push data
Browse files- .gitattributes +3 -0
- README.md +52 -0
- wikiser-samples/Blue_(queue_management_algorithm).txt +244 -0
- wikiser-samples/FIFA_Football_2005.txt +446 -0
- wikiser-samples/IPhone_11_Pro.txt +1428 -0
- wikiser-samples/Linux.txt +6506 -0
- wikiser-samples/Vim_(text_editor).txt +2147 -0
- wikiser-small/dev.txt +0 -0
- wikiser-small/test.txt +0 -0
- wikiser-small/train.txt +3 -0
- wikiser/WikiSER-full.7z +3 -0
.gitattributes
CHANGED
@@ -53,3 +53,6 @@ saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
|
53 |
*.jpg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
54 |
*.jpeg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
55 |
*.webp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
53 |
*.jpg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
54 |
*.jpeg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
55 |
*.webp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
56 |
+
wikiser/ filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
57 |
+
wikiser-small/ filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
58 |
+
wikiser-small/train.txt filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
README.md
CHANGED
@@ -1,3 +1,55 @@
|
|
1 |
---
|
2 |
license: apache-2.0
|
3 |
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
---
|
2 |
license: apache-2.0
|
3 |
---
|
4 |
+
# Software Entity Recognition
|
5 |
+
|
6 |
+
## Description
|
7 |
+
Data collected from our paper ["Software Entity Recognition with Noise-robust Learning"](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.10564), ASE 2023.
|
8 |
+
|
9 |
+
WikiSER corpus includes 1.7M sentences with named entity labels extracted from 79k Wikipedia articles.
|
10 |
+
Relevant software named entities are labeled under 12 fine-grained categories:
|
11 |
+
|
12 |
+
| Type | Examples |
|
13 |
+
|------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
|
14 |
+
| Algorithm | Auction algorithm, Collaborative filtering |
|
15 |
+
| Application | Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft Excel |
|
16 |
+
| Architecture | Graphics processing unit, Wishbone |
|
17 |
+
| Data_Structure | Array, Hash table, mXOR linked list |
|
18 |
+
| Device | Samsung Gear S2, iPad, Intel T5300 |
|
19 |
+
| Error Name | Buffer overflow, Memory leak |
|
20 |
+
| General_Concept | Memory management, Nouvelle AI |
|
21 |
+
| Language | C++, Java, Python, Rust |
|
22 |
+
| Library | Beautiful Soup, FastAPI |
|
23 |
+
| License | Cryptix General License, MIT License |
|
24 |
+
| Operating_System | Linux, Ubuntu, Red Hat OS, MorphOS |
|
25 |
+
| Protocol | TLS, FTPS, HTTP 404 |
|
26 |
+
|
27 |
+
WikiSER is organized by the Wiki articles in which the data was scraped from.
|
28 |
+
|
29 |
+
|-- Adobe_Flash.txt
|
30 |
+
|-- Linux.txt
|
31 |
+
|-- Java_(programming_language).txt
|
32 |
+
|-- ...
|
33 |
+
|
34 |
+
Each sentences are split by `<s>...</s>` and tokenized with [stokenizer](https://github.com/jeniyat/StackOverflowNER/blob/master/code/SOTokenizer/stokenizer.py).
|
35 |
+
|
36 |
+
## Structure
|
37 |
+
In the [folder](https://huggingface.co/datasets/taidng/WikiSER/tree/main/):
|
38 |
+
|
39 |
+
`wikiser`: Full zipped data
|
40 |
+
|
41 |
+
`wikiser-small`: Subset of the data used for training [`wikiser-bert-base`](https://huggingface.co/taidng/wikiser-bert-base) and [`wikiser-bert-large`](https://huggingface.co/taidng/wikiser-bert-large)
|
42 |
+
|
43 |
+
`wikiser-sample`: A few examples
|
44 |
+
|
45 |
+
|
46 |
+
## Citation
|
47 |
+
```bibtex
|
48 |
+
@inproceedings{nguyen2023software,
|
49 |
+
title={Software Entity Recognition with Noise-Robust Learning},
|
50 |
+
author={Nguyen, Tai and Di, Yifeng and Lee, Joohan and Chen, Muhao and Zhang, Tianyi},
|
51 |
+
booktitle={Proceedings of the 38th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE'23)},
|
52 |
+
year={2023},
|
53 |
+
organization={IEEE/ACM}
|
54 |
+
}
|
55 |
+
```
|
wikiser-samples/Blue_(queue_management_algorithm).txt
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
<s>
|
2 |
+
Blue O
|
3 |
+
is O
|
4 |
+
a O
|
5 |
+
scheduling O
|
6 |
+
discipline O
|
7 |
+
for O
|
8 |
+
the O
|
9 |
+
network B-Application
|
10 |
+
scheduler I-Application
|
11 |
+
developed O
|
12 |
+
by O
|
13 |
+
graduate O
|
14 |
+
student O
|
15 |
+
Wu-chang O
|
16 |
+
Feng O
|
17 |
+
for O
|
18 |
+
Professor O
|
19 |
+
Kang O
|
20 |
+
G O
|
21 |
+
. O
|
22 |
+
Shin O
|
23 |
+
at O
|
24 |
+
the O
|
25 |
+
University O
|
26 |
+
of O
|
27 |
+
Michigan O
|
28 |
+
and O
|
29 |
+
others O
|
30 |
+
at O
|
31 |
+
the O
|
32 |
+
Thomas O
|
33 |
+
J O
|
34 |
+
. O
|
35 |
+
Watson O
|
36 |
+
Research O
|
37 |
+
Center O
|
38 |
+
of O
|
39 |
+
IBM O
|
40 |
+
in O
|
41 |
+
1999 O
|
42 |
+
. O
|
43 |
+
</s>
|
44 |
+
<s>
|
45 |
+
Like O
|
46 |
+
random B-Algorithm
|
47 |
+
early I-Algorithm
|
48 |
+
detection I-Algorithm
|
49 |
+
( O
|
50 |
+
RED O
|
51 |
+
) O
|
52 |
+
, O
|
53 |
+
Blue O
|
54 |
+
operates O
|
55 |
+
by O
|
56 |
+
randomly O
|
57 |
+
dropping O
|
58 |
+
or O
|
59 |
+
marking O
|
60 |
+
packet O
|
61 |
+
with O
|
62 |
+
explicit O
|
63 |
+
congestion O
|
64 |
+
notification O
|
65 |
+
mark O
|
66 |
+
before O
|
67 |
+
the O
|
68 |
+
transmit O
|
69 |
+
buffer O
|
70 |
+
of O
|
71 |
+
the O
|
72 |
+
network B-Protocol
|
73 |
+
interface I-Protocol
|
74 |
+
controller I-Protocol
|
75 |
+
overflows O
|
76 |
+
. O
|
77 |
+
</s>
|
78 |
+
<s>
|
79 |
+
The O
|
80 |
+
main O
|
81 |
+
flaw O
|
82 |
+
of O
|
83 |
+
Blue O
|
84 |
+
, O
|
85 |
+
which O
|
86 |
+
it O
|
87 |
+
shares O
|
88 |
+
with O
|
89 |
+
most O
|
90 |
+
single-queue O
|
91 |
+
queuing B-Application
|
92 |
+
disciplines I-Application
|
93 |
+
, O
|
94 |
+
is O
|
95 |
+
that O
|
96 |
+
it O
|
97 |
+
does O
|
98 |
+
not O
|
99 |
+
distinguish O
|
100 |
+
between O
|
101 |
+
traffic B-Operating_System
|
102 |
+
flows I-Operating_System
|
103 |
+
, O
|
104 |
+
but O
|
105 |
+
treats O
|
106 |
+
all O
|
107 |
+
flows O
|
108 |
+
as O
|
109 |
+
a O
|
110 |
+
single O
|
111 |
+
aggregate O
|
112 |
+
. O
|
113 |
+
</s>
|
114 |
+
<s>
|
115 |
+
Stochastic B-Protocol
|
116 |
+
fair I-Protocol
|
117 |
+
Blue I-Protocol
|
118 |
+
( O
|
119 |
+
SFB O
|
120 |
+
) O
|
121 |
+
is O
|
122 |
+
a O
|
123 |
+
stochastically O
|
124 |
+
fair O
|
125 |
+
variant O
|
126 |
+
of O
|
127 |
+
Blue O
|
128 |
+
which O
|
129 |
+
hashes O
|
130 |
+
flows O
|
131 |
+
and O
|
132 |
+
maintains O
|
133 |
+
a O
|
134 |
+
different O
|
135 |
+
mark/drop O
|
136 |
+
probability O
|
137 |
+
for O
|
138 |
+
each O
|
139 |
+
hash O
|
140 |
+
value O
|
141 |
+
. O
|
142 |
+
</s>
|
143 |
+
<s>
|
144 |
+
Unlike O
|
145 |
+
other O
|
146 |
+
stochastically O
|
147 |
+
fair O
|
148 |
+
queuing B-Application
|
149 |
+
disciplines I-Application
|
150 |
+
, O
|
151 |
+
such O
|
152 |
+
as O
|
153 |
+
SFQ O
|
154 |
+
( O
|
155 |
+
Stochastic O
|
156 |
+
Fairness O
|
157 |
+
Queuing O
|
158 |
+
) O
|
159 |
+
, O
|
160 |
+
SFB O
|
161 |
+
can O
|
162 |
+
be O
|
163 |
+
implemented O
|
164 |
+
using O
|
165 |
+
a O
|
166 |
+
bloom B-Algorithm
|
167 |
+
filter I-Algorithm
|
168 |
+
rather O
|
169 |
+
than O
|
170 |
+
a O
|
171 |
+
hash B-Algorithm
|
172 |
+
table I-Algorithm
|
173 |
+
, O
|
174 |
+
which O
|
175 |
+
dramatically O
|
176 |
+
reduces O
|
177 |
+
its O
|
178 |
+
storage O
|
179 |
+
requirements O
|
180 |
+
when O
|
181 |
+
the O
|
182 |
+
number O
|
183 |
+
of O
|
184 |
+
flows O
|
185 |
+
is O
|
186 |
+
large O
|
187 |
+
. O
|
188 |
+
</s>
|
189 |
+
<s>
|
190 |
+
A O
|
191 |
+
resilient O
|
192 |
+
stochastic B-Protocol
|
193 |
+
fair I-Protocol
|
194 |
+
Blue I-Protocol
|
195 |
+
( O
|
196 |
+
RSFB O
|
197 |
+
) O
|
198 |
+
algorithm O
|
199 |
+
was O
|
200 |
+
proposed O
|
201 |
+
in O
|
202 |
+
2009 O
|
203 |
+
against O
|
204 |
+
spoofing O
|
205 |
+
DDoS O
|
206 |
+
attacks O
|
207 |
+
. O
|
208 |
+
</s>
|
209 |
+
<s>
|
210 |
+
An O
|
211 |
+
implementation O
|
212 |
+
of O
|
213 |
+
Blue O
|
214 |
+
is O
|
215 |
+
part O
|
216 |
+
of O
|
217 |
+
ALTQ B-Algorithm
|
218 |
+
, O
|
219 |
+
the O
|
220 |
+
network B-Application
|
221 |
+
scheduler I-Application
|
222 |
+
for O
|
223 |
+
BSD O
|
224 |
+
Unix O
|
225 |
+
. O
|
226 |
+
</s>
|
227 |
+
<s>
|
228 |
+
An O
|
229 |
+
implementation O
|
230 |
+
of O
|
231 |
+
SFB O
|
232 |
+
for O
|
233 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
234 |
+
was O
|
235 |
+
included O
|
236 |
+
in O
|
237 |
+
the O
|
238 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
239 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
240 |
+
in O
|
241 |
+
version O
|
242 |
+
2.6.39 O
|
243 |
+
. O
|
244 |
+
</s>
|
wikiser-samples/FIFA_Football_2005.txt
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
<s>
|
2 |
+
FIFA B-Application
|
3 |
+
Football I-Application
|
4 |
+
2005 I-Application
|
5 |
+
, O
|
6 |
+
also O
|
7 |
+
known O
|
8 |
+
as O
|
9 |
+
FIFA B-Application
|
10 |
+
Soccer I-Application
|
11 |
+
2005 I-Application
|
12 |
+
in O
|
13 |
+
North O
|
14 |
+
America O
|
15 |
+
or O
|
16 |
+
simply O
|
17 |
+
FIFA B-Application
|
18 |
+
2005 I-Application
|
19 |
+
, O
|
20 |
+
is O
|
21 |
+
a O
|
22 |
+
football O
|
23 |
+
simulation O
|
24 |
+
video O
|
25 |
+
game O
|
26 |
+
released O
|
27 |
+
in O
|
28 |
+
2004 O
|
29 |
+
. O
|
30 |
+
</s>
|
31 |
+
<s>
|
32 |
+
It O
|
33 |
+
was O
|
34 |
+
released O
|
35 |
+
for O
|
36 |
+
the O
|
37 |
+
PlayStation B-Device
|
38 |
+
, O
|
39 |
+
PlayStation B-Device
|
40 |
+
2 I-Device
|
41 |
+
, O
|
42 |
+
Microsoft B-Application
|
43 |
+
Windows I-Application
|
44 |
+
, O
|
45 |
+
Xbox B-Application
|
46 |
+
, O
|
47 |
+
PlayStation B-Operating_System
|
48 |
+
Portable I-Operating_System
|
49 |
+
( O
|
50 |
+
as O
|
51 |
+
simply O
|
52 |
+
FIFA O
|
53 |
+
Soccer O
|
54 |
+
) O
|
55 |
+
, O
|
56 |
+
GameCube B-Application
|
57 |
+
, O
|
58 |
+
mobile B-Application
|
59 |
+
phone I-Application
|
60 |
+
, O
|
61 |
+
Gizmondo B-Device
|
62 |
+
, O
|
63 |
+
N-Gage B-Device
|
64 |
+
and O
|
65 |
+
the O
|
66 |
+
Game B-Device
|
67 |
+
Boy I-Device
|
68 |
+
Advance I-Device
|
69 |
+
. O
|
70 |
+
</s>
|
71 |
+
<s>
|
72 |
+
FIFA B-Application
|
73 |
+
2005 I-Application
|
74 |
+
is O
|
75 |
+
the O
|
76 |
+
twelfth O
|
77 |
+
game O
|
78 |
+
in O
|
79 |
+
the O
|
80 |
+
FIFA O
|
81 |
+
series O
|
82 |
+
, O
|
83 |
+
the O
|
84 |
+
ninth O
|
85 |
+
in O
|
86 |
+
3D O
|
87 |
+
and O
|
88 |
+
the O
|
89 |
+
final O
|
90 |
+
game O
|
91 |
+
in O
|
92 |
+
the O
|
93 |
+
series O
|
94 |
+
for O
|
95 |
+
the O
|
96 |
+
PlayStation B-Device
|
97 |
+
. O
|
98 |
+
</s>
|
99 |
+
<s>
|
100 |
+
FIFA B-Application
|
101 |
+
Football I-Application
|
102 |
+
2005 I-Application
|
103 |
+
marks O
|
104 |
+
the O
|
105 |
+
first O
|
106 |
+
time O
|
107 |
+
to O
|
108 |
+
include O
|
109 |
+
the O
|
110 |
+
seventh-generation B-Application
|
111 |
+
handheld B-Application
|
112 |
+
game I-Application
|
113 |
+
consoles I-Application
|
114 |
+
. O
|
115 |
+
</s>
|
116 |
+
<s>
|
117 |
+
FIFA B-Application
|
118 |
+
Football I-Application
|
119 |
+
2005 I-Application
|
120 |
+
is O
|
121 |
+
the O
|
122 |
+
last O
|
123 |
+
licensed O
|
124 |
+
game O
|
125 |
+
to O
|
126 |
+
be O
|
127 |
+
released O
|
128 |
+
for O
|
129 |
+
the O
|
130 |
+
PlayStation B-Device
|
131 |
+
in O
|
132 |
+
North O
|
133 |
+
America O
|
134 |
+
. O
|
135 |
+
</s>
|
136 |
+
<s>
|
137 |
+
Improving O
|
138 |
+
the O
|
139 |
+
career O
|
140 |
+
mode O
|
141 |
+
, O
|
142 |
+
the O
|
143 |
+
game O
|
144 |
+
was O
|
145 |
+
extensively O
|
146 |
+
advertised O
|
147 |
+
and O
|
148 |
+
released O
|
149 |
+
much O
|
150 |
+
sooner O
|
151 |
+
than O
|
152 |
+
the O
|
153 |
+
usual O
|
154 |
+
late O
|
155 |
+
October O
|
156 |
+
dates O
|
157 |
+
to O
|
158 |
+
avoid O
|
159 |
+
proximity O
|
160 |
+
with O
|
161 |
+
the O
|
162 |
+
release O
|
163 |
+
of O
|
164 |
+
Pro B-Application
|
165 |
+
Evolution I-Application
|
166 |
+
Soccer I-Application
|
167 |
+
4 I-Application
|
168 |
+
and O
|
169 |
+
the O
|
170 |
+
EA O
|
171 |
+
Big O
|
172 |
+
release O
|
173 |
+
FIFA B-Application
|
174 |
+
Street I-Application
|
175 |
+
. O
|
176 |
+
</s>
|
177 |
+
<s>
|
178 |
+
In O
|
179 |
+
most O
|
180 |
+
territories O
|
181 |
+
, O
|
182 |
+
FIFA B-Application
|
183 |
+
2005 I-Application
|
184 |
+
was O
|
185 |
+
the O
|
186 |
+
last O
|
187 |
+
game O
|
188 |
+
to O
|
189 |
+
release O
|
190 |
+
on O
|
191 |
+
the O
|
192 |
+
PlayStation B-Device
|
193 |
+
console I-Device
|
194 |
+
. O
|
195 |
+
</s>
|
196 |
+
<s>
|
197 |
+
According O
|
198 |
+
to O
|
199 |
+
Electronic O
|
200 |
+
Arts O
|
201 |
+
, O
|
202 |
+
FIFA B-Application
|
203 |
+
Football I-Application
|
204 |
+
2005 I-Application
|
205 |
+
sold O
|
206 |
+
above O
|
207 |
+
4.5 O
|
208 |
+
million O
|
209 |
+
units O
|
210 |
+
worldwide O
|
211 |
+
by O
|
212 |
+
the O
|
213 |
+
end O
|
214 |
+
of O
|
215 |
+
2004 O
|
216 |
+
. O
|
217 |
+
</s>
|
218 |
+
<s>
|
219 |
+
The O
|
220 |
+
PlayStation B-Device
|
221 |
+
2 I-Device
|
222 |
+
version O
|
223 |
+
of O
|
224 |
+
FIFA B-Application
|
225 |
+
Football I-Application
|
226 |
+
2005 I-Application
|
227 |
+
received O
|
228 |
+
a O
|
229 |
+
" O
|
230 |
+
Double O
|
231 |
+
Platinum O
|
232 |
+
" O
|
233 |
+
sales O
|
234 |
+
award O
|
235 |
+
from O
|
236 |
+
the O
|
237 |
+
Entertainment O
|
238 |
+
and O
|
239 |
+
Leisure O
|
240 |
+
Software O
|
241 |
+
Publishers O
|
242 |
+
Association O
|
243 |
+
( O
|
244 |
+
ELSPA O
|
245 |
+
) O
|
246 |
+
, O
|
247 |
+
indicating O
|
248 |
+
sales O
|
249 |
+
of O
|
250 |
+
at O
|
251 |
+
least O
|
252 |
+
600,000 O
|
253 |
+
copies O
|
254 |
+
in O
|
255 |
+
the O
|
256 |
+
United O
|
257 |
+
Kingdom O
|
258 |
+
. O
|
259 |
+
</s>
|
260 |
+
<s>
|
261 |
+
GameRankings O
|
262 |
+
and O
|
263 |
+
Metacritic O
|
264 |
+
gave O
|
265 |
+
it O
|
266 |
+
a O
|
267 |
+
score O
|
268 |
+
of O
|
269 |
+
85.33 O
|
270 |
+
% O
|
271 |
+
for O
|
272 |
+
the O
|
273 |
+
Mobile O
|
274 |
+
version O
|
275 |
+
; O
|
276 |
+
82.07 O
|
277 |
+
% O
|
278 |
+
and O
|
279 |
+
81 O
|
280 |
+
out O
|
281 |
+
of O
|
282 |
+
100 O
|
283 |
+
for O
|
284 |
+
the O
|
285 |
+
Xbox B-Application
|
286 |
+
version O
|
287 |
+
; O
|
288 |
+
82% O
|
289 |
+
and O
|
290 |
+
75 O
|
291 |
+
out O
|
292 |
+
of O
|
293 |
+
100 O
|
294 |
+
for O
|
295 |
+
the O
|
296 |
+
Game B-Device
|
297 |
+
Boy I-Device
|
298 |
+
Advance I-Device
|
299 |
+
version O
|
300 |
+
; O
|
301 |
+
81.46 O
|
302 |
+
% O
|
303 |
+
and O
|
304 |
+
81 O
|
305 |
+
out O
|
306 |
+
of O
|
307 |
+
100 O
|
308 |
+
for O
|
309 |
+
the O
|
310 |
+
PlayStation B-Device
|
311 |
+
2 I-Device
|
312 |
+
version O
|
313 |
+
; O
|
314 |
+
80.99 O
|
315 |
+
% O
|
316 |
+
and O
|
317 |
+
78 O
|
318 |
+
out O
|
319 |
+
of O
|
320 |
+
100 O
|
321 |
+
for O
|
322 |
+
the O
|
323 |
+
GameCube B-Application
|
324 |
+
version O
|
325 |
+
; O
|
326 |
+
78.25 O
|
327 |
+
% O
|
328 |
+
and O
|
329 |
+
77 O
|
330 |
+
out O
|
331 |
+
of O
|
332 |
+
100 O
|
333 |
+
for O
|
334 |
+
the O
|
335 |
+
PC O
|
336 |
+
version O
|
337 |
+
; O
|
338 |
+
77.90 O
|
339 |
+
% O
|
340 |
+
and O
|
341 |
+
79 O
|
342 |
+
out O
|
343 |
+
of O
|
344 |
+
100 O
|
345 |
+
for O
|
346 |
+
the O
|
347 |
+
N-Gage B-Device
|
348 |
+
version O
|
349 |
+
; O
|
350 |
+
and O
|
351 |
+
74.36 O
|
352 |
+
% O
|
353 |
+
and O
|
354 |
+
73 O
|
355 |
+
out O
|
356 |
+
of O
|
357 |
+
100 O
|
358 |
+
for O
|
359 |
+
the O
|
360 |
+
PSP B-Operating_System
|
361 |
+
version O
|
362 |
+
. O
|
363 |
+
</s>
|
364 |
+
<s>
|
365 |
+
GameSpot O
|
366 |
+
gave O
|
367 |
+
the O
|
368 |
+
Mobile O
|
369 |
+
version O
|
370 |
+
a O
|
371 |
+
score O
|
372 |
+
of O
|
373 |
+
8.4 O
|
374 |
+
out O
|
375 |
+
of O
|
376 |
+
10 O
|
377 |
+
and O
|
378 |
+
said O
|
379 |
+
, O
|
380 |
+
" O
|
381 |
+
It O
|
382 |
+
does O
|
383 |
+
n't O
|
384 |
+
supersede O
|
385 |
+
the O
|
386 |
+
console O
|
387 |
+
versions O
|
388 |
+
in O
|
389 |
+
any O
|
390 |
+
way O
|
391 |
+
, O
|
392 |
+
but O
|
393 |
+
the O
|
394 |
+
fact O
|
395 |
+
that O
|
396 |
+
it O
|
397 |
+
comes O
|
398 |
+
reasonably O
|
399 |
+
close O
|
400 |
+
says O
|
401 |
+
a O
|
402 |
+
lot O
|
403 |
+
about O
|
404 |
+
the O
|
405 |
+
quality O
|
406 |
+
of O
|
407 |
+
this O
|
408 |
+
game O
|
409 |
+
as O
|
410 |
+
well O
|
411 |
+
as O
|
412 |
+
about O
|
413 |
+
how O
|
414 |
+
far O
|
415 |
+
mobile B-Application
|
416 |
+
gaming I-Application
|
417 |
+
has O
|
418 |
+
come O
|
419 |
+
along. O
|
420 |
+
" O
|
421 |
+
</s>
|
422 |
+
<s>
|
423 |
+
It O
|
424 |
+
received O
|
425 |
+
a O
|
426 |
+
runner-up O
|
427 |
+
placement O
|
428 |
+
in O
|
429 |
+
GameSpots O
|
430 |
+
2004 O
|
431 |
+
" O
|
432 |
+
Best O
|
433 |
+
N-Gage B-Device
|
434 |
+
Game O
|
435 |
+
" O
|
436 |
+
award O
|
437 |
+
category O
|
438 |
+
, O
|
439 |
+
losing O
|
440 |
+
to O
|
441 |
+
Colin B-Application
|
442 |
+
McRae I-Application
|
443 |
+
Rally I-Application
|
444 |
+
2005 I-Application
|
445 |
+
. O
|
446 |
+
</s>
|
wikiser-samples/IPhone_11_Pro.txt
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,1428 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
<s>
|
2 |
+
The O
|
3 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
4 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
5 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
6 |
+
and O
|
7 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
8 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
9 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
10 |
+
Max I-Operating_System
|
11 |
+
are O
|
12 |
+
smartphones B-Application
|
13 |
+
designed O
|
14 |
+
, O
|
15 |
+
developed O
|
16 |
+
and O
|
17 |
+
marketed O
|
18 |
+
by O
|
19 |
+
Apple O
|
20 |
+
Inc O
|
21 |
+
. O
|
22 |
+
</s>
|
23 |
+
<s>
|
24 |
+
Serving O
|
25 |
+
as O
|
26 |
+
Apple O
|
27 |
+
's O
|
28 |
+
flagship O
|
29 |
+
models O
|
30 |
+
of O
|
31 |
+
the O
|
32 |
+
13th O
|
33 |
+
generation B-Application
|
34 |
+
of O
|
35 |
+
iPhones B-Device
|
36 |
+
, O
|
37 |
+
they O
|
38 |
+
succeeded O
|
39 |
+
the O
|
40 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
41 |
+
XS I-Operating_System
|
42 |
+
and O
|
43 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
44 |
+
XS I-Operating_System
|
45 |
+
Max I-Operating_System
|
46 |
+
, O
|
47 |
+
respectively O
|
48 |
+
, O
|
49 |
+
upon O
|
50 |
+
their O
|
51 |
+
release O
|
52 |
+
. O
|
53 |
+
</s>
|
54 |
+
<s>
|
55 |
+
Apple O
|
56 |
+
CEO O
|
57 |
+
Tim O
|
58 |
+
Cook O
|
59 |
+
unveiled O
|
60 |
+
the O
|
61 |
+
devices O
|
62 |
+
alongside O
|
63 |
+
the O
|
64 |
+
standard O
|
65 |
+
model O
|
66 |
+
, O
|
67 |
+
the O
|
68 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
69 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
70 |
+
, O
|
71 |
+
on O
|
72 |
+
September O
|
73 |
+
10 O
|
74 |
+
, O
|
75 |
+
2019 O
|
76 |
+
at O
|
77 |
+
the O
|
78 |
+
Steve O
|
79 |
+
Jobs O
|
80 |
+
Theater O
|
81 |
+
at O
|
82 |
+
Apple O
|
83 |
+
Park O
|
84 |
+
. O
|
85 |
+
</s>
|
86 |
+
<s>
|
87 |
+
They O
|
88 |
+
were O
|
89 |
+
discontinued O
|
90 |
+
on O
|
91 |
+
October O
|
92 |
+
13 O
|
93 |
+
, O
|
94 |
+
2020 O
|
95 |
+
, O
|
96 |
+
following O
|
97 |
+
the O
|
98 |
+
announcement O
|
99 |
+
of O
|
100 |
+
the O
|
101 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
102 |
+
12 I-Operating_System
|
103 |
+
and O
|
104 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
105 |
+
12 I-Operating_System
|
106 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
107 |
+
. O
|
108 |
+
</s>
|
109 |
+
<s>
|
110 |
+
Notable O
|
111 |
+
improvements O
|
112 |
+
over O
|
113 |
+
the O
|
114 |
+
previous O
|
115 |
+
devices O
|
116 |
+
include O
|
117 |
+
the O
|
118 |
+
triple-lens O
|
119 |
+
rear O
|
120 |
+
camera O
|
121 |
+
system O
|
122 |
+
and O
|
123 |
+
the O
|
124 |
+
A13 B-Device
|
125 |
+
Bionic I-Device
|
126 |
+
chip I-Device
|
127 |
+
. O
|
128 |
+
</s>
|
129 |
+
<s>
|
130 |
+
The O
|
131 |
+
11 B-Operating_System
|
132 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
133 |
+
and O
|
134 |
+
11 B-Operating_System
|
135 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
136 |
+
Max O
|
137 |
+
are O
|
138 |
+
Apple O
|
139 |
+
's O
|
140 |
+
first O
|
141 |
+
iPhones B-Device
|
142 |
+
to O
|
143 |
+
feature O
|
144 |
+
a O
|
145 |
+
" O
|
146 |
+
pro O
|
147 |
+
" O
|
148 |
+
designation O
|
149 |
+
, O
|
150 |
+
previously O
|
151 |
+
used O
|
152 |
+
only O
|
153 |
+
for O
|
154 |
+
larger O
|
155 |
+
Apple O
|
156 |
+
devices O
|
157 |
+
, O
|
158 |
+
such O
|
159 |
+
as O
|
160 |
+
the O
|
161 |
+
iPad B-Device
|
162 |
+
Pro I-Device
|
163 |
+
and O
|
164 |
+
MacBook B-Device
|
165 |
+
Pro I-Device
|
166 |
+
. O
|
167 |
+
</s>
|
168 |
+
<s>
|
169 |
+
They O
|
170 |
+
are O
|
171 |
+
also O
|
172 |
+
the O
|
173 |
+
first O
|
174 |
+
generation B-Application
|
175 |
+
of O
|
176 |
+
iPhones B-Device
|
177 |
+
which O
|
178 |
+
include O
|
179 |
+
a O
|
180 |
+
Lightning B-Architecture
|
181 |
+
to O
|
182 |
+
USB-C O
|
183 |
+
cable O
|
184 |
+
and O
|
185 |
+
that O
|
186 |
+
allows O
|
187 |
+
connection O
|
188 |
+
to O
|
189 |
+
the O
|
190 |
+
charger O
|
191 |
+
and O
|
192 |
+
to O
|
193 |
+
current O
|
194 |
+
Mac B-Device
|
195 |
+
computers I-Device
|
196 |
+
, O
|
197 |
+
in O
|
198 |
+
the O
|
199 |
+
box O
|
200 |
+
. O
|
201 |
+
</s>
|
202 |
+
<s>
|
203 |
+
Details O
|
204 |
+
regarding O
|
205 |
+
the O
|
206 |
+
smartphones B-Application
|
207 |
+
were O
|
208 |
+
leaked O
|
209 |
+
widely O
|
210 |
+
starting O
|
211 |
+
several O
|
212 |
+
months O
|
213 |
+
before O
|
214 |
+
the O
|
215 |
+
official O
|
216 |
+
release O
|
217 |
+
, O
|
218 |
+
with O
|
219 |
+
complete O
|
220 |
+
specifications O
|
221 |
+
, O
|
222 |
+
renderings O
|
223 |
+
, O
|
224 |
+
and O
|
225 |
+
real-life O
|
226 |
+
images O
|
227 |
+
of O
|
228 |
+
the O
|
229 |
+
phone O
|
230 |
+
being O
|
231 |
+
publicized O
|
232 |
+
. O
|
233 |
+
</s>
|
234 |
+
<s>
|
235 |
+
Substantial O
|
236 |
+
advancements O
|
237 |
+
in O
|
238 |
+
the O
|
239 |
+
camera O
|
240 |
+
and O
|
241 |
+
the O
|
242 |
+
continuation O
|
243 |
+
of O
|
244 |
+
the O
|
245 |
+
' O
|
246 |
+
notch O
|
247 |
+
' O
|
248 |
+
design O
|
249 |
+
featured O
|
250 |
+
since O
|
251 |
+
the O
|
252 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
253 |
+
X I-Operating_System
|
254 |
+
were O
|
255 |
+
correctly O
|
256 |
+
predicted O
|
257 |
+
in O
|
258 |
+
leaks O
|
259 |
+
. O
|
260 |
+
</s>
|
261 |
+
<s>
|
262 |
+
The O
|
263 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
264 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
265 |
+
and O
|
266 |
+
11 B-Operating_System
|
267 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
268 |
+
were O
|
269 |
+
unveiled O
|
270 |
+
in O
|
271 |
+
a O
|
272 |
+
press O
|
273 |
+
event O
|
274 |
+
at O
|
275 |
+
the O
|
276 |
+
Steve O
|
277 |
+
Jobs O
|
278 |
+
Theater O
|
279 |
+
in O
|
280 |
+
Cupertino O
|
281 |
+
, O
|
282 |
+
California O
|
283 |
+
on O
|
284 |
+
September O
|
285 |
+
10 O
|
286 |
+
, O
|
287 |
+
2019 O
|
288 |
+
; O
|
289 |
+
the O
|
290 |
+
first O
|
291 |
+
Apple O
|
292 |
+
event O
|
293 |
+
live O
|
294 |
+
streamed O
|
295 |
+
on O
|
296 |
+
YouTube B-General_Concept
|
297 |
+
. I-General_Concept
|
298 |
+
</s>
|
299 |
+
<s>
|
300 |
+
The O
|
301 |
+
event O
|
302 |
+
featured O
|
303 |
+
various O
|
304 |
+
other O
|
305 |
+
products O
|
306 |
+
and O
|
307 |
+
services O
|
308 |
+
other O
|
309 |
+
than O
|
310 |
+
the O
|
311 |
+
iPhone B-Device
|
312 |
+
, O
|
313 |
+
including O
|
314 |
+
a O
|
315 |
+
new O
|
316 |
+
Apple O
|
317 |
+
Watch O
|
318 |
+
, O
|
319 |
+
a O
|
320 |
+
new O
|
321 |
+
iPad O
|
322 |
+
, O
|
323 |
+
Apple O
|
324 |
+
TV+ O
|
325 |
+
, O
|
326 |
+
and O
|
327 |
+
Apple O
|
328 |
+
Arcade O
|
329 |
+
. O
|
330 |
+
</s>
|
331 |
+
<s>
|
332 |
+
Pre-orders O
|
333 |
+
began O
|
334 |
+
on O
|
335 |
+
September O
|
336 |
+
13 O
|
337 |
+
, O
|
338 |
+
with O
|
339 |
+
the O
|
340 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
341 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
342 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
343 |
+
starting O
|
344 |
+
from O
|
345 |
+
a O
|
346 |
+
base O
|
347 |
+
price O
|
348 |
+
of O
|
349 |
+
$999 O
|
350 |
+
, O
|
351 |
+
and O
|
352 |
+
the O
|
353 |
+
larger O
|
354 |
+
screen O
|
355 |
+
Pro O
|
356 |
+
Max O
|
357 |
+
starting O
|
358 |
+
from O
|
359 |
+
$ O
|
360 |
+
1,099 O
|
361 |
+
. O
|
362 |
+
</s>
|
363 |
+
<s>
|
364 |
+
On O
|
365 |
+
October O
|
366 |
+
13 O
|
367 |
+
, O
|
368 |
+
2020 O
|
369 |
+
, O
|
370 |
+
following O
|
371 |
+
the O
|
372 |
+
announcement O
|
373 |
+
of O
|
374 |
+
the O
|
375 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
376 |
+
12 I-Operating_System
|
377 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
378 |
+
and O
|
379 |
+
12 O
|
380 |
+
Pro O
|
381 |
+
Max O
|
382 |
+
, O
|
383 |
+
the O
|
384 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
385 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
386 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
387 |
+
and O
|
388 |
+
11 B-Operating_System
|
389 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
390 |
+
Max O
|
391 |
+
were O
|
392 |
+
removed O
|
393 |
+
from O
|
394 |
+
sale O
|
395 |
+
on O
|
396 |
+
Apple O
|
397 |
+
's O
|
398 |
+
official O
|
399 |
+
website O
|
400 |
+
. O
|
401 |
+
</s>
|
402 |
+
<s>
|
403 |
+
In O
|
404 |
+
February O
|
405 |
+
2021 O
|
406 |
+
, O
|
407 |
+
Apple O
|
408 |
+
started O
|
409 |
+
selling O
|
410 |
+
refurbished O
|
411 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
412 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
413 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
414 |
+
models O
|
415 |
+
starting O
|
416 |
+
at O
|
417 |
+
$849 O
|
418 |
+
. O
|
419 |
+
</s>
|
420 |
+
<s>
|
421 |
+
The O
|
422 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
423 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
424 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
425 |
+
and O
|
426 |
+
11 B-Operating_System
|
427 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
428 |
+
Max O
|
429 |
+
is O
|
430 |
+
available O
|
431 |
+
in O
|
432 |
+
Gold O
|
433 |
+
, O
|
434 |
+
Silver O
|
435 |
+
, O
|
436 |
+
Space O
|
437 |
+
Gray O
|
438 |
+
, O
|
439 |
+
and O
|
440 |
+
Midnight O
|
441 |
+
Green O
|
442 |
+
, O
|
443 |
+
a O
|
444 |
+
new O
|
445 |
+
color O
|
446 |
+
previously O
|
447 |
+
not O
|
448 |
+
available O
|
449 |
+
on O
|
450 |
+
iPhones B-Device
|
451 |
+
. O
|
452 |
+
</s>
|
453 |
+
<s>
|
454 |
+
Similar O
|
455 |
+
to O
|
456 |
+
the O
|
457 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
458 |
+
XS I-Operating_System
|
459 |
+
and O
|
460 |
+
XS B-Operating_System
|
461 |
+
Max I-Operating_System
|
462 |
+
respectively O
|
463 |
+
, O
|
464 |
+
there O
|
465 |
+
is O
|
466 |
+
a O
|
467 |
+
display O
|
468 |
+
cutout O
|
469 |
+
at O
|
470 |
+
the O
|
471 |
+
front O
|
472 |
+
that O
|
473 |
+
includes O
|
474 |
+
the O
|
475 |
+
12 O
|
476 |
+
MP O
|
477 |
+
TrueDepth B-Algorithm
|
478 |
+
camera O
|
479 |
+
system O
|
480 |
+
and O
|
481 |
+
speaker O
|
482 |
+
. O
|
483 |
+
</s>
|
484 |
+
<s>
|
485 |
+
There O
|
486 |
+
is O
|
487 |
+
also O
|
488 |
+
a O
|
489 |
+
new O
|
490 |
+
rear O
|
491 |
+
camera O
|
492 |
+
design O
|
493 |
+
with O
|
494 |
+
three O
|
495 |
+
lenses O
|
496 |
+
and O
|
497 |
+
a O
|
498 |
+
flash O
|
499 |
+
in O
|
500 |
+
a O
|
501 |
+
larger O
|
502 |
+
, O
|
503 |
+
square-shaped O
|
504 |
+
bump O
|
505 |
+
, O
|
506 |
+
which O
|
507 |
+
is O
|
508 |
+
the O
|
509 |
+
most O
|
510 |
+
visible O
|
511 |
+
difference O
|
512 |
+
compared O
|
513 |
+
to O
|
514 |
+
the O
|
515 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
516 |
+
XS I-Operating_System
|
517 |
+
. O
|
518 |
+
</s>
|
519 |
+
<s>
|
520 |
+
The O
|
521 |
+
Apple O
|
522 |
+
logo O
|
523 |
+
is O
|
524 |
+
now O
|
525 |
+
centered O
|
526 |
+
on O
|
527 |
+
the O
|
528 |
+
back O
|
529 |
+
of O
|
530 |
+
the O
|
531 |
+
device O
|
532 |
+
with O
|
533 |
+
no O
|
534 |
+
text O
|
535 |
+
, O
|
536 |
+
and O
|
537 |
+
the O
|
538 |
+
glass O
|
539 |
+
has O
|
540 |
+
a O
|
541 |
+
frosted O
|
542 |
+
matte O
|
543 |
+
finish O
|
544 |
+
, O
|
545 |
+
unlike O
|
546 |
+
the O
|
547 |
+
glossy O
|
548 |
+
finish O
|
549 |
+
found O
|
550 |
+
on O
|
551 |
+
other O
|
552 |
+
previous O
|
553 |
+
flagship O
|
554 |
+
iPhones B-Device
|
555 |
+
. O
|
556 |
+
</s>
|
557 |
+
<s>
|
558 |
+
The O
|
559 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
560 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
561 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
562 |
+
and O
|
563 |
+
11 B-Operating_System
|
564 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
565 |
+
Max O
|
566 |
+
both O
|
567 |
+
