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[ "It's true that Iranian authorities had pledged to do so this if the U.S. government's \"maximum pressure\" campaign of sanctions and efforts to isolate the country diplomatically brought their oil exports to a halt entirely. ", "However, this is a long-standing threat that the Iranians haven't followed through on. ", "The regime in Tehran can only know that this would draw the ire of the entire international community given the global interest in unimpeded maritime trade in the region, as well as block them from using the Strait themselves. ", "The prospect of a bloody war with the U.S. and its Arab allies is also a strong deterrent.", "\n\nStill, the U.S. is pairing hard rhetoric with a softer 'wait and see' attitude and even an olive branch of sorts:\n\n\"We will defend our interests, but a war with Iran is not in our strategic interest, nor in the best interest of the international community,\" CENTCOM said in its press release, underscoring this point.", "\n\n\"They’ve been told in strong terms,\" President Trump said on June 14, 2019. \"", "We want to get them back to the table if they want to go back. ", "I’m ready when they are. ", "I’m in no rush.\"", "\n\nIran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who was meeting with Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe the day of the attacks in the Gulf of Oman, had categorically rejected any overtures from Trump. \"", "We do not believe at all that the U.S. is seeking genuine negotiations with Iran; because genuine negotiations would never come from a person like Trump,\" a series of Tweets from Khamenei's official Twitter account read after his meeting with Abe.", "\n\nWhen it comes to the Kokuka Courageous and the Front Altair, both sides as well as third parties, such as Kokuka Sangyo, may well produce more evidence in the coming days that either supports their respective conclusions or muddies the waters even more. ", "Yet the idea that Iran did not at least have knowledge of the attacks seems to be getting more and more remote by the hour.", "\n\nRegardless, the incident is clearly a worrying escalation of the situation in the region overall.", "\n\nEditor's Note/Tyler's Take:\n\nBoth are probably true. ", "Iranian small boats could have, and likely did, lob projectiles towards the ship and planted mines on it. ", "Even the firing of projectiles could be used as a distraction to mine the hull without being noticed. ", "Iranian small boat swarming tactics including using various weapons on larger vessels simultaneously.", "\n\nSee our latest update to this rapidly evolving story by clicking here.", "\n\nContact the author: joe@thedrive.com" ]

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[ "Peter Cranmer\n\nPeter Cranmer (10 September 1914 – 29 May 1994) was an English sportsman who captained Warwickshire in first-class cricket and earlier in his career represented England at rugby union. ", "After World War II he gave up on rugby and focused purely on cricket.", "\n\nCricket\nWhile primarily a specialist batsman, Cranmer was also a decent medium pace bowler. ", "His highest score at first-class level was made for Warwickshire in his first year, an innings of 113 versus Northamptonshire at Edgbaston. ", "Although he went to Christ Church, Oxford, he did not play cricket for the university side.", "\n\nCranmer, a Major, served with the military during the war and spent time in both Burma and Egypt. ", "He ended up at India in 1944 and appeared in a cricket match for the Europeans team. ", "Cranmer also performed particularly well with the ball in a first-class match for the Bengal Governor's XI when he took 7 for 52 against Services XI at Eden Gardens.", "\n\nHe had been appointed captain of Warwickshire in 1938 and remained in the role until 1947 before he retired, citing business commitments. ", "One of his final innings as captain was in a match against the touring South Africans when he made 101 runs. ", "Cranmer subsequently captained Warwickshire's second eleven in the 1960s and 1970s, playing his final season at the age of 57.", "\n\nRugby\nCranmer played for Oxford University RFC in two Varsity Matches and made his debut for England at the age of 21 in 1934. ", "He played for England from 1934 and 1938, earning 16 caps, and took part in their Triple Crown winning Home Nations Championship campaigns of 1934 and 1937. ", "A centre three-quarter, he also captained his country twice in the 1938 season. ", "In 1936 he was a member of the English team which defeated New Zealand for the first time and helped to set up Alexander Obolensky's famous tries. ", "Cranmer had to decline an invitation to take part in the 1938 British Lions tour to South Africa because of his commitment as Warwickshire's cricket captain and although he took part in an England trial match in 1939, injury prevented him playing for the national team that season. ", "He played in two