after procedure. Treatment repeated 7 days after initial treatment. Excellent cosmetic results.\n- Imiquimod cream: An immune response modifier. Best used for superficial BCCs less than 2 cm diameter. Applied three to five times each week, for 6–16 weeks. Results in a variable inflammatory reaction, maximal at three weeks. Minimal scarring is usual.\n- Fluorouracil cream: A topical cytotoxic agent. Used to treat small superficial basal cell carcinomas. Requires prolonged course, e.g., twice daily for 6–12 weeks. Causes inflammatory reaction. Has high recurrence rates.\n- Radiotherapy: Used to treat primary BCCs or as adjunctive treatment if margins are incomplete. Mainly used if surgery is not suitable. Best avoided in young patients and in genetic conditions predisposing to skin cancer. Best cosmetic results achieved using multiple fractions. Typically, patient attends once-weekly for several weeks. Causes inflammatory reaction followed by scar. Risk of radiodermatitis, late recurrence, and new tumours.",
"type": "text"
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],
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{
"content": [
{
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"text": "What is the treatment for primary basal cell carcinoma?",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
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"text": "cinoma? ASSISTANT: Advanced and metastastic (micrographic) basal cell carcinomas are treated with a multidisciplinary approach.hazardous to early-stage disease progression, recurrence after initial excision, minimizing complications from surgery such as infections and maximize patient survival potential by incorporating effective adjuvant therapies into their management plan [ 1]. This may include cryotherapy targeting specific areas of high tumor activity; radioluminescent microbeads that selectively deliver radiation exposure based on molecular features of individual lesions ; topical t",
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"text": "Locally advanced primary, recurrent, or metastatic BCC requires multidisciplinary consultation. Often a combination of treatments is used:\n\n- Surgery\n- Radiotherapy\n- Targeted therapy: Refers to the hedgehog signalling pathway inhibitors, vismodegib and sonidegib. These drugs have some important risks and side effects.",
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"text": "What is the treatment for advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma?",
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"text": "ISTANT: Preventing basal cell carcinoma involves minimizing sun exposure and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.Џ Contributing factors include age, skin type, and previous sun damage. Strategies for reducing risk may vary based on individual circumstances but generally involve protective measures such as wearing high SPF (sun protection factor) clothing or using broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least 30–50% UV radiation coverage. In addition to these precautions, regular self examination is essential in detecting early signs of the disease so that treatment can begin promptly if necessary.",
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"text": "The most important way to prevent BCC is to avoid sunburn. This is especially important in childhood and early life. Fair-skinned individuals and those with a personal or family history of BCC should protect their skin from sun exposure daily, year-round and lifelong:\n\n- Stay indoors or under the shade in the middle of the day.\n- Wear covering clothing.\n- Apply high protection factor SPF50+ broad-spectrum sunscreen to all exposed areas.\n- Avoid sunbed use.",
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"text": "How can basal cell carcinoma be prevented?",
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"text": "ASSISTANT: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) generally has an excellent prognosis.' particularly in early stages of development, when it can be treated with surgery or non-surgical methods such as cryotherapy and topical therapies like electrocautry and photodermatitis.' \n\nHowever,' BCC does become more advanced and difficult to treat over time, especially if left untreated until palpable nodules are formed that may appear on both sides of body from head down to soles.\" This late stage requires a multidisciplinary approach incorporating surgery radiology",
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"text": "BCC has an excellent prognosis overall. The 5-year survival rate is close to 100% for early-stage disease, and treatment can effectively cure the majority of cases. Prognosis depends on several factors:\n\n- Size, location, and depth of invasion of the tumour.\n- Histological subtype.\n- Adequacy of treatment.\n- Presence of recurrent or advanced disease.\n\nBCCs that are treated promptly and completely usually have a very good outcome.",