have O
|
568 |
+
an O
|
569 |
+
A13 B-Device
|
570 |
+
Bionic I-Device
|
571 |
+
processor O
|
572 |
+
. O
|
573 |
+
</s>
|
574 |
+
<s>
|
575 |
+
Continuing O
|
576 |
+
the O
|
577 |
+
trend O
|
578 |
+
set O
|
579 |
+
starting O
|
580 |
+
with O
|
581 |
+
the O
|
582 |
+
iPhone B-Device
|
583 |
+
7 O
|
584 |
+
, O
|
585 |
+
neither O
|
586 |
+
phone O
|
587 |
+
includes O
|
588 |
+
a O
|
589 |
+
headphone O
|
590 |
+
jack O
|
591 |
+
, O
|
592 |
+
but O
|
593 |
+
came O
|
594 |
+
with O
|
595 |
+
wired O
|
596 |
+
EarPods O
|
597 |
+
with O
|
598 |
+
a O
|
599 |
+
Lightning B-Architecture
|
600 |
+
connector I-Architecture
|
601 |
+
prior O
|
602 |
+
to O
|
603 |
+
Apple O
|
604 |
+
's O
|
605 |
+
decision O
|
606 |
+
to O
|
607 |
+
halt O
|
608 |
+
inclusion O
|
609 |
+
of O
|
610 |
+
them O
|
611 |
+
in O
|
612 |
+
October O
|
613 |
+
2020 O
|
614 |
+
, O
|
615 |
+
citing O
|
616 |
+
environmental O
|
617 |
+
impact O
|
618 |
+
. O
|
619 |
+
</s>
|
620 |
+
<s>
|
621 |
+
The O
|
622 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
623 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
624 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
625 |
+
and O
|
626 |
+
Pro O
|
627 |
+
Max O
|
628 |
+
are O
|
629 |
+
the O
|
630 |
+
first O
|
631 |
+
and O
|
632 |
+
only O
|
633 |
+
iPhones B-Device
|
634 |
+
to O
|
635 |
+
be O
|
636 |
+
sold O
|
637 |
+
with O
|
638 |
+
a O
|
639 |
+
USB-C O
|
640 |
+
18-watt O
|
641 |
+
fast O
|
642 |
+
charger O
|
643 |
+
. O
|
644 |
+
</s>
|
645 |
+
<s>
|
646 |
+
The O
|
647 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
648 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
649 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
650 |
+
has O
|
651 |
+
a O
|
652 |
+
5.85 O
|
653 |
+
inch O
|
654 |
+
( O
|
655 |
+
149mm O
|
656 |
+
) O
|
657 |
+
( O
|
658 |
+
marketed O
|
659 |
+
as O
|
660 |
+
) O
|
661 |
+
OLED B-Device
|
662 |
+
display I-Device
|
663 |
+
with O
|
664 |
+
a O
|
665 |
+
resolution O
|
666 |
+
of O
|
667 |
+
2436 O
|
668 |
+
× O
|
669 |
+
1125 O
|
670 |
+
pixels O
|
671 |
+
( O
|
672 |
+
2.7 O
|
673 |
+
megapixels O
|
674 |
+
) O
|
675 |
+
, O
|
676 |
+
while O
|
677 |
+
the O
|
678 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
679 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
680 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
681 |
+
Max I-Operating_System
|
682 |
+
has O
|
683 |
+
a O
|
684 |
+
larger O
|
685 |
+
6.46 O
|
686 |
+
inch O
|
687 |
+
( O
|
688 |
+
164mm O
|
689 |
+
) O
|
690 |
+
( O
|
691 |
+
marketed O
|
692 |
+
as O
|
693 |
+
) O
|
694 |
+
OLED B-Device
|
695 |
+
display I-Device
|
696 |
+
with O
|
697 |
+
a O
|
698 |
+
resolution O
|
699 |
+
of O
|
700 |
+
2688 O
|
701 |
+
× O
|
702 |
+
1242 O
|
703 |
+
pixels O
|
704 |
+
( O
|
705 |
+
3.3 O
|
706 |
+
megapixels O
|
707 |
+
) O
|
708 |
+
which O
|
709 |
+
both O
|
710 |
+
have O
|
711 |
+
a O
|
712 |
+
pixel B-Algorithm
|
713 |
+
density I-Algorithm
|
714 |
+
of O
|
715 |
+
458 O
|
716 |
+
PPI B-Algorithm
|
717 |
+
. O
|
718 |
+
</s>
|
719 |
+
<s>
|
720 |
+
Both O
|
721 |
+
models O
|
722 |
+
feature O
|
723 |
+
a O
|
724 |
+
Super B-Operating_System
|
725 |
+
Retina I-Operating_System
|
726 |
+
XDR I-Operating_System
|
727 |
+
Display I-Operating_System
|
728 |
+
with O
|
729 |
+
a O
|
730 |
+
2,000,000 O
|
731 |
+
:1 O
|
732 |
+
contrast O
|
733 |
+
ratio O
|
734 |
+
and O
|
735 |
+
a O
|
736 |
+
notch O
|
737 |
+
at O
|
738 |
+
the O
|
739 |
+
top O
|
740 |
+
for O
|
741 |
+
the O
|
742 |
+
TrueDepth B-Algorithm
|
743 |
+
camera O
|
744 |
+
system O
|
745 |
+
and O
|
746 |
+
speaker O
|
747 |
+
. O
|
748 |
+
</s>
|
749 |
+
<s>
|
750 |
+
Apple O
|
751 |
+
describes O
|
752 |
+
the O
|
753 |
+
display O
|
754 |
+
as O
|
755 |
+
having O
|
756 |
+
a O
|
757 |
+
" O
|
758 |
+
mini O
|
759 |
+
Apple B-Device
|
760 |
+
Pro I-Device
|
761 |
+
Display I-Device
|
762 |
+
XDR I-Device
|
763 |
+
" O
|
764 |
+
on O
|
765 |
+
a O
|
766 |
+
phone O
|
767 |
+
. O
|
768 |
+
</s>
|
769 |
+
<s>
|
770 |
+
They O
|
771 |
+
also O
|
772 |
+
have O
|
773 |
+
a O
|
774 |
+
True O
|
775 |
+
Tone O
|
776 |
+
and O
|
777 |
+
wide O
|
778 |
+
color O
|
779 |
+
display O
|
780 |
+
supporting O
|
781 |
+
HDR B-General_Concept
|
782 |
+
with O
|
783 |
+
800 O
|
784 |
+
nits O
|
785 |
+
of O
|
786 |
+
standard O
|
787 |
+
brightness O
|
788 |
+
and O
|
789 |
+
1200 O
|
790 |
+
nits O
|
791 |
+
peak O
|
792 |
+
brightness O
|
793 |
+
if O
|
794 |
+
necessary O
|
795 |
+
. O
|
796 |
+
</s>
|
797 |
+
<s>
|
798 |
+
The O
|
799 |
+
display O
|
800 |
+
of O
|
801 |
+
the O
|
802 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
803 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
804 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
805 |
+
and O
|
806 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
807 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
808 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
809 |
+
Max I-Operating_System
|
810 |
+
is O
|
811 |
+
made O
|
812 |
+
by O
|
813 |
+
Samsung O
|
814 |
+
. O
|
815 |
+
</s>
|
816 |
+
<s>
|
817 |
+
The O
|
818 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
819 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
820 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
821 |
+
is O
|
822 |
+
supplied O
|
823 |
+
with O
|
824 |
+
a O
|
825 |
+
11.67 O
|
826 |
+
Wh O
|
827 |
+
( O
|
828 |
+
3,046 O
|
829 |
+
mAh O
|
830 |
+
) O
|
831 |
+
battery O
|
832 |
+
, O
|
833 |
+
a O
|
834 |
+
slight O
|
835 |
+
increase O
|
836 |
+
from O
|
837 |
+
the O
|
838 |
+
10.13 O
|
839 |
+
Wh O
|
840 |
+
( O
|
841 |
+
2,658 O
|
842 |
+
mAh O
|
843 |
+
) O
|
844 |
+
found O
|
845 |
+
in O
|
846 |
+
the O
|
847 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
848 |
+
XS I-Operating_System
|
849 |
+
, O
|
850 |
+
while O
|
851 |
+
the O
|
852 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
853 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
854 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
855 |
+
Max I-Operating_System
|
856 |
+
has O
|
857 |
+
a O
|
858 |
+
15.04 O
|
859 |
+
Wh O
|
860 |
+
( O
|
861 |
+
3,969 O
|
862 |
+
mAh O
|
863 |
+
) O
|
864 |
+
battery O
|
865 |
+
, O
|
866 |
+
another O
|
867 |
+
slight O
|
868 |
+
increase O
|
869 |
+
from O
|
870 |
+
the O
|
871 |
+
12.08 O
|
872 |
+
Wh O
|
873 |
+
( O
|
874 |
+
3,174 O
|
875 |
+
mAh O
|
876 |
+
) O
|
877 |
+
found O
|
878 |
+
in O
|
879 |
+
the O
|
880 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
881 |
+
XS I-Operating_System
|
882 |
+
Max I-Operating_System
|
883 |
+
. O
|
884 |
+
</s>
|
885 |
+
<s>
|
886 |
+
The O
|
887 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
888 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
889 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
890 |
+
and O
|
891 |
+
Pro O
|
892 |
+
Max O
|
893 |
+
both O
|
894 |
+
include O
|
895 |
+
a O
|
896 |
+
triple-lens O
|
897 |
+
12MP O
|
898 |
+
rear O
|
899 |
+
camera O
|
900 |
+
array O
|
901 |
+
. O
|
902 |
+
</s>
|
903 |
+
<s>
|
904 |
+
There O
|
905 |
+
is O
|
906 |
+
a O
|
907 |
+
burst O
|
908 |
+
mode O
|
909 |
+
, O
|
910 |
+
image O
|
911 |
+
stabilization O
|
912 |
+
, O
|
913 |
+
HDR B-General_Concept
|
914 |
+
, O
|
915 |
+
and O
|
916 |
+
a O
|
917 |
+
Portrait O
|
918 |
+
Mode O
|
919 |
+
supporting O
|
920 |
+
depth O
|
921 |
+
control O
|
922 |
+
and O
|
923 |
+
an O
|
924 |
+
advanced O
|
925 |
+
bokeh O
|
926 |
+
effect O
|
927 |
+
. O
|
928 |
+
</s>
|
929 |
+
<s>
|
930 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
931 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
932 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
933 |
+
also O
|
934 |
+
has O
|
935 |
+
an O
|
936 |
+
automatic O
|
937 |
+
Night O
|
938 |
+
Mode O
|
939 |
+
allowing O
|
940 |
+
the O
|
941 |
+
camera O
|
942 |
+
to O
|
943 |
+
take O
|
944 |
+
brighter O
|
945 |
+
pictures O
|
946 |
+
with O
|
947 |
+
reduced O
|
948 |
+
noise O
|
949 |
+
in O
|
950 |
+
low O
|
951 |
+
light O
|
952 |
+
environments O
|
953 |
+
. O
|
954 |
+
</s>
|
955 |
+
<s>
|
956 |
+
The O
|
957 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
958 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
959 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
960 |
+
supports O
|
961 |
+
4K B-Architecture
|
962 |
+
video I-Architecture
|
963 |
+
up O
|
964 |
+
to O
|
965 |
+
60 O
|
966 |
+
fps O
|
967 |
+
and O
|
968 |
+
1080p O
|
969 |
+
slow O
|
970 |
+
motion O
|
971 |
+
at O
|
972 |
+
up O
|
973 |
+
to O
|
974 |
+
240 O
|
975 |
+
fps O
|
976 |
+
. O
|
977 |
+
</s>
|
978 |
+
<s>
|
979 |
+
However O
|
980 |
+
, O
|
981 |
+
Apple O
|
982 |
+
limits O
|
983 |
+
the O
|
984 |
+
full O
|
985 |
+
range O
|
986 |
+
of O
|
987 |
+
zoom O
|
988 |
+
( O
|
989 |
+
0.5 O
|
990 |
+
× O
|
991 |
+
-6 O
|
992 |
+
× O
|
993 |
+
) O
|
994 |
+
while O
|
995 |
+
shooting O
|
996 |
+
in O
|
997 |
+
4K B-Architecture
|
998 |
+
@ O
|
999 |
+
60fps O
|
1000 |
+
to O
|
1001 |
+
either O
|
1002 |
+
0.5 O
|
1003 |
+
× O
|
1004 |
+
– O
|
1005 |
+
1.5 O
|
1006 |
+
× O
|
1007 |
+
, O
|
1008 |
+
1× O
|
1009 |
+
, O
|
1010 |
+
to O
|
1011 |
+
2× O
|
1012 |
+
depending O
|
1013 |
+
which O
|
1014 |
+
lens O
|
1015 |
+
is O
|
1016 |
+
selected O
|
1017 |
+
upon O
|
1018 |
+
recording O
|
1019 |
+
. O
|
1020 |
+
</s>
|
1021 |
+
<s>
|
1022 |
+
Both O
|
1023 |
+
models O
|
1024 |
+
also O
|
1025 |
+
have O
|
1026 |
+
a O
|
1027 |
+
12 O
|
1028 |
+
MP O
|
1029 |
+
TrueDepth B-Algorithm
|
1030 |
+
front O
|
1031 |
+
camera O
|
1032 |
+
with O
|
1033 |
+
a O
|
1034 |
+
ƒ/2.2 O
|
1035 |
+
aperture O
|
1036 |
+
. O
|
1037 |
+
</s>
|
1038 |
+
<s>
|
1039 |
+
The O
|
1040 |
+
front O
|
1041 |
+
camera O
|
1042 |
+
also O
|
1043 |
+
supports O
|
1044 |
+
stabilized O
|
1045 |
+
4K B-Architecture
|
1046 |
+
video I-Architecture
|
1047 |
+
recording O
|
1048 |
+
up O
|
1049 |
+
to O
|
1050 |
+
60fps O
|
1051 |
+
. O
|
1052 |
+
</s>
|
1053 |
+
<s>
|
1054 |
+
Similar O
|
1055 |
+
to O
|
1056 |
+
previous O
|
1057 |
+
iPhone B-Device
|
1058 |
+
models O
|
1059 |
+
, O
|
1060 |
+
the O
|
1061 |
+
TrueDepth B-Algorithm
|
1062 |
+
system O
|
1063 |
+
is O
|
1064 |
+
also O
|
1065 |
+
used O
|
1066 |
+
for O
|
1067 |
+
Face O
|
1068 |
+
ID O
|
1069 |
+
and O
|
1070 |
+
Animoji O
|
1071 |
+
. O
|
1072 |
+
</s>
|
1073 |
+
<s>
|
1074 |
+
The O
|
1075 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
1076 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
1077 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
1078 |
+
and O
|
1079 |
+
Pro O
|
1080 |
+
Max O
|
1081 |
+
was O
|
1082 |
+
initially O
|
1083 |
+
supplied O
|
1084 |
+
with O
|
1085 |
+
iOS B-Operating_System
|
1086 |
+
13 I-Operating_System
|
1087 |
+
. O
|
1088 |
+
</s>
|
1089 |
+
<s>
|
1090 |
+
As O
|
1091 |
+
of O
|
1092 |
+
December O
|
1093 |
+
2022 O
|
1094 |
+
, O
|
1095 |
+
the O
|
1096 |
+
phones O
|
1097 |
+
support O
|
1098 |
+
the O
|
1099 |
+
latest O
|
1100 |
+
version O
|
1101 |
+
of O
|
1102 |
+
iOS O
|
1103 |
+
, O
|
1104 |
+
iOS B-Operating_System
|
1105 |
+
16 I-Operating_System
|
1106 |
+
. O
|
1107 |
+
</s>
|
1108 |
+
<s>
|
1109 |
+
The O
|
1110 |
+
phones O
|
1111 |
+
also O
|
1112 |
+
come O
|
1113 |
+
with O
|
1114 |
+
Siri B-Application
|
1115 |
+
, O
|
1116 |
+
Face O
|
1117 |
+
ID O
|
1118 |
+
( O
|
1119 |
+
through O
|
1120 |
+
the O
|
1121 |
+
TrueDepth B-Algorithm
|
1122 |
+
camera O
|
1123 |
+
) O
|
1124 |
+
, O
|
1125 |
+
Apple B-Application
|
1126 |
+
Pay I-Application
|
1127 |
+
, O
|
1128 |
+
and O
|
1129 |
+
they O
|
1130 |
+
support O
|
1131 |
+
Apple O
|
1132 |
+
Card O
|
1133 |
+
. O
|
1134 |
+
</s>
|
1135 |
+
<s>
|
1136 |
+
Upon O
|
1137 |
+
release O
|
1138 |
+
, O
|
1139 |
+
the O
|
1140 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
1141 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
1142 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
1143 |
+
received O
|
1144 |
+
generally O
|
1145 |
+
positive O
|
1146 |
+
reviews O
|
1147 |
+
, O
|
1148 |
+
with O
|
1149 |
+
critics O
|
1150 |
+
highlighting O
|
1151 |
+
the O
|
1152 |
+
improvements O
|
1153 |
+
to O
|
1154 |
+
the O
|
1155 |
+
camera O
|
1156 |
+
, O
|
1157 |
+
display O
|
1158 |
+
, O
|
1159 |
+
and O
|
1160 |
+
battery O
|
1161 |
+
, O
|
1162 |
+
although O
|
1163 |
+
it O
|
1164 |
+
was O
|
1165 |
+
criticized O
|
1166 |
+
for O
|
1167 |
+
its O
|
1168 |
+
similar O
|
1169 |
+
design O
|
1170 |
+
to O
|
1171 |
+
the O
|
1172 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
1173 |
+
XS I-Operating_System
|
1174 |
+
and O
|
1175 |
+
the O
|
1176 |
+
large O
|
1177 |
+
camera O
|
1178 |
+
bump O
|
1179 |
+
, O
|
1180 |
+
as O
|
1181 |
+
well O
|
1182 |
+
as O
|
1183 |
+
the O
|
1184 |
+
lack O
|
1185 |
+
of O
|
1186 |
+
rumored O
|
1187 |
+
features O
|
1188 |
+
such O
|
1189 |
+
as O
|
1190 |
+
bilateral O
|
1191 |
+
wireless O
|
1192 |
+
charging O
|
1193 |
+
and O
|
1194 |
+
USB-C O
|
1195 |
+
. O
|
1196 |
+
TechRadar O
|
1197 |
+
critics O
|
1198 |
+
praised O
|
1199 |
+
the O
|
1200 |
+
improved O
|
1201 |
+
camera O
|
1202 |
+
array O
|
1203 |
+
, O
|
1204 |
+
calling O
|
1205 |
+
it O
|
1206 |
+
" O
|
1207 |
+
clearly O
|
1208 |
+
the O
|
1209 |
+
big O
|
1210 |
+
upgrade O
|
1211 |
+
" O
|
1212 |
+
, O
|
1213 |
+
and O
|
1214 |
+
also O
|
1215 |
+
praised O
|
1216 |
+
the O
|
1217 |
+
faster O
|
1218 |
+
A13 B-Device
|
1219 |
+
Bionic I-Device
|
1220 |
+
processor O
|
1221 |
+
, O
|
1222 |
+
and O
|
1223 |
+
the O
|
1224 |
+
display O
|
1225 |
+
, O
|
1226 |
+
while O
|
1227 |
+
criticizing O
|
1228 |
+
the O
|
1229 |
+
design O
|
1230 |
+
similarities O
|
1231 |
+
compared O
|
1232 |
+
to O
|
1233 |
+
the O
|
1234 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
1235 |
+
XS I-Operating_System
|
1236 |
+
including O
|
1237 |
+
the O
|
1238 |
+
display O
|
1239 |
+
cut-out O
|
1240 |
+
for O
|
1241 |
+
the O
|
1242 |
+
sensor O
|
1243 |
+
housing O
|
1244 |
+
, O
|
1245 |
+
commonly O
|
1246 |
+
referred O
|
1247 |
+
to O
|
1248 |
+
as O
|
1249 |
+
" O
|
1250 |
+
the O
|
1251 |
+
notch O
|
1252 |
+
, O
|
1253 |
+
" O
|
1254 |
+
and O
|
1255 |
+
also O
|
1256 |
+
criticizing O
|
1257 |
+
the O
|
1258 |
+
cost O
|
1259 |
+
. O
|
1260 |
+
</s>
|
1261 |
+
<s>
|
1262 |
+
The O
|
1263 |
+
device O
|
1264 |
+
received O
|
1265 |
+
an O
|
1266 |
+
overall O
|
1267 |
+
score O
|
1268 |
+
of O
|
1269 |
+
117 O
|
1270 |
+
from O
|
1271 |
+
DXOMARK B-Algorithm
|
1272 |
+
, O
|
1273 |
+
ranking O
|
1274 |
+
it O
|
1275 |
+
as O
|
1276 |
+
the O
|
1277 |
+
second-best O
|
1278 |
+
smartphone B-Application
|
1279 |
+
camera O
|
1280 |
+
on O
|
1281 |
+
the O
|
1282 |
+
site O
|
1283 |
+
tied O
|
1284 |
+
with O
|
1285 |
+
the O
|
1286 |
+
Samsung O
|
1287 |
+
Galaxy O
|
1288 |
+
Note O
|
1289 |
+
10+ O
|
1290 |
+
. O
|
1291 |
+
</s>
|
1292 |
+
<s>
|
1293 |
+
The O
|
1294 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
1295 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
1296 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
1297 |
+
has O
|
1298 |
+
a O
|
1299 |
+
carbon O
|
1300 |
+
footprint O
|
1301 |
+
of O
|
1302 |
+
CO2e O
|
1303 |
+
emissions O
|
1304 |
+
, O
|
1305 |
+
which O
|
1306 |
+
is O
|
1307 |
+
more O
|
1308 |
+
than O
|
1309 |
+
the O
|
1310 |
+
preceding O
|
1311 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
1312 |
+
XS I-Operating_System
|
1313 |
+
and O
|
1314 |
+
more O
|
1315 |
+
than O
|
1316 |
+
the O
|
1317 |
+
iPhone B-Device
|
1318 |
+
3G B-Architecture
|
1319 |
+
in O
|
1320 |
+
2008 O
|
1321 |
+
. O
|
1322 |
+
</s>
|
1323 |
+
<s>
|
1324 |
+
The O
|
1325 |
+
iPhone B-Operating_System
|
1326 |
+
11 I-Operating_System
|
1327 |
+
Pro I-Operating_System
|
1328 |
+
and O
|
1329 |
+
Pro O
|
1330 |
+
Max O
|
1331 |
+
continue O
|
1332 |
+
the O
|
1333 |
+
strategy O
|
1334 |
+
of O
|
1335 |
+
discouraging O
|
1336 |
+
customers O
|
1337 |
+
to O
|
1338 |
+
seek O
|
1339 |
+
third O
|
1340 |
+
party O
|
1341 |
+
repairs O
|
1342 |
+
while O
|
1343 |
+
rendering O
|
1344 |
+
repairs O
|
1345 |
+
with O
|
1346 |
+
Apple O
|
1347 |
+
more O
|
1348 |
+
costly O
|
1349 |
+
: O
|
1350 |
+
repair O
|
1351 |
+
with O
|
1352 |
+
non-genuine O
|
1353 |
+
Apple O
|
1354 |
+
parts O
|
1355 |
+
such O
|
1356 |
+
as O
|
1357 |
+
batteries O
|
1358 |
+
or O
|
1359 |
+
displays O
|
1360 |
+
can O
|
1361 |
+
trigger O
|
1362 |
+
warning O
|
1363 |
+
messages O
|
1364 |
+
on O
|
1365 |
+
the O
|
1366 |
+
phone O
|
1367 |
+
instigating O
|
1368 |
+
the O
|
1369 |
+
customer O
|
1370 |
+
to O
|
1371 |
+
visit O
|
1372 |
+
a O
|
1373 |
+
certified O
|
1374 |
+
technician O
|
1375 |
+
to O
|
1376 |
+
replace O
|
1377 |
+
the O
|
1378 |
+
respective O
|
1379 |
+
parts O
|
1380 |
+
with O
|
1381 |
+
genuine O
|
1382 |
+
ones O
|
1383 |
+
. O
|
1384 |
+
</s>
|
1385 |
+
<s>
|
1386 |
+
At O
|
1387 |
+
the O
|
1388 |
+
same O
|
1389 |
+
time O
|
1390 |
+
battery O
|
1391 |
+
replacement O
|
1392 |
+
with O
|
1393 |
+
original O
|
1394 |
+
spare O
|
1395 |
+
parts O
|
1396 |
+
saw O
|
1397 |
+
an O
|
1398 |
+
increase O
|
1399 |
+
in O
|
1400 |
+
pricing O
|
1401 |
+
: O
|
1402 |
+
after O
|
1403 |
+
initially O
|
1404 |
+
discounting O
|
1405 |
+
battery O
|
1406 |
+
replacements O
|
1407 |
+
to O
|
1408 |
+
$29 O
|
1409 |
+
following O
|
1410 |
+
the O
|
1411 |
+
Batterygate B-Algorithm
|
1412 |
+
Scandal O
|
1413 |
+
, O
|
1414 |
+
battery O
|
1415 |
+
replacement O
|
1416 |
+
prices O
|
1417 |
+
for O
|
1418 |
+
all O
|
1419 |
+
flagship O
|
1420 |
+
iPhone B-Device
|
1421 |
+
models O
|
1422 |
+
was O
|
1423 |
+
reverted O
|
1424 |
+
to O
|
1425 |
+
US O
|
1426 |
+
$69.00 O
|
1427 |
+
. O
|
1428 |
+
</s>
|
wikiser-samples/Linux.txt
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,6506 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
<s>
|
2 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
3 |
+
( O
|
4 |
+
or O
|
5 |
+
) O
|
6 |
+
is O
|
7 |
+
a O
|
8 |
+
family O
|
9 |
+
of O
|
10 |
+
open-source B-Application
|
11 |
+
Unix-like B-Operating_System
|
12 |
+
operating I-Operating_System
|
13 |
+
systems I-Operating_System
|
14 |
+
based O
|
15 |
+
on O
|
16 |
+
the O
|
17 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
18 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
19 |
+
, O
|
20 |
+
an O
|
21 |
+
operating B-Operating_System
|
22 |
+
system I-Operating_System
|
23 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
24 |
+
first O
|
25 |
+
released O
|
26 |
+
on O
|
27 |
+
September O
|
28 |
+
17 O
|
29 |
+
, O
|
30 |
+
1991 O
|
31 |
+
, O
|
32 |
+
by O
|
33 |
+
Linus O
|
34 |
+
Torvalds O
|
35 |
+
. O
|
36 |
+
</s>
|
37 |
+
<s>
|
38 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
39 |
+
is O
|
40 |
+
typically O
|
41 |
+
packaged B-Application
|
42 |
+
as O
|
43 |
+
a O
|
44 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
45 |
+
distribution I-Application
|
46 |
+
, O
|
47 |
+
which O
|
48 |
+
includes O
|
49 |
+
the O
|
50 |
+
kernel B-Operating_System
|
51 |
+
and O
|
52 |
+
supporting O
|
53 |
+
system B-Application
|
54 |
+
software I-Application
|
55 |
+
and O
|
56 |
+
libraries B-Library
|
57 |
+
, O
|
58 |
+
many O
|
59 |
+
of O
|
60 |
+
which O
|
61 |
+
are O
|
62 |
+
provided O
|
63 |
+
by O
|
64 |
+
the B-Application
|
65 |
+
GNU I-Application
|
66 |
+
Project I-Application
|
67 |
+
. O
|
68 |
+
</s>
|
69 |
+
<s>
|
70 |
+
Many O
|
71 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
72 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
73 |
+
use O
|
74 |
+
the O
|
75 |
+
word O
|
76 |
+
" O
|
77 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
78 |
+
" O
|
79 |
+
in O
|
80 |
+
their O
|
81 |
+
name O
|
82 |
+
, O
|
83 |
+
but O
|
84 |
+
the B-Operating_System
|
85 |
+
Free I-Operating_System
|
86 |
+
Software I-Operating_System
|
87 |
+
Foundation I-Operating_System
|
88 |
+
uses O
|
89 |
+
the O
|
90 |
+
name O
|
91 |
+
" O
|
92 |
+
GNU/Linux B-Application
|
93 |
+
" O
|
94 |
+
to O
|
95 |
+
emphasize O
|
96 |
+
the O
|
97 |
+
importance O
|
98 |
+
of O
|
99 |
+
GNU B-Operating_System
|
100 |
+
software O
|
101 |
+
, O
|
102 |
+
causing B-Application
|
103 |
+
some I-Application
|
104 |
+
controversy I-Application
|
105 |
+
. O
|
106 |
+
</s>
|
107 |
+
<s>
|
108 |
+
Popular O
|
109 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
110 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
111 |
+
include O
|
112 |
+
Debian O
|
113 |
+
, O
|
114 |
+
Fedora O
|
115 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
116 |
+
, O
|
117 |
+
and O
|
118 |
+
Ubuntu B-Operating_System
|
119 |
+
, O
|
120 |
+
the O
|
121 |
+
latter O
|
122 |
+
of O
|
123 |
+
which O
|
124 |
+
itself O
|
125 |
+
consists O
|
126 |
+
of O
|
127 |
+
many O
|
128 |
+
different O
|
129 |
+
distributions B-Application
|
130 |
+
and O
|
131 |
+
modifications O
|
132 |
+
, O
|
133 |
+
including O
|
134 |
+
Lubuntu B-Application
|
135 |
+
and O
|
136 |
+
Xubuntu B-Application
|
137 |
+
. O
|
138 |
+
</s>
|
139 |
+
<s>
|
140 |
+
Commercial O
|
141 |
+
distributions B-Application
|
142 |
+
include O
|
143 |
+
Red O
|
144 |
+
Hat O
|
145 |
+
Enterprise O
|
146 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
147 |
+
and O
|
148 |
+
SUSE O
|
149 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
150 |
+
Enterprise O
|
151 |
+
. O
|
152 |
+
</s>
|
153 |
+
<s>
|
154 |
+
Desktop O
|
155 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
156 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
157 |
+
include O
|
158 |
+
a O
|
159 |
+
windowing B-Application
|
160 |
+
system I-Application
|
161 |
+
such O
|
162 |
+
as O
|
163 |
+
X11 B-Operating_System
|
164 |
+
or O
|
165 |
+
Wayland B-Language
|
166 |
+
, O
|
167 |
+
and O
|
168 |
+
a O
|
169 |
+
desktop O
|
170 |
+
environment O
|
171 |
+
such O
|
172 |
+
as O
|
173 |
+
GNOME B-Application
|
174 |
+
or O
|
175 |
+
KDE B-Language
|
176 |
+
Plasma I-Language
|
177 |
+
. O
|
178 |
+
</s>
|
179 |
+
<s>
|
180 |
+
Distributions B-Application
|
181 |
+
intended O
|
182 |
+
for O
|
183 |
+
servers B-Application
|
184 |
+
may O
|
185 |
+
omit O
|
186 |
+
graphics O
|
187 |
+
altogether O
|
188 |
+
, O
|
189 |
+
or O
|
190 |
+
include O
|
191 |
+
a O
|
192 |
+
solution B-Application
|
193 |
+
stack I-Application
|
194 |
+
such O
|
195 |
+
as O
|
196 |
+
LAMP B-Application
|
197 |
+
. O
|
198 |
+
</s>
|
199 |
+
<s>
|
200 |
+
Because O
|
201 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
202 |
+
is O
|
203 |
+
freely O
|
204 |
+
redistributable O
|
205 |
+
, O
|
206 |
+
anyone O
|
207 |
+
may O
|
208 |
+
create O
|
209 |
+
a O
|
210 |
+
distribution O
|
211 |
+
for O
|
212 |
+
any O
|
213 |
+
purpose O
|
214 |
+
. O
|
215 |
+
</s>
|
216 |
+
<s>
|
217 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
218 |
+
was O
|
219 |
+
originally O
|
220 |
+
developed O
|
221 |
+
for O
|
222 |
+
personal B-Device
|
223 |
+
computers I-Device
|
224 |
+
based O
|
225 |
+
on O
|
226 |
+
the O
|
227 |
+
Intel B-Operating_System
|
228 |
+
x86 I-Operating_System
|
229 |
+
architecture O
|
230 |
+
, O
|
231 |
+
but O
|
232 |
+
has O
|
233 |
+
since O
|
234 |
+
been O
|
235 |
+
ported O
|
236 |
+
to O
|
237 |
+
more O
|
238 |
+
platforms O
|
239 |
+
than O
|
240 |
+
any O
|
241 |
+
other O
|
242 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
243 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
244 |
+
. O
|
245 |
+
</s>
|
246 |
+
<s>
|
247 |
+
Because O
|
248 |
+
of O
|
249 |
+
the O
|
250 |
+
dominance O
|
251 |
+
of O
|
252 |
+
the O
|
253 |
+
Linux-based O
|
254 |
+
Android B-Application
|
255 |
+
on O
|
256 |
+
smartphones B-Application
|
257 |
+
, O
|
258 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
259 |
+
, O
|
260 |
+
including O
|
261 |
+
Android B-Application
|
262 |
+
, O
|
263 |
+
has O
|
264 |
+
the O
|
265 |
+
largest B-Operating_System
|
266 |
+
installed B-Operating_System
|
267 |
+
base I-Operating_System
|
268 |
+
of O
|
269 |
+
all O
|
270 |
+
general-purpose B-General_Concept
|
271 |
+
operating I-General_Concept
|
272 |
+
systems I-General_Concept
|
273 |
+
, O
|
274 |
+
. O
|
275 |
+
</s>
|
276 |
+
<s>
|
277 |
+
Although O
|
278 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
279 |
+
is O
|
280 |
+
, O
|
281 |
+
, O
|
282 |
+
used O
|
283 |
+
by O
|
284 |
+
only O
|
285 |
+
around O
|
286 |
+
2.6 O
|
287 |
+
percent O
|
288 |
+
of O
|
289 |
+
desktop B-Device
|
290 |
+
computers I-Device
|
291 |
+
, O
|
292 |
+
the O
|
293 |
+
Chromebook B-Operating_System
|
294 |
+
, O
|
295 |
+
which O
|
296 |
+
runs O
|
297 |
+
the O
|
298 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
299 |
+
kernel-based O
|
300 |
+
ChromeOS B-Operating_System
|
301 |
+
, O
|
302 |
+
dominates O
|
303 |
+
the O
|
304 |
+
US O
|
305 |
+
K O
|
306 |
+
– O
|
307 |
+
12 O
|
308 |
+
education O
|
309 |
+
market O
|
310 |
+
and O
|
311 |
+
represents O
|
312 |
+
nearly O
|
313 |
+
20 O
|
314 |
+
percent O
|
315 |
+
of O
|
316 |
+
sub- O
|
317 |
+
$300 O
|
318 |
+
notebook B-Device
|
319 |
+
sales O
|
320 |
+
in O
|
321 |
+
the O
|
322 |
+
US O
|
323 |
+
. O
|
324 |
+
</s>
|
325 |
+
<s>
|
326 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
327 |
+
is O
|
328 |
+
the O
|
329 |
+
leading O
|
330 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
331 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
332 |
+
on O
|
333 |
+
servers B-Application
|
334 |
+
( O
|
335 |
+
over O
|
336 |
+
96.4 O
|
337 |
+
% O
|
338 |
+
of O
|
339 |
+
the O
|
340 |
+
top O
|
341 |
+
1 O
|
342 |
+
million O
|
343 |
+
web O
|
344 |
+
servers B-Application
|
345 |
+
' O
|
346 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
347 |
+
systems I-General_Concept
|
348 |
+
are O
|
349 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
350 |
+
) O
|
351 |
+
, O
|
352 |
+
leads O
|
353 |
+
other O
|
354 |
+
big B-Architecture
|
355 |
+
iron I-Architecture
|
356 |
+
systems O
|
357 |
+
such O
|
358 |
+
as O
|
359 |
+
mainframe B-Architecture
|
360 |
+
computers I-Architecture
|
361 |
+
, O
|
362 |
+
and O
|
363 |
+
is O
|
364 |
+
used O
|
365 |
+
on O
|
366 |
+
all O
|
367 |
+
of O
|
368 |
+
the O
|
369 |
+
world B-Operating_System
|
370 |
+
's I-Operating_System
|
371 |
+
500 I-Operating_System
|
372 |
+
fastest I-Operating_System
|
373 |
+
supercomputers I-Operating_System
|
374 |
+
( O
|
375 |
+
since O
|
376 |
+
November O
|
377 |
+
2017 O
|
378 |
+
, O
|
379 |
+
having O
|
380 |
+
gradually O
|
381 |
+
displaced O
|
382 |
+
all O
|
383 |
+
competitors O
|
384 |
+
) O
|
385 |
+
. O
|
386 |
+
</s>
|
387 |
+
<s>
|
388 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
389 |
+
also O
|
390 |
+
runs O
|
391 |
+
on O
|
392 |
+
embedded B-Architecture
|
393 |
+
systems I-Architecture
|
394 |
+
, O
|
395 |
+
i.e. O
|
396 |
+
</s>
|
397 |
+
<s>
|
398 |
+
devices O
|
399 |
+
whose O
|
400 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
401 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
402 |
+
is O
|
403 |
+
typically O
|
404 |
+
built O
|
405 |
+
into O
|
406 |
+
the O
|
407 |
+
firmware B-Application
|
408 |
+
and O
|
409 |
+
is O
|
410 |
+
highly O
|
411 |
+
tailored O
|
412 |
+
to O
|
413 |
+
the O
|
414 |
+
system O
|
415 |
+
. O
|
416 |
+
</s>
|
417 |
+
<s>
|
418 |
+
This O
|
419 |
+
includes O
|
420 |
+
routers B-Protocol
|
421 |
+
, O
|
422 |
+
automation B-Application
|
423 |
+
controls O
|
424 |
+
, O
|
425 |
+
smart O
|
426 |
+
home O
|
427 |
+
devices O
|
428 |
+
, O
|
429 |
+
video B-Device
|
430 |
+
game I-Device
|
431 |
+
consoles I-Device
|
432 |
+
, O
|
433 |
+
televisions O
|
434 |
+
( O
|
435 |
+
Samsung B-Application
|
436 |
+
and O
|
437 |
+
LG O
|
438 |
+
Smart B-Device
|
439 |
+
TVs I-Device
|
440 |
+
) O
|
441 |
+
, O
|
442 |
+
automobiles O
|
443 |
+
( O
|
444 |
+
Tesla O
|
445 |
+
, O
|
446 |
+
Audi O
|
447 |
+
, O
|
448 |
+
Mercedes-Benz O
|
449 |
+
, O
|
450 |
+
Hyundai O
|
451 |
+
and O
|
452 |
+
Toyota O
|
453 |
+
) O
|
454 |
+
, O
|
455 |
+
and O
|
456 |
+
spacecraft O
|
457 |
+
( O
|
458 |
+
Falcon O
|
459 |
+
9 O
|
460 |
+
rocket O
|
461 |
+
, O
|
462 |
+
Dragon O
|
463 |
+
crew O
|
464 |
+
capsule O
|
465 |
+
and O
|
466 |
+
the O
|
467 |
+
Perseverance O
|
468 |
+
rover O
|
469 |
+
) O
|
470 |
+
. O
|
471 |
+
</s>
|
472 |
+
<s>
|
473 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
474 |
+
is O
|
475 |
+
one O
|
476 |
+
of O
|
477 |
+
the O
|
478 |
+
most O
|
479 |
+
prominent O
|
480 |
+
examples O
|
481 |
+
of O
|
482 |
+
free B-License
|
483 |
+
and I-License
|
484 |
+
open-source I-License
|
485 |
+
software I-License
|
486 |
+
collaboration O
|
487 |
+
. O
|
488 |
+
</s>
|
489 |
+
<s>
|
490 |
+
The O
|
491 |
+
source O
|
492 |
+
code O
|
493 |
+
may O
|
494 |
+
be O
|
495 |
+
used O
|
496 |
+
, O
|
497 |
+
modified O
|
498 |
+
and O
|
499 |
+
distributed O
|
500 |
+
commercially O
|
501 |
+
or O
|
502 |
+