wartime rugby internationals but that marked the end of his high-level rugby career.", "\n\nLater life\nAfter leaving cricket, Cranmer became a journalist and worked with BBC Midlands. ", "He commentated on two Test Matches for Test Match Special, one in 1965 and one in 1968. ", "Illness caused him to retire from his job in 1976 and he began to use a wheelchair when he had both legs amputated. ", "He died in 1994 at his home town of Peacehaven, Sussex.", "\n\nBibliography\nDavid Goodyear, 'Tiz All Accordin' - The Life Of Peter Cranmer, Brewin Books, 2000, .", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Peter Cranmer at Cricket Archive\n\nCategory:1914 births\nCategory:1994 deaths\nCategory:English cricketers\nCategory:Warwickshire cricketers\nCategory:Warwickshire cricket captains\nCategory:Europeans cricketers\nCategory:English rugby union players\nCategory:England international rugby union players\nCategory:Moseley Rugby Football Club players\nCategory:English cricket commentators\nCategory:Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers\nCategory:British Army personnel of World War II\nCategory:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford\nCategory:People educated at St Edward's School, Oxford\nCategory:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers\nCategory:Oxford University RFC players\nCategory:English male non-fiction writers\nCategory:North v South cricketers" ]

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[ "Transdermal spinal catheter placement in piglets: Description and validation of the technique.", "\nThe swine species represents a perfect model for translational medicine due to its physiological and anatomical resemblance to humans. ", "The development of techniques for spinal catheter insertion in swine is significantly useful but, at the moment, the only technique described requires laminectomy as a surgical approach. ", "The proposed techniques represent a transdermal approach for catheter placement in piglets. ", "The study was divided into Phase I (anatomical study on 8 cadavers) and Phase II (in vivo application of the technique in 20 anaesthetised 30-day old piglets). ", "A spinal needle was introduced between the L2 and L3 spinous processes with a ventro-cranial orientation until cerebro-spinal fluid leakage. ", "It was then replaced with a Tuohy needle, used to introduce the catheter into the intrathecal space. ", "Before inserting the catheter, the approximate length from the insertion point to the external projection of the Cisterna Magna was measured using the gradation markings on the device. ", "The technique described allowed spinal catheter placement in all piglets. ", "In Phase I, the correct placement was confirmed using fluoroscopy while, in Phase II, cerebrospinal fluid leakage from the needle was relied on. ", "No clinical alterations were detected either during the procedure or during the following days. ", "This technique is easy and requires less skilled operators when compared to the other existing method which involves a surgical approach. ", "Moreover, being less invasive, it potentially leads to fewer complications. ", "In conclusion, the technique can be performed safely in piglets, and provides an easier and less invasive approach for spinal catheter insertion." ]

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[ "Tuesday on CSPAN’s “Washington Journal,” Libertarian Party presidential nominee Gary Johnson was asked by a caller about the possibility of him working with Democratic presidential hopeful Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) in any way and perhaps win over some Sanders supporters if Sanders does not win the nomination.", "\n\nJohnson explained that there’s a lot where Sanders and he agree and pointed to an online poll showing 73 percent of the time they agree. ", "But the clear distinction between his philosophy and Sanders’ philosophy he says comes down to economics.", "\n\n“Now, that’s the side of Bernie that has to do with pro-choice, pro-marriage equality, let’s stop with the military interventions, that there is crony capitalism, that government really isn’t fair when it comes to this level playing field, legalize marijuana,” Johnson explained. “", "Look, 73 percent of what Bernie says I agree with. ", "We come to a ‘T’ in the road when it comes to economics. ", "I would really argue that if we absolutely had a fair system of economics, that free markets — that we would do a lot better than going down the path of socialism. ", "Look, libertarians agree with socialism as long as it’s voluntary. ", "But, when it’s forced, that’s tyranny. ", "So, that’s the libertarian perspective. ", "But I think there’s so much in common, that just factually speaking — take a look, Bernie Sanders supporters, at who you next side with.”", "\n\n(h/t WFB)\n\nFollow Jeff Poor on Twitter @jeff_poor" ]