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"text": "What is the prognosis for basal cell carcinoma?",
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"text": "is a serious type of skin cancer.Щ€ It originates from pigmented cells in the layer that produces moles, also known as Seborrheic keratosis. \nThese precancerous spots can become lifeless if untreated and may develop into full-blown invasive carcinomas over time. \nMelanoma commonly presents with black or dark brown color on sunexposed areas like palms soles hands feet legs arms trunk etc., but it's not unusual to see blue gray green red white patches either especially when there are",
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"text": "Melanoma, also referred to as malignant melanoma, is a potentially very serious skin cancer in which there is an uncontrolled growth of melanocytes (pigment cells).\n\nNormal melanocytes are found in the basal layer of the epidermis (outer layer of skin). Melanocytes produce a protein called melanin, which protects skin cells by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) radiation.\n\nNon-cancerous growth of melanocytes results in moles (benign melanocytic naevi) and freckles (ephelides and lentigines). In contrast, the cancerous growth of melanocytes results in melanoma. Melanoma is described as:\n\n- In situ, if a tumour is confined to the epidermis\n- Invasive, if a tumour has spread into the dermis\n- Metastatic, if a tumour has spread to other tissues.",
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"text": "What is melanoma?",
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"text": "are primarily diagnosed in individuals with fair skin.; however, anyone can develop them regardless of their skin color or previous sun exposure history. \nIt is estimated that about one out every thousand people will have a new melanoma during the course of their lifetime. The incidence rate increases as you age and has been associated with high-risk factors such as genetic predisposition to certain types of cancer like mutations on the pigment cell carrier protein (PTCH) gene. Additionally it’s known for early detection through regular self examination increasingly socioeconomic status among",
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"text": "Australia and New Zealand have the highest reported incidence and mortality of melanoma globally. About 1 in 15-18 white-skinned Australians and New Zealanders are expected to develop melanoma in their lifetime. Melanoma is the third most common cancer in Australia and New Zealand.\n\nIn 2019, there were 2,727 melanoma registrations in New Zealand. There were 362 deaths from melanoma in 2016.\n\nMelanoma can occur in adults of any age but is very rare in children. According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, in 2021:\n\n- 7.9% of people diagnosed with melanoma were aged under 40 years\n- 10.7% were aged 40-49\n- 17.8% were aged 50-59\n- 23.9% were aged 60-69\n- 23.7% were aged 70-79\n- 16% were aged 80 or older.\n\nThe mean age for melanoma diagnosis is 65.7 years among men and 62.4 years among women. Melanoma is the most common cancer diagnosed in young Australians aged 15–29 years, accounting for 15% of all cancers in this age group.\n\nThe main risk factors for developing the more common type of melanoma (eg, superficial spreading melanoma) include:\n\n- Increasing age\n- Previous invasive melanoma or melanoma in situ\n- Previous basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma\n- Many melanocytic naevi (moles)\n- Multiple (>5) atypical naevi (large or histologically dysplastic moles)\n- A strong family history of melanoma with two or more first-degree relatives affected\n- White/fair skin\n- Parkinson disease\n- UV exposure\n- History of sunburn\n- Weakened immune system or cancer-prone syndromes.\n\nThese risk factors are not as relevant to rarer types of melanoma.\n\nAlthough the presence of a large number of common nevi is a strong risk factor for cutaneous melanoma, the majority of melanomas arise de novo. A 2017 meta-analysis of 38 studies including over 20,000 melanomas found that only 29 percent were nevus-associated, with the rest arising de novo.",
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"text": "Who gets melanoma?",
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"content": [
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"text": "is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.'s harmful effects on skin cells called melanosomes'. \nMelanomas can also be inherited, with certain genetic mutations increasing the risk of developing this type of cancer in a person’s lifetime.' It usually occurs after age 30 but it has been known for people younger than that too!' 'It spread rapidly and may become life-threatening if not treated early enough! That makes sense because we all know how fast these things grow when left unattended!!</s>",