non-commercially O
|
503 |
+
by O
|
504 |
+
anyone O
|
505 |
+
under O
|
506 |
+
the O
|
507 |
+
terms O
|
508 |
+
of O
|
509 |
+
its O
|
510 |
+
respective O
|
511 |
+
licenses O
|
512 |
+
, O
|
513 |
+
such O
|
514 |
+
as O
|
515 |
+
the O
|
516 |
+
GNU B-License
|
517 |
+
General I-License
|
518 |
+
Public I-License
|
519 |
+
License I-License
|
520 |
+
( O
|
521 |
+
GPL B-License
|
522 |
+
) O
|
523 |
+
. O
|
524 |
+
</s>
|
525 |
+
<s>
|
526 |
+
The O
|
527 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
528 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
529 |
+
, O
|
530 |
+
for O
|
531 |
+
example O
|
532 |
+
, O
|
533 |
+
is O
|
534 |
+
licensed B-License
|
535 |
+
under O
|
536 |
+
the O
|
537 |
+
GPLv2 O
|
538 |
+
, O
|
539 |
+
with O
|
540 |
+
an O
|
541 |
+
exception O
|
542 |
+
for O
|
543 |
+
system B-Operating_System
|
544 |
+
calls I-Operating_System
|
545 |
+
that O
|
546 |
+
allows O
|
547 |
+
code O
|
548 |
+
that O
|
549 |
+
calls O
|
550 |
+
the O
|
551 |
+
kernel B-Operating_System
|
552 |
+
via O
|
553 |
+
system B-Operating_System
|
554 |
+
calls I-Operating_System
|
555 |
+
not O
|
556 |
+
to O
|
557 |
+
be O
|
558 |
+
licensed B-License
|
559 |
+
under O
|
560 |
+
the O
|
561 |
+
GPL B-License
|
562 |
+
. O
|
563 |
+
</s>
|
564 |
+
<s>
|
565 |
+
The O
|
566 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
567 |
+
operating I-Application
|
568 |
+
system I-Application
|
569 |
+
was O
|
570 |
+
conceived O
|
571 |
+
and O
|
572 |
+
implemented O
|
573 |
+
in O
|
574 |
+
1969 O
|
575 |
+
, O
|
576 |
+
at O
|
577 |
+
T O
|
578 |
+
's O
|
579 |
+
Bell O
|
580 |
+
Labs O
|
581 |
+
, O
|
582 |
+
in O
|
583 |
+
the O
|
584 |
+
United O
|
585 |
+
States O
|
586 |
+
by O
|
587 |
+
Ken O
|
588 |
+
Thompson O
|
589 |
+
, O
|
590 |
+
Dennis O
|
591 |
+
Ritchie O
|
592 |
+
, O
|
593 |
+
Douglas O
|
594 |
+
McIlroy O
|
595 |
+
, O
|
596 |
+
and O
|
597 |
+
Joe O
|
598 |
+
Ossanna O
|
599 |
+
. O
|
600 |
+
</s>
|
601 |
+
<s>
|
602 |
+
First O
|
603 |
+
released O
|
604 |
+
in O
|
605 |
+
1971 O
|
606 |
+
, O
|
607 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
608 |
+
was O
|
609 |
+
written O
|
610 |
+
entirely O
|
611 |
+
in O
|
612 |
+
assembly B-Language
|
613 |
+
language I-Language
|
614 |
+
, O
|
615 |
+
as O
|
616 |
+
was O
|
617 |
+
common O
|
618 |
+
practice O
|
619 |
+
at O
|
620 |
+
the O
|
621 |
+
time O
|
622 |
+
. O
|
623 |
+
</s>
|
624 |
+
<s>
|
625 |
+
In O
|
626 |
+
1973 O
|
627 |
+
, O
|
628 |
+
in O
|
629 |
+
a O
|
630 |
+
key O
|
631 |
+
pioneering O
|
632 |
+
approach O
|
633 |
+
, O
|
634 |
+
it O
|
635 |
+
was O
|
636 |
+
rewritten O
|
637 |
+
in O
|
638 |
+
the O
|
639 |
+
C B-Language
|
640 |
+
programming I-Language
|
641 |
+
language I-Language
|
642 |
+
by O
|
643 |
+
Dennis O
|
644 |
+
Ritchie O
|
645 |
+
( O
|
646 |
+
with O
|
647 |
+
the O
|
648 |
+
exception O
|
649 |
+
of O
|
650 |
+
some O
|
651 |
+
hardware O
|
652 |
+
and O
|
653 |
+
I/O O
|
654 |
+
routines O
|
655 |
+
) O
|
656 |
+
. O
|
657 |
+
</s>
|
658 |
+
<s>
|
659 |
+
The O
|
660 |
+
availability O
|
661 |
+
of O
|
662 |
+
a O
|
663 |
+
high-level B-Language
|
664 |
+
language I-Language
|
665 |
+
implementation O
|
666 |
+
of O
|
667 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
668 |
+
made O
|
669 |
+
its O
|
670 |
+
porting O
|
671 |
+
to O
|
672 |
+
different O
|
673 |
+
computer O
|
674 |
+
platforms O
|
675 |
+
easier O
|
676 |
+
. O
|
677 |
+
</s>
|
678 |
+
<s>
|
679 |
+
Due O
|
680 |
+
to O
|
681 |
+
an O
|
682 |
+
earlier O
|
683 |
+
antitrust O
|
684 |
+
case O
|
685 |
+
forbidding O
|
686 |
+
it O
|
687 |
+
from O
|
688 |
+
entering O
|
689 |
+
the O
|
690 |
+
computer O
|
691 |
+
business O
|
692 |
+
, O
|
693 |
+
AT&T O
|
694 |
+
licensed B-License
|
695 |
+
the O
|
696 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
697 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
698 |
+
's O
|
699 |
+
source O
|
700 |
+
code O
|
701 |
+
as O
|
702 |
+
a O
|
703 |
+
trade O
|
704 |
+
secret O
|
705 |
+
to O
|
706 |
+
anyone O
|
707 |
+
who O
|
708 |
+
asked O
|
709 |
+
. O
|
710 |
+
</s>
|
711 |
+
<s>
|
712 |
+
As O
|
713 |
+
a O
|
714 |
+
result O
|
715 |
+
, O
|
716 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
717 |
+
grew O
|
718 |
+
quickly O
|
719 |
+
and O
|
720 |
+
became O
|
721 |
+
widely O
|
722 |
+
adopted O
|
723 |
+
by O
|
724 |
+
academic O
|
725 |
+
institutions O
|
726 |
+
and O
|
727 |
+
businesses O
|
728 |
+
. O
|
729 |
+
</s>
|
730 |
+
<s>
|
731 |
+
In O
|
732 |
+
1984 O
|
733 |
+
, O
|
734 |
+
AT&T O
|
735 |
+
divested O
|
736 |
+
itself O
|
737 |
+
of O
|
738 |
+
its O
|
739 |
+
regional O
|
740 |
+
operating O
|
741 |
+
companies O
|
742 |
+
, O
|
743 |
+
and O
|
744 |
+
was O
|
745 |
+
released O
|
746 |
+
from O
|
747 |
+
its O
|
748 |
+
obligation O
|
749 |
+
not O
|
750 |
+
to O
|
751 |
+
enter O
|
752 |
+
the O
|
753 |
+
computer O
|
754 |
+
business O
|
755 |
+
; O
|
756 |
+
freed O
|
757 |
+
of O
|
758 |
+
that O
|
759 |
+
obligation O
|
760 |
+
, O
|
761 |
+
Bell O
|
762 |
+
Labs O
|
763 |
+
began O
|
764 |
+
selling O
|
765 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
766 |
+
as O
|
767 |
+
a O
|
768 |
+
proprietary B-Application
|
769 |
+
product O
|
770 |
+
, O
|
771 |
+
where O
|
772 |
+
users O
|
773 |
+
were O
|
774 |
+
not O
|
775 |
+
legally O
|
776 |
+
allowed O
|
777 |
+
to O
|
778 |
+
modify O
|
779 |
+
it O
|
780 |
+
. O
|
781 |
+
</s>
|
782 |
+
<s>
|
783 |
+
Onyx O
|
784 |
+
Systems O
|
785 |
+
began O
|
786 |
+
selling O
|
787 |
+
early O
|
788 |
+
microcomputer-based O
|
789 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
790 |
+
workstations O
|
791 |
+
in O
|
792 |
+
1980 O
|
793 |
+
. O
|
794 |
+
</s>
|
795 |
+
<s>
|
796 |
+
Later O
|
797 |
+
, O
|
798 |
+
Sun O
|
799 |
+
Microsystems O
|
800 |
+
, O
|
801 |
+
founded O
|
802 |
+
as O
|
803 |
+
a O
|
804 |
+
spin-off O
|
805 |
+
of O
|
806 |
+
a O
|
807 |
+
student O
|
808 |
+
project O
|
809 |
+
at O
|
810 |
+
Stanford O
|
811 |
+
University O
|
812 |
+
, O
|
813 |
+
also O
|
814 |
+
began O
|
815 |
+
selling O
|
816 |
+
Unix-based O
|
817 |
+
desktop O
|
818 |
+
workstations O
|
819 |
+
in O
|
820 |
+
1982 O
|
821 |
+
. O
|
822 |
+
</s>
|
823 |
+
<s>
|
824 |
+
While O
|
825 |
+
Sun O
|
826 |
+
workstations O
|
827 |
+
did O
|
828 |
+
n't O
|
829 |
+
utilize O
|
830 |
+
commodity O
|
831 |
+
PC O
|
832 |
+
hardware O
|
833 |
+
like O
|
834 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
835 |
+
was O
|
836 |
+
later O
|
837 |
+
developed O
|
838 |
+
for O
|
839 |
+
, O
|
840 |
+
it O
|
841 |
+
represented O
|
842 |
+
the O
|
843 |
+
first O
|
844 |
+
successful O
|
845 |
+
commercial O
|
846 |
+
attempt O
|
847 |
+
at O
|
848 |
+
distributing O
|
849 |
+
a O
|
850 |
+
primarily O
|
851 |
+
single-user O
|
852 |
+
microcomputer O
|
853 |
+
that O
|
854 |
+
ran O
|
855 |
+
a O
|
856 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
857 |
+
operating I-Application
|
858 |
+
system I-Application
|
859 |
+
. O
|
860 |
+
</s>
|
861 |
+
<s>
|
862 |
+
With O
|
863 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
864 |
+
increasingly O
|
865 |
+
" O
|
866 |
+
locked O
|
867 |
+
in O
|
868 |
+
" O
|
869 |
+
as O
|
870 |
+
a O
|
871 |
+
proprietary B-Application
|
872 |
+
product O
|
873 |
+
, O
|
874 |
+
the B-Application
|
875 |
+
GNU I-Application
|
876 |
+
Project I-Application
|
877 |
+
, O
|
878 |
+
started O
|
879 |
+
in O
|
880 |
+
1983 O
|
881 |
+
by O
|
882 |
+
Richard O
|
883 |
+
Stallman O
|
884 |
+
, O
|
885 |
+
had O
|
886 |
+
the O
|
887 |
+
goal O
|
888 |
+
of O
|
889 |
+
creating O
|
890 |
+
a O
|
891 |
+
" O
|
892 |
+
complete O
|
893 |
+
Unix-compatible O
|
894 |
+
software O
|
895 |
+
system O
|
896 |
+
" O
|
897 |
+
composed O
|
898 |
+
entirely O
|
899 |
+
of O
|
900 |
+
free B-Application
|
901 |
+
software I-Application
|
902 |
+
. O
|
903 |
+
</s>
|
904 |
+
<s>
|
905 |
+
Later O
|
906 |
+
, O
|
907 |
+
in O
|
908 |
+
1985 O
|
909 |
+
, O
|
910 |
+
Stallman O
|
911 |
+
started O
|
912 |
+
the B-Operating_System
|
913 |
+
Free I-Operating_System
|
914 |
+
Software I-Operating_System
|
915 |
+
Foundation I-Operating_System
|
916 |
+
and O
|
917 |
+
wrote O
|
918 |
+
the O
|
919 |
+
GNU B-License
|
920 |
+
General I-License
|
921 |
+
Public I-License
|
922 |
+
License I-License
|
923 |
+
( O
|
924 |
+
GNU B-License
|
925 |
+
GPL I-License
|
926 |
+
) O
|
927 |
+
in O
|
928 |
+
1989 O
|
929 |
+
. O
|
930 |
+
</s>
|
931 |
+
<s>
|
932 |
+
By O
|
933 |
+
the O
|
934 |
+
early O
|
935 |
+
1990s O
|
936 |
+
, O
|
937 |
+
many O
|
938 |
+
of O
|
939 |
+
the O
|
940 |
+
programs O
|
941 |
+
required O
|
942 |
+
in O
|
943 |
+
an O
|
944 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
945 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
946 |
+
( O
|
947 |
+
such O
|
948 |
+
as O
|
949 |
+
libraries B-Library
|
950 |
+
, O
|
951 |
+
compilers B-Language
|
952 |
+
, O
|
953 |
+
text B-Application
|
954 |
+
editors I-Application
|
955 |
+
, O
|
956 |
+
a O
|
957 |
+
command-line B-Application
|
958 |
+
shell B-Operating_System
|
959 |
+
, O
|
960 |
+
and O
|
961 |
+
a O
|
962 |
+
windowing B-Application
|
963 |
+
system I-Application
|
964 |
+
) O
|
965 |
+
were O
|
966 |
+
completed O
|
967 |
+
, O
|
968 |
+
although O
|
969 |
+
low-level O
|
970 |
+
elements O
|
971 |
+
such O
|
972 |
+
as O
|
973 |
+
device B-Application
|
974 |
+
drivers I-Application
|
975 |
+
, O
|
976 |
+
daemons B-Operating_System
|
977 |
+
, O
|
978 |
+
and O
|
979 |
+
the O
|
980 |
+
kernel B-Operating_System
|
981 |
+
, O
|
982 |
+
called O
|
983 |
+
GNU B-Application
|
984 |
+
Hurd I-Application
|
985 |
+
, O
|
986 |
+
were O
|
987 |
+
stalled O
|
988 |
+
and O
|
989 |
+
incomplete O
|
990 |
+
. O
|
991 |
+
</s>
|
992 |
+
<s>
|
993 |
+
MINIX B-Operating_System
|
994 |
+
was O
|
995 |
+
created O
|
996 |
+
by O
|
997 |
+
Andrew O
|
998 |
+
S O
|
999 |
+
. O
|
1000 |
+
Tanenbaum O
|
1001 |
+
, O
|
1002 |
+
a O
|
1003 |
+
computer B-General_Concept
|
1004 |
+
science I-General_Concept
|
1005 |
+
professor O
|
1006 |
+
, O
|
1007 |
+
and O
|
1008 |
+
released O
|
1009 |
+
in O
|
1010 |
+
1987 O
|
1011 |
+
as O
|
1012 |
+
a O
|
1013 |
+
minimal O
|
1014 |
+
Unix-like B-Operating_System
|
1015 |
+
operating I-Operating_System
|
1016 |
+
system I-Operating_System
|
1017 |
+
targeted O
|
1018 |
+
at O
|
1019 |
+
students O
|
1020 |
+
and O
|
1021 |
+
others O
|
1022 |
+
who O
|
1023 |
+
wanted O
|
1024 |
+
to O
|
1025 |
+
learn O
|
1026 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
1027 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
1028 |
+
principles O
|
1029 |
+
. O
|
1030 |
+
</s>
|
1031 |
+
<s>
|
1032 |
+
Although O
|
1033 |
+
the O
|
1034 |
+
complete O
|
1035 |
+
source O
|
1036 |
+
code O
|
1037 |
+
of O
|
1038 |
+
MINIX B-Operating_System
|
1039 |
+
was O
|
1040 |
+
freely O
|
1041 |
+
available O
|
1042 |
+
, O
|
1043 |
+
the O
|
1044 |
+
licensing O
|
1045 |
+
terms O
|
1046 |
+
prevented O
|
1047 |
+
it O
|
1048 |
+
from O
|
1049 |
+
being O
|
1050 |
+
free B-Application
|
1051 |
+
software I-Application
|
1052 |
+
until O
|
1053 |
+
the O
|
1054 |
+
licensing O
|
1055 |
+
changed O
|
1056 |
+
in O
|
1057 |
+
April O
|
1058 |
+
2000 O
|
1059 |
+
. O
|
1060 |
+
</s>
|
1061 |
+
<s>
|
1062 |
+
Although O
|
1063 |
+
not O
|
1064 |
+
released O
|
1065 |
+
until O
|
1066 |
+
1992 O
|
1067 |
+
, O
|
1068 |
+
due O
|
1069 |
+
to O
|
1070 |
+
legal B-Operating_System
|
1071 |
+
complications I-Operating_System
|
1072 |
+
, O
|
1073 |
+
development O
|
1074 |
+
of O
|
1075 |
+
386BSD B-Operating_System
|
1076 |
+
, O
|
1077 |
+
from O
|
1078 |
+
which O
|
1079 |
+
NetBSD B-Device
|
1080 |
+
, O
|
1081 |
+
OpenBSD B-Operating_System
|
1082 |
+
and O
|
1083 |
+
FreeBSD B-Operating_System
|
1084 |
+
descended O
|
1085 |
+
, O
|
1086 |
+
predated O
|
1087 |
+
that O
|
1088 |
+
of O
|
1089 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1090 |
+
. O
|
1091 |
+
</s>
|
1092 |
+
<s>
|
1093 |
+
Linus O
|
1094 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1095 |
+
has O
|
1096 |
+
stated O
|
1097 |
+
on O
|
1098 |
+
separate O
|
1099 |
+
occasions O
|
1100 |
+
that O
|
1101 |
+
if O
|
1102 |
+
the O
|
1103 |
+
GNU B-Application
|
1104 |
+
kernel I-Application
|
1105 |
+
or O
|
1106 |
+
386BSD B-Operating_System
|
1107 |
+
had O
|
1108 |
+
been O
|
1109 |
+
available O
|
1110 |
+
at O
|
1111 |
+
the O
|
1112 |
+
time O
|
1113 |
+
( O
|
1114 |
+
1991 O
|
1115 |
+
) O
|
1116 |
+
, O
|
1117 |
+
he O
|
1118 |
+
probably O
|
1119 |
+
would O
|
1120 |
+
not O
|
1121 |
+
have O
|
1122 |
+
created O
|
1123 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1124 |
+
. O
|
1125 |
+
</s>
|
1126 |
+
<s>
|
1127 |
+
While O
|
1128 |
+
attending O
|
1129 |
+
the O
|
1130 |
+
University O
|
1131 |
+
of O
|
1132 |
+
Helsinki O
|
1133 |
+
in O
|
1134 |
+
the O
|
1135 |
+
fall O
|
1136 |
+
of O
|
1137 |
+
1990 O
|
1138 |
+
, O
|
1139 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1140 |
+
enrolled O
|
1141 |
+
in O
|
1142 |
+
a O
|
1143 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
1144 |
+
course O
|
1145 |
+
. O
|
1146 |
+
</s>
|
1147 |
+
<s>
|
1148 |
+
The O
|
1149 |
+
course O
|
1150 |
+
utilized O
|
1151 |
+
a O
|
1152 |
+
MicroVAX B-Device
|
1153 |
+
minicomputer O
|
1154 |
+
running O
|
1155 |
+
Ultrix B-Operating_System
|
1156 |
+
, O
|
1157 |
+
and O
|
1158 |
+
one O
|
1159 |
+
of O
|
1160 |
+
the O
|
1161 |
+
required O
|
1162 |
+
texts O
|
1163 |
+
was O
|
1164 |
+
Operating B-General_Concept
|
1165 |
+
Systems I-General_Concept
|
1166 |
+
: O
|
1167 |
+
Design O
|
1168 |
+
and O
|
1169 |
+
Implementation O
|
1170 |
+
by O
|
1171 |
+
Andrew O
|
1172 |
+
S O
|
1173 |
+
. O
|
1174 |
+
Tanenbaum O
|
1175 |
+
. O
|
1176 |
+
</s>
|
1177 |
+
<s>
|
1178 |
+
This O
|
1179 |
+
textbook O
|
1180 |
+
included O
|
1181 |
+
a O
|
1182 |
+
copy O
|
1183 |
+
of O
|
1184 |
+
Tanenbaum O
|
1185 |
+
's O
|
1186 |
+
MINIX B-Operating_System
|
1187 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
1188 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
1189 |
+
. O
|
1190 |
+
</s>
|
1191 |
+
<s>
|
1192 |
+
It O
|
1193 |
+
was O
|
1194 |
+
with O
|
1195 |
+
this O
|
1196 |
+
course O
|
1197 |
+
that O
|
1198 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1199 |
+
first O
|
1200 |
+
became O
|
1201 |
+
exposed O
|
1202 |
+
to O
|
1203 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
1204 |
+
. O
|
1205 |
+
</s>
|
1206 |
+
<s>
|
1207 |
+
In O
|
1208 |
+
1991 O
|
1209 |
+
, O
|
1210 |
+
he O
|
1211 |
+
became O
|
1212 |
+
curious O
|
1213 |
+
about O
|
1214 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
1215 |
+
systems I-General_Concept
|
1216 |
+
. O
|
1217 |
+
</s>
|
1218 |
+
<s>
|
1219 |
+
Frustrated O
|
1220 |
+
by O
|
1221 |
+
the O
|
1222 |
+
licensing O
|
1223 |
+
of O
|
1224 |
+
MINIX B-Operating_System
|
1225 |
+
, O
|
1226 |
+
which O
|
1227 |
+
at O
|
1228 |
+
the O
|
1229 |
+
time O
|
1230 |
+
limited O
|
1231 |
+
it O
|
1232 |
+
to O
|
1233 |
+
educational O
|
1234 |
+
use O
|
1235 |
+
only O
|
1236 |
+
, O
|
1237 |
+
he O
|
1238 |
+
began O
|
1239 |
+
to O
|
1240 |
+
work O
|
1241 |
+
on O
|
1242 |
+
his O
|
1243 |
+
own O
|
1244 |
+
operating B-Operating_System
|
1245 |
+
system I-Operating_System
|
1246 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
1247 |
+
, O
|
1248 |
+
which O
|
1249 |
+
eventually O
|
1250 |
+
became O
|
1251 |
+
the O
|
1252 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1253 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
1254 |
+
. O
|
1255 |
+
</s>
|
1256 |
+
<s>
|
1257 |
+
On O
|
1258 |
+
July O
|
1259 |
+
3 O
|
1260 |
+
, O
|
1261 |
+
1991 O
|
1262 |
+
, O
|
1263 |
+
in O
|
1264 |
+
an O
|
1265 |
+
effort O
|
1266 |
+
to O
|
1267 |
+
implement O
|
1268 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
1269 |
+
system I-Application
|
1270 |
+
calls O
|
1271 |
+
, O
|
1272 |
+
Linus O
|
1273 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1274 |
+
attempted O
|
1275 |
+
to O
|
1276 |
+
obtain O
|
1277 |
+
a O
|
1278 |
+
digital O
|
1279 |
+
copy O
|
1280 |
+
of O
|
1281 |
+
the O
|
1282 |
+
POSIX O
|
1283 |
+
standards O
|
1284 |
+
documentation O
|
1285 |
+
with O
|
1286 |
+
a O
|
1287 |
+
request O
|
1288 |
+
to O
|
1289 |
+
the O
|
1290 |
+
comp.os.minix O
|
1291 |
+
newsgroup B-Application
|
1292 |
+
. O
|
1293 |
+
</s>
|
1294 |
+
<s>
|
1295 |
+
After O
|
1296 |
+
unsuccessfully O
|
1297 |
+
finding O
|
1298 |
+
the O
|
1299 |
+
POSIX O
|
1300 |
+
documentation O
|
1301 |
+
, O
|
1302 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1303 |
+
initially O
|
1304 |
+
resorted O
|
1305 |
+
to O
|
1306 |
+
determining O
|
1307 |
+
system B-Operating_System
|
1308 |
+
calls I-Operating_System
|
1309 |
+
from O
|
1310 |
+
SunOS B-Operating_System
|
1311 |
+
documentation O
|
1312 |
+
owned O
|
1313 |
+
by O
|
1314 |
+
the O
|
1315 |
+
university O
|
1316 |
+
for O
|
1317 |
+
use O
|
1318 |
+
in O
|
1319 |
+
operating O
|
1320 |
+
its O
|
1321 |
+
Sun O
|
1322 |
+
Microsystems O
|
1323 |
+
server B-Application
|
1324 |
+
. O
|
1325 |
+
</s>
|
1326 |
+
<s>
|
1327 |
+
He O
|
1328 |
+
also O
|
1329 |
+
learned O
|
1330 |
+
some O
|
1331 |
+
system B-Operating_System
|
1332 |
+
calls I-Operating_System
|
1333 |
+
from O
|
1334 |
+
Tenenbaum O
|
1335 |
+
's O
|
1336 |
+
MINIX B-Operating_System
|
1337 |
+
text O
|
1338 |
+
. O
|
1339 |
+
</s>
|
1340 |
+
<s>
|
1341 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1342 |
+
began O
|
1343 |
+
the O
|
1344 |
+
development O
|
1345 |
+
of O
|
1346 |
+
the O
|
1347 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1348 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
1349 |
+
on O
|
1350 |
+
MINIX B-Operating_System
|
1351 |
+
and O
|
1352 |
+
applications O
|
1353 |
+
written O
|
1354 |
+
for O
|
1355 |
+
MINIX B-Operating_System
|
1356 |
+
were O
|
1357 |
+
also O
|
1358 |
+
used O
|
1359 |
+
on O
|
1360 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1361 |
+
. O
|
1362 |
+
</s>
|
1363 |
+
<s>
|
1364 |
+
Later O
|
1365 |
+
, O
|
1366 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1367 |
+
matured O
|
1368 |
+
and O
|
1369 |
+
further O
|
1370 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1371 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
1372 |
+
development O
|
1373 |
+
took O
|
1374 |
+
place O
|
1375 |
+
on O
|
1376 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1377 |
+
systems O
|
1378 |
+
. O
|
1379 |
+
</s>
|
1380 |
+
<s>
|
1381 |
+
GNU B-Operating_System
|
1382 |
+
applications O
|
1383 |
+
also O
|
1384 |
+
replaced O
|
1385 |
+
all O
|
1386 |
+
MINIX B-Operating_System
|
1387 |
+
components O
|
1388 |
+
, O
|
1389 |
+
because O
|
1390 |
+
it O
|
1391 |
+
was O
|
1392 |
+
advantageous O
|
1393 |
+
to O
|
1394 |
+
use O
|
1395 |
+
the O
|
1396 |
+
freely O
|
1397 |
+
available O
|
1398 |
+
code O
|
1399 |
+
from O
|
1400 |
+
the B-Application
|
1401 |
+
GNU I-Application
|
1402 |
+
Project I-Application
|
1403 |
+
with O
|
1404 |
+
the O
|
1405 |
+
fledgling O
|
1406 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
1407 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
1408 |
+
; O
|
1409 |
+
code O
|
1410 |
+
licensed B-License
|
1411 |
+
under O
|
1412 |
+
the O
|
1413 |
+
GNU B-License
|
1414 |
+
GPL I-License
|
1415 |
+
can O
|
1416 |
+
be O
|
1417 |
+
reused O
|
1418 |
+
in O
|
1419 |
+
other O
|
1420 |
+
computer O
|
1421 |
+
programs O
|
1422 |
+
as O
|
1423 |
+
long O
|
1424 |
+
as O
|
1425 |
+
they O
|
1426 |
+
also O
|
1427 |
+
are O
|
1428 |
+
released O
|
1429 |
+
under O
|
1430 |
+
the O
|
1431 |
+
same O
|
1432 |
+
or O
|
1433 |
+
a O
|
1434 |
+
compatible O
|
1435 |
+
license O
|
1436 |
+
. O
|
1437 |
+
</s>
|
1438 |
+
<s>
|
1439 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1440 |
+
initiated O
|
1441 |
+
a O
|
1442 |
+
switch O
|
1443 |
+
from O
|
1444 |
+
his O
|
1445 |
+
original O
|
1446 |
+
license O
|
1447 |
+
, O
|
1448 |
+
which O
|
1449 |
+
prohibited O
|
1450 |
+
commercial O
|
1451 |
+
redistribution O
|
1452 |
+
, O
|
1453 |
+
to O
|
1454 |
+
the O
|
1455 |
+
GNU B-License
|
1456 |
+
GPL I-License
|
1457 |
+
. O
|
1458 |
+
</s>
|
1459 |
+
<s>
|
1460 |
+
Developers O
|
1461 |
+
worked O
|
1462 |
+
to O
|
1463 |
+
integrate O
|
1464 |
+
GNU B-Operating_System
|
1465 |
+
components O
|
1466 |
+
with O
|
1467 |
+
the O
|
1468 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1469 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
1470 |
+
, O
|
1471 |
+
creating O
|
1472 |
+
a O
|
1473 |
+
fully O
|
1474 |
+
functional B-Language
|
1475 |
+
and O
|
1476 |
+
free B-Application
|
1477 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
1478 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
1479 |
+
. O
|
1480 |
+
</s>
|
1481 |
+
<s>
|
1482 |
+
Linus O
|
1483 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1484 |
+
had O
|
1485 |
+
wanted O
|
1486 |
+
to O
|
1487 |
+
call O
|
1488 |
+
his O
|
1489 |
+
invention O
|
1490 |
+
" O
|
1491 |
+
Freax O
|
1492 |
+
" O
|
1493 |
+
, O
|
1494 |
+
a O
|
1495 |
+
portmanteau O
|
1496 |
+
of O
|
1497 |
+
" O
|
1498 |
+
free B-Application
|
1499 |
+
" O
|
1500 |
+
, O
|
1501 |
+
" O
|
1502 |
+
freak O
|
1503 |
+
" O
|
1504 |
+
, O
|
1505 |
+
and O
|
1506 |
+
" O
|
1507 |
+
x B-Operating_System
|
1508 |
+
" O
|
1509 |
+
( O
|
1510 |
+
as O
|
1511 |
+
an O
|
1512 |
+
allusion O
|
1513 |
+
to O
|
1514 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
1515 |
+
) O
|
1516 |
+
. O
|
1517 |
+
</s>
|
1518 |
+
<s>
|
1519 |
+
Initially O
|
1520 |
+
, O
|
1521 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1522 |
+
considered O
|
1523 |
+
the O
|
1524 |
+
name O
|
1525 |
+
" O
|
1526 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1527 |
+
" O
|
1528 |
+
but O
|
1529 |
+
dismissed O
|
1530 |
+
it O
|
1531 |
+
as O
|
1532 |
+
too O
|
1533 |
+
egotistical O
|
1534 |
+
. O
|
1535 |
+
</s>
|
1536 |
+
<s>
|
1537 |
+
To O
|
1538 |
+
facilitate O
|
1539 |
+
development O
|
1540 |
+
, O
|
1541 |
+
the O
|
1542 |
+
files O
|
1543 |
+
were O
|
1544 |
+
uploaded O
|
1545 |
+
to O
|
1546 |
+
the O
|
1547 |
+
FTP B-Protocol
|
1548 |
+
server I-Protocol
|
1549 |
+
( O
|
1550 |
+
ftp.funet.fi O
|
1551 |
+
) O
|
1552 |
+
of O
|
1553 |
+
FUNET O
|
1554 |
+
in O
|
1555 |
+
September O
|
1556 |
+
1991 O
|
1557 |
+
. O
|
1558 |
+
</s>
|
1559 |
+
<s>
|
1560 |
+
Ari O
|
1561 |
+
Lemmke O
|
1562 |
+
, O
|
1563 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1564 |
+
' O
|
1565 |
+
coworker O
|
1566 |
+
at O
|
1567 |
+
the O
|
1568 |
+
Helsinki O
|
1569 |
+
University O
|
1570 |
+
of O
|
1571 |
+
Technology O
|
1572 |
+
( O
|
1573 |
+
HUT O
|
1574 |
+
) O
|
1575 |
+
who O
|
1576 |
+
was O
|
1577 |
+
one O
|
1578 |
+
of O
|
1579 |
+
the O
|
1580 |
+
volunteer O
|
1581 |
+
administrators O
|
1582 |
+
for O
|
1583 |
+
the O
|
1584 |
+
FTP B-Protocol
|
1585 |
+
server I-Protocol
|
1586 |
+
at O
|
1587 |
+
the O
|
1588 |
+
time O
|
1589 |
+
, O
|
1590 |
+
did O
|
1591 |
+
not O
|
1592 |
+
think O
|
1593 |
+
that O
|
1594 |
+
" O
|
1595 |
+
Freax O
|
1596 |
+
" O
|
1597 |
+
was O
|
1598 |
+
a O
|
1599 |
+
good O
|
1600 |
+
name O
|
1601 |
+
, O
|
1602 |
+
so O
|
1603 |
+
he O
|
1604 |
+
named O
|
1605 |
+
the O
|
1606 |
+
project O
|
1607 |
+
" O
|
1608 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1609 |
+
" O
|
1610 |
+
on O
|
1611 |
+
the O
|
1612 |
+
server B-Application
|
1613 |
+
without O
|
1614 |
+
consulting O
|
1615 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1616 |
+
. O
|
1617 |
+
</s>
|
1618 |
+
<s>
|
1619 |
+
Later O
|
1620 |
+
, O
|
1621 |
+
however O
|
1622 |
+
, O
|
1623 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1624 |
+
consented O
|
1625 |
+
to O
|
1626 |
+
" O
|
1627 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1628 |
+
" O
|
1629 |
+
. O
|
1630 |
+
</s>
|
1631 |
+
<s>
|
1632 |
+
According O
|
1633 |
+
to O
|
1634 |
+
a O
|
1635 |
+
newsgroup B-Application
|
1636 |
+
post O
|
1637 |
+
by O
|
1638 |
+
Torvalds O
|
1639 |
+
, O
|
1640 |
+
the O
|
1641 |
+
word O
|
1642 |
+
" O
|
1643 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1644 |
+
" O
|
1645 |
+
should O
|
1646 |
+
be O
|
1647 |
+
pronounced O
|
1648 |
+
( O
|
1649 |
+
) O
|
1650 |
+
with O
|
1651 |
+
a O
|
1652 |
+
short O
|
1653 |
+
' O
|
1654 |
+
i O
|
1655 |
+
' O
|
1656 |
+
as O
|
1657 |
+
in O
|
1658 |
+
' O
|
1659 |
+
print O
|
1660 |
+
' O
|
1661 |
+
and O
|
1662 |
+
' O
|
1663 |
+
u O
|
1664 |
+
' O
|
1665 |
+
as O
|
1666 |
+
in O
|
1667 |
+
' O
|
1668 |
+
put O
|
1669 |
+
' O
|
1670 |
+
. O
|
1671 |
+
</s>
|
1672 |
+
<s>
|
1673 |
+
To O
|
1674 |
+
further O
|
1675 |
+
demonstrate O
|
1676 |
+
how O
|
1677 |
+
the O
|
1678 |
+
word O
|
1679 |
+
" O
|
1680 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1681 |
+
" O
|
1682 |
+
should O
|
1683 |
+
be O
|
1684 |
+
pronounced O
|
1685 |
+
, O
|
1686 |
+
he O
|
1687 |
+
included O
|
1688 |
+
an O
|
1689 |
+
audio O
|
1690 |
+
guide O
|
1691 |
+
with O
|
1692 |
+
the O
|
1693 |
+
kernel B-Operating_System
|
1694 |
+
source O
|
1695 |
+
code O
|
1696 |
+
. O
|
1697 |
+
</s>
|
1698 |
+
<s>
|
1699 |
+
However O
|
1700 |
+
, O
|
1701 |
+
in O
|
1702 |
+
this O
|
1703 |
+
recording O
|
1704 |
+
, O
|
1705 |
+
he O
|
1706 |
+
pronounces O
|
1707 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1708 |
+
as O
|
1709 |
+
( O
|
1710 |
+
) O
|
1711 |
+
with O
|
1712 |
+
a O
|
1713 |
+
short O
|
1714 |
+
but O
|
1715 |
+
close O
|
1716 |
+
front O
|
1717 |
+
unrounded O
|
1718 |
+
vowel O
|
1719 |
+
, O
|
1720 |
+
instead O
|
1721 |
+
of O
|
1722 |
+
a O
|
1723 |
+
near-close O
|
1724 |
+
near-front O
|
1725 |
+
unrounded O
|
1726 |
+
vowel O
|
1727 |
+
as O
|
1728 |
+
in O
|
1729 |
+
his O
|
1730 |
+
newsgroup B-Application
|
1731 |
+
post O
|
1732 |
+
. O
|
1733 |
+
</s>
|
1734 |
+
<s>
|
1735 |
+
Adoption O
|
1736 |
+
of O
|
1737 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1738 |
+
in O
|
1739 |
+
production O
|
1740 |
+
environments O
|
1741 |
+
, O
|
1742 |
+
rather O
|
1743 |
+
than O
|
1744 |
+
being O
|
1745 |
+
used O
|
1746 |
+
only O
|
1747 |
+
by O
|
1748 |
+
hobbyists O
|
1749 |
+
, O
|
1750 |
+
started O
|
1751 |
+
to O
|
1752 |
+
take O
|
1753 |
+
off O
|
1754 |
+
first O
|
1755 |
+
in O
|
1756 |
+
the O
|
1757 |
+
mid-1990s O
|
1758 |
+
in O
|
1759 |
+
the O
|
1760 |
+
supercomputing B-Architecture
|
1761 |
+
community O
|
1762 |
+
, O
|
1763 |
+
where O
|
1764 |
+
organizations O
|
1765 |
+
such O
|
1766 |
+
as O
|
1767 |
+
NASA O
|
1768 |
+
started O
|
1769 |
+
to O
|
1770 |
+
replace O
|
1771 |
+
their O
|
1772 |
+
increasingly O
|
1773 |
+
expensive O
|
1774 |
+
machines O
|
1775 |
+
with O
|
1776 |
+
clusters B-Architecture
|
1777 |
+
of O
|
1778 |
+
inexpensive O
|
1779 |
+
commodity O
|
1780 |
+
computers O
|
1781 |
+
running O
|
1782 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1783 |
+
. O
|
1784 |
+
</s>
|
1785 |
+
<s>
|
1786 |
+
Commercial O
|
1787 |
+
use O
|
1788 |
+
began O
|
1789 |
+
when O
|
1790 |
+
Dell O
|
1791 |
+
and O
|
1792 |
+
IBM O
|
1793 |
+
, O
|
1794 |
+
followed O
|
1795 |
+
by O
|
1796 |
+
Hewlett-Packard O
|
1797 |
+
, O
|
1798 |
+
started O
|
1799 |
+
offering O
|
1800 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1801 |
+
support O
|
1802 |
+
to O
|
1803 |
+
escape O
|
1804 |
+
Microsoft O
|
1805 |
+
's O
|
1806 |
+
monopoly O
|
1807 |
+
in O
|
1808 |
+
the O
|
1809 |
+
desktop B-General_Concept
|
1810 |
+
operating I-General_Concept
|
1811 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
1812 |
+
market O
|
1813 |
+
. O
|
1814 |
+
</s>
|
1815 |
+
<s>
|
1816 |
+
Today O
|
1817 |
+
, O
|
1818 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1819 |
+
systems O
|
1820 |
+
are O
|
1821 |
+
used O
|
1822 |
+
throughout O
|
1823 |
+
computing O
|
1824 |
+
, O
|
1825 |
+
from O
|
1826 |
+
embedded B-Architecture
|
1827 |
+
systems I-Architecture
|
1828 |
+
to O
|
1829 |
+
virtually O
|
1830 |
+
all O
|
1831 |
+
supercomputers B-Architecture
|
1832 |
+
, O
|
1833 |
+
and O
|
1834 |
+
have O
|
1835 |
+
secured O
|
1836 |
+
a O
|
1837 |
+
place O
|
1838 |
+
in O
|
1839 |
+
server B-Application
|
1840 |
+
installations O
|
1841 |
+
such O
|
1842 |
+
as O
|
1843 |
+
the O
|
1844 |
+
popular O
|
1845 |
+
LAMP B-Application
|
1846 |
+
application O
|
1847 |
+
stack O
|
1848 |
+
. O
|
1849 |
+
</s>
|
1850 |
+
<s>
|
1851 |
+
Use O
|
1852 |
+
of O
|
1853 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
1854 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
1855 |
+
in O
|
1856 |
+
home O
|
1857 |
+
and O
|
1858 |
+
enterprise O
|
1859 |
+
desktops O
|
1860 |
+
has O
|
1861 |
+
been O
|
1862 |
+
growing O
|
1863 |
+
. O
|
1864 |
+
</s>
|
1865 |
+
<s>
|
1866 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