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[ "1-Indol-1-yl-propan-2-ones and related heterocyclic compounds as dual inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha and fatty acid amide hydrolase.", "\nCytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are enzymes, which have emerged as attractive targets for the development of analgetic and anti-inflammatory drugs. ", "We recently reported that 1-[3-(4-octylphenoxy)-2-oxopropyl]indole-5-carboxylic acid (10) and related compounds are inhibitors of cPLA(2)alpha. ", "Since cPLA(2)alpha and FAAH possess several common structural features, we now screened this substance series together with some new derivatives for FAAH inhibition. ", "Some of the assayed compounds proved to be selective cPLA(2)alpha inhibitors, while others showed high FAAH and moderate cPLA(2)alpha inhibitory potency. ", "Furthermore, several derivatives were favorably active against both enzymes and, therefore, could represent agents, which have improved analgetic and anti-inflammatory qualities in comparison with selective cPLA(2)alpha and FAAH inhibitors." ]

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[ "HealthCare Articles\n\nInteresting Research on Parenting – What No One Ever Told You\n\nHow to Ensure Your Family Is Protected.", "\n\nThere are very many dangers that you and your family members can find yourself into especially if you’re not careful enough. ", "Out of all the many dangers that are there in the world today, you can easily avoid them if you take the necessary steps. ", "One of the most important things to you as the Guardian or in the parent is to ensure that you and your family members are protected from many different kinds of dangers.", "Some of the examples of risks that you and your family might be facing include, burglaries from different people that may want to take care of your property or even, online risks and many others. ", "By taking attempt look at the trends and habits that you have in your family, it’s possible to notice the areas where there are some weaknesses and which you need to act upon. ", "When you’re able to take your time to ensure that you’re looking at all the risks that are there, it’ll be much easier for you and something that you should definitely consider. ", "The information in this article will be critical because it will make you much more knowledgeable regarding the steps that you can take to protect you and your family members.", "\n\nOne of the first thing that you’re supposed to do is to ensure that your family is very healthy and is not at risk of getting any kinds of illnesses especially if you have children. ", "One of the most important things within the house so that you can protect your children from illnesses is to ensure that every place is very clean meaning that you have to do a general cleaning every time.", "Another thing that you are supposed to do regularly is to ensure that you have wiped the electronics that you have within your house because they can accumulate dust. ", "Another thing that you have to continuously consider is to ensure that your children are able to take a birth on a daily basis and after that, ensure that there is proper ventilation within the house.", "\n\nThe next area that you’re supposed to carefully look at is the area of online safety for the sake of protecting your family only. ", "It is good to ensure that you have strong passwords on all your devices and in addition to that, your privacy settings should also be great so that you can protect yourself. ", "It’s important that you indicate your children not to open doors to people that they do not know but apart from that, you should also ensure that you have all the security systems in place." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAdding Properties to Custom WPF Control?", "\n\nI just started WPF this morning so this is (hopefully) an easy question to solve. ", " I've started with creating a button that has a gradient background. ", " I want to declare the gradient start and end colors in the property of the control and then apply them in the template. ", " I'm having trouble getting the code to compile though. ", " The exception I'm getting is that the xaml is telling me the property is not accessible but when I chang the visiblity modifier over to public it complains it can't find the static property...\nHere's my xaml so far:\n<StackPanel>\n <StackPanel.", "Resources>\n <Style TargetType=\"my:GradientButton\">\n <Setter Property=\"Template\">\n <Setter.", "Value>\n <ControlTemplate TargetType=\"{x:Type my:GradientButton}\">\n <Grid>\n <Ellipse Width=\"{TemplateBinding Width}\" Height=\"{TemplateBinding Height}\" Stroke=\"{TemplateBinding Foreground}\" VerticalAlignment=\"Top\" HorizontalAlignment=\"Left\">\n <Ellipse.", "Fill>\n <LinearGradientBrush>\n <GradientStop Color=\"{TemplateBinding GradientStart}\" Offset=\"0\"></GradientStop><!--Problem on this line!!!