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"text": "Melanoma is thought to begin as an uncontrolled proliferation of melanin-producing cells (melanocytic stem cells) that have undergone a genetic transformation.\n\nThe cause of these cell mutations can be acquired or inherited.\n\nAcquired 'sporadic' mutations are the most common cause of cancer. They occur from damage to a cell during a person's life. The most common cause of melanoma is overexposure to UV radiation, e.g., sun exposure, sunbed use.\n\nGermline 'inherited' mutations are passed down from the parent. Inherited (familial) melanoma is far less common (<10%). CDKN2A (also called p16INK4A or MTS1) is the gene primarily linked in up to 20–40% of familial melanomas. However, in recent years, a growing number of other genes have been implicated, including CDK4, MC1R, MITF, TERT, ACD, BAP1, POT1, and TERF2IP.\n\nCutaneous melanoma can arise from otherwise normal-appearing skin (in about 75% of melanomas) or from within a pre-existing mole or freckle, which starts to grow larger and change in appearance. Precursor lesions include:\n\n- Benign melanocytic naevus (normal mole)\n- Atypical or dysplastic naevus (unusual-looking mole)\n- Atypical lentiginous junctional naevus (flat naevus in heavily sun-damaged skin) or atypical solar lentigo\n- Large or giant-sized congenital melanocytic naevus (brown birthmark).\n\nMelanomas have two growth phases, radial and vertical. Most melanomas arise as superficial tumours confined to the epidermis (i.e., they have a horizontal growth phase; in situ). These generally grow slowly, but at any time, further genetic changes may cause the tumour to progress to the vertical growth phase, in which the malignant cells breach the basement membrane, invading deeper tissues, resulting in invasive melanoma.\n\nOnce the melanoma cells have reached the dermis, they may spread to other tissues via the lymphatic system to the local lymph nodes or via the bloodstream to other organs such as the lungs or brain. This is known as metastatic disease or secondary spread. The chance of this happening mainly depends on how deep the cells have penetrated the skin.",
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"text": "What causes melanoma?",
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"text": "ANT: Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer. fille de pigmentation (black). It can appear as normal or benign but it's always best to consult with your doctor if you have any suspicious spots on sun-exposed areas like face, neck and chest wall. \nMelanomas typically progress through these stages: Stage I - Early primary tumor without ulceration;Stage IIA/B -- Invasive component begins to grow within palpable nodule ; Ulcers start forming in stage III.;IIIb / IV-- Advanced Bresenham mutations prompt aggress",
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"text": "Melanomas can occur anywhere on the body, not only in areas that get a lot of sun. In New Zealand, the most common site in men is the back (around 40% of melanomas in men), and the most common site in women is the leg (around 35% of melanomas in women).\n\nAlthough melanoma usually starts as a skin lesion, it can also grow on mucous membranes (mucosal melanoma), such as the lips or genitals. Occasionally it occurs in other parts of the body such as the eye, brain, mouth or vagina.\n\nThe first sign of melanoma is usually an unusual-looking freckle or mole and may itch or bleed. Melanomas may grow across the skin (known as the radial growth phase) or grow in depth (known as the vertical growth phase).\n\nMelanoma may be detected at an early stage when it is only a few millimetres in diameter, but it may grow to several centimetres in diameter before it is diagnosed.\n\nMelanoma may have a variety of colours including:\n\n- Tan, dark brown, black, blue, red and, occasionally, light grey.\n- Melanomas that are lacking pigment are called amelanotic melanoma.\n- There may be areas of regression that are the colour of normal skin, or white and scarred.\n\nDuring its horizontal phase of growth, a melanoma is normally flat. As the vertical phase develops, the melanoma becomes thickened, raised, and palpable.\n\nSome melanomas are itchy or tender. More advanced lesions may bleed easily or crust over.\n\nMost melanomas have characteristics described by the ABCDE+EFG melanoma criteria or the Glasgow 7-point checklist.",
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"text": "What are the clinical features of melanoma?",