1867 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
1868 |
+
have O
|
1869 |
+
also O
|
1870 |
+
become O
|
1871 |
+
popular O
|
1872 |
+
in O
|
1873 |
+
the O
|
1874 |
+
netbook B-Device
|
1875 |
+
market O
|
1876 |
+
, O
|
1877 |
+
with O
|
1878 |
+
many O
|
1879 |
+
devices O
|
1880 |
+
shipping O
|
1881 |
+
with O
|
1882 |
+
customized O
|
1883 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
1884 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
1885 |
+
installed O
|
1886 |
+
, O
|
1887 |
+
and O
|
1888 |
+
Google B-Application
|
1889 |
+
releasing O
|
1890 |
+
their O
|
1891 |
+
own O
|
1892 |
+
ChromeOS B-Operating_System
|
1893 |
+
designed O
|
1894 |
+
for O
|
1895 |
+
netbooks B-Device
|
1896 |
+
. O
|
1897 |
+
</s>
|
1898 |
+
<s>
|
1899 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1900 |
+
's O
|
1901 |
+
greatest O
|
1902 |
+
success O
|
1903 |
+
in O
|
1904 |
+
the O
|
1905 |
+
consumer O
|
1906 |
+
market O
|
1907 |
+
is O
|
1908 |
+
perhaps O
|
1909 |
+
the O
|
1910 |
+
mobile B-Application
|
1911 |
+
device I-Application
|
1912 |
+
market O
|
1913 |
+
, O
|
1914 |
+
with O
|
1915 |
+
Android B-Application
|
1916 |
+
being O
|
1917 |
+
the O
|
1918 |
+
dominant O
|
1919 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
1920 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
1921 |
+
on O
|
1922 |
+
smartphones B-Application
|
1923 |
+
and O
|
1924 |
+
very O
|
1925 |
+
popular O
|
1926 |
+
on O
|
1927 |
+
tablets B-Device
|
1928 |
+
and O
|
1929 |
+
, O
|
1930 |
+
more O
|
1931 |
+
recently O
|
1932 |
+
, O
|
1933 |
+
on O
|
1934 |
+
wearables B-Operating_System
|
1935 |
+
. O
|
1936 |
+
</s>
|
1937 |
+
<s>
|
1938 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
1939 |
+
gaming I-Application
|
1940 |
+
is O
|
1941 |
+
also O
|
1942 |
+
on O
|
1943 |
+
the O
|
1944 |
+
rise O
|
1945 |
+
with O
|
1946 |
+
Valve O
|
1947 |
+
showing O
|
1948 |
+
its O
|
1949 |
+
support O
|
1950 |
+
for O
|
1951 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
1952 |
+
and O
|
1953 |
+
rolling O
|
1954 |
+
out O
|
1955 |
+
SteamOS B-Application
|
1956 |
+
, O
|
1957 |
+
its O
|
1958 |
+
own O
|
1959 |
+
gaming-oriented O
|
1960 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
1961 |
+
distribution I-Application
|
1962 |
+
, O
|
1963 |
+
and O
|
1964 |
+
later O
|
1965 |
+
the O
|
1966 |
+
Steam B-Device
|
1967 |
+
Deck I-Device
|
1968 |
+
platform O
|
1969 |
+
. O
|
1970 |
+
</s>
|
1971 |
+
<s>
|
1972 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
1973 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
1974 |
+
have O
|
1975 |
+
also O
|
1976 |
+
gained O
|
1977 |
+
popularity O
|
1978 |
+
with O
|
1979 |
+
various O
|
1980 |
+
local O
|
1981 |
+
and O
|
1982 |
+
national O
|
1983 |
+
governments O
|
1984 |
+
, O
|
1985 |
+
such O
|
1986 |
+
as O
|
1987 |
+
the O
|
1988 |
+
federal O
|
1989 |
+
government O
|
1990 |
+
of O
|
1991 |
+
Brazil O
|
1992 |
+
. O
|
1993 |
+
</s>
|
1994 |
+
<s>
|
1995 |
+
Greg O
|
1996 |
+
Kroah-Hartman O
|
1997 |
+
is O
|
1998 |
+
the O
|
1999 |
+
lead O
|
2000 |
+
maintainer O
|
2001 |
+
for O
|
2002 |
+
the O
|
2003 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2004 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
2005 |
+
and O
|
2006 |
+
guides O
|
2007 |
+
its O
|
2008 |
+
development O
|
2009 |
+
. O
|
2010 |
+
</s>
|
2011 |
+
<s>
|
2012 |
+
William O
|
2013 |
+
John O
|
2014 |
+
Sullivan O
|
2015 |
+
is O
|
2016 |
+
the O
|
2017 |
+
executive O
|
2018 |
+
director O
|
2019 |
+
of O
|
2020 |
+
the B-Operating_System
|
2021 |
+
Free I-Operating_System
|
2022 |
+
Software I-Operating_System
|
2023 |
+
Foundation I-Operating_System
|
2024 |
+
, O
|
2025 |
+
which O
|
2026 |
+
in O
|
2027 |
+
turn O
|
2028 |
+
supports O
|
2029 |
+
the O
|
2030 |
+
GNU B-Operating_System
|
2031 |
+
components O
|
2032 |
+
. O
|
2033 |
+
</s>
|
2034 |
+
<s>
|
2035 |
+
Finally O
|
2036 |
+
, O
|
2037 |
+
individuals O
|
2038 |
+
and O
|
2039 |
+
corporations O
|
2040 |
+
develop O
|
2041 |
+
third-party O
|
2042 |
+
non-GNU O
|
2043 |
+
components O
|
2044 |
+
. O
|
2045 |
+
</s>
|
2046 |
+
<s>
|
2047 |
+
These O
|
2048 |
+
third-party O
|
2049 |
+
components O
|
2050 |
+
comprise O
|
2051 |
+
a O
|
2052 |
+
vast O
|
2053 |
+
body O
|
2054 |
+
of O
|
2055 |
+
work O
|
2056 |
+
and O
|
2057 |
+
may O
|
2058 |
+
include O
|
2059 |
+
both O
|
2060 |
+
kernel B-Application
|
2061 |
+
modules I-Application
|
2062 |
+
and O
|
2063 |
+
user O
|
2064 |
+
applications O
|
2065 |
+
and O
|
2066 |
+
libraries B-Library
|
2067 |
+
. O
|
2068 |
+
</s>
|
2069 |
+
<s>
|
2070 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2071 |
+
vendors O
|
2072 |
+
and O
|
2073 |
+
communities O
|
2074 |
+
combine O
|
2075 |
+
and O
|
2076 |
+
distribute O
|
2077 |
+
the O
|
2078 |
+
kernel B-Operating_System
|
2079 |
+
, O
|
2080 |
+
GNU B-Operating_System
|
2081 |
+
components O
|
2082 |
+
, O
|
2083 |
+
and O
|
2084 |
+
non-GNU O
|
2085 |
+
components O
|
2086 |
+
, O
|
2087 |
+
with O
|
2088 |
+
additional O
|
2089 |
+
package B-Application
|
2090 |
+
management I-Application
|
2091 |
+
software O
|
2092 |
+
in O
|
2093 |
+
the O
|
2094 |
+
form O
|
2095 |
+
of O
|
2096 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
2097 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
2098 |
+
. O
|
2099 |
+
</s>
|
2100 |
+
<s>
|
2101 |
+
Many O
|
2102 |
+
open B-License
|
2103 |
+
source I-License
|
2104 |
+
developers O
|
2105 |
+
agree O
|
2106 |
+
that O
|
2107 |
+
the O
|
2108 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2109 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
2110 |
+
was O
|
2111 |
+
not O
|
2112 |
+
designed O
|
2113 |
+
but O
|
2114 |
+
rather O
|
2115 |
+
evolved O
|
2116 |
+
through O
|
2117 |
+
natural B-Application
|
2118 |
+
selection I-Application
|
2119 |
+
. O
|
2120 |
+
</s>
|
2121 |
+
<s>
|
2122 |
+
Torvalds O
|
2123 |
+
considers O
|
2124 |
+
that O
|
2125 |
+
although O
|
2126 |
+
the O
|
2127 |
+
design O
|
2128 |
+
of O
|
2129 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
2130 |
+
served O
|
2131 |
+
as O
|
2132 |
+
a O
|
2133 |
+
scaffolding O
|
2134 |
+
, O
|
2135 |
+
" O
|
2136 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2137 |
+
grew O
|
2138 |
+
with O
|
2139 |
+
a O
|
2140 |
+
lot O
|
2141 |
+
of O
|
2142 |
+
mutations O
|
2143 |
+
– O
|
2144 |
+
and O
|
2145 |
+
because O
|
2146 |
+
the O
|
2147 |
+
mutations O
|
2148 |
+
were O
|
2149 |
+
less O
|
2150 |
+
than O
|
2151 |
+
random O
|
2152 |
+
, O
|
2153 |
+
they O
|
2154 |
+
were O
|
2155 |
+
faster O
|
2156 |
+
and O
|
2157 |
+
more O
|
2158 |
+
directed O
|
2159 |
+
than O
|
2160 |
+
alpha-particles O
|
2161 |
+
in O
|
2162 |
+
DNA. O
|
2163 |
+
" O
|
2164 |
+
</s>
|
2165 |
+
<s>
|
2166 |
+
Eric O
|
2167 |
+
S O
|
2168 |
+
. O
|
2169 |
+
Raymond O
|
2170 |
+
considers O
|
2171 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2172 |
+
's O
|
2173 |
+
revolutionary O
|
2174 |
+
aspects O
|
2175 |
+
to O
|
2176 |
+
be O
|
2177 |
+
social O
|
2178 |
+
, O
|
2179 |
+
not O
|
2180 |
+
technical O
|
2181 |
+
: O
|
2182 |
+
before O
|
2183 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2184 |
+
, O
|
2185 |
+
complex O
|
2186 |
+
software O
|
2187 |
+
was O
|
2188 |
+
designed O
|
2189 |
+
carefully O
|
2190 |
+
by O
|
2191 |
+
small O
|
2192 |
+
groups O
|
2193 |
+
, O
|
2194 |
+
but O
|
2195 |
+
" O
|
2196 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2197 |
+
evolved O
|
2198 |
+
in O
|
2199 |
+
a O
|
2200 |
+
completely O
|
2201 |
+
different O
|
2202 |
+
way O
|
2203 |
+
. O
|
2204 |
+
</s>
|
2205 |
+
<s>
|
2206 |
+
Bryan O
|
2207 |
+
Cantrill O
|
2208 |
+
, O
|
2209 |
+
an O
|
2210 |
+
engineer O
|
2211 |
+
of O
|
2212 |
+
a O
|
2213 |
+
competing O
|
2214 |
+
OS O
|
2215 |
+
, O
|
2216 |
+
agrees O
|
2217 |
+
that O
|
2218 |
+
" O
|
2219 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2220 |
+
was O
|
2221 |
+
n't O
|
2222 |
+
designed O
|
2223 |
+
, O
|
2224 |
+
it O
|
2225 |
+
evolved O
|
2226 |
+
" O
|
2227 |
+
, O
|
2228 |
+
but O
|
2229 |
+
considers O
|
2230 |
+
this O
|
2231 |
+
to O
|
2232 |
+
be O
|
2233 |
+
a O
|
2234 |
+
limitation O
|
2235 |
+
, O
|
2236 |
+
proposing O
|
2237 |
+
that O
|
2238 |
+
some O
|
2239 |
+
features O
|
2240 |
+
, O
|
2241 |
+
especially O
|
2242 |
+
those O
|
2243 |
+
related O
|
2244 |
+
to O
|
2245 |
+
security O
|
2246 |
+
, O
|
2247 |
+
cannot O
|
2248 |
+
be O
|
2249 |
+
evolved O
|
2250 |
+
into O
|
2251 |
+
, O
|
2252 |
+
" O
|
2253 |
+
this O
|
2254 |
+
is O
|
2255 |
+
not O
|
2256 |
+
a O
|
2257 |
+
biological O
|
2258 |
+
system O
|
2259 |
+
at O
|
2260 |
+
the O
|
2261 |
+
end O
|
2262 |
+
of O
|
2263 |
+
the O
|
2264 |
+
day O
|
2265 |
+
, O
|
2266 |
+
it O
|
2267 |
+
's O
|
2268 |
+
a O
|
2269 |
+
software O
|
2270 |
+
system. O
|
2271 |
+
" O
|
2272 |
+
</s>
|
2273 |
+
<s>
|
2274 |
+
A O
|
2275 |
+
Linux-based O
|
2276 |
+
system O
|
2277 |
+
is O
|
2278 |
+
a O
|
2279 |
+
modular O
|
2280 |
+
Unix-like B-Operating_System
|
2281 |
+
operating I-Operating_System
|
2282 |
+
system I-Operating_System
|
2283 |
+
, O
|
2284 |
+
deriving O
|
2285 |
+
much O
|
2286 |
+
of O
|
2287 |
+
its O
|
2288 |
+
basic O
|
2289 |
+
design O
|
2290 |
+
from O
|
2291 |
+
principles O
|
2292 |
+
established O
|
2293 |
+
in O
|
2294 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
2295 |
+
during O
|
2296 |
+
the O
|
2297 |
+
1970s O
|
2298 |
+
and O
|
2299 |
+
1980s O
|
2300 |
+
. O
|
2301 |
+
</s>
|
2302 |
+
<s>
|
2303 |
+
Such O
|
2304 |
+
a O
|
2305 |
+
system O
|
2306 |
+
uses O
|
2307 |
+
a O
|
2308 |
+
monolithic B-Operating_System
|
2309 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
2310 |
+
, O
|
2311 |
+
the O
|
2312 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2313 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
2314 |
+
, O
|
2315 |
+
which O
|
2316 |
+
handles O
|
2317 |
+
process B-Operating_System
|
2318 |
+
control O
|
2319 |
+
, O
|
2320 |
+
networking O
|
2321 |
+
, O
|
2322 |
+
access O
|
2323 |
+
to O
|
2324 |
+
the O
|
2325 |
+
peripherals O
|
2326 |
+
, O
|
2327 |
+
and O
|
2328 |
+
file B-Application
|
2329 |
+
systems I-Application
|
2330 |
+
. O
|
2331 |
+
</s>
|
2332 |
+
<s>
|
2333 |
+
Device B-Application
|
2334 |
+
drivers I-Application
|
2335 |
+
are O
|
2336 |
+
either O
|
2337 |
+
integrated O
|
2338 |
+
directly O
|
2339 |
+
with O
|
2340 |
+
the O
|
2341 |
+
kernel B-Operating_System
|
2342 |
+
, O
|
2343 |
+
or O
|
2344 |
+
added O
|
2345 |
+
as O
|
2346 |
+
modules B-Application
|
2347 |
+
that O
|
2348 |
+
are O
|
2349 |
+
loaded O
|
2350 |
+
while O
|
2351 |
+
the O
|
2352 |
+
system O
|
2353 |
+
is O
|
2354 |
+
running O
|
2355 |
+
. O
|
2356 |
+
</s>
|
2357 |
+
<s>
|
2358 |
+
The O
|
2359 |
+
GNU B-Operating_System
|
2360 |
+
userland B-Operating_System
|
2361 |
+
is O
|
2362 |
+
a O
|
2363 |
+
key O
|
2364 |
+
part O
|
2365 |
+
of O
|
2366 |
+
most O
|
2367 |
+
systems O
|
2368 |
+
based O
|
2369 |
+
on O
|
2370 |
+
the O
|
2371 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2372 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
2373 |
+
, O
|
2374 |
+
with O
|
2375 |
+
Android B-Application
|
2376 |
+
being O
|
2377 |
+
the O
|
2378 |
+
notable O
|
2379 |
+
exception O
|
2380 |
+
. O
|
2381 |
+
</s>
|
2382 |
+
<s>
|
2383 |
+
The O
|
2384 |
+
GNU B-Language
|
2385 |
+
C I-Language
|
2386 |
+
library I-Language
|
2387 |
+
, O
|
2388 |
+
an O
|
2389 |
+
implementation O
|
2390 |
+
of O
|
2391 |
+
the B-Language
|
2392 |
+
C I-Language
|
2393 |
+
standard I-Language
|
2394 |
+
library I-Language
|
2395 |
+
, O
|
2396 |
+
works O
|
2397 |
+
as O
|
2398 |
+
a O
|
2399 |
+
wrapper O
|
2400 |
+
for O
|
2401 |
+
the O
|
2402 |
+
system B-Operating_System
|
2403 |
+
calls I-Operating_System
|
2404 |
+
of O
|
2405 |
+
the O
|
2406 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2407 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
2408 |
+
necessary O
|
2409 |
+
to O
|
2410 |
+
the O
|
2411 |
+
kernel-userspace O
|
2412 |
+
interface O
|
2413 |
+
, O
|
2414 |
+
the O
|
2415 |
+
toolchain B-Application
|
2416 |
+
is O
|
2417 |
+
a O
|
2418 |
+
broad O
|
2419 |
+
collection O
|
2420 |
+
of O
|
2421 |
+
programming O
|
2422 |
+
tools O
|
2423 |
+
vital O
|
2424 |
+
to O
|
2425 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2426 |
+
development O
|
2427 |
+
( O
|
2428 |
+
including O
|
2429 |
+
the O
|
2430 |
+
compilers B-Language
|
2431 |
+
used O
|
2432 |
+
to O
|
2433 |
+
build O
|
2434 |
+
the O
|
2435 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2436 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
2437 |
+
itself O
|
2438 |
+
) O
|
2439 |
+
, O
|
2440 |
+
and O
|
2441 |
+
the O
|
2442 |
+
coreutils B-Application
|
2443 |
+
implement O
|
2444 |
+
many O
|
2445 |
+
basic O
|
2446 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
2447 |
+
tools I-Application
|
2448 |
+
. O
|
2449 |
+
</s>
|
2450 |
+
<s>
|
2451 |
+
The B-Application
|
2452 |
+
GNU I-Application
|
2453 |
+
Project I-Application
|
2454 |
+
also O
|
2455 |
+
develops O
|
2456 |
+
Bash B-Operating_System
|
2457 |
+
, O
|
2458 |
+
a O
|
2459 |
+
popular O
|
2460 |
+
CLI B-Application
|
2461 |
+
shell B-Operating_System
|
2462 |
+
. O
|
2463 |
+
</s>
|
2464 |
+
<s>
|
2465 |
+
The O
|
2466 |
+
graphical B-Application
|
2467 |
+
user I-Application
|
2468 |
+
interface I-Application
|
2469 |
+
( O
|
2470 |
+
or O
|
2471 |
+
GUI B-Application
|
2472 |
+
) O
|
2473 |
+
used O
|
2474 |
+
by O
|
2475 |
+
most O
|
2476 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2477 |
+
systems O
|
2478 |
+
is O
|
2479 |
+
built O
|
2480 |
+
on O
|
2481 |
+
top O
|
2482 |
+
of O
|
2483 |
+
an O
|
2484 |
+
implementation O
|
2485 |
+
of O
|
2486 |
+
the O
|
2487 |
+
X B-Operating_System
|
2488 |
+
Window I-Operating_System
|
2489 |
+
System I-Operating_System
|
2490 |
+
. O
|
2491 |
+
</s>
|
2492 |
+
<s>
|
2493 |
+
More O
|
2494 |
+
recently O
|
2495 |
+
, O
|
2496 |
+
the O
|
2497 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
2498 |
+
community I-Application
|
2499 |
+
seeks O
|
2500 |
+
to O
|
2501 |
+
advance O
|
2502 |
+
to O
|
2503 |
+
Wayland B-Language
|
2504 |
+
as O
|
2505 |
+
the O
|
2506 |
+
new O
|
2507 |
+
display O
|
2508 |
+
server B-Application
|
2509 |
+
protocol O
|
2510 |
+
in O
|
2511 |
+
place O
|
2512 |
+
of O
|
2513 |
+
X11 B-Operating_System
|
2514 |
+
. O
|
2515 |
+
</s>
|
2516 |
+
<s>
|
2517 |
+
Many O
|
2518 |
+
other O
|
2519 |
+
open-source B-Application
|
2520 |
+
software I-Application
|
2521 |
+
projects O
|
2522 |
+
contribute O
|
2523 |
+
to O
|
2524 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2525 |
+
systems O
|
2526 |
+
. O
|
2527 |
+
</s>
|
2528 |
+
<s>
|
2529 |
+
Installed O
|
2530 |
+
components O
|
2531 |
+
of O
|
2532 |
+
a O
|
2533 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2534 |
+
system O
|
2535 |
+
include O
|
2536 |
+
the O
|
2537 |
+
following O
|
2538 |
+
: O
|
2539 |
+
</s>
|
2540 |
+
<s>
|
2541 |
+
A O
|
2542 |
+
bootloader B-Application
|
2543 |
+
, O
|
2544 |
+
for O
|
2545 |
+
example O
|
2546 |
+
GNU B-Application
|
2547 |
+
GRUB I-Application
|
2548 |
+
, O
|
2549 |
+
LILO B-Application
|
2550 |
+
, O
|
2551 |
+
SYSLINUX B-Application
|
2552 |
+
or O
|
2553 |
+
systemd-boot B-Application
|
2554 |
+
. O
|
2555 |
+
</s>
|
2556 |
+
<s>
|
2557 |
+
This O
|
2558 |
+
is O
|
2559 |
+
a O
|
2560 |
+
program O
|
2561 |
+
that O
|
2562 |
+
loads O
|
2563 |
+
the O
|
2564 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2565 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
2566 |
+
into O
|
2567 |
+
the O
|
2568 |
+
computer O
|
2569 |
+
's O
|
2570 |
+
main O
|
2571 |
+
memory O
|
2572 |
+
, O
|
2573 |
+
by O
|
2574 |
+
being O
|
2575 |
+
executed O
|
2576 |
+
by O
|
2577 |
+
the O
|
2578 |
+
computer O
|
2579 |
+
when O
|
2580 |
+
it O
|
2581 |
+
is O
|
2582 |
+
turned O
|
2583 |
+
on O
|
2584 |
+
and O
|
2585 |
+
after O
|
2586 |
+
the O
|
2587 |
+
firmware B-Application
|
2588 |
+
initialization O
|
2589 |
+
is O
|
2590 |
+
performed O
|
2591 |
+
. O
|
2592 |
+
</s>
|
2593 |
+
<s>
|
2594 |
+
An O
|
2595 |
+
init B-Operating_System
|
2596 |
+
program O
|
2597 |
+
, O
|
2598 |
+
such O
|
2599 |
+
as O
|
2600 |
+
the O
|
2601 |
+
traditional O
|
2602 |
+
sysvinit O
|
2603 |
+
and O
|
2604 |
+
the O
|
2605 |
+
newer O
|
2606 |
+
systemd B-Application
|
2607 |
+
, O
|
2608 |
+
OpenRC B-Device
|
2609 |
+
and O
|
2610 |
+
Upstart B-Device
|
2611 |
+
. O
|
2612 |
+
</s>
|
2613 |
+
<s>
|
2614 |
+
This O
|
2615 |
+
is O
|
2616 |
+
the O
|
2617 |
+
first O
|
2618 |
+
process B-Operating_System
|
2619 |
+
launched O
|
2620 |
+
by O
|
2621 |
+
the O
|
2622 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2623 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
2624 |
+
, O
|
2625 |
+
and O
|
2626 |
+
is O
|
2627 |
+
at O
|
2628 |
+
the O
|
2629 |
+
root O
|
2630 |
+
of O
|
2631 |
+
the O
|
2632 |
+
process B-Operating_System
|
2633 |
+
tree O
|
2634 |
+
: O
|
2635 |
+
in O
|
2636 |
+
other O
|
2637 |
+
terms O
|
2638 |
+
, O
|
2639 |
+
all O
|
2640 |
+
processes O
|
2641 |
+
are O
|
2642 |
+
launched O
|
2643 |
+
through O
|
2644 |
+
init B-Operating_System
|
2645 |
+
. O
|
2646 |
+
</s>
|
2647 |
+
<s>
|
2648 |
+
Software B-Library
|
2649 |
+
libraries I-Library
|
2650 |
+
, O
|
2651 |
+
which O
|
2652 |
+
contain O
|
2653 |
+
code O
|
2654 |
+
that O
|
2655 |
+
can O
|
2656 |
+
be O
|
2657 |
+
used O
|
2658 |
+
by O
|
2659 |
+
running O
|
2660 |
+
processes O
|
2661 |
+
. O
|
2662 |
+
</s>
|
2663 |
+
<s>
|
2664 |
+
On O
|
2665 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2666 |
+
systems O
|
2667 |
+
using O
|
2668 |
+
ELF-format O
|
2669 |
+
executable O
|
2670 |
+
files O
|
2671 |
+
, O
|
2672 |
+
the O
|
2673 |
+
dynamic B-Application
|
2674 |
+
linker I-Application
|
2675 |
+
that O
|
2676 |
+
manages O
|
2677 |
+
the O
|
2678 |
+
use O
|
2679 |
+
of O
|
2680 |
+
dynamic B-Application
|
2681 |
+
libraries I-Application
|
2682 |
+
is O
|
2683 |
+
known O
|
2684 |
+
as O
|
2685 |
+
ld-linux.so B-Application
|
2686 |
+
. O
|
2687 |
+
</s>
|
2688 |
+
<s>
|
2689 |
+
If O
|
2690 |
+
the O
|
2691 |
+
system O
|
2692 |
+
is O
|
2693 |
+
set O
|
2694 |
+
up O
|
2695 |
+
for O
|
2696 |
+
the O
|
2697 |
+
user O
|
2698 |
+
to O
|
2699 |
+
compile B-Language
|
2700 |
+
software O
|
2701 |
+
themselves O
|
2702 |
+
, O
|
2703 |
+
header B-Language
|
2704 |
+
files I-Language
|
2705 |
+
will O
|
2706 |
+
also O
|
2707 |
+
be O
|
2708 |
+
included O
|
2709 |
+
to O
|
2710 |
+
describe O
|
2711 |
+
the O
|
2712 |
+
programming B-General_Concept
|
2713 |
+
interface I-General_Concept
|
2714 |
+
of O
|
2715 |
+
installed O
|
2716 |
+
libraries B-Library
|
2717 |
+
. O
|
2718 |
+
</s>
|
2719 |
+
<s>
|
2720 |
+
Besides O
|
2721 |
+
the O
|
2722 |
+
most O
|
2723 |
+
commonly O
|
2724 |
+
used O
|
2725 |
+
software B-Library
|
2726 |
+
library I-Library
|
2727 |
+
on O
|
2728 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
2729 |
+
systems O
|
2730 |
+
, O
|
2731 |
+
the O
|
2732 |
+
GNU B-Language
|
2733 |
+
C I-Language
|
2734 |
+
Library I-Language
|
2735 |
+
( O
|
2736 |
+
glibc B-Language
|
2737 |
+
) O
|
2738 |
+
, O
|
2739 |
+
there O
|
2740 |
+
are O
|
2741 |
+
numerous O
|
2742 |
+
other O
|
2743 |
+
libraries B-Library
|
2744 |
+
, O
|
2745 |
+
such O
|
2746 |
+
as O
|
2747 |
+
SDL B-Operating_System
|
2748 |
+
and O
|
2749 |
+
Mesa B-Application
|
2750 |
+
. O
|
2751 |
+
</s>
|
2752 |
+
<s>
|
2753 |
+
C B-Language
|
2754 |
+
standard I-Language
|
2755 |
+
library I-Language
|
2756 |
+
is O
|
2757 |
+
the O
|
2758 |
+
library O
|
2759 |
+
needed O
|
2760 |
+
to O
|
2761 |
+
run O
|
2762 |
+
C B-Language
|
2763 |
+
programs I-Language
|
2764 |
+
on O
|
2765 |
+
a O
|
2766 |
+
computer O
|
2767 |
+
system O
|
2768 |
+
, O
|
2769 |
+
with O
|
2770 |
+
the O
|
2771 |
+
GNU B-Language
|
2772 |
+
C I-Language
|
2773 |
+
Library I-Language
|
2774 |
+
being O
|
2775 |
+
the O
|
2776 |
+
standard O
|
2777 |
+
. O
|
2778 |
+
</s>
|
2779 |
+
<s>
|
2780 |
+
For O
|
2781 |
+
embedded B-Architecture
|
2782 |
+
systems I-Architecture
|
2783 |
+
, O
|
2784 |
+
alternatives O
|
2785 |
+
such O
|
2786 |
+
as O
|
2787 |
+
the O
|
2788 |
+
musl B-Language
|
2789 |
+
, O
|
2790 |
+
EGLIBC B-Language
|
2791 |
+
( O
|
2792 |
+
a O
|
2793 |
+
glibc B-Language
|
2794 |
+
fork B-Application
|
2795 |
+
once O
|
2796 |
+
used O
|
2797 |
+
by O
|
2798 |
+
Debian O
|
2799 |
+
) O
|
2800 |
+
and O
|
2801 |
+
uClibc B-Language
|
2802 |
+
( O
|
2803 |
+
which O
|
2804 |
+
was O
|
2805 |
+
designed O
|
2806 |
+
for O
|
2807 |
+
uClinux B-Application
|
2808 |
+
) O
|
2809 |
+
have O
|
2810 |
+
been O
|
2811 |
+
developed O
|
2812 |
+
, O
|
2813 |
+
although O
|
2814 |
+
the O
|
2815 |
+
last O
|
2816 |
+
two O
|
2817 |
+
are O
|
2818 |
+
no O
|
2819 |
+
longer O
|
2820 |
+
maintained O
|
2821 |
+
. O
|
2822 |
+
</s>
|
2823 |
+
<s>
|
2824 |
+
Android B-Application
|
2825 |
+
uses O
|
2826 |
+
its O
|
2827 |
+
own O
|
2828 |
+
C B-Language
|
2829 |
+
library I-Language
|
2830 |
+
, O
|
2831 |
+
Bionic B-Application
|
2832 |
+
. O
|
2833 |
+
</s>
|
2834 |
+
<s>
|
2835 |
+
Basic O
|
2836 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
2837 |
+
commands I-Application
|
2838 |
+
, O
|
2839 |
+
with O
|
2840 |
+
GNU B-Application
|
2841 |
+
coreutils I-Application
|
2842 |
+
being O
|
2843 |
+
the O
|
2844 |
+
standard O
|
2845 |
+
implementation O
|
2846 |
+
. O
|
2847 |
+
</s>
|
2848 |
+
<s>
|
2849 |
+
Alternatives O
|
2850 |
+
exist O
|
2851 |
+
for O
|
2852 |
+
embedded B-Architecture
|
2853 |
+
systems I-Architecture
|
2854 |
+
, O
|
2855 |
+
such O
|
2856 |
+
as O
|
2857 |
+
the O
|
2858 |
+
copyleft B-License
|
2859 |
+
BusyBox B-Application
|
2860 |
+
, O
|
2861 |
+
and O
|
2862 |
+
the O
|
2863 |
+
BSD-licensed O
|
2864 |
+
Toybox B-Language
|
2865 |
+
. O
|
2866 |
+
</s>
|
2867 |
+
<s>
|
2868 |
+
Widget B-Library
|
2869 |
+
toolkits I-Library
|
2870 |
+
are O
|
2871 |
+
the O
|
2872 |
+
libraries B-Library
|
2873 |
+
used O
|
2874 |
+
to O
|
2875 |
+
build O
|
2876 |
+
graphical B-Application
|
2877 |
+
user I-Application
|
2878 |
+
interfaces I-Application
|
2879 |
+
( O
|
2880 |
+
GUIs B-Application
|
2881 |
+
) O
|
2882 |
+
for O
|
2883 |
+
software O
|
2884 |
+
applications O
|
2885 |
+
. O
|
2886 |
+
</s>
|
2887 |
+
<s>
|
2888 |
+
Numerous O
|
2889 |
+
widget B-Library
|
2890 |
+
toolkits I-Library
|
2891 |
+
are O
|
2892 |
+
available O
|
2893 |
+
, O
|
2894 |
+
including O
|
2895 |
+
GTK B-Application
|
2896 |
+
and O
|
2897 |
+
Clutter B-Language
|
2898 |
+
developed O
|
2899 |
+
by O
|
2900 |
+
the O
|
2901 |
+
GNOME B-Application
|
2902 |
+
Project O
|
2903 |
+
, O
|
2904 |
+
Qt B-Language
|
2905 |
+
developed O
|
2906 |
+
by O
|
2907 |
+
the O
|
2908 |
+
Qt B-Language
|
2909 |
+
Project I-Language
|
2910 |
+
and O
|
2911 |
+
led O
|
2912 |
+
by O
|
2913 |
+
The O
|
2914 |
+
Qt B-Language
|
2915 |
+
Company O
|
2916 |
+
, O
|
2917 |
+
and O
|
2918 |
+
Enlightenment B-Library
|
2919 |
+
Foundation I-Library
|
2920 |
+
Libraries I-Library
|
2921 |
+
( O
|
2922 |
+
EFL O
|
2923 |
+
) O
|
2924 |
+
developed O
|
2925 |
+
primarily O
|
2926 |
+
by O
|
2927 |
+
the O
|
2928 |
+
Enlightenment B-Application
|
2929 |
+
team O
|
2930 |
+
. O
|
2931 |
+
</s>
|
2932 |
+
<s>
|
2933 |
+
A O
|
2934 |
+
package B-Application
|
2935 |
+
management I-Application
|
2936 |
+
system I-Application
|
2937 |
+
, O
|
2938 |
+
such O
|
2939 |
+
as O
|
2940 |
+
dpkg B-Language
|
2941 |
+
and O
|
2942 |
+
RPM B-Application
|
2943 |
+
. O
|
2944 |
+
</s>
|
2945 |
+
<s>
|
2946 |
+
Alternatively O
|
2947 |
+
packages O
|
2948 |
+
can O
|
2949 |
+
be O
|
2950 |
+
compiled B-Language
|
2951 |
+
from O
|
2952 |
+
binary O
|
2953 |
+
or O
|
2954 |
+
source O
|
2955 |
+
tarballs B-Application
|
2956 |
+
. O
|
2957 |
+
</s>
|
2958 |
+
<s>
|
2959 |
+
User B-Application
|
2960 |
+
interface I-Application
|
2961 |
+
programs O
|
2962 |
+
such O
|
2963 |
+
as O
|
2964 |
+
command B-Operating_System
|
2965 |
+
shells I-Operating_System
|
2966 |
+
or O
|
2967 |
+
windowing B-Application
|
2968 |
+
environments I-Application
|
2969 |
+
. O
|
2970 |
+
</s>
|
2971 |
+
<s>
|
2972 |
+
The O
|
2973 |
+
user B-Application
|
2974 |
+
interface I-Application
|
2975 |
+
, O
|
2976 |
+
also O
|
2977 |
+
known O
|
2978 |
+
as O
|
2979 |
+
the O
|
2980 |
+
shell B-Operating_System
|
2981 |
+
, O
|
2982 |
+
is O
|
2983 |
+
either O
|
2984 |
+
a O
|
2985 |
+
command-line B-Application
|
2986 |
+
interface I-Application
|
2987 |
+
( O
|
2988 |
+
CLI B-Application
|
2989 |
+
) O
|
2990 |
+
, O
|
2991 |
+
a O
|
2992 |
+
graphical B-Application
|
2993 |
+
user I-Application
|
2994 |
+
interface I-Application
|
2995 |
+
( O
|
2996 |
+
GUI B-Application
|
2997 |
+
) O
|
2998 |
+
, O
|
2999 |
+
or O
|
3000 |
+
controls O
|
3001 |
+
attached O
|
3002 |
+
to O
|
3003 |
+
the O
|
3004 |
+
associated O
|
3005 |
+
hardware O
|
3006 |
+
, O
|
3007 |
+
which O
|
3008 |
+
is O
|
3009 |
+
common O
|
3010 |
+
for O
|
3011 |
+
embedded B-Architecture
|
3012 |
+
systems I-Architecture
|
3013 |
+
. O
|
3014 |
+
</s>
|
3015 |
+
<s>
|
3016 |
+
For O
|
3017 |
+
desktop B-General_Concept
|
3018 |
+
systems I-General_Concept
|
3019 |
+
, O
|
3020 |
+
the O
|
3021 |
+
default O
|
3022 |
+
user B-Application
|
3023 |
+
interface I-Application
|
3024 |
+
is O
|
3025 |
+
usually O
|
3026 |
+
graphical O
|
3027 |
+
, O
|
3028 |
+
although O
|
3029 |
+
the O
|
3030 |
+
CLI B-Application
|
3031 |
+
is O
|
3032 |
+
commonly O
|
3033 |
+
available O
|
3034 |
+
through O
|
3035 |
+
terminal B-Application
|
3036 |
+
emulator I-Application
|
3037 |
+
windows O
|
3038 |
+
or O
|
3039 |
+
on O
|
3040 |
+
a O
|
3041 |
+
separate O
|
3042 |
+
virtual B-Application
|
3043 |
+
console I-Application
|
3044 |
+
. O
|
3045 |
+
</s>
|
3046 |
+
<s>
|
3047 |
+
CLI B-Application
|
3048 |
+
shells O
|
3049 |
+
are O
|
3050 |
+
text-based O
|
3051 |
+
user B-Application
|
3052 |
+
interfaces I-Application
|
3053 |
+
, O
|
3054 |
+
which O
|
3055 |
+
use O
|
3056 |
+
text O
|
3057 |
+
for O
|
3058 |
+
both O
|
3059 |
+
input O
|
3060 |
+
and O
|
3061 |
+
output O
|
3062 |
+
. O
|
3063 |
+
</s>
|
3064 |
+
<s>
|
3065 |
+
The O
|
3066 |
+
dominant O
|
3067 |
+
shell B-Operating_System
|
3068 |
+
used O
|
3069 |
+
in O
|
3070 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
3071 |
+
is O
|
3072 |
+
the O
|
3073 |
+
Bourne-Again B-Operating_System
|
3074 |
+
Shell I-Operating_System
|
3075 |
+
( O
|
3076 |
+
bash B-Operating_System
|
3077 |
+
) O
|
3078 |
+
, O
|
3079 |
+
originally O
|
3080 |
+
developed O
|
3081 |
+
for O
|
3082 |
+
the B-Application
|
3083 |
+
GNU I-Application
|
3084 |
+
Project I-Application
|
3085 |
+
. O
|
3086 |
+
</s>
|
3087 |
+
<s>
|
3088 |
+
Most O
|
3089 |
+
low-level O
|
3090 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
3091 |
+
components O
|
3092 |
+
, O
|
3093 |
+
including O
|
3094 |
+
various O
|
3095 |
+
parts O
|
3096 |
+
of O
|
3097 |
+
the O
|
3098 |
+
userland B-Operating_System
|
3099 |
+
, O
|
3100 |
+
use O
|
3101 |
+
the O
|
3102 |
+
CLI B-Application
|
3103 |
+
exclusively O
|
3104 |
+
. O
|
3105 |
+
</s>
|
3106 |
+
<s>
|
3107 |
+
The O
|
3108 |
+
CLI B-Application
|
3109 |
+
is O
|
3110 |
+
particularly O
|
3111 |
+
suited O
|
3112 |
+
for O
|
3113 |
+
automation B-Application
|
3114 |
+
of O
|
3115 |
+
repetitive O
|
3116 |
+
or O
|
3117 |
+
delayed O
|
3118 |
+
tasks O
|
3119 |
+
and O
|
3120 |
+
provides O
|
3121 |
+
very O
|
3122 |
+
simple O
|
3123 |
+
inter-process B-Operating_System
|
3124 |
+
communication I-Operating_System
|
3125 |
+
. O
|
3126 |
+
</s>
|
3127 |
+
<s>
|
3128 |
+
On O
|
3129 |
+
desktop B-General_Concept
|
3130 |
+
systems I-General_Concept
|
3131 |
+
, O
|
3132 |
+
the O
|
3133 |
+
most O
|
3134 |
+
popular O
|
3135 |
+
user B-Application
|
3136 |
+
interfaces I-Application
|
3137 |
+
are O
|
3138 |
+
the O
|
3139 |
+
GUI B-Application
|
3140 |
+
shells O
|
3141 |
+
, O
|
3142 |
+
packaged B-Application
|
3143 |
+
together O
|
3144 |
+
with O
|
3145 |
+
extensive O
|
3146 |
+
desktop O
|
3147 |
+
environments O
|
3148 |
+
, O
|
3149 |
+
such O
|
3150 |
+
as O
|
3151 |
+
KDE B-Language
|
3152 |
+
Plasma I-Language
|
3153 |
+
, O
|
3154 |
+
GNOME B-Application
|
3155 |
+
, O
|
3156 |
+
MATE B-Language
|
3157 |
+
, O
|
3158 |
+
Cinnamon B-Language
|
3159 |
+
, O
|
3160 |
+
LXDE B-Language
|
3161 |
+
, O
|
3162 |
+
Pantheon B-Operating_System
|
3163 |
+
and O
|
3164 |
+
Xfce B-Language
|
3165 |
+
, O
|
3166 |
+
though O
|
3167 |
+
a O
|
3168 |
+
variety O
|
3169 |
+
of O
|
3170 |
+
additional O
|
3171 |
+
user B-Application
|
3172 |
+
interfaces I-Application
|
3173 |
+
exist O
|
3174 |
+
. O
|
3175 |
+
</s>
|
3176 |
+
<s>
|
3177 |
+
Most O
|
3178 |
+