-->\n <GradientStop Color=\"{TemplateBinding GradientEnd}\" Offset=\"1\"></GradientStop>\n </LinearGradientBrush>\n </Ellipse.", "Fill>\n </Ellipse>\n <Polygon Points=\"18,12 18,38, 35,25\" Fill=\"{TemplateBinding Foreground}\" />\n </Grid>\n </ControlTemplate>\n </Setter.", "Value>\n </Setter>\n </Style>\n </StackPanel.", "Resources>\n <my:GradientButton x:Name=\"btnPlay\" Height=\"50\" Width=\"50\" Foreground=\"Black\" Click=\"Button_Click\" GradientStart=\"#CCCCCC\" GradientEnd=\"#7777777\" />\n</StackPanel>\n\nAnd here's the code for my custom control:\npublic class GradientButton : Button\n{\n static DependencyProperty GradientStartProperty;\n static DependencyProperty GradientEndProperty;\n\n static GradientButton()\n {\n GradientStartProperty = DependencyProperty.", "Register(\"GradientStart\", typeof(Color), typeof(GradientButton));\n GradientEndProperty = DependencyProperty.", "Register(\"GradientEnd\", typeof(Color), typeof(GradientButton));\n }\n\n public Color GradientStart\n {\n get { return (Color)base.", "GetValue(GradientStartProperty); }\n set { base.", "SetValue(GradientStartProperty, value); }\n }\n\n public Color GradientEnd\n {\n get { return (Color)base.", "GetValue(GradientEndProperty); }\n set { base.", "SetValue(GradientEndProperty, value); }\n }\n}\n\nEDIT:\nHere's the design-time exception I'm getting\nCannot reference the static member 'GradientStartProperty' on the type 'GradientButton' as it is not accessible.", "\n\nA:\n\nI figured it out...\nThis:\nstatic DependencyProperty GradientStartProperty; \nstatic DependencyProperty GradientEndProperty;\n\nNeeded to be changed to this:\npublic static DependencyProperty GradientStartProperty; \npublic static DependencyProperty GradientEndProperty;\n\n" ]

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[ "Conventional rectangular balers have a density control system which is typically done by regulating the pressure in the density belt. ", "In such embodiments the pressure (and thus the force) on the bale chamber doors is controlled. ", "In a typical conventional embodiment two hydraulic cylinders are used as actuators for controlling the top door and the side doors, respectively. ", "The relation between the pressure exerted on the top doors and the side doors may be more or less fixed, wherein a system of balancing levers may be used to split the forces over the side and top doors.", "\nIn conventional balers, when the density has to be increased, the pressure in the density control system will be increased. ", "In a particular embodiment, the compression ratio may be controlled by the density control system. ", "The position of the doors results out of the crop parameters and the internal force ratio between the doors that is typically fixed in the construction." ]

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[ "Blame Call of Duty (everyone else does)\n\nI hate to pick on everyone’s favorite whipping boy, but the problem is part-and-parcel of Call of Duty‘s influence on the industry. ", "Shocking, I’m sure.", "\n\nEven the most casual observer could note that Call of Duty‘s staggering popularity has inspired many developers to seek ways of integrating the sales giant’s stylings.", "\n\nIn most cases, this action creep has taken the form of set pieces or slow motion shooting. ", "While Call of Duty may not have invented bombastic visual spectacle or slow-mo, it has certainly found a way to package such features into a brand.", "\n\nIn the wake of CoD‘s torrential successes, other games have begun applying the product’s maxims.", "\n\nLooking at the marketing data [for survival horror games] … the market is small, compared to the number of units Call of Duty and all those action games sell. ", "A ‘survival horror’ Resident Evil doesn’t seem like it’d be able to sell those kind of numbers.", "\n\n(Source: Gamasutra)\n\nMan of Action\n\nTraditional pillars of the stealth genre haven’t been immune to action’s gravitational pull, something that was fully evidenced this year at E3.", "\n\nRecall the controversy over the recent Hitman nun trailer (well, the other controversy): why was Agent 47 engaging in a reckless brawl, and not using his stealth savvy?", "\n\nHitman: Controversial Nun Trailer\n\n“\n\n“\n\nThankfully, our time with the game has alleviated any fears that Hitman has fully abandoned the stealth genre for the greener pastures of high-octane action. ", "Yet it showed some troubling signs that stealth games are losing the beat.", "\n\nI can’t say that I was pleased to see the “tag” feature that was used to great effect in games like Red Dead Redemption appear in Hitman: Absolutionand even in the upcoming PS Vita title Assassin’s Creed: Liberation. “", "Mark and execute” was also used in Splinter Cell: Conviction, making that game less stealthy.", "\n\nAction focus is everywhere\n\nI was doubly concerned to find this feature such a trivial matter to pull off in Hitman…by dropping time to a complete standstill, lining up a series of ace headshots looked like a casual affair.", "\n\nThe effect is clearly meant to