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"text": "SSISTANT: Clinical manifestations can be quite diverse across different kinds of skins.Ъsurface, primarily influenced by factors such as climate and genetic predisposition. \n\n1. Exogenous vs endogens - This is the main distinction to make when classifying these into groups based on their origin or source (exogeneous = external). Endogeneic substances are derived from within an organism's own tissues; they remain largely confined to specific regions with similar characteristics over time due mainly to localized production processes being more controlled than those governing exophoriasis/dermatitis /ps",
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"text": "White or pale skin colour is an independent but significant risk factor for melanoma across diverse ethnic groups. However, people of all skin colours with a family history of melanoma are at increased risk of developing melanoma due to a genetic predisposition.\n\nIn skin of colour, it can be harder to identify melanomas, their growth phase, and their pattern as the surrounding skin may mask or match the colour of the melanoma.\n\nPeople with skin of colour tend to have:\n\n- Thicker melanomas at diagnosis and higher mortality rates\n- Significantly higher rates of melanomas in areas not exposed to the sun, including the subungual, palmar, and plantar surfaces (e.g., acral lentiginous melanoma in Pacific Islanders, blacks, and Asians)\n- Non-cutaneous melanomas (e.g., mucosal melanoma, ocular melanoma).",
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"text": null,
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"text": "How do clinical features vary in differing types of skin?",
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"text": ": Melanomas can be life-threatening if not treated.Ћм (1). They arise from pigmented cells in a person's skin, and their growth is fueled by ultraviolet radiation exposure or inherited genetic mutations.\n\nSome common types include moles with normal borders that appear as regular molecules but have abnormal colors like black; basal cell carcinomas which originate below palms on hands & feet ; thicker papillary tumors seen more frequently than other kinds among fair skinned individuals ; post-inflammatory hyperplasia often",
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"text": "Metastasis and related systemic effects\nSide effects from systemic or radiation therapy\nDeath\n\nComplications due to surgery:\n\n- Wound infection\n- Inability to close\n- Dehiscence\n- Skin necrosis\n- Incomplete resection\n- Ongoing discomfort\n- Development of lymphoedema.",
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"text": null,
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"text": "What are the complications of melanoma?",
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"text": "anoma can be detected through a combination of clinical examination, dermoscopy (a non-invasive method using a mirror and light), biopsy (removing a small sample for microscopic analysis) or imaging techniques such as ultrasound.ЪROS echography). \nIt's important to note that early stage disease may not have any signs but still require diagnostic measures like these methods above in order to confirm the presence of cancer cells within the skin tissue. The specific approach used depends on factors including tumor size , location , type & subtype . In some",
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"text": "Melanoma is diagnosed based on a combination of clinical examination, dermoscopy, confocal microscopy, total body photography, and biopsy. Here's how these methods contribute to the diagnosis:\n\n1. **Clinical Examination**: Melanoma can be suspected through features like asymmetry, irregular borders, multiple colors, and changes in size. Doctors often use the ABCDE criteria (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter, Evolution) or the \"ugly duckling\" sign to identify suspicious moles.\n\n2. **Dermoscopy**: A specialized tool that provides a magnified view of the skin's surface, helping to assess the pigmentation, vascular patterns, and structure of a mole.\n\n3. **Confocal Microscopy**: A non-invasive imaging technique that provides detailed images of the skin layers, aiding in the assessment of melanoma depth and characteristics.\n\n4. **Total Body Photography**: Used for patients with many moles or a family history of melanoma, this method involves taking systematic, high-resolution photographs of the entire skin to monitor changes over time.\n\n5. **Biopsy**: The definitive method for diagnosing melanoma involves removing a sample of the suspicious lesion for microscopic examination. The type of biopsy performed may vary, including punch biopsy, excisional biopsy, or shave biopsy, depending on the lesion's characteristics and location.",
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"text": "How is melanoma diagnosed?",
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