popular O
|
3179 |
+
user B-Application
|
3180 |
+
interfaces I-Application
|
3181 |
+
are O
|
3182 |
+
based O
|
3183 |
+
on O
|
3184 |
+
the O
|
3185 |
+
X B-Operating_System
|
3186 |
+
Window I-Operating_System
|
3187 |
+
System I-Operating_System
|
3188 |
+
, O
|
3189 |
+
often O
|
3190 |
+
simply O
|
3191 |
+
called O
|
3192 |
+
" O
|
3193 |
+
X B-Operating_System
|
3194 |
+
" O
|
3195 |
+
. O
|
3196 |
+
</s>
|
3197 |
+
<s>
|
3198 |
+
It O
|
3199 |
+
provides O
|
3200 |
+
network B-General_Concept
|
3201 |
+
transparency I-General_Concept
|
3202 |
+
and O
|
3203 |
+
permits O
|
3204 |
+
a O
|
3205 |
+
graphical O
|
3206 |
+
application O
|
3207 |
+
running O
|
3208 |
+
on O
|
3209 |
+
one O
|
3210 |
+
system O
|
3211 |
+
to O
|
3212 |
+
be O
|
3213 |
+
displayed O
|
3214 |
+
on O
|
3215 |
+
another O
|
3216 |
+
where O
|
3217 |
+
a O
|
3218 |
+
user O
|
3219 |
+
may O
|
3220 |
+
interact O
|
3221 |
+
with O
|
3222 |
+
the O
|
3223 |
+
application O
|
3224 |
+
; O
|
3225 |
+
however O
|
3226 |
+
, O
|
3227 |
+
certain O
|
3228 |
+
extensions O
|
3229 |
+
of O
|
3230 |
+
the O
|
3231 |
+
X B-Operating_System
|
3232 |
+
Window I-Operating_System
|
3233 |
+
System I-Operating_System
|
3234 |
+
are O
|
3235 |
+
not O
|
3236 |
+
capable O
|
3237 |
+
of O
|
3238 |
+
working O
|
3239 |
+
over O
|
3240 |
+
the O
|
3241 |
+
network O
|
3242 |
+
. O
|
3243 |
+
</s>
|
3244 |
+
<s>
|
3245 |
+
Several O
|
3246 |
+
X B-Operating_System
|
3247 |
+
display I-Operating_System
|
3248 |
+
servers I-Operating_System
|
3249 |
+
exist O
|
3250 |
+
, O
|
3251 |
+
with O
|
3252 |
+
the O
|
3253 |
+
reference O
|
3254 |
+
implementation O
|
3255 |
+
, O
|
3256 |
+
X.Org B-Operating_System
|
3257 |
+
Server I-Operating_System
|
3258 |
+
, O
|
3259 |
+
being O
|
3260 |
+
the O
|
3261 |
+
most O
|
3262 |
+
popular O
|
3263 |
+
. O
|
3264 |
+
</s>
|
3265 |
+
<s>
|
3266 |
+
Server B-Application
|
3267 |
+
distributions B-Application
|
3268 |
+
might O
|
3269 |
+
provide O
|
3270 |
+
a O
|
3271 |
+
command-line B-Application
|
3272 |
+
interface I-Application
|
3273 |
+
for O
|
3274 |
+
developers O
|
3275 |
+
and O
|
3276 |
+
administrators O
|
3277 |
+
, O
|
3278 |
+
but O
|
3279 |
+
provide O
|
3280 |
+
a O
|
3281 |
+
custom O
|
3282 |
+
interface O
|
3283 |
+
towards O
|
3284 |
+
end-users O
|
3285 |
+
, O
|
3286 |
+
designed O
|
3287 |
+
for O
|
3288 |
+
the O
|
3289 |
+
use-case O
|
3290 |
+
of O
|
3291 |
+
the O
|
3292 |
+
system O
|
3293 |
+
. O
|
3294 |
+
</s>
|
3295 |
+
<s>
|
3296 |
+
This O
|
3297 |
+
custom O
|
3298 |
+
interface O
|
3299 |
+
is O
|
3300 |
+
accessed O
|
3301 |
+
through O
|
3302 |
+
a O
|
3303 |
+
client O
|
3304 |
+
that O
|
3305 |
+
resides O
|
3306 |
+
on O
|
3307 |
+
another O
|
3308 |
+
system O
|
3309 |
+
, O
|
3310 |
+
not O
|
3311 |
+
necessarily O
|
3312 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
3313 |
+
based O
|
3314 |
+
. O
|
3315 |
+
</s>
|
3316 |
+
<s>
|
3317 |
+
Several O
|
3318 |
+
types O
|
3319 |
+
of O
|
3320 |
+
window B-Application
|
3321 |
+
managers I-Application
|
3322 |
+
exist O
|
3323 |
+
for O
|
3324 |
+
X11 B-Operating_System
|
3325 |
+
, O
|
3326 |
+
including O
|
3327 |
+
tiling O
|
3328 |
+
, O
|
3329 |
+
dynamic B-Operating_System
|
3330 |
+
, O
|
3331 |
+
stacking B-Device
|
3332 |
+
and O
|
3333 |
+
compositing B-Operating_System
|
3334 |
+
. O
|
3335 |
+
</s>
|
3336 |
+
<s>
|
3337 |
+
Window B-Application
|
3338 |
+
managers I-Application
|
3339 |
+
provide O
|
3340 |
+
means O
|
3341 |
+
to O
|
3342 |
+
control O
|
3343 |
+
the O
|
3344 |
+
placement O
|
3345 |
+
and O
|
3346 |
+
appearance O
|
3347 |
+
of O
|
3348 |
+
individual O
|
3349 |
+
application O
|
3350 |
+
windows O
|
3351 |
+
, O
|
3352 |
+
and O
|
3353 |
+
interact O
|
3354 |
+
with O
|
3355 |
+
the O
|
3356 |
+
X B-Operating_System
|
3357 |
+
Window I-Operating_System
|
3358 |
+
System I-Operating_System
|
3359 |
+
. O
|
3360 |
+
</s>
|
3361 |
+
<s>
|
3362 |
+
Simpler O
|
3363 |
+
X B-Application
|
3364 |
+
window I-Application
|
3365 |
+
managers I-Application
|
3366 |
+
such O
|
3367 |
+
as O
|
3368 |
+
dwm B-Language
|
3369 |
+
, O
|
3370 |
+
ratpoison B-Language
|
3371 |
+
, O
|
3372 |
+
i3wm B-Language
|
3373 |
+
, O
|
3374 |
+
or O
|
3375 |
+
herbstluftwm O
|
3376 |
+
provide O
|
3377 |
+
a O
|
3378 |
+
minimalist B-Device
|
3379 |
+
functionality O
|
3380 |
+
, O
|
3381 |
+
while O
|
3382 |
+
more O
|
3383 |
+
elaborate O
|
3384 |
+
window B-Application
|
3385 |
+
managers I-Application
|
3386 |
+
such O
|
3387 |
+
as O
|
3388 |
+
FVWM B-Device
|
3389 |
+
, O
|
3390 |
+
Enlightenment B-Application
|
3391 |
+
or O
|
3392 |
+
Window B-Application
|
3393 |
+
Maker I-Application
|
3394 |
+
provide O
|
3395 |
+
more O
|
3396 |
+
features O
|
3397 |
+
such O
|
3398 |
+
as O
|
3399 |
+
a O
|
3400 |
+
built-in O
|
3401 |
+
taskbar O
|
3402 |
+
and O
|
3403 |
+
themes B-Application
|
3404 |
+
, O
|
3405 |
+
but O
|
3406 |
+
are O
|
3407 |
+
still O
|
3408 |
+
lightweight O
|
3409 |
+
when O
|
3410 |
+
compared O
|
3411 |
+
to O
|
3412 |
+
desktop O
|
3413 |
+
environments O
|
3414 |
+
. O
|
3415 |
+
</s>
|
3416 |
+
<s>
|
3417 |
+
Desktop O
|
3418 |
+
environments O
|
3419 |
+
include O
|
3420 |
+
window B-Application
|
3421 |
+
managers I-Application
|
3422 |
+
as O
|
3423 |
+
part O
|
3424 |
+
of O
|
3425 |
+
their O
|
3426 |
+
standard O
|
3427 |
+
installations O
|
3428 |
+
, O
|
3429 |
+
such O
|
3430 |
+
as O
|
3431 |
+
Mutter B-Language
|
3432 |
+
( O
|
3433 |
+
GNOME B-Application
|
3434 |
+
) O
|
3435 |
+
, O
|
3436 |
+
KWin B-Language
|
3437 |
+
( O
|
3438 |
+
KDE B-Application
|
3439 |
+
) O
|
3440 |
+
or O
|
3441 |
+
Xfwm B-Device
|
3442 |
+
( O
|
3443 |
+
xfce B-Language
|
3444 |
+
) O
|
3445 |
+
, O
|
3446 |
+
although O
|
3447 |
+
users O
|
3448 |
+
may O
|
3449 |
+
choose O
|
3450 |
+
to O
|
3451 |
+
use O
|
3452 |
+
a O
|
3453 |
+
different O
|
3454 |
+
window B-Application
|
3455 |
+
manager I-Application
|
3456 |
+
if O
|
3457 |
+
preferred O
|
3458 |
+
. O
|
3459 |
+
</s>
|
3460 |
+
<s>
|
3461 |
+
Wayland B-Language
|
3462 |
+
is O
|
3463 |
+
a O
|
3464 |
+
display O
|
3465 |
+
server B-Application
|
3466 |
+
protocol O
|
3467 |
+
intended O
|
3468 |
+
as O
|
3469 |
+
a O
|
3470 |
+
replacement O
|
3471 |
+
for O
|
3472 |
+
the O
|
3473 |
+
X11 B-Operating_System
|
3474 |
+
protocol O
|
3475 |
+
; O
|
3476 |
+
, O
|
3477 |
+
it O
|
3478 |
+
has O
|
3479 |
+
received O
|
3480 |
+
relatively O
|
3481 |
+
wide O
|
3482 |
+
adoption O
|
3483 |
+
. O
|
3484 |
+
</s>
|
3485 |
+
<s>
|
3486 |
+
Unlike O
|
3487 |
+
X11 B-Operating_System
|
3488 |
+
, O
|
3489 |
+
Wayland B-Language
|
3490 |
+
does O
|
3491 |
+
not O
|
3492 |
+
need O
|
3493 |
+
an O
|
3494 |
+
external O
|
3495 |
+
window B-Application
|
3496 |
+
manager I-Application
|
3497 |
+
and O
|
3498 |
+
compositing B-Operating_System
|
3499 |
+
manager I-Operating_System
|
3500 |
+
. O
|
3501 |
+
</s>
|
3502 |
+
<s>
|
3503 |
+
Therefore O
|
3504 |
+
, O
|
3505 |
+
a O
|
3506 |
+
Wayland B-Language
|
3507 |
+
compositor O
|
3508 |
+
takes O
|
3509 |
+
the O
|
3510 |
+
role O
|
3511 |
+
of O
|
3512 |
+
the O
|
3513 |
+
display O
|
3514 |
+
server B-Application
|
3515 |
+
, O
|
3516 |
+
window B-Application
|
3517 |
+
manager I-Application
|
3518 |
+
and O
|
3519 |
+
compositing B-Operating_System
|
3520 |
+
manager I-Operating_System
|
3521 |
+
. O
|
3522 |
+
</s>
|
3523 |
+
<s>
|
3524 |
+
Weston O
|
3525 |
+
is O
|
3526 |
+
the O
|
3527 |
+
reference O
|
3528 |
+
implementation O
|
3529 |
+
of O
|
3530 |
+
Wayland B-Language
|
3531 |
+
, O
|
3532 |
+
while O
|
3533 |
+
GNOME B-Application
|
3534 |
+
's O
|
3535 |
+
Mutter B-Language
|
3536 |
+
and O
|
3537 |
+
KDE B-Application
|
3538 |
+
's O
|
3539 |
+
KWin B-Language
|
3540 |
+
are O
|
3541 |
+
being O
|
3542 |
+
ported O
|
3543 |
+
to O
|
3544 |
+
Wayland B-Language
|
3545 |
+
as O
|
3546 |
+
standalone O
|
3547 |
+
display O
|
3548 |
+
servers B-Application
|
3549 |
+
. O
|
3550 |
+
</s>
|
3551 |
+
<s>
|
3552 |
+
Enlightenment B-Application
|
3553 |
+
has O
|
3554 |
+
already O
|
3555 |
+
been O
|
3556 |
+
successfully O
|
3557 |
+
ported O
|
3558 |
+
since O
|
3559 |
+
version O
|
3560 |
+
19 O
|
3561 |
+
. O
|
3562 |
+
</s>
|
3563 |
+
<s>
|
3564 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
3565 |
+
currently O
|
3566 |
+
has O
|
3567 |
+
two O
|
3568 |
+
modern O
|
3569 |
+
kernel-userspace O
|
3570 |
+
APIs B-General_Concept
|
3571 |
+
for O
|
3572 |
+
handling O
|
3573 |
+
video O
|
3574 |
+
input O
|
3575 |
+
devices O
|
3576 |
+
: O
|
3577 |
+
V4L2 B-Application
|
3578 |
+
API B-General_Concept
|
3579 |
+
for O
|
3580 |
+
video O
|
3581 |
+
streams O
|
3582 |
+
and O
|
3583 |
+
radio O
|
3584 |
+
, O
|
3585 |
+
and O
|
3586 |
+
DVB B-Application
|
3587 |
+
API B-General_Concept
|
3588 |
+
for O
|
3589 |
+
digital O
|
3590 |
+
TV O
|
3591 |
+
reception O
|
3592 |
+
. O
|
3593 |
+
</s>
|
3594 |
+
<s>
|
3595 |
+
Due O
|
3596 |
+
to O
|
3597 |
+
the O
|
3598 |
+
complexity O
|
3599 |
+
and O
|
3600 |
+
diversity O
|
3601 |
+
of O
|
3602 |
+
different O
|
3603 |
+
devices O
|
3604 |
+
, O
|
3605 |
+
and O
|
3606 |
+
due O
|
3607 |
+
to O
|
3608 |
+
the O
|
3609 |
+
large O
|
3610 |
+
number O
|
3611 |
+
of O
|
3612 |
+
formats O
|
3613 |
+
and O
|
3614 |
+
standards O
|
3615 |
+
handled O
|
3616 |
+
by O
|
3617 |
+
those O
|
3618 |
+
APIs B-General_Concept
|
3619 |
+
, O
|
3620 |
+
this O
|
3621 |
+
infrastructure O
|
3622 |
+
needs O
|
3623 |
+
to O
|
3624 |
+
evolve O
|
3625 |
+
to O
|
3626 |
+
better O
|
3627 |
+
fit O
|
3628 |
+
other O
|
3629 |
+
devices O
|
3630 |
+
. O
|
3631 |
+
</s>
|
3632 |
+
<s>
|
3633 |
+
Also O
|
3634 |
+
, O
|
3635 |
+
a O
|
3636 |
+
good O
|
3637 |
+
userspace B-Operating_System
|
3638 |
+
device O
|
3639 |
+
library O
|
3640 |
+
is O
|
3641 |
+
the O
|
3642 |
+
key O
|
3643 |
+
of O
|
3644 |
+
the O
|
3645 |
+
success O
|
3646 |
+
for O
|
3647 |
+
having O
|
3648 |
+
userspace B-Operating_System
|
3649 |
+
applications O
|
3650 |
+
to O
|
3651 |
+
be O
|
3652 |
+
able O
|
3653 |
+
to O
|
3654 |
+
work O
|
3655 |
+
with O
|
3656 |
+
all O
|
3657 |
+
formats O
|
3658 |
+
supported O
|
3659 |
+
by O
|
3660 |
+
those O
|
3661 |
+
devices O
|
3662 |
+
. O
|
3663 |
+
</s>
|
3664 |
+
<s>
|
3665 |
+
The O
|
3666 |
+
primary O
|
3667 |
+
difference O
|
3668 |
+
between O
|
3669 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
3670 |
+
and O
|
3671 |
+
many O
|
3672 |
+
other O
|
3673 |
+
popular O
|
3674 |
+
contemporary O
|
3675 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
3676 |
+
systems I-General_Concept
|
3677 |
+
is O
|
3678 |
+
that O
|
3679 |
+
the O
|
3680 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
3681 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
3682 |
+
and O
|
3683 |
+
other O
|
3684 |
+
components O
|
3685 |
+
are O
|
3686 |
+
free B-License
|
3687 |
+
and I-License
|
3688 |
+
open-source I-License
|
3689 |
+
software I-License
|
3690 |
+
. O
|
3691 |
+
</s>
|
3692 |
+
<s>
|
3693 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
3694 |
+
is O
|
3695 |
+
not O
|
3696 |
+
the O
|
3697 |
+
only O
|
3698 |
+
such O
|
3699 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
3700 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
3701 |
+
, O
|
3702 |
+
although O
|
3703 |
+
it O
|
3704 |
+
is O
|
3705 |
+
by O
|
3706 |
+
far O
|
3707 |
+
the O
|
3708 |
+
most O
|
3709 |
+
widely O
|
3710 |
+
used O
|
3711 |
+
. O
|
3712 |
+
</s>
|
3713 |
+
<s>
|
3714 |
+
Some O
|
3715 |
+
free B-License
|
3716 |
+
and I-License
|
3717 |
+
open-source I-License
|
3718 |
+
software I-License
|
3719 |
+
licenses O
|
3720 |
+
are O
|
3721 |
+
based O
|
3722 |
+
on O
|
3723 |
+
the O
|
3724 |
+
principle O
|
3725 |
+
of O
|
3726 |
+
copyleft B-License
|
3727 |
+
, O
|
3728 |
+
a O
|
3729 |
+
kind O
|
3730 |
+
of O
|
3731 |
+
reciprocity O
|
3732 |
+
: O
|
3733 |
+
any O
|
3734 |
+
work O
|
3735 |
+
derived O
|
3736 |
+
from O
|
3737 |
+
a O
|
3738 |
+
copyleft B-License
|
3739 |
+
piece O
|
3740 |
+
of O
|
3741 |
+
software O
|
3742 |
+
must O
|
3743 |
+
also O
|
3744 |
+
be O
|
3745 |
+
copyleft B-License
|
3746 |
+
itself O
|
3747 |
+
. O
|
3748 |
+
</s>
|
3749 |
+
<s>
|
3750 |
+
The O
|
3751 |
+
most O
|
3752 |
+
common O
|
3753 |
+
free B-License
|
3754 |
+
software I-License
|
3755 |
+
license I-License
|
3756 |
+
, O
|
3757 |
+
the O
|
3758 |
+
GNU B-License
|
3759 |
+
General I-License
|
3760 |
+
Public I-License
|
3761 |
+
License I-License
|
3762 |
+
( O
|
3763 |
+
GPL B-License
|
3764 |
+
) O
|
3765 |
+
, O
|
3766 |
+
is O
|
3767 |
+
a O
|
3768 |
+
form O
|
3769 |
+
of O
|
3770 |
+
copyleft B-License
|
3771 |
+
, O
|
3772 |
+
and O
|
3773 |
+
is O
|
3774 |
+
used O
|
3775 |
+
for O
|
3776 |
+
the O
|
3777 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
3778 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
3779 |
+
and O
|
3780 |
+
many O
|
3781 |
+
of O
|
3782 |
+
the O
|
3783 |
+
components O
|
3784 |
+
from O
|
3785 |
+
the B-Application
|
3786 |
+
GNU I-Application
|
3787 |
+
Project I-Application
|
3788 |
+
. O
|
3789 |
+
</s>
|
3790 |
+
<s>
|
3791 |
+
Linux-based O
|
3792 |
+
distributions B-Application
|
3793 |
+
are O
|
3794 |
+
intended O
|
3795 |
+
by O
|
3796 |
+
developers O
|
3797 |
+
for O
|
3798 |
+
interoperability O
|
3799 |
+
with O
|
3800 |
+
other O
|
3801 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
3802 |
+
systems I-General_Concept
|
3803 |
+
and O
|
3804 |
+
established O
|
3805 |
+
computing O
|
3806 |
+
standards O
|
3807 |
+
. O
|
3808 |
+
</s>
|
3809 |
+
<s>
|
3810 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
3811 |
+
systems O
|
3812 |
+
adhere O
|
3813 |
+
to O
|
3814 |
+
POSIX O
|
3815 |
+
, O
|
3816 |
+
SUS O
|
3817 |
+
, O
|
3818 |
+
LSB B-Application
|
3819 |
+
, O
|
3820 |
+
ISO O
|
3821 |
+
, O
|
3822 |
+
and O
|
3823 |
+
ANSI O
|
3824 |
+
standards O
|
3825 |
+
where O
|
3826 |
+
possible O
|
3827 |
+
, O
|
3828 |
+
although O
|
3829 |
+
to O
|
3830 |
+
date O
|
3831 |
+
only O
|
3832 |
+
one O
|
3833 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
3834 |
+
distribution I-Application
|
3835 |
+
has O
|
3836 |
+
been O
|
3837 |
+
POSIX.1 O
|
3838 |
+
certified O
|
3839 |
+
, O
|
3840 |
+
Linux-FT O
|
3841 |
+
. O
|
3842 |
+
</s>
|
3843 |
+
<s>
|
3844 |
+
Free B-Application
|
3845 |
+
software I-Application
|
3846 |
+
projects O
|
3847 |
+
, O
|
3848 |
+
although O
|
3849 |
+
developed O
|
3850 |
+
through O
|
3851 |
+
collaboration O
|
3852 |
+
, O
|
3853 |
+
are O
|
3854 |
+
often O
|
3855 |
+
produced O
|
3856 |
+
independently O
|
3857 |
+
of O
|
3858 |
+
each O
|
3859 |
+
other O
|
3860 |
+
. O
|
3861 |
+
</s>
|
3862 |
+
<s>
|
3863 |
+
The O
|
3864 |
+
fact O
|
3865 |
+
that O
|
3866 |
+
the O
|
3867 |
+
software B-License
|
3868 |
+
licenses I-License
|
3869 |
+
explicitly O
|
3870 |
+
permit O
|
3871 |
+
redistribution O
|
3872 |
+
, O
|
3873 |
+
however O
|
3874 |
+
, O
|
3875 |
+
provides O
|
3876 |
+
a O
|
3877 |
+
basis O
|
3878 |
+
for O
|
3879 |
+
larger-scale O
|
3880 |
+
projects O
|
3881 |
+
that O
|
3882 |
+
collect O
|
3883 |
+
the O
|
3884 |
+
software O
|
3885 |
+
produced O
|
3886 |
+
by O
|
3887 |
+
stand-alone O
|
3888 |
+
projects O
|
3889 |
+
and O
|
3890 |
+
make B-Application
|
3891 |
+
it O
|
3892 |
+
available O
|
3893 |
+
all O
|
3894 |
+
at O
|
3895 |
+
once O
|
3896 |
+
in O
|
3897 |
+
the O
|
3898 |
+
form O
|
3899 |
+
of O
|
3900 |
+
a O
|
3901 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
3902 |
+
distribution I-Application
|
3903 |
+
. O
|
3904 |
+
</s>
|
3905 |
+
<s>
|
3906 |
+
Many O
|
3907 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
3908 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
3909 |
+
manage O
|
3910 |
+
a O
|
3911 |
+
remote O
|
3912 |
+
collection O
|
3913 |
+
of O
|
3914 |
+
system B-Application
|
3915 |
+
software I-Application
|
3916 |
+
and O
|
3917 |
+
application O
|
3918 |
+
software B-Application
|
3919 |
+
packages I-Application
|
3920 |
+
available O
|
3921 |
+
for O
|
3922 |
+
download O
|
3923 |
+
and O
|
3924 |
+
installation O
|
3925 |
+
through O
|
3926 |
+
a O
|
3927 |
+
network O
|
3928 |
+
connection O
|
3929 |
+
. O
|
3930 |
+
</s>
|
3931 |
+
<s>
|
3932 |
+
This O
|
3933 |
+
allows O
|
3934 |
+
users O
|
3935 |
+
to O
|
3936 |
+
adapt O
|
3937 |
+
the O
|
3938 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
3939 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
3940 |
+
to O
|
3941 |
+
their O
|
3942 |
+
specific O
|
3943 |
+
needs O
|
3944 |
+
. O
|
3945 |
+
</s>
|
3946 |
+
<s>
|
3947 |
+
Distributions B-Application
|
3948 |
+
are O
|
3949 |
+
maintained O
|
3950 |
+
by O
|
3951 |
+
individuals O
|
3952 |
+
, O
|
3953 |
+
loose-knit O
|
3954 |
+
teams O
|
3955 |
+
, O
|
3956 |
+
volunteer O
|
3957 |
+
organizations O
|
3958 |
+
, O
|
3959 |
+
and O
|
3960 |
+
commercial O
|
3961 |
+
entities O
|
3962 |
+
. O
|
3963 |
+
</s>
|
3964 |
+
<s>
|
3965 |
+
A O
|
3966 |
+
distribution O
|
3967 |
+
is O
|
3968 |
+
responsible O
|
3969 |
+
for O
|
3970 |
+
the O
|
3971 |
+
default O
|
3972 |
+
configuration O
|
3973 |
+
of O
|
3974 |
+
the O
|
3975 |
+
installed O
|
3976 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
3977 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
3978 |
+
, O
|
3979 |
+
general O
|
3980 |
+
system O
|
3981 |
+
security O
|
3982 |
+
, O
|
3983 |
+
and O
|
3984 |
+
more O
|
3985 |
+
generally O
|
3986 |
+
integration O
|
3987 |
+
of O
|
3988 |
+
the O
|
3989 |
+
different O
|
3990 |
+
software B-Application
|
3991 |
+
packages I-Application
|
3992 |
+
into O
|
3993 |
+
a O
|
3994 |
+
coherent O
|
3995 |
+
whole O
|
3996 |
+
. O
|
3997 |
+
</s>
|
3998 |
+
<s>
|
3999 |
+
Distributions B-Application
|
4000 |
+
typically O
|
4001 |
+
use O
|
4002 |
+
a O
|
4003 |
+
package B-Application
|
4004 |
+
manager I-Application
|
4005 |
+
such O
|
4006 |
+
as O
|
4007 |
+
apt B-Application
|
4008 |
+
, O
|
4009 |
+
yum B-Application
|
4010 |
+
, O
|
4011 |
+
zypper O
|
4012 |
+
, O
|
4013 |
+
pacman O
|
4014 |
+
or O
|
4015 |
+
portage B-Application
|
4016 |
+
to O
|
4017 |
+
install O
|
4018 |
+
, O
|
4019 |
+
remove O
|
4020 |
+
, O
|
4021 |
+
and O
|
4022 |
+
update O
|
4023 |
+
all O
|
4024 |
+
of O
|
4025 |
+
a O
|
4026 |
+
system O
|
4027 |
+
's O
|
4028 |
+
software O
|
4029 |
+
from O
|
4030 |
+
one O
|
4031 |
+
central O
|
4032 |
+
location O
|
4033 |
+
. O
|
4034 |
+
</s>
|
4035 |
+
<s>
|
4036 |
+
Some O
|
4037 |
+
vendors O
|
4038 |
+
develop O
|
4039 |
+
and O
|
4040 |
+
fund O
|
4041 |
+
their O
|
4042 |
+
distributions B-Application
|
4043 |
+
on O
|
4044 |
+
a O
|
4045 |
+
volunteer O
|
4046 |
+
basis O
|
4047 |
+
, O
|
4048 |
+
Debian O
|
4049 |
+
being O
|
4050 |
+
a O
|
4051 |
+
well-known O
|
4052 |
+
example O
|
4053 |
+
. O
|
4054 |
+
</s>
|
4055 |
+
<s>
|
4056 |
+
Others O
|
4057 |
+
maintain O
|
4058 |
+
a O
|
4059 |
+
community O
|
4060 |
+
version O
|
4061 |
+
of O
|
4062 |
+
their O
|
4063 |
+
commercial O
|
4064 |
+
distributions B-Application
|
4065 |
+
, O
|
4066 |
+
as O
|
4067 |
+
Red O
|
4068 |
+
Hat O
|
4069 |
+
does O
|
4070 |
+
with O
|
4071 |
+
Fedora O
|
4072 |
+
, O
|
4073 |
+
and O
|
4074 |
+
SUSE O
|
4075 |
+
does O
|
4076 |
+
with O
|
4077 |
+
openSUSE B-Operating_System
|
4078 |
+
. O
|
4079 |
+
</s>
|
4080 |
+
<s>
|
4081 |
+
In O
|
4082 |
+
many O
|
4083 |
+
cities O
|
4084 |
+
and O
|
4085 |
+
regions O
|
4086 |
+
, O
|
4087 |
+
local O
|
4088 |
+
associations O
|
4089 |
+
known O
|
4090 |
+
as O
|
4091 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4092 |
+
User O
|
4093 |
+
Groups O
|
4094 |
+
( O
|
4095 |
+
LUGs O
|
4096 |
+
) O
|
4097 |
+
seek O
|
4098 |
+
to O
|
4099 |
+
promote O
|
4100 |
+
their O
|
4101 |
+
preferred O
|
4102 |
+
distribution O
|
4103 |
+
and O
|
4104 |
+
by O
|
4105 |
+
extension O
|
4106 |
+
free B-Application
|
4107 |
+
software I-Application
|
4108 |
+
. O
|
4109 |
+
</s>
|
4110 |
+
<s>
|
4111 |
+
They O
|
4112 |
+
hold O
|
4113 |
+
meetings O
|
4114 |
+
and O
|
4115 |
+
provide O
|
4116 |
+
free B-Application
|
4117 |
+
demonstrations O
|
4118 |
+
, O
|
4119 |
+
training O
|
4120 |
+
, O
|
4121 |
+
technical O
|
4122 |
+
support O
|
4123 |
+
, O
|
4124 |
+
and O
|
4125 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
4126 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
4127 |
+
installation O
|
4128 |
+
to O
|
4129 |
+
new O
|
4130 |
+
users O
|
4131 |
+
. O
|
4132 |
+
</s>
|
4133 |
+
<s>
|
4134 |
+
Many O
|
4135 |
+
Internet O
|
4136 |
+
communities O
|
4137 |
+
also O
|
4138 |
+
provide O
|
4139 |
+
support O
|
4140 |
+
to O
|
4141 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4142 |
+
users O
|
4143 |
+
and O
|
4144 |
+
developers O
|
4145 |
+
. O
|
4146 |
+
</s>
|
4147 |
+
<s>
|
4148 |
+
Most O
|
4149 |
+
distributions B-Application
|
4150 |
+
and O
|
4151 |
+
free B-Application
|
4152 |
+
software I-Application
|
4153 |
+
/ O
|
4154 |
+
open-source B-Application
|
4155 |
+
projects O
|
4156 |
+
have O
|
4157 |
+
IRC B-Protocol
|
4158 |
+
chatrooms O
|
4159 |
+
or O
|
4160 |
+
newsgroups B-Application
|
4161 |
+
. O
|
4162 |
+
</s>
|
4163 |
+
<s>
|
4164 |
+
Online B-Application
|
4165 |
+
forums I-Application
|
4166 |
+
are O
|
4167 |
+
another O
|
4168 |
+
means O
|
4169 |
+
for O
|
4170 |
+
support O
|
4171 |
+
, O
|
4172 |
+
with O
|
4173 |
+
notable O
|
4174 |
+
examples O
|
4175 |
+
being O
|
4176 |
+
LinuxQuestions.org O
|
4177 |
+
and O
|
4178 |
+
the O
|
4179 |
+
various O
|
4180 |
+
distribution O
|
4181 |
+
specific O
|
4182 |
+
support O
|
4183 |
+
and O
|
4184 |
+
community O
|
4185 |
+
forums O
|
4186 |
+
, O
|
4187 |
+
such O
|
4188 |
+
as O
|
4189 |
+
ones O
|
4190 |
+
for O
|
4191 |
+
Ubuntu B-Operating_System
|
4192 |
+
, O
|
4193 |
+
Fedora O
|
4194 |
+
, O
|
4195 |
+
and O
|
4196 |
+
Gentoo B-Application
|
4197 |
+
. O
|
4198 |
+
</s>
|
4199 |
+
<s>
|
4200 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
4201 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
4202 |
+
host O
|
4203 |
+
mailing O
|
4204 |
+
lists O
|
4205 |
+
; O
|
4206 |
+
commonly O
|
4207 |
+
there O
|
4208 |
+
will O
|
4209 |
+
be O
|
4210 |
+
a O
|
4211 |
+
specific O
|
4212 |
+
topic O
|
4213 |
+
such O
|
4214 |
+
as O
|
4215 |
+
usage O
|
4216 |
+
or O
|
4217 |
+
development O
|
4218 |
+
for O
|
4219 |
+
a O
|
4220 |
+
given O
|
4221 |
+
list O
|
4222 |
+
. O
|
4223 |
+
</s>
|
4224 |
+
<s>
|
4225 |
+
There O
|
4226 |
+
are O
|
4227 |
+
several O
|
4228 |
+
technology O
|
4229 |
+
websites O
|
4230 |
+
with O
|
4231 |
+
a O
|
4232 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4233 |
+
focus O
|
4234 |
+
. O
|
4235 |
+
</s>
|
4236 |
+
<s>
|
4237 |
+
Print O
|
4238 |
+
magazines O
|
4239 |
+
on O
|
4240 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4241 |
+
often O
|
4242 |
+
bundle O
|
4243 |
+
cover O
|
4244 |
+
disks O
|
4245 |
+
that O
|
4246 |
+
carry O
|
4247 |
+
software O
|
4248 |
+
or O
|
4249 |
+
even O
|
4250 |
+
complete O
|
4251 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
4252 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
4253 |
+
. O
|
4254 |
+
</s>
|
4255 |
+
<s>
|
4256 |
+
Although O
|
4257 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
4258 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
4259 |
+
are O
|
4260 |
+
generally O
|
4261 |
+
available O
|
4262 |
+
without O
|
4263 |
+
charge O
|
4264 |
+
, O
|
4265 |
+
several O
|
4266 |
+
large O
|
4267 |
+
corporations O
|
4268 |
+
sell O
|
4269 |
+
, O
|
4270 |
+
support O
|
4271 |
+
, O
|
4272 |
+
and O
|
4273 |
+
contribute O
|
4274 |
+
to O
|
4275 |
+
the O
|
4276 |
+
development O
|
4277 |
+
of O
|
4278 |
+
the O
|
4279 |
+
components O
|
4280 |
+
of O
|
4281 |
+
the O
|
4282 |
+
system O
|
4283 |
+
and O
|
4284 |
+
of O
|
4285 |
+
free B-Application
|
4286 |
+
software I-Application
|
4287 |
+
. O
|
4288 |
+
</s>
|
4289 |
+
<s>
|
4290 |
+
An O
|
4291 |
+
analysis O
|
4292 |
+
of O
|
4293 |
+
the O
|
4294 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4295 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
4296 |
+
in O
|
4297 |
+
2017 O
|
4298 |
+
showed O
|
4299 |
+
that O
|
4300 |
+
well O
|
4301 |
+
over O
|
4302 |
+
85% O
|
4303 |
+
of O
|
4304 |
+
the O
|
4305 |
+
code O
|
4306 |
+
developed O
|
4307 |
+
by O
|
4308 |
+
programmers O
|
4309 |
+
who O
|
4310 |
+
are O
|
4311 |
+
being O
|
4312 |
+
paid O
|
4313 |
+
for O
|
4314 |
+
their O
|
4315 |
+
work O
|
4316 |
+
, O
|
4317 |
+
leaving O
|
4318 |
+
about O
|
4319 |
+
8.2 O
|
4320 |
+
% O
|
4321 |
+
to O
|
4322 |
+
unpaid O
|
4323 |
+
developers O
|
4324 |
+
and O
|
4325 |
+
4.1 O
|
4326 |
+
% O
|
4327 |
+
unclassified O
|
4328 |
+
. O
|
4329 |
+
</s>
|
4330 |
+
<s>
|
4331 |
+
Some O
|
4332 |
+
of O
|
4333 |
+
the O
|
4334 |
+
major O
|
4335 |
+
corporations O
|
4336 |
+
that O
|
4337 |
+
provide O
|
4338 |
+
contributions O
|
4339 |
+
include O
|
4340 |
+
Intel O
|
4341 |
+
, O
|
4342 |
+
Samsung B-Application
|
4343 |
+
, O
|
4344 |
+
Google B-Application
|
4345 |
+
, O
|
4346 |
+
AMD O
|
4347 |
+
, O
|
4348 |
+
Oracle B-Application
|
4349 |
+
and O
|
4350 |
+
Facebook B-Application
|
4351 |
+
. I-Application
|
4352 |
+
</s>
|
4353 |
+
<s>
|
4354 |
+
A O
|
4355 |
+
number O
|
4356 |
+
of O
|
4357 |
+
corporations O
|
4358 |
+
, O
|
4359 |
+
notably O
|
4360 |
+
Red O
|
4361 |
+
Hat O
|
4362 |
+
, O
|
4363 |
+
Canonical O
|
4364 |
+
and O
|
4365 |
+
SUSE O
|
4366 |
+
, O
|
4367 |
+
have O
|
4368 |
+
built O
|
4369 |
+
a O
|
4370 |
+
significant O
|
4371 |
+
business O
|
4372 |
+
around O
|
4373 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
4374 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
4375 |
+
. O
|
4376 |
+
</s>
|
4377 |
+
<s>
|
4378 |
+
The O
|
4379 |
+
free B-License
|
4380 |
+
software I-License
|
4381 |
+
licenses I-License
|
4382 |
+
, O
|
4383 |
+
on O
|
4384 |
+
which O
|
4385 |
+
the O
|
4386 |
+
various O
|
4387 |
+
software B-Application
|
4388 |
+
packages I-Application
|
4389 |
+
of O
|
4390 |
+
a O
|
4391 |
+
distribution O
|
4392 |
+
built O
|
4393 |
+
on O
|
4394 |
+
the O
|
4395 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4396 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
4397 |
+
are O
|
4398 |
+
based O
|
4399 |
+
, O
|
4400 |
+
explicitly O
|
4401 |
+
accommodate O
|
4402 |
+
and O
|
4403 |
+
encourage O
|
4404 |
+
commercialization O
|
4405 |
+
; O
|
4406 |
+
the O
|
4407 |
+
relationship O
|
4408 |
+
between O
|
4409 |
+
a O
|
4410 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
4411 |
+
distribution I-Application
|
4412 |
+
as O
|
4413 |
+
a O
|
4414 |
+
whole O
|
4415 |
+
and O
|
4416 |
+
individual O
|
4417 |
+
vendors O
|
4418 |
+
may O
|
4419 |
+
be O
|
4420 |
+
seen O
|
4421 |
+
as O
|
4422 |
+
symbiotic O
|
4423 |
+
. O
|
4424 |
+
</s>
|
4425 |
+
<s>
|
4426 |
+
A O
|
4427 |
+
number O
|
4428 |
+
of O
|
4429 |
+
companies O
|
4430 |
+
also O
|
4431 |
+
offer O
|
4432 |
+
a O
|
4433 |
+
specialized O
|
4434 |
+
business O
|
4435 |
+
version O
|
4436 |
+
of O
|
4437 |
+
their O
|
4438 |
+
distribution O
|
4439 |
+
, O
|
4440 |
+
which O
|
4441 |
+
adds O
|
4442 |
+
proprietary B-Application
|
4443 |
+
support O
|
4444 |
+
packages O
|
4445 |
+
and O
|
4446 |
+
tools O
|
4447 |
+
to O
|
4448 |
+
administer O
|
4449 |
+
higher O
|
4450 |
+
numbers O
|
4451 |
+
of O
|
4452 |
+
installations O
|
4453 |
+
or O
|
4454 |
+
to O
|
4455 |
+
simplify O
|
4456 |
+
administrative O
|
4457 |
+
tasks O
|
4458 |
+
. O
|
4459 |
+
</s>
|
4460 |
+
<s>
|
4461 |
+
This O
|
4462 |
+
used O
|
4463 |
+
to O
|
4464 |
+
be O
|
4465 |
+
the O
|
4466 |
+
norm O
|
4467 |
+
in O
|
4468 |
+
the O
|
4469 |
+
computer O
|
4470 |
+
industry O
|
4471 |
+
, O
|
4472 |
+
with O
|
4473 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
4474 |
+
systems I-General_Concept
|
4475 |
+
such O
|
4476 |
+
as O
|
4477 |
+
CP/M B-Application
|
4478 |
+
, O
|
4479 |
+
Apple B-Operating_System
|
4480 |
+
DOS I-Operating_System
|
4481 |
+
and O
|
4482 |
+
versions O
|
4483 |
+
of O
|
4484 |
+
the O
|
4485 |
+
classic B-Application
|
4486 |
+
Mac I-Application
|
4487 |
+
OS I-Application
|
4488 |
+
prior O
|
4489 |
+
to O
|
4490 |
+
7.6 O
|
4491 |
+
freely O
|
4492 |
+
copyable O
|
4493 |
+
( O
|
4494 |
+
but O
|
4495 |
+
not O
|
4496 |
+
modifiable O
|
4497 |
+
) O
|
4498 |
+
. O
|
4499 |
+
</s>
|
4500 |
+
<s>
|
4501 |
+
Most O
|
4502 |
+
programming O
|
4503 |
+
languages O
|
4504 |
+
support O
|
4505 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4506 |
+
either O
|
4507 |
+
directly O
|
4508 |
+
or O
|
4509 |
+
through O
|
4510 |
+
third-party O
|
4511 |
+
community O
|
4512 |
+
based O
|
4513 |
+
ports O
|
4514 |
+
. O
|
4515 |
+
</s>
|
4516 |
+
<s>
|
4517 |
+
The O
|
4518 |
+
original O
|
4519 |
+
development O
|
4520 |
+
tools O
|
4521 |
+
used O
|
4522 |
+
for O
|
4523 |
+
building O
|
4524 |
+
both O
|
4525 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4526 |
+
applications O
|
4527 |
+
and O
|
4528 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
4529 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
4530 |
+
programs O
|
4531 |
+
are O
|
4532 |
+
found O
|
4533 |
+
within O
|
4534 |
+
the O
|
4535 |
+
GNU B-Application
|
4536 |
+
toolchain I-Application
|
4537 |
+
, O
|
4538 |
+
which O
|
4539 |
+
includes O
|
4540 |
+
the O
|
4541 |
+
GNU B-Application
|
4542 |
+
Compiler I-Application
|
4543 |
+
Collection I-Application
|
4544 |
+
( O
|
4545 |
+
GCC B-Application
|
4546 |
+
) O
|
4547 |
+
and O
|
4548 |
+
the O
|
4549 |
+
GNU B-Application
|
4550 |
+
Build I-Application
|
4551 |
+
System I-Application
|
4552 |
+
. O
|
4553 |
+
</s>
|
4554 |
+
<s>
|
4555 |
+
Amongst O
|
4556 |
+
others O
|
4557 |
+
, O
|
4558 |
+
GCC B-Application
|
4559 |
+
provides O
|
4560 |
+
compilers B-Language
|
4561 |
+
for O
|
4562 |
+
Ada B-Language
|
4563 |
+
, O
|
4564 |
+
C B-Language
|
4565 |
+
, O
|
4566 |
+
C++ B-Language
|
4567 |
+
, O
|
4568 |
+
Go B-Application
|
4569 |
+
and O
|
4570 |
+
Fortran B-Application
|
4571 |
+
. O
|
4572 |
+
</s>
|
4573 |
+
<s>
|
4574 |
+
Many O
|
4575 |
+
programming O
|
4576 |
+
languages O
|
4577 |
+
have O
|
4578 |
+
a O
|
4579 |
+
cross-platform O
|
4580 |
+
reference O
|
4581 |
+
implementation O
|
4582 |
+
that O
|
4583 |
+
supports O
|
4584 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4585 |
+
, O
|
4586 |
+
for O
|
4587 |
+
example O
|
4588 |
+
PHP B-Application
|
4589 |
+
, O
|
4590 |
+
Perl B-Language
|
4591 |
+
, O
|
4592 |
+
Ruby B-Language
|
4593 |
+
, O
|
4594 |
+
Python B-Language
|
4595 |
+
, O
|
4596 |
+
Java B-Language
|
4597 |
+
, O
|
4598 |
+
Go B-Application
|
4599 |
+
, O
|
4600 |
+
Rust B-Application
|
4601 |
+
and O
|
4602 |
+
Haskell B-Language
|
4603 |
+
. O
|
4604 |
+
</s>
|
4605 |
+
<s>
|
4606 |
+
First O
|
4607 |
+
released O
|
4608 |
+
in O
|
4609 |
+
2003 O
|
4610 |
+
, O
|
4611 |
+
the O
|
4612 |
+
LLVM B-Application
|
4613 |
+
project O
|
4614 |
+
provides O
|
4615 |
+
an O
|
4616 |
+
alternative O
|
4617 |
+
cross-platform O
|
4618 |
+
open-source B-Application
|
4619 |
+
compiler B-Language
|
4620 |
+
for O
|
4621 |
+
many O
|
4622 |
+
languages O
|
4623 |
+
. O
|
4624 |
+
</s>
|
4625 |
+
<s>
|
4626 |
+
Proprietary B-Application
|
4627 |
+
compilers B-Language
|
4628 |
+
for O
|
4629 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4630 |
+
include O
|
4631 |
+
the O
|
4632 |
+
Intel B-Language
|
4633 |
+
C++ I-Language
|
4634 |
+
Compiler I-Language
|
4635 |
+
, O
|
4636 |
+
Sun B-Application
|
4637 |
+
Studio I-Application
|
4638 |
+
, O
|
4639 |
+
and O
|
4640 |
+
IBM B-Language
|
4641 |
+
XL I-Language
|
4642 |
+
C/C I-Language
|
4643 |
+
++ I-Language
|
4644 |
+
Compiler I-Language
|
4645 |
+
. O
|
4646 |
+
</s>
|
4647 |
+
<s>
|
4648 |
+
BASIC O
|
4649 |
+
in O
|
4650 |
+
the O
|
4651 |
+
form O
|
4652 |
+
of O
|
4653 |
+
Visual B-Language
|
4654 |
+
Basic I-Language
|
4655 |
+
is O
|
4656 |
+
supported O
|
4657 |
+
in O
|
4658 |
+
such O
|
4659 |
+
forms O
|
4660 |
+
as O
|
4661 |
+
Gambas B-Language
|
4662 |
+
, O
|
4663 |
+
FreeBASIC B-Language
|
4664 |
+
, O
|
4665 |
+
and O
|
4666 |
+
XBasic B-Language
|
4667 |
+
, O
|
4668 |
+
and O
|
4669 |
+
in O
|
4670 |
+
terms O
|
4671 |
+
of O
|
4672 |
+
terminal O
|
4673 |
+
programming O
|
4674 |
+
or O
|
4675 |
+
QuickBASIC B-Language
|
4676 |
+
or O
|
4677 |
+
Turbo B-Language
|
4678 |
+
BASIC I-Language
|
4679 |
+
programming O
|
4680 |
+
in O
|
4681 |
+
the O
|
4682 |
+
form O
|
4683 |
+
of O
|
4684 |
+
QB64 B-Application
|
4685 |
+
. O
|
4686 |
+
</s>
|
4687 |
+
<s>
|
4688 |
+
A O
|
4689 |
+
common O
|
4690 |
+
feature O
|
4691 |
+
of O
|
4692 |
+
Unix-like B-Operating_System
|
4693 |
+
systems I-Operating_System
|
4694 |
+
, O
|
4695 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4696 |
+
includes O
|
4697 |
+
traditional O
|
4698 |
+
specific-purpose O
|
4699 |
+
programming O
|
4700 |
+
languages O
|
4701 |
+
targeted O
|
4702 |
+
at O
|
4703 |
+
scripting B-Language
|
4704 |
+
, O
|
4705 |
+
text O
|
4706 |
+
processing O
|
4707 |
+
and O
|
4708 |
+
system O
|
4709 |
+
configuration O
|
4710 |
+
and O
|
4711 |
+
management O
|
4712 |
+
in O
|
4713 |
+
general O
|
4714 |
+
. O
|
4715 |
+
</s>
|
4716 |
+
<s>
|
4717 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
4718 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
4719 |
+
support O
|
4720 |
+
shell B-Language
|
4721 |
+
scripts I-Language
|
4722 |
+
, O
|
4723 |
+
awk B-Application
|
4724 |
+
, O
|
4725 |
+
sed B-Application
|
4726 |
+
and O
|
4727 |
+
make B-Application
|
4728 |
+
. O
|
4729 |
+
</s>
|
4730 |
+
<s>
|
4731 |
+
For O
|
4732 |
+
example O
|
4733 |
+
, O
|
4734 |
+
regular B-Language
|
4735 |
+
expressions I-Language
|
4736 |
+
are O
|
4737 |
+
supported O
|
4738 |
+
in O
|
4739 |
+
programs O
|
4740 |
+
like O
|
4741 |
+
grep B-Application
|
4742 |
+
and O
|
4743 |
+
locate B-Application
|
4744 |
+
, O
|
4745 |
+
the O
|
4746 |
+
traditional B-Application
|
4747 |
+
Unix I-Application
|
4748 |
+
MTA B-Protocol
|
4749 |
+
Sendmail B-Application
|
4750 |
+
contains O
|
4751 |
+
its O
|
4752 |
+
own O
|
4753 |
+
Turing B-Algorithm
|
4754 |
+
complete I-Algorithm
|
4755 |
+
scripting B-Language
|
4756 |
+
system O
|
4757 |
+
, O
|
4758 |
+
and O
|
4759 |
+
the O
|
4760 |
+
advanced O
|
4761 |
+
text B-Application
|
4762 |
+
editor I-Application
|
4763 |
+
GNU B-Application
|
4764 |
+
Emacs I-Application
|
4765 |
+
is O
|
4766 |
+
built O
|
4767 |
+
around O
|
4768 |
+
a O
|
4769 |
+
general O
|
4770 |
+
purpose O
|
4771 |
+
Lisp B-Language
|
4772 |
+
interpreter O
|
4773 |
+
. O
|
4774 |
+
</s>
|
4775 |
+
<s>
|
4776 |
+
Most O
|
4777 |
+
distributions B-Application
|
4778 |
+
also O
|
4779 |
+
include O
|
4780 |
+
support O
|
4781 |
+
for O
|
4782 |
+
PHP B-Application
|
4783 |
+
, O
|
4784 |
+
Perl B-Language
|
4785 |
+
, O
|
4786 |
+
Ruby B-Language
|
4787 |
+
, O
|
4788 |
+
Python B-Language
|
4789 |
+
and O
|
4790 |
+
other O
|
4791 |
+
dynamic B-Language
|
4792 |
+
languages I-Language
|
4793 |
+
. O
|
4794 |
+
</s>
|
4795 |
+
<s>
|
4796 |
+
While O
|
4797 |
+
not O
|
4798 |
+
as O
|
4799 |
+
common O
|
4800 |
+
, O
|
4801 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4802 |
+
also O
|
4803 |
+
supports O
|
4804 |
+
C# B-Application
|
4805 |
+
( O
|
4806 |
+
via O
|
4807 |
+
Mono B-Application
|
4808 |
+
) O
|
4809 |
+
, O
|
4810 |
+
Vala B-Language
|
4811 |
+
, O
|
4812 |
+
and O
|
4813 |
+
Scheme B-Language
|
4814 |
+
. O
|
4815 |
+
</s>
|
4816 |
+
<s>
|
4817 |
+
Guile O
|
4818 |
+
Scheme B-Language
|
4819 |
+
acts O
|
4820 |
+
as O
|
4821 |
+
an O
|
4822 |
+
extension B-Language
|
4823 |
+
language I-Language
|
4824 |
+
targeting O
|
4825 |
+
the B-Operating_System
|
4826 |
+
GNU I-Operating_System
|
4827 |
+
system I-Operating_System
|
4828 |
+
utilities O
|
4829 |
+
, O
|
4830 |
+
seeking O
|
4831 |
+
to O
|
4832 |
+
make B-Application
|
4833 |
+
the O
|
4834 |
+
conventionally O
|
4835 |
+
small O
|
4836 |
+
, O
|
4837 |
+
static O
|
4838 |
+
, O
|
4839 |
+
compiled B-Language
|
4840 |
+
C B-Language
|
4841 |
+
programs I-Language
|
4842 |
+
of O
|
4843 |
+
Unix B-Operating_System
|
4844 |
+
design I-Operating_System
|
4845 |
+
rapidly O
|
4846 |
+
and O
|
4847 |
+
dynamically O
|
4848 |
+
extensible O
|
4849 |
+
via O
|
4850 |
+
an O
|
4851 |
+
elegant O
|
4852 |
+
, O
|
4853 |
+
functional B-Language
|
4854 |
+
high-level O
|
4855 |
+
scripting B-Language
|
4856 |
+
system O
|
4857 |
+
; O
|
4858 |
+
many O
|
4859 |
+
GNU B-Operating_System
|
4860 |
+
programs O
|
4861 |
+
can O
|
4862 |
+
be O
|
4863 |
+
compiled B-Language
|
4864 |
+
with O
|
4865 |
+
optional O
|
4866 |
+
Guile O
|
4867 |
+
bindings B-Application
|
4868 |
+
to O
|
4869 |
+
this O
|
4870 |
+
end O
|
4871 |
+
. O
|
4872 |
+
</s>
|
4873 |
+
<s>
|
4874 |
+
A O
|
4875 |
+
number O
|
4876 |
+
of O
|
4877 |
+
Java B-Language
|
4878 |
+
virtual I-Language
|
4879 |
+
machines I-Language
|
4880 |
+
and O
|
4881 |
+
development O
|
4882 |
+
kits O
|
4883 |
+
run O
|
4884 |
+
on O
|
4885 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
4886 |
+
, O
|
4887 |
+
including O
|
4888 |
+
the O
|
4889 |
+
original O
|
4890 |
+
Sun O
|
4891 |
+
Microsystems O
|
4892 |
+
JVM B-Language
|
4893 |
+
( O
|
4894 |
+
HotSpot B-Language
|
4895 |
+
) O
|
4896 |
+
, O
|
4897 |
+
and O
|
4898 |
+
IBM O
|
4899 |
+
's O
|
4900 |
+
J2SE O
|
4901 |
+
RE O
|
4902 |
+
, O
|
4903 |
+
as O
|
4904 |
+
well O
|
4905 |
+
as O
|
4906 |
+
many O
|
4907 |
+
open-source B-Application
|
4908 |
+
projects O
|
4909 |
+
like O
|
4910 |
+
Kaffe B-Language
|
4911 |
+
and O
|
4912 |
+
Jikes B-Language
|
4913 |
+
RVM I-Language
|
4914 |
+
. O
|
4915 |
+
</s>
|
4916 |
+
<s>
|
4917 |
+
GNOME B-Application
|
4918 |
+
and O
|
4919 |
+
KDE B-Application
|
4920 |
+
are O
|
4921 |
+
popular O
|
4922 |
+
desktop O
|
4923 |
+
environments O
|
4924 |
+
and O
|
4925 |
+
provide O
|
4926 |
+
a O
|
4927 |
+
framework O
|
4928 |
+
for O
|
4929 |
+
developing O
|
4930 |
+
applications O
|
4931 |
+
. O
|
4932 |
+
</s>
|
4933 |
+
<s>
|
4934 |
+
These O
|
4935 |
+
projects O
|
4936 |
+
are O
|
4937 |
+
based O
|
4938 |
+
on O
|
4939 |
+
the O
|
4940 |
+
GTK B-Application
|
4941 |
+
and O
|
4942 |
+
Qt B-Language
|
4943 |
+
widget B-Library
|
4944 |
+
toolkits I-Library
|
4945 |
+
, O
|
4946 |
+
respectively O
|
4947 |
+
, O
|
4948 |
+
which O
|
4949 |
+
can O
|
4950 |
+
also O
|
4951 |
+
be O
|
4952 |
+
used O
|
4953 |
+
independently O
|
4954 |
+
of O
|
4955 |
+
the O
|
4956 |
+
larger O
|
4957 |
+
framework O
|
4958 |
+
. O
|
4959 |
+
</s>
|
4960 |
+
<s>
|
4961 |
+
There O
|
4962 |
+
are O
|
4963 |
+
a O
|
4964 |
+
number O
|
4965 |
+
of O
|
4966 |
+
Integrated B-Application
|
4967 |
+
development I-Application
|
4968 |
+
environments I-Application
|
4969 |
+
available O
|
4970 |
+
including O
|
4971 |
+
Anjuta B-Language
|
4972 |
+
, O
|
4973 |
+
Code::Blocks B-Language
|
4974 |
+
, O
|
4975 |
+
CodeLite B-Language
|
4976 |
+
, O
|
4977 |
+
Eclipse B-Application
|
4978 |
+
, O
|
4979 |
+
Geany B-Language
|
4980 |
+
, O
|
4981 |
+
ActiveState B-Language
|
4982 |
+
Komodo I-Language
|
4983 |
+
, O
|
4984 |
+
KDevelop B-Language
|
4985 |
+
, O
|
4986 |
+
Lazarus B-Language
|
4987 |
+
, O
|
4988 |
+
MonoDevelop B-Language
|
4989 |
+
, O
|
4990 |
+
NetBeans B-Application
|
4991 |
+
, O
|
4992 |
+
and O
|
4993 |
+
Qt B-Language
|
4994 |
+
Creator I-Language
|
4995 |
+
, O
|
4996 |
+
while O
|
4997 |
+
the O
|
4998 |
+
long-established O
|
4999 |
+
editors O
|
5000 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
5001 |
+
, O
|
5002 |
+
nano B-Application
|
5003 |
+
and O
|
5004 |
+
Emacs B-Application
|
5005 |
+
remain O
|
5006 |
+
popular O
|
5007 |
+
. O
|
5008 |
+
</s>
|
5009 |
+
<s>
|
5010 |
+
The O
|
5011 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5012 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
5013 |
+
is O
|
5014 |
+
a O
|
5015 |
+
widely O
|
5016 |
+
ported O
|
5017 |
+
operating B-Operating_System
|
5018 |
+
system I-Operating_System
|
5019 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
5020 |
+
, O
|
5021 |
+
available O
|
5022 |
+
for O
|
5023 |
+
devices O
|
5024 |
+
ranging O
|
5025 |
+
from O
|
5026 |
+
mobile O
|
5027 |
+
phones O
|
5028 |
+
to O
|
5029 |
+
supercomputers B-Architecture
|
5030 |
+
; O
|
5031 |
+
it O
|
5032 |
+
runs O
|
5033 |
+
on O
|
5034 |
+
a O
|
5035 |
+
highly O
|
5036 |
+
diverse O
|
5037 |
+
range O
|
5038 |
+
of O
|
5039 |
+
computer B-General_Concept
|
5040 |
+
architectures I-General_Concept
|
5041 |
+
, O
|
5042 |
+
including O
|
5043 |
+
ARM-based O
|
5044 |
+
Android B-Application
|
5045 |
+
smartphones B-Application
|
5046 |
+
and O
|
5047 |
+
the O
|
5048 |
+
IBM B-Device
|
5049 |
+
Z I-Device
|
5050 |
+
mainframes B-Architecture
|
5051 |
+
. O
|
5052 |
+
</s>
|
5053 |
+
<s>
|
5054 |
+
Specialized O
|
5055 |
+
distributions B-Application
|
5056 |
+
and O
|
5057 |
+
kernel B-Operating_System
|
5058 |
+
forks B-Application
|
5059 |
+
exist O
|
5060 |
+
for O
|
5061 |
+
less O
|
5062 |
+
mainstream O
|
5063 |
+
architectures O
|
5064 |
+
; O
|
5065 |
+
for O
|
5066 |
+
example O
|
5067 |
+
, O
|
5068 |
+
the O
|
5069 |
+
ELKS B-Application
|
5070 |
+
kernel B-Operating_System
|
5071 |
+
fork B-Application
|
5072 |
+
can O
|
5073 |
+
run O
|
5074 |
+
on O
|
5075 |
+
Intel B-General_Concept
|
5076 |
+
8086 I-General_Concept
|
5077 |
+
or O
|
5078 |
+
Intel B-General_Concept
|
5079 |
+
80286 I-General_Concept
|
5080 |
+
16-bit B-Device
|
5081 |
+
microprocessors O
|
5082 |
+
, O
|
5083 |
+
while O
|
5084 |
+
the O
|
5085 |
+
µClinux O
|
5086 |
+
kernel B-Operating_System
|
5087 |
+
fork B-Application
|
5088 |
+
may O
|
5089 |
+
run O
|
5090 |
+
on O
|
5091 |
+
systems O
|
5092 |
+
without O
|
5093 |
+
a O
|
5094 |
+
memory B-General_Concept
|
5095 |
+
management I-General_Concept
|
5096 |
+
unit I-General_Concept
|
5097 |
+
. O
|
5098 |
+
</s>
|
5099 |
+
<s>
|
5100 |
+
The O
|
5101 |
+
kernel B-Operating_System
|
5102 |
+
also O
|
5103 |
+
runs O
|
5104 |
+
on O
|
5105 |
+
architectures O
|
5106 |
+
that O
|
5107 |
+
were O
|
5108 |
+
only O
|
5109 |
+
ever O
|
5110 |
+
intended O
|
5111 |
+
to O
|
5112 |
+
use O
|
5113 |
+
a O
|
5114 |
+
manufacturer-created O
|
5115 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
5116 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
5117 |
+
, O
|
5118 |
+
such O
|
5119 |
+
as O
|
5120 |
+
Macintosh B-Device
|
5121 |
+
computers O
|
5122 |
+
( O
|
5123 |
+
with O
|
5124 |
+
PowerPC B-Architecture
|
5125 |
+
, O
|
5126 |
+
Intel O
|
5127 |
+
, O
|
5128 |
+
and O
|
5129 |
+
Apple B-Device
|
5130 |
+
silicon I-Device
|
5131 |
+
processors O
|
5132 |
+
) O
|
5133 |
+
, O
|
5134 |
+
PDAs B-Application
|
5135 |
+
, O
|
5136 |
+
video B-Device
|
5137 |
+
game I-Device
|
5138 |
+
consoles I-Device
|
5139 |
+
, O
|
5140 |
+
portable O
|
5141 |
+
music O
|
5142 |
+
players O
|
5143 |
+
, O
|
5144 |
+
and O
|
5145 |
+
mobile O
|
5146 |
+
phones O
|
5147 |
+
. O
|
5148 |
+
</s>
|
5149 |
+
<s>
|
5150 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5151 |
+
has O
|
5152 |
+
a O
|
5153 |
+
reputation O
|
5154 |
+
of O
|
5155 |
+
supporting O
|
5156 |
+
old O
|
5157 |
+
hardware O
|
5158 |
+
very O
|
5159 |
+
well O
|
5160 |
+
by O
|
5161 |
+
maintaining O
|
5162 |
+
standardized O
|
5163 |
+
drivers O
|
5164 |
+
for O
|
5165 |
+
a O
|
5166 |
+
long O
|
5167 |
+
time O
|
5168 |
+
. O
|
5169 |
+
</s>
|
5170 |
+
<s>
|
5171 |
+
There O
|
5172 |
+
are O
|
5173 |
+
several O
|
5174 |
+
industry O
|
5175 |
+
associations O
|
5176 |
+
and O
|
5177 |
+
hardware O
|
5178 |
+
conferences O
|
5179 |
+
devoted O
|
5180 |
+
to O
|
5181 |
+
maintaining O
|
5182 |
+
and O
|
5183 |
+
improving O
|
5184 |
+
support O
|
5185 |
+
for O
|
5186 |
+
diverse O
|
5187 |
+
hardware O
|
5188 |
+
under O
|
5189 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5190 |
+
, O
|
5191 |
+
such O
|
5192 |
+
as O
|
5193 |
+
FreedomHEC O
|
5194 |
+
. O
|
5195 |
+
</s>
|
5196 |
+
<s>
|
5197 |
+
Over O
|
5198 |
+
time O
|
5199 |
+
, O
|
5200 |
+
support O
|
5201 |
+
for O
|
5202 |
+
different O
|
5203 |
+
hardware O
|
5204 |
+
has O
|
5205 |
+
improved O
|
5206 |
+
in O
|
5207 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5208 |
+
, O
|
5209 |
+
resulting O
|
5210 |
+
in O
|
5211 |
+
any O
|
5212 |
+
off-the-shelf O
|
5213 |
+
purchase O
|
5214 |
+
having O
|
5215 |
+
a O
|
5216 |
+
" O
|
5217 |
+
good O
|
5218 |
+
chance O
|
5219 |
+
" O
|
5220 |
+
of O
|
5221 |
+
being O
|
5222 |
+
compatible O
|
5223 |
+
. O
|
5224 |
+
</s>
|
5225 |
+
<s>
|
5226 |
+
Many O
|
5227 |
+
quantitative O
|
5228 |
+
studies O
|
5229 |
+
of O
|
5230 |
+
free/open B-License
|
5231 |
+
-source I-License
|
5232 |
+
software I-License
|
5233 |
+
focus O
|
5234 |
+
on O
|
5235 |
+
topics O
|
5236 |
+
including O
|
5237 |
+
market O
|
5238 |
+
share O
|
5239 |
+
and O
|
5240 |
+
reliability O
|
5241 |
+
, O
|
5242 |
+
with O
|
5243 |
+
numerous O
|
5244 |
+
studies O
|
5245 |
+
specifically O
|
5246 |
+
examining O
|
5247 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5248 |
+
. O
|
5249 |
+
</s>
|
5250 |
+
<s>
|
5251 |
+
The O
|
5252 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5253 |
+
market O
|
5254 |
+
is O
|
5255 |
+
growing O
|
5256 |
+
, O
|
5257 |
+
and O
|
5258 |
+
the O
|
5259 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
5260 |
+
operating I-Application
|
5261 |
+
system I-Application
|
5262 |
+
market O
|
5263 |
+
size O
|
5264 |
+
is O
|
5265 |
+
expected O
|
5266 |
+
to O
|
5267 |
+
see O
|
5268 |
+
a O
|
5269 |
+
growth O
|
5270 |
+
of O
|
5271 |
+
19.2 O
|
5272 |
+
% O
|
5273 |
+
by O
|
5274 |
+
2027 O
|
5275 |
+
, O
|
5276 |
+
reaching O
|
5277 |
+
$15.64 O
|
5278 |
+
billion O
|
5279 |
+
, O
|
5280 |
+
compared O
|
5281 |
+
to O
|
5282 |
+
$3.89 O
|
5283 |
+
billion O
|
5284 |
+
in O
|
5285 |
+
2019 O
|
5286 |
+
. O
|
5287 |
+
</s>
|
5288 |
+
<s>
|
5289 |
+
Analysts O
|
5290 |
+
and O
|
5291 |
+
proponents O
|
5292 |
+
attribute O
|
5293 |
+
the O
|
5294 |
+
relative O
|
5295 |
+
success O
|
5296 |
+
of O
|
5297 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5298 |
+
to O
|
5299 |
+
its O
|
5300 |
+
security O
|
5301 |
+
, O
|
5302 |
+
reliability O
|
5303 |
+
, O
|
5304 |
+
low O
|
5305 |
+
cost O
|
5306 |
+
, O
|
5307 |
+
and O
|
5308 |
+
freedom O
|
5309 |
+
from O
|
5310 |
+
vendor O
|
5311 |
+
lock-in O
|
5312 |
+
. O
|
5313 |
+
</s>
|
5314 |
+
<s>
|
5315 |
+
According O
|
5316 |
+
to O
|
5317 |
+
web O
|
5318 |
+
server B-Application
|
5319 |
+
statistics O
|
5320 |
+
( O
|
5321 |
+
that O
|
5322 |
+
is O
|
5323 |
+
, O
|
5324 |
+
based O
|
5325 |
+
on O
|
5326 |
+
the O
|
5327 |
+
numbers O
|
5328 |
+
recorded O
|
5329 |
+
from O
|
5330 |
+
visits O
|
5331 |
+
to O
|
5332 |
+
websites O
|
5333 |
+
by O
|
5334 |
+
client O
|
5335 |
+
devices O
|
5336 |
+
) O
|
5337 |
+
, O
|
5338 |
+
, O
|
5339 |
+
the O
|
5340 |
+
estimated O
|
5341 |
+
market O
|
5342 |
+
share O
|
5343 |
+
of O
|
5344 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5345 |
+
on O
|
5346 |
+
desktop B-Device
|
5347 |
+
computers I-Device
|
5348 |
+
is O
|
5349 |
+
around O
|
5350 |
+
2.5 O
|
5351 |
+
% O
|
5352 |
+
. O
|
5353 |
+
</s>
|
5354 |
+
<s>
|
5355 |
+
In O
|
5356 |
+
comparison O
|
5357 |
+
, O
|
5358 |
+
Microsoft B-Application
|
5359 |
+
Windows I-Application
|
5360 |
+
has O
|
5361 |
+
a O
|
5362 |
+
market O
|
5363 |
+
share O
|
5364 |
+
of O
|
5365 |
+
around O
|
5366 |
+
75.5 O
|
5367 |
+
% O
|
5368 |
+
, O
|
5369 |
+
while O
|
5370 |
+
macOS B-Application
|
5371 |
+
covers O
|
5372 |
+
around O
|
5373 |
+
14.9 O
|
5374 |
+
% O
|
5375 |
+
. O
|
5376 |
+
</s>
|
5377 |
+
<s>
|
5378 |
+
W3Cook O
|
5379 |
+
publishes O
|
5380 |
+
stats O
|
5381 |
+
that O
|
5382 |
+
use O
|
5383 |
+
the O
|
5384 |
+
top O
|
5385 |
+
1,000,000 O
|
5386 |
+
Alexa O
|
5387 |
+
domains O
|
5388 |
+
, O
|
5389 |
+
which O
|
5390 |
+
estimate O
|
5391 |
+
that O
|
5392 |
+
96.55 O
|
5393 |
+
% O
|
5394 |
+
of O
|
5395 |
+
web O
|
5396 |
+
servers B-Application
|
5397 |
+
run O
|
5398 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5399 |
+
, O
|
5400 |
+
1.73 O
|
5401 |
+
% O
|
5402 |
+
run O
|
5403 |
+
Windows O
|
5404 |
+
, O
|
5405 |
+
and O
|
5406 |
+
1.72 O
|
5407 |
+
% O
|
5408 |
+
run O
|
5409 |
+
FreeBSD B-Operating_System
|
5410 |
+
. O
|
5411 |
+
</s>
|
5412 |
+
<s>
|
5413 |
+
W3Techs O
|
5414 |
+
publishes O
|
5415 |
+
stats O
|
5416 |
+
that O
|
5417 |
+
use O
|
5418 |
+
the O
|
5419 |
+
top O
|
5420 |
+
10,000,000 O
|
5421 |
+
Alexa O
|
5422 |
+
domains O
|
5423 |
+
and O
|
5424 |
+
the O
|
5425 |
+
top O
|
5426 |
+
1,000,000 O
|
5427 |
+
Tranco O
|
5428 |
+
domains O
|
5429 |
+
, O
|
5430 |
+
updated O
|
5431 |
+
monthly O
|
5432 |
+
and O
|
5433 |
+
as O
|
5434 |
+
of O
|
5435 |
+
November O
|
5436 |
+
2020 O
|
5437 |
+
estimate O
|
5438 |
+
that O
|
5439 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5440 |
+
is O
|
5441 |
+
used O
|
5442 |
+
by O
|
5443 |
+
39% O
|
5444 |
+
of O
|
5445 |
+
the O
|
5446 |
+
web O
|
5447 |
+
servers B-Application
|
5448 |
+
, O
|
5449 |
+
versus O
|
5450 |
+
21.9 O
|
5451 |
+
% O
|
5452 |
+
being O
|
5453 |
+
used O
|
5454 |
+
by O
|
5455 |
+
Microsoft B-Application
|
5456 |
+
Windows I-Application
|
5457 |
+
. O
|
5458 |
+
</s>
|
5459 |
+
<s>
|
5460 |
+
40.1 O
|
5461 |
+
% O
|
5462 |
+
used O
|
5463 |
+
other O
|
5464 |
+
types O
|
5465 |
+
of O
|
5466 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
5467 |
+
. O
|
5468 |
+
</s>
|
5469 |
+
<s>
|
5470 |
+
IDC O
|
5471 |
+
's O
|
5472 |
+
Q1 O
|
5473 |
+
2007 O
|
5474 |
+
report O
|
5475 |
+
indicated O
|
5476 |
+
that O
|
5477 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5478 |
+
held O
|
5479 |
+
12.7 O
|
5480 |
+
% O
|
5481 |
+
of O
|
5482 |
+
the O
|
5483 |
+
overall O
|
5484 |
+
server B-Application
|
5485 |
+
market O
|
5486 |
+
at O
|
5487 |
+
that O
|
5488 |
+
time O
|
5489 |
+
; O
|
5490 |
+
this O
|
5491 |
+
estimate O
|
5492 |
+
was O
|
5493 |
+
based O
|
5494 |
+
on O
|
5495 |
+
the O
|
5496 |
+
number O
|
5497 |
+
of O
|
5498 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5499 |
+
servers B-Application
|
5500 |
+
sold O
|
5501 |
+
by O
|
5502 |
+
various O
|
5503 |
+
companies O
|
5504 |
+
, O
|
5505 |
+
and O
|
5506 |
+
did O
|
5507 |
+
not O
|
5508 |
+
include O
|
5509 |
+
server B-Application
|
5510 |
+
hardware O
|
5511 |
+
purchased O
|
5512 |
+
separately O
|
5513 |
+
that O
|
5514 |
+
had O
|
5515 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5516 |
+
installed O
|
5517 |
+
on O
|
5518 |
+
it O
|
5519 |
+
later O
|
5520 |
+
. O
|
5521 |
+
</s>
|
5522 |
+
<s>
|
5523 |
+
Android B-Application
|
5524 |
+
, O
|
5525 |
+
which O
|
5526 |
+
is O
|
5527 |
+
based O
|
5528 |
+
on O
|
5529 |
+
the O
|
5530 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5531 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
5532 |
+
, O
|
5533 |
+
has O
|
5534 |
+
become O
|
5535 |
+
the O
|
5536 |
+
dominant O
|
5537 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
5538 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
5539 |
+
for O
|
5540 |
+
smartphones B-Application
|
5541 |
+
. O
|
5542 |
+
</s>
|
5543 |
+
<s>
|
5544 |
+
In O
|
5545 |
+
July O
|
5546 |
+
2022 O
|
5547 |
+
, O
|
5548 |
+
71.9 O
|
5549 |
+
% O
|
5550 |
+
of O
|
5551 |
+
smartphones B-Application
|
5552 |
+
accessing O
|
5553 |
+
the O
|
5554 |
+
internet O
|
5555 |
+
worldwide O
|
5556 |
+
used O
|
5557 |
+
Android B-Application
|
5558 |
+
. O
|
5559 |
+
</s>
|
5560 |
+
<s>
|
5561 |
+
Android B-Application
|
5562 |
+
is O
|
5563 |
+
also O
|
5564 |
+
a O
|
5565 |
+
popular O
|
5566 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
5567 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
5568 |
+
for O
|
5569 |
+
tablets B-Device
|
5570 |
+
, O
|
5571 |
+
being O
|
5572 |
+
responsible O
|
5573 |
+
for O
|
5574 |
+
more O
|
5575 |
+
than O
|
5576 |
+
60% O
|
5577 |
+
of O
|
5578 |
+
tablet B-Device
|
5579 |
+
sales O
|
5580 |
+
as O
|
5581 |
+
of O
|
5582 |
+
2013 O
|
5583 |
+
. O
|
5584 |
+
</s>
|
5585 |
+
<s>
|
5586 |
+
According O
|
5587 |
+
to O
|
5588 |
+
web O
|
5589 |
+
server B-Application
|
5590 |
+
statistics O
|
5591 |
+
, O
|
5592 |
+
Android B-Application
|
5593 |
+
has O
|
5594 |
+
a O
|
5595 |
+
market O
|
5596 |
+
share O
|
5597 |
+
of O
|
5598 |
+
about O
|
5599 |
+
71% O
|
5600 |
+
, O
|
5601 |
+
with O
|
5602 |
+
iOS B-Application
|
5603 |
+
holding O
|
5604 |
+
28% O
|
5605 |
+
, O
|
5606 |
+
and O
|
5607 |
+
the O
|
5608 |
+
remaining O
|
5609 |
+
1% O
|
5610 |
+
attributed O
|
5611 |
+
to O
|
5612 |
+
various O
|
5613 |
+
niche O
|
5614 |
+
platforms O
|
5615 |
+
. O
|
5616 |
+
</s>
|
5617 |
+
<s>
|
5618 |
+
For O
|
5619 |
+
years O
|
5620 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5621 |
+
has O
|
5622 |
+
been O
|
5623 |
+
the O
|
5624 |
+
platform O
|
5625 |
+
of O
|
5626 |
+
choice O
|
5627 |
+
in O
|
5628 |
+
the O
|
5629 |
+
film O
|
5630 |
+
industry O
|
5631 |
+
. O
|
5632 |
+
</s>
|
5633 |
+
<s>
|
5634 |
+
The O
|
5635 |
+
first O
|
5636 |
+
major O
|
5637 |
+
film O
|
5638 |
+
produced O
|
5639 |
+
on O
|
5640 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5641 |
+
servers B-Application
|
5642 |
+
was O
|
5643 |
+
1997 O
|
5644 |
+
's O
|
5645 |
+
Titanic O
|
5646 |
+
. O
|
5647 |
+
</s>
|
5648 |
+
<s>
|
5649 |
+
Since O
|
5650 |
+
then O
|
5651 |
+
major O
|
5652 |
+
studios O
|
5653 |
+
including O
|
5654 |
+
DreamWorks O
|
5655 |
+
Animation O
|
5656 |
+
, O
|
5657 |
+
Pixar O
|
5658 |
+
, O
|
5659 |
+
Weta O
|
5660 |
+
Digital O
|
5661 |
+
, O
|
5662 |
+
and O
|
5663 |
+
Industrial O
|
5664 |
+
Light O
|
5665 |
+
& O
|
5666 |
+
Magic O
|
5667 |
+
have O
|
5668 |
+
migrated O
|
5669 |
+
to O
|
5670 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5671 |
+
. O
|
5672 |
+
</s>
|
5673 |
+
<s>
|
5674 |
+
According O
|
5675 |
+
to O
|
5676 |
+
the O
|
5677 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5678 |
+
Movies O
|
5679 |
+
Group O
|
5680 |
+
, O
|
5681 |
+
more O
|
5682 |
+
than O
|
5683 |
+
95% O
|
5684 |
+
of O
|
5685 |
+
the O
|
5686 |
+
servers B-Application
|
5687 |
+
and O
|
5688 |
+
desktops O
|
5689 |
+
at O
|
5690 |
+
large O
|
5691 |
+
animation O
|
5692 |
+
and O
|
5693 |
+
visual O
|
5694 |
+
effects O
|
5695 |
+
companies O
|
5696 |
+
use O
|
5697 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5698 |
+
. O
|
5699 |
+
</s>
|
5700 |
+
<s>
|
5701 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
5702 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
5703 |
+
have O
|
5704 |
+
also O
|
5705 |
+
gained O
|
5706 |
+
popularity O
|
5707 |
+
with O
|
5708 |
+
various O
|
5709 |
+
local O
|
5710 |
+
and O
|
5711 |
+
national O
|
5712 |
+
governments O
|
5713 |
+
. O
|
5714 |
+
</s>
|
5715 |
+
<s>
|
5716 |
+
News O
|
5717 |
+
of O
|
5718 |
+
the O
|
5719 |
+
Russian O
|
5720 |
+
military O
|
5721 |
+
creating O
|
5722 |
+
its O
|
5723 |
+
own O
|
5724 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
5725 |
+
distribution I-Application
|
5726 |
+
has O
|
5727 |
+
also O
|
5728 |
+
surfaced O
|
5729 |
+
, O
|
5730 |
+
and O
|
5731 |
+
has O
|
5732 |
+
come O
|
5733 |
+
to O
|
5734 |
+
fruition O
|
5735 |
+
as O
|
5736 |
+
the O
|
5737 |
+
G.H.ost O
|
5738 |
+
Project O
|
5739 |
+
. O
|
5740 |
+
</s>
|
5741 |
+
<s>
|
5742 |
+
The O
|
5743 |
+
Indian O
|
5744 |
+
state O
|
5745 |
+
of O
|
5746 |
+
Kerala O
|
5747 |
+
has O
|
5748 |
+
gone O
|
5749 |
+
to O
|
5750 |
+
the O
|
5751 |
+
extent O
|
5752 |
+
of O
|
5753 |
+
mandating O
|
5754 |
+
that O
|
5755 |
+
all O
|
5756 |
+
state O
|
5757 |
+
high O
|
5758 |
+
schools O
|
5759 |
+
run O
|
5760 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5761 |
+
on O
|
5762 |
+
their O
|
5763 |
+
computers O
|
5764 |
+
. O
|
5765 |
+
</s>
|
5766 |
+
<s>
|
5767 |
+
China O
|
5768 |
+
uses O
|
5769 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5770 |
+
exclusively O
|
5771 |
+
as O
|
5772 |
+
the O
|
5773 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
5774 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
5775 |
+
for O
|
5776 |
+
its O
|
5777 |
+
Loongson B-Language
|
5778 |
+
processor O
|
5779 |
+
family O
|
5780 |
+
to O
|
5781 |
+
achieve O
|
5782 |
+
technology O
|
5783 |
+
independence O
|
5784 |
+
. O
|
5785 |
+
</s>
|
5786 |
+
<s>
|
5787 |
+
In O
|
5788 |
+
Spain O
|
5789 |
+
, O
|
5790 |
+
some O
|
5791 |
+
regions O
|
5792 |
+
have O
|
5793 |
+
developed O
|
5794 |
+
their O
|
5795 |
+
own O
|
5796 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
5797 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
5798 |
+
, O
|
5799 |
+
which O
|
5800 |
+
are O
|
5801 |
+
widely O
|
5802 |
+
used O
|
5803 |
+
in O
|
5804 |
+
education O
|
5805 |
+
and O
|
5806 |
+
official O
|
5807 |
+
institutions O
|
5808 |
+
, O
|
5809 |
+
like O
|
5810 |
+
gnuLinEx O
|
5811 |
+
in O
|
5812 |
+
Extremadura O
|
5813 |
+
and O
|
5814 |
+
Guadalinex O
|
5815 |
+
in O
|
5816 |
+
Andalusia O
|
5817 |
+
. O
|
5818 |
+
</s>
|
5819 |
+
<s>
|
5820 |
+
France O
|
5821 |
+
and O
|
5822 |
+
Germany O
|
5823 |
+
have O
|
5824 |
+
also O
|
5825 |
+
taken O
|
5826 |
+
steps O
|
5827 |
+
toward O
|
5828 |
+
the O
|
5829 |
+
adoption O
|
5830 |
+
of O
|
5831 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5832 |
+
. O
|
5833 |
+
</s>
|
5834 |
+
<s>
|
5835 |
+
North O
|
5836 |
+
Korea O
|
5837 |
+
's O
|
5838 |
+
Red O
|
5839 |
+
Star O
|
5840 |
+
OS O
|
5841 |
+
, O
|
5842 |
+
developed O
|
5843 |
+
since O
|
5844 |
+
2002 O
|
5845 |
+
, O
|
5846 |
+
is O
|
5847 |
+
based O
|
5848 |
+
on O
|
5849 |
+
a O
|
5850 |
+
version O
|
5851 |
+
of O
|
5852 |
+
Fedora O
|
5853 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5854 |
+
. O
|
5855 |
+
</s>
|
5856 |
+
<s>
|
5857 |
+
The O
|
5858 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5859 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
5860 |
+
is O
|
5861 |
+
licensed B-License
|
5862 |
+
under O
|
5863 |
+
the O
|
5864 |
+
GNU B-License
|
5865 |
+
General I-License
|
5866 |
+
Public I-License
|
5867 |
+
License I-License
|
5868 |
+
( O
|
5869 |
+
GPL B-License
|
5870 |
+
) O
|
5871 |
+
, O
|
5872 |
+
version O
|
5873 |
+
2 O
|
5874 |
+
. O
|
5875 |
+
</s>
|
5876 |
+
<s>
|
5877 |
+
The O
|
5878 |
+
GPL B-License
|
5879 |
+
requires O
|
5880 |
+
that O
|
5881 |
+
anyone O
|
5882 |
+
who O
|
5883 |
+
distributes O
|
5884 |
+
software O
|
5885 |
+
based O
|
5886 |
+
on O
|
5887 |
+
source O
|
5888 |
+
code O
|
5889 |
+
under O
|
5890 |
+
this O
|
5891 |
+
license O
|
5892 |
+
must O
|
5893 |
+
make B-Application
|
5894 |
+
the O
|
5895 |
+
originating O
|
5896 |
+
source O
|
5897 |
+
code O
|
5898 |
+
( O
|
5899 |
+
and O
|
5900 |
+
any O
|
5901 |
+
modifications O
|
5902 |
+
) O
|
5903 |
+
available O
|
5904 |
+
to O
|
5905 |
+
the O
|
5906 |
+
recipient O
|
5907 |
+
under O
|
5908 |
+
the O
|
5909 |
+
same O
|
5910 |
+
terms O
|
5911 |
+
. O
|
5912 |
+
</s>
|
5913 |
+
<s>
|
5914 |
+
Other O
|
5915 |
+
key O
|
5916 |
+
components O
|
5917 |
+
of O
|
5918 |
+
a O
|
5919 |
+
typical O
|
5920 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
5921 |
+
distribution I-Application
|
5922 |
+
are O
|
5923 |
+
also O
|
5924 |
+
mainly O
|
5925 |
+
licensed B-License
|
5926 |
+
under O
|
5927 |
+
the O
|
5928 |
+
GPL B-License
|
5929 |
+
, O
|
5930 |
+
but O
|
5931 |
+
they O
|
5932 |
+
may O
|
5933 |
+
use O
|
5934 |
+
other O
|
5935 |
+
licenses O
|
5936 |
+
; O
|
5937 |
+
many O
|
5938 |
+
libraries B-Library
|
5939 |
+
use O
|
5940 |
+
the O
|
5941 |
+
GNU B-Application
|
5942 |
+
Lesser I-Application
|
5943 |
+
General I-Application
|
5944 |
+
Public I-Application
|
5945 |
+
License I-Application
|
5946 |
+
( O
|
5947 |
+
LGPL B-Application
|
5948 |
+
) O
|
5949 |
+
, O
|
5950 |
+
a O
|
5951 |
+
more O
|
5952 |
+
permissive O
|
5953 |
+
variant O
|
5954 |
+
of O
|
5955 |
+
the O
|
5956 |
+
GPL B-License
|
5957 |
+
, O
|
5958 |
+
and O
|
5959 |
+
the O
|
5960 |
+
X.Org B-Operating_System
|
5961 |
+
implementation O
|
5962 |
+
of O
|
5963 |
+
the O
|
5964 |
+
X B-Operating_System
|
5965 |
+
Window I-Operating_System
|
5966 |
+
System I-Operating_System
|
5967 |
+
uses O
|
5968 |
+
the B-License
|
5969 |
+
MIT I-License
|
5970 |
+
License I-License
|
5971 |
+
. O
|
5972 |
+
</s>
|
5973 |
+
<s>
|
5974 |
+
Torvalds O
|
5975 |
+
states O
|
5976 |
+
that O
|
5977 |
+
the O
|
5978 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
5979 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
5980 |
+
will O
|
5981 |
+
not O
|
5982 |
+
move O
|
5983 |
+
from O
|
5984 |
+
version O
|
5985 |
+
2 O
|
5986 |
+
of O
|
5987 |
+
the O
|
5988 |
+
GPL B-License
|
5989 |
+
to O
|
5990 |
+
version O
|
5991 |
+
3 O
|
5992 |
+
. O
|
5993 |
+
</s>
|
5994 |
+
<s>
|
5995 |
+
A O
|
5996 |
+
2001 O
|
5997 |
+
study O
|
5998 |
+
of O
|
5999 |
+
Red O
|
6000 |
+
Hat O
|
6001 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
6002 |
+
7.1 O
|
6003 |
+
found O
|
6004 |
+
that O
|
6005 |
+
this O
|
6006 |
+
distribution O
|
6007 |
+
contained O
|
6008 |
+
30 O
|
6009 |
+
million O
|
6010 |
+
source O
|
6011 |
+
lines O
|
6012 |
+
of O
|
6013 |
+
code O
|
6014 |
+
. O
|
6015 |
+
</s>
|
6016 |
+
<s>
|
6017 |
+
According O
|
6018 |
+
to O
|
6019 |
+
the O
|
6020 |
+
study O
|
6021 |
+
, O
|
6022 |
+
if O
|
6023 |
+
all O
|
6024 |
+
this O
|
6025 |
+
software O
|
6026 |
+
had O
|
6027 |
+
been O
|
6028 |
+
developed O
|
6029 |
+
by O
|
6030 |
+
conventional O
|
6031 |
+
proprietary B-Application
|
6032 |
+
means O
|
6033 |
+
, O
|
6034 |
+
it O
|
6035 |
+
would O
|
6036 |
+
have O
|
6037 |
+
cost O
|
6038 |
+
about O
|
6039 |
+
to O
|
6040 |
+
develop O
|
6041 |
+
in O
|
6042 |
+
in O
|
6043 |
+
the O
|
6044 |
+
United O
|
6045 |
+
States O
|
6046 |
+
. O
|
6047 |
+
</s>
|
6048 |
+
<s>
|
6049 |
+
Most O
|
6050 |
+
of O
|
6051 |
+
the O
|
6052 |
+
source O
|
6053 |
+
code O
|
6054 |
+
( O
|
6055 |
+
71% O
|
6056 |
+
) O
|
6057 |
+
was O
|
6058 |
+
written O
|
6059 |
+
in O
|
6060 |
+
the O
|
6061 |
+
C B-Language
|
6062 |
+
programming I-Language
|
6063 |
+
language I-Language
|
6064 |
+
, O
|
6065 |
+
but O
|
6066 |
+
many O
|
6067 |
+
other O
|
6068 |
+
languages O
|
6069 |
+
were O
|
6070 |
+
used O
|
6071 |
+
, O
|
6072 |
+
including O
|
6073 |
+
C++ B-Language
|
6074 |
+
, O
|
6075 |
+
Lisp B-Language
|
6076 |
+
, O
|
6077 |
+
assembly B-Language
|
6078 |
+
language I-Language
|
6079 |
+
, O
|
6080 |
+
Perl B-Language
|
6081 |
+
, O
|
6082 |
+
Python B-Language
|
6083 |
+
, O
|
6084 |
+
Fortran B-Application
|
6085 |
+
, O
|
6086 |
+
and O
|
6087 |
+
various O
|
6088 |
+
shell B-Language
|
6089 |
+
scripting I-Language
|
6090 |
+
languages O
|
6091 |
+
. O
|
6092 |
+
</s>
|
6093 |
+
<s>
|
6094 |
+
Slightly O
|
6095 |
+
over O
|
6096 |
+
half O
|
6097 |
+
of O
|
6098 |
+
all O
|
6099 |
+
lines O
|
6100 |
+
of O
|
6101 |
+
code O
|
6102 |
+
were O
|
6103 |
+
licensed B-License
|
6104 |
+
under O
|
6105 |
+
the O
|
6106 |
+
GPL B-License
|
6107 |
+
. O
|
6108 |
+
</s>
|
6109 |
+
<s>
|
6110 |
+
The O
|
6111 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
6112 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
6113 |
+
itself O
|
6114 |
+
was O
|
6115 |
+
2.4 O
|
6116 |
+
million O
|
6117 |
+
lines O
|
6118 |
+
of O
|
6119 |
+
code O
|
6120 |
+
, O
|
6121 |
+
or O
|
6122 |
+
8% O
|
6123 |
+
of O
|
6124 |
+
the O
|
6125 |
+
total O
|
6126 |
+
. O
|
6127 |
+
</s>
|
6128 |
+
<s>
|
6129 |
+
In O
|
6130 |
+
the O
|
6131 |
+
United O
|
6132 |
+
States O
|
6133 |
+
, O
|
6134 |
+
the O
|
6135 |
+
name O
|
6136 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
6137 |
+
is O
|
6138 |
+
a O
|
6139 |
+
trademark O
|
6140 |
+
registered O
|
6141 |
+
to O
|
6142 |
+
Linus O
|
6143 |
+
Torvalds O
|
6144 |
+
. O
|
6145 |
+
</s>
|
6146 |
+
<s>
|
6147 |
+
Initially O
|
6148 |
+
, O
|
6149 |
+
nobody O
|
6150 |
+
registered O
|
6151 |
+
it O
|
6152 |
+
, O
|
6153 |
+
but O
|
6154 |
+
on O
|
6155 |
+
August O
|
6156 |
+
15 O
|
6157 |
+
, O
|
6158 |
+
1994 O
|
6159 |
+
, O
|
6160 |
+
William O
|
6161 |
+
R O
|
6162 |
+
. O
|
6163 |
+
Della O
|
6164 |
+
Croce O
|
6165 |
+
, O
|
6166 |
+
Jr. O
|
6167 |
+
filed O
|
6168 |
+
for O
|
6169 |
+
the O
|
6170 |
+
trademark O
|
6171 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
6172 |
+
, O
|
6173 |
+
and O
|
6174 |
+
then O
|
6175 |
+
demanded O
|
6176 |
+
royalties O
|
6177 |
+
from O
|
6178 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
6179 |
+
distributors I-Application
|
6180 |
+
. O
|
6181 |
+
</s>
|
6182 |
+
<s>
|
6183 |
+
The O
|
6184 |
+
licensing O
|
6185 |
+
of O
|
6186 |
+
the O
|
6187 |
+
trademark O
|
6188 |
+
has O
|
6189 |
+
since O
|
6190 |
+
been O
|
6191 |
+
handled O
|
6192 |
+
by O
|
6193 |
+
the O
|
6194 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
6195 |
+
Mark O
|
6196 |
+
Institute O
|
6197 |
+
( O
|
6198 |
+
LMI O
|
6199 |
+
) O
|
6200 |
+
. O
|
6201 |
+
</s>
|
6202 |
+
<s>
|
6203 |
+
LMI O
|
6204 |
+
originally O
|
6205 |
+
charged O
|
6206 |
+
a O
|
6207 |
+
nominal O
|
6208 |
+
sublicensing O
|
6209 |
+
fee O
|
6210 |
+
for O
|
6211 |
+
use O
|
6212 |
+
of O
|
6213 |
+
the O
|
6214 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
6215 |
+
name O
|
6216 |
+
as O
|
6217 |
+
part O
|
6218 |
+
of O
|
6219 |
+
trademarks O
|
6220 |
+
, O
|
6221 |
+
but O
|
6222 |
+
later O
|
6223 |
+
changed O
|
6224 |
+
this O
|
6225 |
+
in O
|
6226 |
+
favor O
|
6227 |
+
of O
|
6228 |
+
offering O
|
6229 |
+
a O
|
6230 |
+
free B-Application
|
6231 |
+
, O
|
6232 |
+
perpetual O
|
6233 |
+
worldwide O
|
6234 |
+
sublicense O
|
6235 |
+
. O
|
6236 |
+
</s>
|
6237 |
+
<s>
|
6238 |
+
The B-Operating_System
|
6239 |
+
Free I-Operating_System
|
6240 |
+
Software I-Operating_System
|
6241 |
+
Foundation I-Operating_System
|
6242 |
+
( O
|
6243 |
+
FSF O
|
6244 |
+
) O
|
6245 |
+
prefers O
|
6246 |
+
GNU/Linux B-Application
|
6247 |
+
as O
|
6248 |
+
the O
|
6249 |
+
name O
|
6250 |
+
when O
|
6251 |
+
referring O
|
6252 |
+
to O
|
6253 |
+
the O
|
6254 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
6255 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
6256 |
+
as O
|
6257 |
+
a O
|
6258 |
+
whole O
|
6259 |
+
, O
|
6260 |
+
because O
|
6261 |
+
it O
|
6262 |
+
considers O
|
6263 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
6264 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
6265 |
+
to O
|
6266 |
+
be O
|
6267 |
+
variants B-Application
|
6268 |
+
of O
|
6269 |
+
the B-Operating_System
|
6270 |
+
GNU I-Operating_System
|
6271 |
+
operating I-Operating_System
|
6272 |
+
system I-Operating_System
|
6273 |
+
initiated O
|
6274 |
+
in O
|
6275 |
+
1983 O
|
6276 |
+
by O
|
6277 |
+
Richard O
|
6278 |
+
Stallman O
|
6279 |
+
, O
|
6280 |
+
president O
|
6281 |
+
of O
|
6282 |
+
the O
|
6283 |
+
FSF O
|
6284 |
+
. O
|
6285 |
+
</s>
|
6286 |
+
<s>
|
6287 |
+
They O
|
6288 |
+
explicitly O
|
6289 |
+
take O
|
6290 |
+
no O
|
6291 |
+
issue O
|
6292 |
+
over O
|
6293 |
+
the O
|
6294 |
+
name O
|
6295 |
+
Android B-Application
|
6296 |
+
for O
|
6297 |
+
the O
|
6298 |
+
Android B-Application
|
6299 |
+
OS I-Application
|
6300 |
+
, O
|
6301 |
+
which O
|
6302 |
+
is O
|
6303 |
+
also O
|
6304 |
+
an O
|
6305 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
6306 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
6307 |
+
based O
|
6308 |
+
on O
|
6309 |
+
the O
|
6310 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
6311 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
6312 |
+
, O
|
6313 |
+
as O
|
6314 |
+
GNU B-Operating_System
|
6315 |
+
is O
|
6316 |
+
not O
|
6317 |
+
a O
|
6318 |
+
part O
|
6319 |
+
of O
|
6320 |
+
it O
|
6321 |
+
. O
|
6322 |
+
</s>
|
6323 |
+
<s>
|
6324 |
+
A O
|
6325 |
+
minority O
|
6326 |
+
of O
|
6327 |
+
public O
|
6328 |
+
figures O
|
6329 |
+
and O
|
6330 |
+
software O
|
6331 |
+
projects O
|
6332 |
+
other O
|
6333 |
+
than O
|
6334 |
+
Stallman O
|
6335 |
+
and O
|
6336 |
+
the O
|
6337 |
+
FSF O
|
6338 |
+
, O
|
6339 |
+
notably O
|
6340 |
+
Debian O
|
6341 |
+
( O
|
6342 |
+
which O
|
6343 |
+
had O
|
6344 |
+
been O
|
6345 |
+
sponsored O
|
6346 |
+
by O
|
6347 |
+
the O
|
6348 |
+
FSF O
|
6349 |
+
up O
|
6350 |
+
to O
|
6351 |
+
1996 O
|
6352 |
+
) O
|
6353 |
+
, O
|
6354 |
+
also O
|
6355 |
+
use O
|
6356 |
+
GNU/Linux B-Application
|
6357 |
+
when O
|
6358 |
+
referring O
|
6359 |
+
to O
|
6360 |
+
the O
|
6361 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
6362 |
+
system I-General_Concept
|
6363 |
+
as O
|
6364 |
+
a O
|
6365 |
+
whole O
|
6366 |
+
. O
|
6367 |
+
</s>
|
6368 |
+
<s>
|
6369 |
+
Most O
|
6370 |
+
media O
|
6371 |
+
and O
|
6372 |
+
common O
|
6373 |
+
usage O
|
6374 |
+
, O
|
6375 |
+
however O
|
6376 |
+
, O
|
6377 |
+
refers O
|
6378 |
+
to O
|
6379 |
+
this O
|
6380 |
+
family O
|
6381 |
+
of O
|
6382 |
+
operating B-General_Concept
|
6383 |
+
systems I-General_Concept
|
6384 |
+
simply O
|
6385 |
+
as O
|
6386 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
6387 |
+
, O
|
6388 |
+
as O
|
6389 |
+
do O
|
6390 |
+
many O
|
6391 |
+
large O
|
6392 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
6393 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
6394 |
+
( O
|
6395 |
+
for O
|
6396 |
+
example O
|
6397 |
+
, O
|
6398 |
+
SUSE O
|
6399 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
6400 |
+
and O
|
6401 |
+
Red O
|
6402 |
+
Hat O
|
6403 |
+
Enterprise O
|
6404 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
6405 |
+
) O
|
6406 |
+
. O
|
6407 |
+
</s>
|
6408 |
+
<s>
|
6409 |
+
By O
|
6410 |
+
contrast O
|
6411 |
+
, O
|
6412 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
6413 |
+
distributions I-Application
|
6414 |
+
containing O
|
6415 |
+
only O
|
6416 |
+
free B-Application
|
6417 |
+
software I-Application
|
6418 |
+
use O
|
6419 |
+
" O
|
6420 |
+
GNU/Linux B-Application
|
6421 |
+
" O
|
6422 |
+
or O
|
6423 |
+
simply O
|
6424 |
+
" O
|
6425 |
+
GNU B-Operating_System
|
6426 |
+
" O
|
6427 |
+
, O
|
6428 |
+
such O
|
6429 |
+
as O
|
6430 |
+
Trisquel B-Application
|
6431 |
+
GNU/Linux I-Application
|
6432 |
+
, O
|
6433 |
+
Parabola O
|
6434 |
+
GNU/Linux B-Application
|
6435 |
+
-libre O
|
6436 |
+
, O
|
6437 |
+
BLAG O
|
6438 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
6439 |
+
and O
|
6440 |
+
GNU B-Operating_System
|
6441 |
+
, O
|
6442 |
+
and O
|
6443 |
+
gNewSense O
|
6444 |
+
. O
|
6445 |
+
</s>
|
6446 |
+
<s>
|
6447 |
+
, O
|
6448 |
+
about O
|
6449 |
+
8% O
|
6450 |
+
to O
|
6451 |
+
13% O
|
6452 |
+
of O
|
6453 |
+
the O
|
6454 |
+
lines O
|
6455 |
+
of O
|
6456 |
+
code O
|
6457 |
+
of O
|
6458 |
+
the O
|
6459 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
6460 |
+
distribution I-Application
|
6461 |
+
Ubuntu B-Operating_System
|
6462 |
+
( O
|
6463 |
+
version O
|
6464 |
+
" O
|
6465 |
+
Natty O
|
6466 |
+
" O
|
6467 |
+
) O
|
6468 |
+
is O
|
6469 |
+
made O
|
6470 |
+
of O
|
6471 |
+
GNU B-Operating_System
|
6472 |
+
components O
|
6473 |
+
( O
|
6474 |
+
the O
|
6475 |
+
range O
|
6476 |
+
depending O
|
6477 |
+
on O
|
6478 |
+
whether O
|
6479 |
+
GNOME B-Application
|
6480 |
+
is O
|
6481 |
+
considered O
|
6482 |
+
part O
|
6483 |
+
of O
|
6484 |
+
GNU B-Operating_System
|
6485 |
+
) O
|
6486 |
+
; O
|
6487 |
+
meanwhile O
|
6488 |
+
, O
|
6489 |
+
6% O
|
6490 |
+
is O
|
6491 |
+
taken O
|
6492 |
+
by O
|
6493 |
+
the O
|
6494 |
+
Linux B-Operating_System
|
6495 |
+
kernel I-Operating_System
|
6496 |
+
, O
|
6497 |
+
increased O
|
6498 |
+
to O
|
6499 |
+
9% O
|
6500 |
+
when O
|
6501 |
+
including O
|
6502 |
+
its O
|
6503 |
+
direct O
|
6504 |
+
dependencies O
|
6505 |
+
. O
|
6506 |
+
</s>
|
wikiser-samples/Vim_(text_editor).txt
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,2147 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
<s>
|
2 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
3 |
+
( O
|
4 |
+
; O
|
5 |
+
a O
|
6 |
+
contraction O
|
7 |
+
of O
|
8 |
+
Vi B-Application
|
9 |
+
IMproved I-Application
|
10 |
+
) O
|
11 |
+
is O
|
12 |
+
a O
|
13 |
+
free B-License
|
14 |
+
and I-License
|
15 |
+
open-source I-License
|
16 |
+
, O
|
17 |
+
screen-based O
|
18 |
+
text B-Application
|
19 |
+
editor I-Application
|
20 |
+
program O
|
21 |
+
. O
|
22 |
+
</s>
|
23 |
+
<s>
|
24 |
+
It O
|
25 |
+
is O
|
26 |
+
an O
|
27 |
+
improved O
|
28 |
+
clone O
|
29 |
+
of O
|
30 |
+
Bill O
|
31 |
+
Joy O
|
32 |
+
's O
|
33 |
+
vi B-Application
|
34 |
+
. O
|
35 |
+
</s>
|
36 |
+
<s>
|
37 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
38 |
+
's O
|
39 |
+
author O
|
40 |
+
, O
|
41 |
+
Bram O
|
42 |
+
Moolenaar O
|
43 |
+
, O
|
44 |
+
derived O
|
45 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
46 |
+
from O
|
47 |
+
a O
|
48 |
+
port O
|
49 |
+
of O
|
50 |
+
the O
|
51 |
+
Stevie B-Language
|
52 |
+
editor O
|
53 |
+
for O
|
54 |
+
Amiga B-Device
|
55 |
+
and O
|
56 |
+
released O
|
57 |
+
a O
|
58 |
+
version O
|
59 |
+
to O
|
60 |
+
the O
|
61 |
+
public O
|
62 |
+
in O
|
63 |
+
1991 O
|
64 |
+
. O
|
65 |
+
</s>
|
66 |
+
<s>
|
67 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
68 |
+
is O
|
69 |
+
designed O
|
70 |
+
for O
|
71 |
+
use O
|
72 |
+
both O
|
73 |
+
from O
|
74 |
+
a O
|
75 |
+
command-line B-Application
|
76 |
+
interface I-Application
|
77 |
+
and O
|
78 |
+
as O
|
79 |
+
a O
|
80 |
+
standalone O
|
81 |
+
application O
|
82 |
+
in O
|
83 |
+
a O
|
84 |
+
graphical B-Application
|
85 |
+
user I-Application
|
86 |
+
interface I-Application
|
87 |
+
. O
|
88 |
+
</s>
|
89 |
+
<s>
|
90 |
+
Since O
|
91 |
+
its O
|
92 |
+
release O
|
93 |
+
for O
|
94 |
+
the O
|
95 |
+
Amiga B-Device
|
96 |
+
, O
|
97 |
+
cross-platform B-Operating_System
|
98 |
+
development O
|
99 |
+
has O
|
100 |
+
made O
|
101 |
+
it O
|
102 |
+
available O
|
103 |
+
on O
|
104 |
+
many O
|
105 |
+
other O
|
106 |
+
systems O
|
107 |
+
. O
|
108 |
+
</s>
|
109 |
+
<s>
|
110 |
+
In O
|
111 |
+
2018 O
|
112 |
+
, O
|
113 |
+
it O
|
114 |
+
was O
|
115 |
+
voted O
|
116 |
+
the O
|
117 |
+
most O
|
118 |
+
popular O
|
119 |
+
editor O
|
120 |
+
amongst O
|
121 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
122 |
+
Journal O
|
123 |
+
readers O
|
124 |
+
; O
|
125 |
+
in O
|
126 |
+
2015 O
|
127 |
+
the O
|
128 |
+
Stack B-Error_Name
|
129 |
+
Overflow I-Error_Name
|
130 |
+
developer O
|
131 |
+
survey O
|
132 |
+
found O
|
133 |
+
it O
|
134 |
+
to O
|
135 |
+
be O
|
136 |
+
the O
|
137 |
+
third O
|
138 |
+
most O
|
139 |
+
popular O
|
140 |
+
text B-Application
|
141 |
+
editor I-Application
|
142 |
+
, O
|
143 |
+
and O
|
144 |
+
in O
|
145 |
+
2019 O
|
146 |
+
the O
|
147 |
+
fifth O
|
148 |
+
most O
|
149 |
+
popular O
|
150 |
+
development O
|
151 |
+
environment O
|
152 |
+
. O
|
153 |
+
</s>
|
154 |
+
<s>
|
155 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
156 |
+
's O
|
157 |
+
forerunner O
|
158 |
+
, O
|
159 |
+
Stevie B-Language
|
160 |
+
( O
|
161 |
+
ST O
|
162 |
+
Editor O
|
163 |
+
for O
|
164 |
+
VI B-Application
|
165 |
+
Enthusiasts O
|
166 |
+
) O
|
167 |
+
, O
|
168 |
+
was O
|
169 |
+
created O
|
170 |
+
by O
|
171 |
+
Tim O
|
172 |
+
Thompson O
|
173 |
+
for O
|
174 |
+
the O
|
175 |
+
Atari B-Device
|
176 |
+
ST I-Device
|
177 |
+
in O
|
178 |
+
1987 O
|
179 |
+
and O
|
180 |
+
further O
|
181 |
+
developed O
|
182 |
+
by O
|
183 |
+
Tony O
|
184 |
+
Andrews O
|
185 |
+
and O
|
186 |
+
G.R. O
|
187 |
+
</s>
|
188 |
+
<s>
|
189 |
+
Basing O
|
190 |
+
his O
|
191 |
+
work O
|
192 |
+
on O
|
193 |
+
Stevie B-Language
|
194 |
+
, O
|
195 |
+
Bram O
|
196 |
+
Moolenaar O
|
197 |
+
began O
|
198 |
+
working O
|
199 |
+
on O
|
200 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
201 |
+
for O
|
202 |
+
the O
|
203 |
+
Amiga B-Device
|
204 |
+
computer I-Device
|
205 |
+
in O
|
206 |
+
1988 O
|
207 |
+
, O
|
208 |
+
with O
|
209 |
+
the O
|
210 |
+
first O
|
211 |
+
public O
|
212 |
+
release O
|
213 |
+
( O
|
214 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
215 |
+
v1.14 O
|
216 |
+
) O
|
217 |
+
in O
|
218 |
+
1991 O
|
219 |
+
. O
|
220 |
+
</s>
|
221 |
+
<s>
|
222 |
+
At O
|
223 |
+
the O
|
224 |
+
time O
|
225 |
+
of O
|
226 |
+
its O
|
227 |
+
first O
|
228 |
+
release O
|
229 |
+
, O
|
230 |
+
the O
|
231 |
+
name O
|
232 |
+
" O
|
233 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
234 |
+
" O
|
235 |
+
was O
|
236 |
+
an O
|
237 |
+
acronym O
|
238 |
+
for O
|
239 |
+
" O
|
240 |
+
Vi B-Application
|
241 |
+
IMitation O
|
242 |
+
" O
|
243 |
+
, O
|
244 |
+
but O
|
245 |
+
this O
|
246 |
+
changed O
|
247 |
+
to O
|
248 |
+
" O
|
249 |
+
' O
|
250 |
+
Vi B-Application
|
251 |
+
IMproved I-Application
|
252 |
+
" O
|
253 |
+
late O
|
254 |
+
in O
|
255 |
+
1993 O
|
256 |
+
. O
|
257 |
+
</s>
|
258 |
+
<s>
|
259 |
+
Date O
|
260 |
+
Version O
|
261 |
+
Changes O
|
262 |
+
and O
|
263 |
+
additions O
|
264 |
+
June O
|
265 |
+
, O
|
266 |
+
1987 O
|
267 |
+
N/A O
|
268 |
+
Tim O
|
269 |
+
Thompson O
|
270 |
+
releases O
|
271 |
+
Stevie B-Language
|
272 |
+
( O
|
273 |
+
ST O
|
274 |
+
editor O
|
275 |
+
for O
|
276 |
+
VI B-Application
|
277 |
+
enthusiasts O
|
278 |
+
) O
|
279 |
+
, O
|
280 |
+
a O
|
281 |
+
limited O
|
282 |
+
vi B-Application
|
283 |
+
clone O
|
284 |
+
for O
|
285 |
+
the O
|
286 |
+
Atari B-Device
|
287 |
+
ST I-Device
|
288 |
+
, O
|
289 |
+
posting O
|
290 |
+
the O
|
291 |
+
source O
|
292 |
+
on O
|
293 |
+
Usenet B-Application
|
294 |
+
. O
|
295 |
+
</s>
|
296 |
+
<s>
|
297 |
+
June O
|
298 |
+
, O
|
299 |
+
1988 O
|
300 |
+
N/A O
|
301 |
+
Tony O
|
302 |
+
Andrews O
|
303 |
+
improves O
|
304 |
+
Stevie B-Language
|
305 |
+
, O
|
306 |
+
and O
|
307 |
+
ports O
|
308 |
+
it O
|
309 |
+
to O
|
310 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
311 |
+
and O
|
312 |
+
OS/2 B-Application
|
313 |
+
, O
|
314 |
+
releasing O
|
315 |
+
version O
|
316 |
+
3.10 O
|
317 |
+
on O
|
318 |
+
Usenet B-Application
|
319 |
+
. O
|
320 |
+
</s>
|
321 |
+
<s>
|
322 |
+
1988 O
|
323 |
+
1.0 O
|
324 |
+
Bram O
|
325 |
+
Moolenaar O
|
326 |
+
creates O
|
327 |
+
Vi B-Application
|
328 |
+
IMitation O
|
329 |
+
for O
|
330 |
+
the O
|
331 |
+
Amiga B-Device
|
332 |
+
, O
|
333 |
+
based O
|
334 |
+
on O
|
335 |
+
Stevie B-Language
|
336 |
+
, O
|
337 |
+
never O
|
338 |
+
publicly O
|
339 |
+
released O
|
340 |
+
November O
|
341 |
+
2 O
|
342 |
+
, O
|
343 |
+
1991 O
|
344 |
+
1.14 O
|
345 |
+
First O
|
346 |
+
public O
|
347 |
+
release O
|
348 |
+
for O
|
349 |
+
the O
|
350 |
+
Amiga B-Device
|
351 |
+
on O
|
352 |
+
Fred O
|
353 |
+
Fish O
|
354 |
+
disk O
|
355 |
+
#591 O
|
356 |
+
1992 O
|
357 |
+
1.22 O
|
358 |
+
Port O
|
359 |
+
to O
|
360 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
361 |
+
, O
|
362 |
+
never O
|
363 |
+
publicly O
|
364 |
+
released O
|
365 |
+
. O
|
366 |
+
</s>
|
367 |
+
<s>
|
368 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
369 |
+
now O
|
370 |
+
competes O
|
371 |
+
with O
|
372 |
+
vi B-Application
|
373 |
+
. O
|
374 |
+
</s>
|
375 |
+
<s>
|
376 |
+
December O
|
377 |
+
14 O
|
378 |
+
, O
|
379 |
+
1993 O
|
380 |
+
2.0 O
|
381 |
+
This O
|
382 |
+
is O
|
383 |
+
the O
|
384 |
+
first O
|
385 |
+
release O
|
386 |
+
using O
|
387 |
+
the O
|
388 |
+
name O
|
389 |
+
Vi B-Application
|
390 |
+
IMproved I-Application
|
391 |
+
. O
|
392 |
+
</s>
|
393 |
+
<s>
|
394 |
+
August O
|
395 |
+
12 O
|
396 |
+
, O
|
397 |
+
1994 O
|
398 |
+
3.0 O
|
399 |
+
Support O
|
400 |
+
for O
|
401 |
+
multiple O
|
402 |
+
windows B-Application
|
403 |
+
May O
|
404 |
+
29 O
|
405 |
+
, O
|
406 |
+
1996 O
|
407 |
+
4.0 O
|
408 |
+
Graphical B-Application
|
409 |
+
user I-Application
|
410 |
+
interface I-Application
|
411 |
+
February O
|
412 |
+
19 O
|
413 |
+
, O
|
414 |
+
1998 O
|
415 |
+
5.0 O
|
416 |
+
Syntax O
|
417 |
+
highlighting O
|
418 |
+
, O
|
419 |
+
basic O
|
420 |
+
scripting B-Language
|
421 |
+
( O
|
422 |
+
user O
|
423 |
+
defined O
|
424 |
+
functions O
|
425 |
+
, O
|
426 |
+
commands O
|
427 |
+
, O
|
428 |
+
etc O
|
429 |
+
. O
|
430 |
+
) O
|
431 |
+
</s>
|
432 |
+
<s>
|
433 |
+
April O
|
434 |
+
6 O
|
435 |
+
, O
|
436 |
+
1998 O
|
437 |
+
5.1 O
|
438 |
+
Bug B-Error_Name
|
439 |
+
fixes O
|
440 |
+
, O
|
441 |
+
various O
|
442 |
+
improvements O
|
443 |
+
April O
|
444 |
+
27 O
|
445 |
+
, O
|
446 |
+
1998 O
|
447 |
+
5.2 O
|
448 |
+
Long O
|
449 |
+
line O
|
450 |
+
support O
|
451 |
+
, O
|
452 |
+
file O
|
453 |
+
browser O
|
454 |
+
, O
|
455 |
+
dialogs O
|
456 |
+
, O
|
457 |
+
popup O
|
458 |
+
menu O
|
459 |
+
, O
|
460 |
+
select O
|
461 |
+
mode O
|
462 |
+
, O
|
463 |
+
session O
|
464 |
+
files O
|
465 |
+
, O
|
466 |
+
user O
|
467 |
+
defined O
|
468 |
+
functions O
|
469 |
+
and O
|
470 |
+
commands O
|
471 |
+
, O
|
472 |
+
Tcl B-Operating_System
|
473 |
+
interface O
|
474 |
+
, O
|
475 |
+
etc O
|
476 |
+
. O
|
477 |
+
</s>
|
478 |
+
<s>
|
479 |
+
August O
|
480 |
+
31 O
|
481 |
+
, O
|
482 |
+
1998 O
|
483 |
+
5.3 O
|
484 |
+
Bug B-Error_Name
|
485 |
+
fixes O
|
486 |
+
, O
|
487 |
+
etc O
|
488 |
+
. O
|
489 |
+
</s>
|
490 |
+
<s>
|
491 |
+
July O
|
492 |
+
25 O
|
493 |
+
, O
|
494 |
+
1999 O
|
495 |
+
5.4 O
|
496 |
+
Basic O
|
497 |
+
file O
|
498 |
+
encryption O
|
499 |
+
, O
|
500 |
+
various O
|
501 |
+
improvements O
|
502 |
+
September O
|
503 |
+
19 O
|
504 |
+
, O
|
505 |
+
1999 O
|
506 |
+
5.5 O
|
507 |
+
Bug B-Error_Name
|
508 |
+
fixes O
|
509 |
+
, O
|
510 |
+
various O
|
511 |
+
improvements O
|
512 |
+
January O
|
513 |
+
16 O
|
514 |
+
, O
|
515 |
+
2000 O
|
516 |
+
5.6 O
|
517 |
+
New O
|
518 |
+
syntax O
|
519 |
+
files O
|
520 |
+
, O
|
521 |
+
bug B-Error_Name
|
522 |
+
fixes O
|
523 |
+
, O
|
524 |
+
etc O
|
525 |
+
. O
|
526 |
+
</s>
|
527 |
+
<s>
|
528 |
+
June O
|
529 |
+
24 O
|
530 |
+
, O
|
531 |
+
2000 O
|
532 |
+
5.7 O
|
533 |
+
New O
|
534 |
+
syntax O
|
535 |
+
files O
|
536 |
+
, O
|
537 |
+
bug B-Error_Name
|
538 |
+
fixes O
|
539 |
+
, O
|
540 |
+
etc O
|
541 |
+
. O
|
542 |
+
</s>
|
543 |
+
<s>
|
544 |
+
May O
|
545 |
+
31 O
|
546 |
+
, O
|
547 |
+
2001 O
|
548 |
+
5.8 O
|
549 |
+
New O
|
550 |
+
syntax O
|
551 |
+
files O
|
552 |
+
, O
|
553 |
+
bug B-Error_Name
|
554 |
+
fixes O
|
555 |
+
, O
|
556 |
+
etc O
|
557 |
+
. O
|
558 |
+
</s>
|
559 |
+
<s>
|
560 |
+
September O
|
561 |
+
26 O
|
562 |
+
, O
|
563 |
+
2001 O
|
564 |
+
6.0 O
|
565 |
+
Folding B-Application
|
566 |
+
, O
|
567 |
+
plugins B-Application
|
568 |
+
, O
|
569 |
+
multi-language O
|
570 |
+
, O
|
571 |
+
etc O
|
572 |
+
. O
|
573 |
+
</s>
|
574 |
+
<s>
|
575 |
+
March O
|
576 |
+
24 O
|
577 |
+
, O
|
578 |
+
2002 O
|
579 |
+
6.1 O
|
580 |
+
Bug B-Error_Name
|
581 |
+
fixes O
|
582 |
+
June O
|
583 |
+
1 O
|
584 |
+
, O
|
585 |
+
2003 O
|
586 |
+
6.2 O
|
587 |
+
GTK2 O
|
588 |
+
and O
|
589 |
+
libgnome2 O
|
590 |
+
support O
|
591 |
+
, O
|
592 |
+
Arabic O
|
593 |
+
language O
|
594 |
+
support O
|
595 |
+
, O
|
596 |
+
:try O
|
597 |
+
command O
|
598 |
+
, O
|
599 |
+
minor O
|
600 |
+
features O
|
601 |
+
, O
|
602 |
+
bug B-Error_Name
|
603 |
+
fixes O
|
604 |
+
June O
|
605 |
+
7 O
|
606 |
+
, O
|
607 |
+
2004 O
|
608 |
+
6.3 O
|
609 |
+
Bug B-Error_Name
|
610 |
+
fixes O
|
611 |
+
, O
|
612 |
+
translation O
|
613 |
+
updates O
|
614 |
+
, O
|
615 |
+
mark O
|
616 |
+
improvements O
|
617 |
+
October O
|
618 |
+
15 O
|
619 |
+
, O
|
620 |
+
2005 O
|
621 |
+
6.4 O
|
622 |
+
Bug B-Error_Name
|
623 |
+
fixes O
|
624 |
+
, O
|
625 |
+
updates O
|
626 |
+
to O
|
627 |
+
Perl B-Language
|
628 |
+
, O
|
629 |
+
Python B-Language
|
630 |
+
, O
|
631 |
+
and O
|
632 |
+
Ruby B-Language
|
633 |
+
support O
|
634 |
+
May O
|
635 |
+
7 O
|
636 |
+
, O
|
637 |
+
2006 O
|
638 |
+
7.0 O
|
639 |
+
Spell B-Application
|
640 |
+
checking I-Application
|
641 |
+
, O
|
642 |
+
code O
|
643 |
+
completion O
|
644 |
+
, O
|
645 |
+
tab O
|
646 |
+
pages O
|
647 |
+
( O
|
648 |
+
multiple O
|
649 |
+
viewports/window O
|
650 |
+
layouts O
|
651 |
+
) O
|
652 |
+
, O
|
653 |
+
current O
|
654 |
+
line O
|
655 |
+
and O
|
656 |
+
column O
|
657 |
+
highlighting O
|
658 |
+
, O
|
659 |
+
undo B-Application
|
660 |
+
branches O
|
661 |
+
, O
|
662 |
+
and O
|
663 |
+
more O
|
664 |
+
May O
|
665 |
+
12 O
|
666 |
+
, O
|
667 |
+
2007 O
|
668 |
+
7.1 O
|
669 |
+
Bug B-Error_Name
|
670 |
+
fixes O
|
671 |
+
, O
|
672 |
+
new O
|
673 |
+
syntax O
|
674 |
+
and O
|
675 |
+
runtime O
|
676 |
+
files O
|
677 |
+
, O
|
678 |
+
etc O
|
679 |
+
. O
|
680 |
+
</s>
|
681 |
+
<s>
|
682 |
+
August O
|
683 |
+
9 O
|
684 |
+
, O
|
685 |
+
2008 O
|
686 |
+
7.2 O
|
687 |
+
Floating O
|
688 |
+
point O
|
689 |
+
support O
|
690 |
+
in O
|
691 |
+
scripts O
|
692 |
+
, O
|
693 |
+
refactored O
|
694 |
+
screen O
|
695 |
+
drawing O
|
696 |
+
code O
|
697 |
+
, O
|
698 |
+
bug B-Error_Name
|
699 |
+
fixes O
|
700 |
+
, O
|
701 |
+
new O
|
702 |
+
syntax O
|
703 |
+
files O
|
704 |
+
, O
|
705 |
+
etc O
|
706 |
+
. O
|
707 |
+
</s>
|
708 |
+
<s>
|
709 |
+
August O
|
710 |
+
15 O
|
711 |
+
, O
|
712 |
+
2010 O
|
713 |
+
7.3 O
|
714 |
+
Lua B-Language
|
715 |
+
support O
|
716 |
+
, O
|
717 |
+
Python3 B-Language
|
718 |
+
support O
|
719 |
+
, O
|
720 |
+
Blowfish B-Algorithm
|
721 |
+
encryption O
|
722 |
+
, O
|
723 |
+
persistent O
|
724 |
+
undo/redo B-Application
|
725 |
+
August O
|
726 |
+
10 O
|
727 |
+
, O
|
728 |
+
2013 O
|
729 |
+
7.4Google O
|
730 |
+
Discussiegroepen O
|
731 |
+
. O
|
732 |
+
</s>
|
733 |
+
<s>
|
734 |
+
A O
|
735 |
+
new O
|
736 |
+
, O
|
737 |
+
faster O
|
738 |
+
regular B-Language
|
739 |
+
expression I-Language
|
740 |
+
engine O
|
741 |
+
. O
|
742 |
+
</s>
|
743 |
+
<s>
|
744 |
+
September O
|
745 |
+
12 O
|
746 |
+
, O
|
747 |
+
2016 O
|
748 |
+
8.0 O
|
749 |
+
Asynchronous B-Architecture
|
750 |
+
I/O I-Architecture
|
751 |
+
support O
|
752 |
+
, O
|
753 |
+
jobs O
|
754 |
+
, O
|
755 |
+
lambdas B-General_Concept
|
756 |
+
, O
|
757 |
+
etc O
|
758 |
+
. O
|
759 |
+
</s>
|
760 |
+
<s>
|
761 |
+
May O
|
762 |
+
18 O
|
763 |
+
, O
|
764 |
+
2018 O
|
765 |
+
8.1 O
|
766 |
+
Terminal B-Application
|
767 |
+
window I-Application
|
768 |
+
support O
|
769 |
+
and O
|
770 |
+
terminal O
|
771 |
+
gdb O
|
772 |
+
plugin B-Application
|
773 |
+
. O
|
774 |
+
</s>
|
775 |
+
<s>
|
776 |
+
December O
|
777 |
+
13 O
|
778 |
+
, O
|
779 |
+
2019 O
|
780 |
+
8.2 O
|
781 |
+
Popup O
|
782 |
+
windows B-Application
|
783 |
+
, O
|
784 |
+
text O
|
785 |
+
properties O
|
786 |
+
. O
|
787 |
+
</s>
|
788 |
+
<s>
|
789 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
790 |
+
is O
|
791 |
+
released O
|
792 |
+
under O
|
793 |
+
the O
|
794 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
795 |
+
license O
|
796 |
+
, O
|
797 |
+
which O
|
798 |
+
includes O
|
799 |
+
some O
|
800 |
+
charityware B-License
|
801 |
+
clauses O
|
802 |
+
that O
|
803 |
+
encourage O
|
804 |
+
users O
|
805 |
+
who O
|
806 |
+
enjoy O
|
807 |
+
the O
|
808 |
+
software O
|
809 |
+
to O
|
810 |
+
consider O
|
811 |
+
donating O
|
812 |
+
to O
|
813 |
+
children O
|
814 |
+
in O
|
815 |
+
Uganda O
|
816 |
+
. O
|
817 |
+
</s>
|
818 |
+
<s>
|
819 |
+
The O
|
820 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
821 |
+
license O
|
822 |
+
is O
|
823 |
+
compatible O
|
824 |
+
with O
|
825 |
+
the O
|
826 |
+
GNU B-License
|
827 |
+
General I-License
|
828 |
+
Public I-License
|
829 |
+
License I-License
|
830 |
+
through O
|
831 |
+
a O
|
832 |
+
special O
|
833 |
+
clause O
|
834 |
+
allowing O
|
835 |
+
distribution O
|
836 |
+
of O
|
837 |
+
modified O
|
838 |
+
copies O
|
839 |
+
under O
|
840 |
+
the O
|
841 |
+
GNU B-License
|
842 |
+
GPL I-License
|
843 |
+
version I-License
|
844 |
+
2.0 I-License
|
845 |
+
or I-License
|
846 |
+
later I-License
|
847 |
+
. O
|
848 |
+
</s>
|
849 |
+
<s>
|
850 |
+
Like O
|
851 |
+
vi B-Application
|
852 |
+
, O
|
853 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
854 |
+
's O
|
855 |
+
interface O
|
856 |
+
is O
|
857 |
+
not O
|
858 |
+
based O
|
859 |
+
on O
|
860 |
+
menus O
|
861 |
+
or O
|
862 |
+
icons O
|
863 |
+
but O
|
864 |
+
on O
|
865 |
+
commands O
|
866 |
+
given O
|
867 |
+
in O
|
868 |
+
a O
|
869 |
+
text B-Application
|
870 |
+
user I-Application
|
871 |
+
interface I-Application
|
872 |
+
; O
|
873 |
+
its O
|
874 |
+
GUI B-Application
|
875 |
+
mode O
|
876 |
+
, O
|
877 |
+
gVim O
|
878 |
+
, O
|
879 |
+
adds O
|
880 |
+
menus O
|
881 |
+
and O
|
882 |
+
toolbars O
|
883 |
+
for O
|
884 |
+
commonly O
|
885 |
+
used O
|
886 |
+
commands O
|
887 |
+
but O
|
888 |
+
the O
|
889 |
+
full O
|
890 |
+
functionality O
|
891 |
+
is O
|
892 |
+
still O
|
893 |
+
expressed O
|
894 |
+
through O
|
895 |
+
its O
|
896 |
+
command B-Application
|
897 |
+
line I-Application
|
898 |
+
mode O
|
899 |
+
. O
|
900 |
+
</s>
|
901 |
+
<s>
|
902 |
+
Vi B-Application
|
903 |
+
( O
|
904 |
+
and O
|
905 |
+
by O
|
906 |
+
extension O
|
907 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
908 |
+
) O
|
909 |
+
tends O
|
910 |
+
to O
|
911 |
+
allow O
|
912 |
+
a O
|
913 |
+
typist O
|
914 |
+
to O
|
915 |
+
keep O
|
916 |
+
their O
|
917 |
+
fingers O
|
918 |
+
on O
|
919 |
+
the O
|
920 |
+
home O
|
921 |
+
row O
|
922 |
+
, O
|
923 |
+
which O
|
924 |
+
can O
|
925 |
+
be O
|
926 |
+
an O
|
927 |
+
advantage O
|
928 |
+
for O
|
929 |
+
a O
|
930 |
+
touch B-Device
|
931 |
+
typist I-Device
|
932 |
+
. O
|
933 |
+
</s>
|
934 |
+
<s>
|
935 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
936 |
+
has O
|
937 |
+
a O
|
938 |
+
built-in O
|
939 |
+
tutorial O
|
940 |
+
for O
|
941 |
+
beginners O
|
942 |
+
called O
|
943 |
+
vimtutor O
|
944 |
+
, O
|
945 |
+
which O
|
946 |
+
is O
|
947 |
+
usually O
|
948 |
+
installed O
|
949 |
+
along O
|
950 |
+
with O
|
951 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
952 |
+
, O
|
953 |
+
but O
|
954 |
+
is O
|
955 |
+
a O
|
956 |
+
separate O
|
957 |
+
executable O
|
958 |
+
and O
|
959 |
+
can O
|
960 |
+
be O
|
961 |
+
run O
|
962 |
+
with O
|
963 |
+
a O
|
964 |
+
shell O
|
965 |
+
command O
|
966 |
+
. O
|
967 |
+
</s>
|
968 |
+
<s>
|
969 |
+
The O
|
970 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
971 |
+
Users O
|
972 |
+
' O
|
973 |
+
Manual O
|
974 |
+
details O
|
975 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
976 |
+
's O
|
977 |
+
features O
|
978 |
+
and O
|
979 |
+
can O
|
980 |
+
be O
|
981 |
+
read O
|
982 |
+
from O
|
983 |
+
within O
|
984 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
985 |
+
, O
|
986 |
+
or O
|
987 |
+
found O
|
988 |
+
online O
|
989 |
+
. O
|
990 |
+
</s>
|
991 |
+
<s>
|
992 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
993 |
+
also O
|
994 |
+
has O
|
995 |
+
a O
|
996 |
+
built-in O
|
997 |
+
help O
|
998 |
+
facility O
|
999 |
+
( O
|
1000 |
+
using O
|
1001 |
+
the O
|
1002 |
+
:help O
|
1003 |
+
command O
|
1004 |
+
) O
|
1005 |
+
that O
|
1006 |
+
allows O
|
1007 |
+
users O
|
1008 |
+
to O
|
1009 |
+
query O
|
1010 |
+
and O
|
1011 |
+
navigate O
|
1012 |
+
through O
|
1013 |
+
commands O
|
1014 |
+
and O
|
1015 |
+
features O
|
1016 |
+
. O
|
1017 |
+
</s>
|
1018 |
+
<s>
|
1019 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1020 |
+
features O
|
1021 |
+
various O
|
1022 |
+
special O
|
1023 |
+
memory O
|
1024 |
+
entries O
|
1025 |
+
called O
|
1026 |
+
registers O
|
1027 |
+
( O
|
1028 |
+
not O
|
1029 |
+
to O
|
1030 |
+
be O
|
1031 |
+
confused O
|
1032 |
+
with O
|
1033 |
+
hardware O
|
1034 |
+
or O
|
1035 |
+
processor B-General_Concept
|
1036 |
+
registers I-General_Concept
|
1037 |
+
) O
|
1038 |
+
. O
|
1039 |
+
</s>
|
1040 |
+
<s>
|
1041 |
+
Like O
|
1042 |
+
vi B-Application
|
1043 |
+
, O
|
1044 |
+
vim B-Application
|
1045 |
+
supports O
|
1046 |
+
multiple O
|
1047 |
+
editing O
|
1048 |
+
modes O
|
1049 |
+
. O
|
1050 |
+
</s>
|
1051 |
+
<s>
|
1052 |
+
In O
|
1053 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1054 |
+
there O
|
1055 |
+
are O
|
1056 |
+
12 O
|
1057 |
+
editing O
|
1058 |
+
modes O
|
1059 |
+
, O
|
1060 |
+
6 O
|
1061 |
+
basic O
|
1062 |
+
modes O
|
1063 |
+
and O
|
1064 |
+
6 O
|
1065 |
+
variants O
|
1066 |
+
: O
|
1067 |
+
</s>
|
1068 |
+
<s>
|
1069 |
+
Command-line B-Application
|
1070 |
+
or O
|
1071 |
+
Cmdline O
|
1072 |
+
mode O
|
1073 |
+
– O
|
1074 |
+
provides O
|
1075 |
+
a O
|
1076 |
+
single O
|
1077 |
+
line O
|
1078 |
+
input O
|
1079 |
+
at O
|
1080 |
+
the O
|
1081 |
+
bottom O
|
1082 |
+
of O
|
1083 |
+
the O
|
1084 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1085 |
+
window O
|
1086 |
+
. O
|
1087 |
+
</s>
|
1088 |
+
<s>
|
1089 |
+
On O
|
1090 |
+
completion O
|
1091 |
+
of O
|
1092 |
+
the O
|
1093 |
+
command O
|
1094 |
+
, O
|
1095 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1096 |
+
returns O
|
1097 |
+
to O
|
1098 |
+
the O
|
1099 |
+
previous O
|
1100 |
+
mode O
|
1101 |
+
. O
|
1102 |
+
</s>
|
1103 |
+
<s>
|
1104 |
+
Ex B-Device
|
1105 |
+
mode I-Device
|
1106 |
+
mode O
|
1107 |
+
– O
|
1108 |
+
accepts O
|
1109 |
+
a O
|
1110 |
+
sequence O
|
1111 |
+
of O
|
1112 |
+
commands O
|
1113 |
+
. O
|
1114 |
+
</s>
|
1115 |
+
<s>
|
1116 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1117 |
+
is O
|
1118 |
+
highly O
|
1119 |
+
customizable O
|
1120 |
+
and O
|
1121 |
+
extensible O
|
1122 |
+
, O
|
1123 |
+
making O
|
1124 |
+
it O
|
1125 |
+
an O
|
1126 |
+
attractive O
|
1127 |
+
tool O
|
1128 |
+
for O
|
1129 |
+
users O
|
1130 |
+
who O
|
1131 |
+
demand O
|
1132 |
+
a O
|
1133 |
+
large O
|
1134 |
+
amount O
|
1135 |
+
of O
|
1136 |
+
control O
|
1137 |
+
and O
|
1138 |
+
flexibility O
|
1139 |
+
over O
|
1140 |
+
their O
|
1141 |
+
text B-Application
|
1142 |
+
editing I-Application
|
1143 |
+
environment O
|
1144 |
+
. O
|
1145 |
+
</s>
|
1146 |
+
<s>
|
1147 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1148 |
+
also O
|
1149 |
+
features O
|
1150 |
+
an O
|
1151 |
+
" O
|
1152 |
+
easy O
|
1153 |
+
" O
|
1154 |
+
mode O
|
1155 |
+
for O
|
1156 |
+
users O
|
1157 |
+
looking O
|
1158 |
+
for O
|
1159 |
+
a O
|
1160 |
+
simpler O
|
1161 |
+
text B-Application
|
1162 |
+
editing I-Application
|
1163 |
+
solution O
|
1164 |
+
. O
|
1165 |
+
</s>
|
1166 |
+
<s>
|
1167 |
+
There O
|
1168 |
+
are O
|
1169 |
+
many O
|
1170 |
+
plugins B-Application
|
1171 |
+
available O
|
1172 |
+
that O
|
1173 |
+
extend O
|
1174 |
+
or O
|
1175 |
+
add O
|
1176 |
+
new O
|
1177 |
+
functionality O
|
1178 |
+
to O
|
1179 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1180 |
+
. O
|
1181 |
+
</s>
|
1182 |
+
<s>
|
1183 |
+
These O
|
1184 |
+
plugins B-Application
|
1185 |
+
are O
|
1186 |
+
usually O
|
1187 |
+
written O
|
1188 |
+
in O
|
1189 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1190 |
+
's O
|
1191 |
+
internal O
|
1192 |
+
scripting B-Language
|
1193 |
+
language I-Language
|
1194 |
+
, O
|
1195 |
+
vimscript O
|
1196 |
+
( O
|
1197 |
+
also O
|
1198 |
+
known O
|
1199 |
+
as O
|
1200 |
+
VimL O
|
1201 |
+
) O
|
1202 |
+
, O
|
1203 |
+
but O
|
1204 |
+
can O
|
1205 |
+
be O
|
1206 |
+
written O
|
1207 |
+
in O
|
1208 |
+
other O
|
1209 |
+
languages O
|
1210 |
+
as O
|
1211 |
+
well O
|
1212 |
+
. O
|
1213 |
+
</s>
|
1214 |
+
<s>
|
1215 |
+
There O
|
1216 |
+
are O
|
1217 |
+
projects O
|
1218 |
+
bundling O
|
1219 |
+
together O
|
1220 |
+
complex O
|
1221 |
+
scripts O
|
1222 |
+
and O
|
1223 |
+
customizations O
|
1224 |
+
and O
|
1225 |
+
aimed O
|
1226 |
+
at O
|
1227 |
+
turning O
|
1228 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1229 |
+
into O
|
1230 |
+
a O
|
1231 |
+
tool O
|
1232 |
+
for O
|
1233 |
+
a O
|
1234 |
+
specific O
|
1235 |
+
task O
|
1236 |
+
or O
|
1237 |
+
adding O
|
1238 |
+
a O
|
1239 |
+
major O
|
1240 |
+
flavour O
|
1241 |
+
to O
|
1242 |
+
its O
|
1243 |
+
behaviour O
|
1244 |
+
. O
|
1245 |
+
</s>
|
1246 |
+
<s>
|
1247 |
+
Examples O
|
1248 |
+
include O
|
1249 |
+
Cream B-Application
|
1250 |
+
, O
|
1251 |
+
which O
|
1252 |
+
makes O
|
1253 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1254 |
+
behave O
|
1255 |
+
like O
|
1256 |
+
a O
|
1257 |
+
click-and-type O
|
1258 |
+
editor O
|
1259 |
+
, O
|
1260 |
+
or O
|
1261 |
+
VimOutliner O
|
1262 |
+
, O
|
1263 |
+
which O
|
1264 |
+
provides O
|
1265 |
+
a O
|
1266 |
+
comfortable O
|
1267 |
+
outliner B-Application
|
1268 |
+
for O
|
1269 |
+
users O
|
1270 |
+
of O
|
1271 |
+
Unix-like B-Operating_System
|
1272 |
+
systems I-Operating_System
|
1273 |
+
. O
|
1274 |
+
</s>
|
1275 |
+
<s>
|
1276 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1277 |
+
has O
|
1278 |
+
a O
|
1279 |
+
vi B-Application
|
1280 |
+
compatibility O
|
1281 |
+
mode O
|
1282 |
+
, O
|
1283 |
+
but O
|
1284 |
+
when O
|
1285 |
+
that O
|
1286 |
+
mode O
|
1287 |
+
is O
|
1288 |
+
not O
|
1289 |
+
used O
|
1290 |
+
, O
|
1291 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1292 |
+
has O
|
1293 |
+
many O
|
1294 |
+
enhancements O
|
1295 |
+
over O
|
1296 |
+
vi B-Application
|
1297 |
+
. O
|
1298 |
+
</s>
|
1299 |
+
<s>
|
1300 |
+
However O
|
1301 |
+
, O
|
1302 |
+
even O
|
1303 |
+
in O
|
1304 |
+
compatibility O
|
1305 |
+
mode O
|
1306 |
+
, O
|
1307 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1308 |
+
is O
|
1309 |
+
not O
|
1310 |
+
entirely O
|
1311 |
+
compatible O
|
1312 |
+
with O
|
1313 |
+
vi B-Application
|
1314 |
+
as O
|
1315 |
+
defined O
|
1316 |
+
in O
|
1317 |
+
the O
|
1318 |
+
Single O
|
1319 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
1320 |
+
Specification O
|
1321 |
+
and O
|
1322 |
+
POSIX O
|
1323 |
+
( O
|
1324 |
+
e.g. O
|
1325 |
+
, O
|
1326 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1327 |
+
does O
|
1328 |
+
not O
|
1329 |
+
support O
|
1330 |
+
vi B-Application
|
1331 |
+
's O
|
1332 |
+
open O
|
1333 |
+
mode O
|
1334 |
+
, O
|
1335 |
+
only O
|
1336 |
+
visual O
|
1337 |
+
mode O
|
1338 |
+
) O
|
1339 |
+
. O
|
1340 |
+
</s>
|
1341 |
+
<s>
|
1342 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1343 |
+
's O
|
1344 |
+
developers O
|
1345 |
+
state O
|
1346 |
+
that O
|
1347 |
+
it O
|
1348 |
+
is O
|
1349 |
+
" O
|
1350 |
+
very O
|
1351 |
+
much O
|
1352 |
+
compatible O
|
1353 |
+
with O
|
1354 |
+
Vi B-Application
|
1355 |
+
" O
|
1356 |
+
. O
|
1357 |
+
</s>
|
1358 |
+
<s>
|
1359 |
+
Some O
|
1360 |
+
of O
|
1361 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1362 |
+
's O
|
1363 |
+
enhancements O
|
1364 |
+
include O
|
1365 |
+
completion O
|
1366 |
+
functions O
|
1367 |
+
, O
|
1368 |
+
comparison B-Application
|
1369 |
+
and O
|
1370 |
+
merging B-General_Concept
|
1371 |
+
of O
|
1372 |
+
files O
|
1373 |
+
( O
|
1374 |
+
known O
|
1375 |
+
as O
|
1376 |
+
vimdiff O
|
1377 |
+
) O
|
1378 |
+
, O
|
1379 |
+
a O
|
1380 |
+
comprehensive O
|
1381 |
+
integrated O
|
1382 |
+
help O
|
1383 |
+
system O
|
1384 |
+
, O
|
1385 |
+
extended O
|
1386 |
+
regular B-Language
|
1387 |
+
expressions I-Language
|
1388 |
+
, O
|
1389 |
+
scripting B-Language
|
1390 |
+
languages I-Language
|
1391 |
+
( O
|
1392 |
+
both O
|
1393 |
+
native O
|
1394 |
+
and O
|
1395 |
+
through O
|
1396 |
+
alternative O
|
1397 |
+
scripting B-Language
|
1398 |
+
interpreters O
|
1399 |
+
such O
|
1400 |
+
as O
|
1401 |
+
Perl B-Language
|
1402 |
+
, O
|
1403 |
+
Python B-Language
|
1404 |
+
, O
|
1405 |
+
Ruby B-Language
|
1406 |
+
, O
|
1407 |
+
Tcl B-Operating_System
|
1408 |
+
, O
|
1409 |
+
etc O
|
1410 |
+
. O
|
1411 |
+
) O
|
1412 |
+
</s>
|
1413 |
+
<s>
|
1414 |
+
including O
|
1415 |
+
support O
|
1416 |
+
for O
|
1417 |
+
plugins B-Application
|
1418 |
+
, O
|
1419 |
+
a O
|
1420 |
+
graphical B-Application
|
1421 |
+
user I-Application
|
1422 |
+
interface I-Application
|
1423 |
+
( O
|
1424 |
+
gvim O
|
1425 |
+
) O
|
1426 |
+
, O
|
1427 |
+
limited O
|
1428 |
+
integrated O
|
1429 |
+
development O
|
1430 |
+
environment-like O
|
1431 |
+
features O
|
1432 |
+
, O
|
1433 |
+
mouse B-Device
|
1434 |
+
interaction O
|
1435 |
+
( O
|
1436 |
+
both O
|
1437 |
+
with O
|
1438 |
+
and O
|
1439 |
+
without O
|
1440 |
+
the O
|
1441 |
+
GUI B-Application
|
1442 |
+
) O
|
1443 |
+
, O
|
1444 |
+
folding B-Application
|
1445 |
+
, O
|
1446 |
+
editing O
|
1447 |
+
of O
|
1448 |
+
compressed O
|
1449 |
+
or O
|
1450 |
+
archived O
|
1451 |
+
files O
|
1452 |
+
in O
|
1453 |
+
gzip B-Application
|
1454 |
+
, O
|
1455 |
+
bzip2 B-Application
|
1456 |
+
, O
|
1457 |
+
zip B-General_Concept
|
1458 |
+
, O
|
1459 |
+
and O
|
1460 |
+
tar B-Application
|
1461 |
+
format O
|
1462 |
+
and O
|
1463 |
+
files O
|
1464 |
+
over O
|
1465 |
+
network O
|
1466 |
+
protocols O
|
1467 |
+
such O
|
1468 |
+
as O
|
1469 |
+
SSH B-Protocol
|
1470 |
+
, O
|
1471 |
+
FTP B-Protocol
|
1472 |
+
, O
|
1473 |
+
and O
|
1474 |
+
HTTP B-Protocol
|
1475 |
+
, O
|
1476 |
+
session O
|
1477 |
+
state O
|
1478 |
+
preservation O
|
1479 |
+
, O
|
1480 |
+
spell B-Application
|
1481 |
+
checking I-Application
|
1482 |
+
, O
|
1483 |
+
split O
|
1484 |
+
( O
|
1485 |
+
horizontal O
|
1486 |
+
and O
|
1487 |
+
vertical O
|
1488 |
+
) O
|
1489 |
+
and O
|
1490 |
+
tabbed O
|
1491 |
+
windows B-Application
|
1492 |
+
, O
|
1493 |
+
Unicode O
|
1494 |
+
and O
|
1495 |
+
other O
|
1496 |
+
multi-language O
|
1497 |
+
support O
|
1498 |
+
, O
|
1499 |
+
syntax O
|
1500 |
+
highlighting O
|
1501 |
+
, O
|
1502 |
+
trans-session O
|
1503 |
+
command O
|
1504 |
+
, O
|
1505 |
+
search O
|
1506 |
+
and O
|
1507 |
+
cursor O
|
1508 |
+
position O
|
1509 |
+
histories B-Application
|
1510 |
+
, O
|
1511 |
+
multiple O
|
1512 |
+
level O
|
1513 |
+
and O
|
1514 |
+
branching O
|
1515 |
+
undo/redo B-Application
|
1516 |
+
history O
|
1517 |
+
which O
|
1518 |
+
can O
|
1519 |
+
persist O
|
1520 |
+
across O
|
1521 |
+
editing O
|
1522 |
+
sessions O
|
1523 |
+
, O
|
1524 |
+
and O
|
1525 |
+
visual O
|
1526 |
+
mode O
|
1527 |
+
. O
|
1528 |
+
</s>
|
1529 |
+
<s>
|
1530 |
+
While O
|
1531 |
+
running O
|
1532 |
+
, O
|
1533 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1534 |
+
saves O
|
1535 |
+
the O
|
1536 |
+
user O
|
1537 |
+
's O
|
1538 |
+
changes O
|
1539 |
+
in O
|
1540 |
+
a O
|
1541 |
+
swap O
|
1542 |
+
file O
|
1543 |
+
with O
|
1544 |
+
the O
|
1545 |
+
" O
|
1546 |
+
.swp O
|
1547 |
+
" O
|
1548 |
+
extension O
|
1549 |
+
. O
|
1550 |
+
</s>
|
1551 |
+
<s>
|
1552 |
+
If O
|
1553 |
+
a O
|
1554 |
+
user O
|
1555 |
+
tries O
|
1556 |
+
to O
|
1557 |
+
open O
|
1558 |
+
a O
|
1559 |
+
file O
|
1560 |
+
and O
|
1561 |
+
a O
|
1562 |
+
swap O
|
1563 |
+
file O
|
1564 |
+
already O
|
1565 |
+
exists O
|
1566 |
+
, O
|
1567 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1568 |
+
will O
|
1569 |
+
warn O
|
1570 |
+
the O
|
1571 |
+
user O
|
1572 |
+
, O
|
1573 |
+
and O
|
1574 |
+
if O
|
1575 |
+
the O
|
1576 |
+
user O
|
1577 |
+
proceeds O
|
1578 |
+
, O
|
1579 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1580 |
+
will O
|
1581 |
+
use O
|
1582 |
+
a O
|
1583 |
+
swap O
|
1584 |
+
file O
|
1585 |
+
with O
|
1586 |
+
the O
|
1587 |
+
extension O
|
1588 |
+
" O
|
1589 |
+
.swo O
|
1590 |
+
" O
|
1591 |
+
( O
|
1592 |
+
or O
|
1593 |
+
, O
|
1594 |
+
if O
|
1595 |
+
there O
|
1596 |
+
is O
|
1597 |
+
already O
|
1598 |
+
more O
|
1599 |
+
than O
|
1600 |
+
one O
|
1601 |
+
swap O
|
1602 |
+
file O
|
1603 |
+
, O
|
1604 |
+
" O
|
1605 |
+
.swn O
|
1606 |
+
" O
|
1607 |
+
, O
|
1608 |
+
" O
|
1609 |
+
.swm O
|
1610 |
+
" O
|
1611 |
+
, O
|
1612 |
+
etc O
|
1613 |
+
. O
|
1614 |
+
) O
|
1615 |
+
. O
|
1616 |
+
</s>
|
1617 |
+
<s>
|
1618 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1619 |
+
script I-Application
|
1620 |
+
( O
|
1621 |
+
also O
|
1622 |
+
called O
|
1623 |
+
Vimscript O
|
1624 |
+
or O
|
1625 |
+
VimL O
|
1626 |
+
) O
|
1627 |
+
is O
|
1628 |
+
the O
|
1629 |
+
scripting B-Language
|
1630 |
+
language I-Language
|
1631 |
+
built O
|
1632 |
+
into O
|
1633 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1634 |
+
. O
|
1635 |
+
</s>
|
1636 |
+
<s>
|
1637 |
+
Based O
|
1638 |
+
on O
|
1639 |
+
the O
|
1640 |
+
ex B-Device
|
1641 |
+
editor O
|
1642 |
+
language O
|
1643 |
+
of O
|
1644 |
+
the O
|
1645 |
+
original O
|
1646 |
+
vi B-Application
|
1647 |
+
editor I-Application
|
1648 |
+
, O
|
1649 |
+
early O
|
1650 |
+
versions O
|
1651 |
+
of O
|
1652 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1653 |
+
added O
|
1654 |
+
commands O
|
1655 |
+
for O
|
1656 |
+
control O
|
1657 |
+
flow O
|
1658 |
+
and O
|
1659 |
+
function O
|
1660 |
+
definitions O
|
1661 |
+
. O
|
1662 |
+
</s>
|
1663 |
+
<s>
|
1664 |
+
Since O
|
1665 |
+
version O
|
1666 |
+
7 O
|
1667 |
+
, O
|
1668 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1669 |
+
script I-Application
|
1670 |
+
also O
|
1671 |
+
supports O
|
1672 |
+
more O
|
1673 |
+
advanced O
|
1674 |
+
data O
|
1675 |
+
types O
|
1676 |
+
such O
|
1677 |
+
as O
|
1678 |
+
lists O
|
1679 |
+
and O
|
1680 |
+
dictionaries B-Application
|
1681 |
+
and O
|
1682 |
+
a O
|
1683 |
+
simple O
|
1684 |
+
form O
|
1685 |
+
of O
|
1686 |
+
object-oriented B-Language
|
1687 |
+
programming I-Language
|
1688 |
+
. O
|
1689 |
+
</s>
|
1690 |
+
<s>
|
1691 |
+
Built-in O
|
1692 |
+
functions O
|
1693 |
+
such O
|
1694 |
+
as O
|
1695 |
+
map( ) O
|
1696 |
+
and O
|
1697 |
+
filter( ) O
|
1698 |
+
allow O
|
1699 |
+
a O
|
1700 |
+
basic O
|
1701 |
+
form O
|
1702 |
+
of O
|
1703 |
+
functional B-Language
|
1704 |
+
programming I-Language
|
1705 |
+
, O
|
1706 |
+
and O
|
1707 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1708 |
+
script I-Application
|
1709 |
+
has O
|
1710 |
+
lambda B-General_Concept
|
1711 |
+
since O
|
1712 |
+
version O
|
1713 |
+
8.0 O
|
1714 |
+
. O
|
1715 |
+
</s>
|
1716 |
+
<s>
|
1717 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1718 |
+
script I-Application
|
1719 |
+
is O
|
1720 |
+
mostly O
|
1721 |
+
written O
|
1722 |
+
in O
|
1723 |
+
an O
|
1724 |
+
imperative B-Application
|
1725 |
+
programming I-Application
|
1726 |
+
style I-Application
|
1727 |
+
. O
|
1728 |
+
</s>
|
1729 |
+
<s>
|
1730 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1731 |
+
macros O
|
1732 |
+
can O
|
1733 |
+
contain O
|
1734 |
+
a O
|
1735 |
+
sequence O
|
1736 |
+
of O
|
1737 |
+
normal-mode O
|
1738 |
+
commands O
|
1739 |
+
, O
|
1740 |
+
but O
|
1741 |
+
can O
|
1742 |
+
also O
|
1743 |
+
invoke O
|
1744 |
+
ex B-Device
|
1745 |
+
commands O
|
1746 |
+
or O
|
1747 |
+
functions O
|
1748 |
+
written O
|
1749 |
+
in O
|
1750 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1751 |
+
script I-Application
|
1752 |
+
for O
|
1753 |
+
more O
|
1754 |
+
complex O
|
1755 |
+
tasks O
|
1756 |
+
. O
|
1757 |
+
</s>
|
1758 |
+
<s>
|
1759 |
+
Almost O
|
1760 |
+
all O
|
1761 |
+
extensions O
|
1762 |
+
( O
|
1763 |
+
called O
|
1764 |
+
plugins B-Application
|
1765 |
+
or O
|
1766 |
+
more O
|
1767 |
+
commonly O
|
1768 |
+
scripts O
|
1769 |
+
) O
|
1770 |
+
of O
|
1771 |
+
the O
|
1772 |
+
core O
|
1773 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1774 |
+
functionality O
|
1775 |
+
are O
|
1776 |
+
written O
|
1777 |
+
in O
|
1778 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1779 |
+
script I-Application
|
1780 |
+
, O
|
1781 |
+
but O
|
1782 |
+
plugins B-Application
|
1783 |
+
can O
|
1784 |
+
also O
|
1785 |
+
utilize O
|
1786 |
+
other O
|
1787 |
+
languages O
|
1788 |
+
like O
|
1789 |
+
Perl B-Language
|
1790 |
+
, O
|
1791 |
+
Python B-Language
|
1792 |
+
, O
|
1793 |
+
Lua B-Language
|
1794 |
+
, O
|
1795 |
+
Ruby B-Language
|
1796 |
+
, O
|
1797 |
+
Tcl B-Operating_System
|
1798 |
+
, O
|
1799 |
+
or O
|
1800 |
+
Racket B-Operating_System
|
1801 |
+
. O
|
1802 |
+
</s>
|
1803 |
+
<s>
|
1804 |
+
These O
|
1805 |
+
plugins B-Application
|
1806 |
+
can O
|
1807 |
+
be O
|
1808 |
+
installed O
|
1809 |
+
manually O
|
1810 |
+
, O
|
1811 |
+
or O
|
1812 |
+
through O
|
1813 |
+
a O
|
1814 |
+
plugin B-Application
|
1815 |
+
manager O
|
1816 |
+
such O
|
1817 |
+
as O
|
1818 |
+
Vundle O
|
1819 |
+
, O
|
1820 |
+
Pathogen O
|
1821 |
+
, O
|
1822 |
+
or O
|
1823 |
+
Vim-Plug O
|
1824 |
+
. O
|
1825 |
+
</s>
|
1826 |
+
<s>
|
1827 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1828 |
+
script I-Application
|
1829 |
+
files O
|
1830 |
+
are O
|
1831 |
+
stored O
|
1832 |
+
as O
|
1833 |
+
plain O
|
1834 |
+
text O
|
1835 |
+
, O
|
1836 |
+
similarly O
|
1837 |
+
to O
|
1838 |
+
other O
|
1839 |
+
code O
|
1840 |
+
, O
|
1841 |
+
and O
|
1842 |
+
the O
|
1843 |
+
filename O
|
1844 |
+
extension O
|
1845 |
+
is O
|
1846 |
+
usually O
|
1847 |
+
.vim O
|
1848 |
+
. O
|
1849 |
+
</s>
|
1850 |
+
<s>
|
1851 |
+
One O
|
1852 |
+
notable O
|
1853 |
+
exception O
|
1854 |
+
to O
|
1855 |
+
that O
|
1856 |
+
is O
|
1857 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1858 |
+
's O
|
1859 |
+
config B-Protocol
|
1860 |
+
file I-Protocol
|
1861 |
+
, O
|
1862 |
+
.vimrc O
|
1863 |
+
. O
|
1864 |
+
</s>
|
1865 |
+
<s>
|
1866 |
+
Whereas O
|
1867 |
+
vi B-Application
|
1868 |
+
was O
|
1869 |
+
originally O
|
1870 |
+
available O
|
1871 |
+
only O
|
1872 |
+
on O
|
1873 |
+
Unix B-Application
|
1874 |
+
operating I-Application
|
1875 |
+
systems I-Application
|
1876 |
+
, O
|
1877 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1878 |
+
has O
|
1879 |
+
been O
|
1880 |
+
ported O
|
1881 |
+
to O
|
1882 |
+
many O
|
1883 |
+
operating O
|
1884 |
+
systems O
|
1885 |
+
including O
|
1886 |
+
AmigaOS B-Application
|
1887 |
+
( O
|
1888 |
+
the O
|
1889 |
+
initial O
|
1890 |
+
target O
|
1891 |
+
platform O
|
1892 |
+
) O
|
1893 |
+
, O
|
1894 |
+
Atari O
|
1895 |
+
MiNT B-Application
|
1896 |
+
, O
|
1897 |
+
BeOS B-Application
|
1898 |
+
, O
|
1899 |
+
DOS B-Device
|
1900 |
+
, O
|
1901 |
+
Windows B-Application
|
1902 |
+
starting O
|
1903 |
+
from O
|
1904 |
+
Windows B-Device
|
1905 |
+
NT I-Device
|
1906 |
+
3.1 I-Device
|
1907 |
+
, O
|
1908 |
+
OS/2 B-Application
|
1909 |
+
, O
|
1910 |
+
OS/390 B-Application
|
1911 |
+
, O
|
1912 |
+
MorphOS B-Operating_System
|
1913 |
+
, O
|
1914 |
+
OpenVMS B-Operating_System
|
1915 |
+
, O
|
1916 |
+
QNX B-Operating_System
|
1917 |
+
, O
|
1918 |
+
RISC B-Operating_System
|
1919 |
+
OS I-Operating_System
|
1920 |
+
, O
|
1921 |
+
Linux B-Application
|
1922 |
+
, O
|
1923 |
+
BSD B-Operating_System
|
1924 |
+
, O
|
1925 |
+
and O
|
1926 |
+
Classic B-Application
|
1927 |
+
Mac I-Application
|
1928 |
+
OS I-Application
|
1929 |
+
. O
|
1930 |
+
</s>
|
1931 |
+
<s>
|
1932 |
+
Also O
|
1933 |
+
, O
|
1934 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1935 |
+
is O
|
1936 |
+
shipped O
|
1937 |
+
with O
|
1938 |
+
Apple O
|
1939 |
+
macOS B-Application
|
1940 |
+
. O
|
1941 |
+
</s>
|
1942 |
+
<s>
|
1943 |
+
Independent O
|
1944 |
+
ports O
|
1945 |
+
of O
|
1946 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1947 |
+
are O
|
1948 |
+
available O
|
1949 |
+
for O
|
1950 |
+
Android B-Application
|
1951 |
+
and O
|
1952 |
+
iOS B-Application
|
1953 |
+
. O
|
1954 |
+
</s>
|
1955 |
+
<s>
|
1956 |
+
Neovim O
|
1957 |
+
is O
|
1958 |
+
a O
|
1959 |
+
fork B-Application
|
1960 |
+
of O
|
1961 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1962 |
+
that O
|
1963 |
+
strives O
|
1964 |
+
to O
|
1965 |
+
improve O
|
1966 |
+
the O
|
1967 |
+
extensibility O
|
1968 |
+
and O
|
1969 |
+
maintainability O
|
1970 |
+
of O
|
1971 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
1972 |
+
. O
|
1973 |
+
</s>
|
1974 |
+
<s>
|
1975 |
+
Some O
|
1976 |
+
features O
|
1977 |
+
of O
|
1978 |
+
the O
|
1979 |
+
fork B-Application
|
1980 |
+
include O
|
1981 |
+
built-in O
|
1982 |
+
Language O
|
1983 |
+
Server O
|
1984 |
+
Protocol O
|
1985 |
+
support O
|
1986 |
+
, O
|
1987 |
+
support O
|
1988 |
+
for O
|
1989 |
+
asynchronous B-Architecture
|
1990 |
+
I/O I-Architecture
|
1991 |
+
, O
|
1992 |
+
and O
|
1993 |
+
support O
|
1994 |
+
for O
|
1995 |
+
Lua B-Language
|
1996 |
+
scripting I-Language
|
1997 |
+
using O
|
1998 |
+
luaJIT B-Application
|
1999 |
+
language O
|
2000 |
+
interpreter O
|
2001 |
+
. O
|
2002 |
+
</s>
|
2003 |
+
<s>
|
2004 |
+
Neovim O
|
2005 |
+
has O
|
2006 |
+
the O
|
2007 |
+
same O
|
2008 |
+
configuration O
|
2009 |
+
syntax O
|
2010 |
+
as O
|
2011 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
2012 |
+
( O
|
2013 |
+
unless O
|
2014 |
+
vim9script O
|
2015 |
+
is O
|
2016 |
+
used O
|
2017 |
+
) O
|
2018 |
+
; O
|
2019 |
+
thus O
|
2020 |
+
the O
|
2021 |
+
same O
|
2022 |
+
configuration B-Protocol
|
2023 |
+
file I-Protocol
|
2024 |
+
can O
|
2025 |
+
be O
|
2026 |
+
used O
|
2027 |
+
with O
|
2028 |
+
both O
|
2029 |
+
editors O
|
2030 |
+
, O
|
2031 |
+
although O
|
2032 |
+
there O
|
2033 |
+
are O
|
2034 |
+
minor O
|
2035 |
+
differences O
|
2036 |
+
in O
|
2037 |
+
details O
|
2038 |
+
of O
|
2039 |
+
options O
|
2040 |
+
. O
|
2041 |
+
</s>
|
2042 |
+
<s>
|
2043 |
+
If O
|
2044 |
+
the O
|
2045 |
+
added O
|
2046 |
+
features O
|
2047 |
+
of O
|
2048 |
+
Neovim O
|
2049 |
+
are O
|
2050 |
+
not O
|
2051 |
+
used O
|
2052 |
+
, O
|
2053 |
+
Neovim O
|
2054 |
+
is O
|
2055 |
+
compatible O
|
2056 |
+
with O
|
2057 |
+
almost O
|
2058 |
+
all O
|
2059 |
+
of O
|
2060 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
2061 |
+
's O
|
2062 |
+
features O
|
2063 |
+
. O
|
2064 |
+
</s>
|
2065 |
+
<s>
|
2066 |
+
The O
|
2067 |
+
Neovim O
|
2068 |
+
project O
|
2069 |
+
was O
|
2070 |
+
started O
|
2071 |
+
in O
|
2072 |
+
2014 O
|
2073 |
+
, O
|
2074 |
+
with O
|
2075 |
+
some O
|
2076 |
+
Vim B-Application
|
2077 |
+
community O
|
2078 |
+
members O
|
2079 |
+
offering O
|
2080 |
+
early O
|
2081 |
+
support O
|
2082 |
+
of O
|
2083 |
+
the O
|
2084 |
+
high-level O
|
2085 |
+
refactoring O
|
2086 |
+
effort O
|
2087 |
+
to O
|
2088 |
+
provide O
|
2089 |
+
better O
|
2090 |
+
scripting B-Language
|
2091 |
+
, O
|
2092 |
+
plugins B-Application
|
2093 |
+
, O
|
2094 |
+
and O
|
2095 |
+
integration O
|
2096 |
+
with O
|
2097 |
+
modern O
|
2098 |
+
GUIs B-Application
|
2099 |
+
. O
|
2100 |
+
</s>
|
2101 |
+
<s>
|
2102 |
+
The O
|
2103 |
+
project O
|
2104 |
+
is O
|
2105 |
+
free B-Application
|
2106 |
+
software I-Application
|
2107 |
+
and O
|
2108 |
+
its O
|
2109 |
+
source O
|
2110 |
+
code O
|
2111 |
+
is O
|
2112 |
+
available O
|
2113 |
+
on O
|
2114 |
+
GitHub B-Application
|
2115 |
+
. O
|
2116 |
+
</s>
|
2117 |
+
<s>
|
2118 |
+
On O
|
2119 |
+
October O
|
2120 |
+
27 O
|
2121 |
+
, O
|
2122 |
+
2021 O
|
2123 |
+
, O
|
2124 |
+
GitHub B-Application
|
2125 |
+
released O
|
2126 |
+
a O
|
2127 |
+
GitHub B-Application
|
2128 |
+
Copilot I-Application
|
2129 |
+
( O
|
2130 |
+
a O
|
2131 |
+
cloud-based O
|
2132 |
+
artificial B-Application
|
2133 |
+
intelligence I-Application
|
2134 |
+
tool O
|
2135 |
+
for O
|
2136 |
+
autocompleting O
|
2137 |
+
code O
|
2138 |
+
) O
|
2139 |
+
plugin B-Application
|
2140 |
+
for O
|
2141 |
+
Neovim O
|
2142 |
+
as O
|
2143 |
+
a O
|
2144 |
+
public O
|
2145 |
+
repository O
|
2146 |
+
. O
|
2147 |
+
</s>
|
wikiser-small/dev.txt
ADDED
The diff for this file is too large to render.
See raw diff
|
|
wikiser-small/test.txt
ADDED
The diff for this file is too large to render.
See raw diff
|
|
wikiser-small/train.txt
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
2 |
+
oid sha256:22436517c4b4e26d7503976ce671625747e71eafa33e78883d751d3343769afe
|
3 |
+
size 17196450
|
wikiser/WikiSER-full.7z
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
2 |
+
oid sha256:622ae27f08ca28c208718bc9c2e29c350887f5af266ee43cf9da1816cfb89f1e
|
3 |
+
size 63344684
|