reinforce the impression that Agent 47 is an unstoppable killing machine. ", "But here’s the thing: that’s exactly the opposite of the impression that a stealth game should typically aspire to.", "\n\nSneaky Bastard\n\nThe best stealth games make sneaky methods the most viable course of action through two qualities: they provide you with fun, effective stealth techniques, and they make direct confrontation a means to a quick end.", "\n\nHitman: Absolution incentivizes stealthy play through a scoring system that awards points for the indirect approach. ", "But it’s a meta-game solution to a problem that could be addressed via ludic means.", "\n\nPlayers of the Assassin’s Creed franchise have been confronting this for years. ", "Peruse any forum for the games and you’re bound to find them sharing artificial reasons for pursuing stealthy playthroughs.", "\n\nOr take the inclusion of challenges in more recent iterations which occasionally require you to play with stealth, though they provide no deeper reason to do so.", "\n\nAfter all, where’s the incentive to silently track your target, or to run from a fight, when it’s so darned easy (and cool looking) to wipe everyone out with a chain of instant-kills? ", "You’re a human wrecking ball in Assassin’s Creed, and the latest entry is also the greatest example.", "\n\nSneaky Sam?", "\n\nSplinter Cell: Blacklist features the same “tagging” technique that Hitman has espoused, albeit in a slightly less potent form. ", "Its “killing in motion” feature allows Sam Fisher to wade through his enemies, firing off headshots with aplomb and disabling terrorists with slick grappling moves.", "\n\nIt looks awesome. ", "It really does.", "\n\nBut it’s in the service of cinematic, unbelievable action, not stealth and cunning. ", "The same goes for Splinter Cell: Blacklist‘s use of Call of Duty mainstays like UAV support, or slow motion breaching.", "\n\nNone of these games are evolving the genre in the direction that it truly needs to be pushed. ", "The real linchpin of stealth games is, in fact, artificial intelligence.", "\n\nDumb AI the issue\n\nStalker Alert!", "\n\nThe failure of artificial intelligence to evolve is the direct cause of stagnation within the stealth genre.", "\n\nThink back. ", "How many times have you watched a guard pace the same pattern with robotic consistency? ", "How recently have you strangled a hapless henchman as his peers stand mere feet away, oblivious? ", "How often has a soldier sauntered in front of you, stopping and presenting his exposed neck like a lamb at the slaughter?", "\n\nEach of E3’s big stealth games showcased such flaws.", "\n\nThese issues have been around for ages. ", "Only the Metal Gear series made a wholehearted effort to address the NPC behavior problem, but relying on Hideo Kojima to focus his attention on one thing…well…might not be the best way to go about things, let’s just say.", "\n\n“I’m…too stealthy for my guns”\n\nOther games really need to make some strides here, too.", "\n\nRealistic, dynamic artificial intelligence would have a marked effect on the enjoyment offered by stealth games. ", "It would lend an unpredictability to encounters that naturally ups the excitement.", "\n\nIt would heighten immersion by making NPCs feel more like real people. ", "And it would add some much needed challenge to a genre that’s becoming rife with hand-holding and solutions to encounters that are spelled out in bold letters.", "\n\nHow much more exciting would it be if you weren’t quite sure that the guard you’re stalking won’t turn around on a whim? ", "If you couldn’t be sure that a passerby wont stumble upon your hiding spot?", "\n\nThere’s so much untapped potential there. ", "I wish that we could have seen some of this E3’s big stealth titles push the envelope.", "\n\nHey very cool web site!! ", "Man .. Beautiful .. Amazing .. I will bookmark your web site and take the feeds additionally?I’m happy to seek out so many helpful information here in the put up, we need develop more strategies on this regard, thanks for sharing. . . . . .", "\n\nI was wondering when someone was going to type up an article on this important issue. ", "Because of COD series is why games like the two best Tom Clancy titles aren’t what they ualsed to be. ", "Ghost Recon and Splinter Cell." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow Display Woocommerce Image on cart Page\n\nI develope a woo-commerce website all product image is shown but these images are not shown full size in Cart page, and I want that product images are shown full size, please help me? ", "\n$thumbnail = apply_filters( 'get_the_post_thumbnail_url', $_product->get_image(), $cart_item, $cart_item_key, 'full' );\n\nif ( ! ", "$product_permalink ) {\n echo $thumbnail;\n} else {\n printf( '<a href=\"%s\">%s</a>', esc_url( $product_permalink ), $thumbnail );\n}\n\nA:\n\nTry this code.", "\nYou need to add full in $_product->get_image('full')\n<?", "php\n $thumbnail = apply_filters( 'woocommerce_cart_item_thumbnail', $_product->get_image('full'), $cart_item, $cart_item_key ); \n\n if ( ! ", "$product_permalink ) {\n echo $thumbnail; // PHPCS: XSS ok.", "\n } else {\n printf( '<a href=\"%s\">%s</a>', esc_url( $product_permalink ), $thumbnail ); // PHPCS: XSS ok.", "\n }\n?", ">\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nApplying styling to Pandas dataframe saved to HTML file\n\nI have a Pandas dataframe inside of a Jupyter / IPython notebook. ", "The dataframe's style as an HTML table inside of Jupyter is pretty nice. ", "The header row has bold style, the font is nice, and the table borders are thin.", "\n\nI then export the dataframe to an HTML file (following instructions here and here):\ndf.to_html('myfile.html')\n\nBut the resulting HTML file's table styling is not good.", "\n\nThe HTML in that file is plain:\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n <thead>\n <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n <th></th>\n <th>Id</th>\n <th>Index</th>\n <th>Feature</th>\n <th>Timestamp</th>\n <th>Feature2</th>\n </tr>\n </thead>\n\nHow do I modify the styling of this exported table directly from my Python / Pandas code?", "\n\nA:\n\nI wrote a Python function that basically adds an HTML <style> to the dataframe's HTML representation so that the resulting HTML table looks nice.", "\nimport pandas as pd\n\ndef write_to_html_file(df, title='', filename='out.html'):\n '''\n Write an entire dataframe to an HTML file with nice formatting.", "\n '''\n\n result = '''\n<html>\n<head>\n<style>\n\n h2 {\n text-align: center;\n font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\n }\n table { \n margin-left: auto;\n margin-right: auto;\n }\n table, th, td {\n border: 1px solid black;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n }\n th, td {\n padding: 5px;\n text-align: center;\n font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\n font-size: 90%;\n }\n table tbody tr:hover {\n background-color: #dddddd;\n }\n .wide {\n width: 90%; \n }\n\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n '''\n result += '<h2> %s </h2>\\n' % title\n if type(df) == pd.io.formats.style.", "Styler:\n result += df.render()\n else:\n result += df.to_html(classes='wide', escape=False)\n result += '''\n</body>\n</html>\n'''\n with open(filename, 'w') as f:\n f.write(result)\n\nHere's the resulting HTML when you write it to an .html file. ", "Note how the dataframe's to_html() output fits into the middle.", "\n\nBelow is some example usage of my function. ", "I first load up a dataset from sklearn to demonstrate.", "\nimport numpy as np\nimport pandas as pd\nfrom sklearn.datasets import load_iris\n\niris = load_iris()\ndata1 = pd.", "DataFrame(data=np.c_[iris['data'], iris['target']],\n columns=iris['feature_names'] + ['target'])\ndata1.head()\n\nIn Jupyter / IPython Notebook, the table looks pretty nice:\n\nI can write out the dataframe to an HTML file with the usual to_html() function like this:\ndata1.to_html('iris.html')\n\nHowever, the result doesn't look good, as shown below. ", "The border is thick and font is not pleasant because this is just a <table> ... </table> with no styling.", "\n\nTo make the dataframe look better in HTML, I used my function above.", "\nwrite_to_html_file(data1, 'Iris data set', 'iris2.html')\n\nThe table looks much nicer now because I applied styling. ", "I also added row highlighting.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I get the data from an SQL query in microsoft Access VBA?", "\n\nHey I just sort of learned how to put my SQL statements into VBA (or atleast write them out), but I have no idea how to get the data returned?", "\nI have a couple forms (chart forms) based on queries that i run pretty regular parameters against, just altering timeframe (like top 10 sales for the month kinda of thing). ", "Then I have procedures that automatically transport the chart object into a powerpoint presentation. ", "So I have all these queries pre-built (like 63), and the chart forms to match (uh, yeah....63...i know this is bad), and then all these things set up on \"open/close\" events triggering the next (its like my very best attempt at being a hack....or dominos; whichever you prefer).", "\nSo I was trying to learn how to use SQL statements in VBA, so that eventually I can do all this in there (I may still need to keep all those chart forms but I don't know because I obviously lack understanding).", "\nSo aside from the question that I asked at the top, can anyone offer advice? ", "\nthanks\n\nA:\n\nIt's a bit dated, so you might want to grab a book on the subject. ", " But, here's a ton of access resources and some tutorials and examples as well. ", " But, basically ...\nDim dbs As Database\nDim rs As Recordset\nDim strSQL As String\nSet dbs = CurrentDb\n\nstrSQL = 'your query here\n\nSet rs = dbs.", "OpenRecordset(strSQL)\n\nIf Not (rs.", "EOF And rs.", "BOF) Then\n rs.", "MoveFirst\n 'get results using rs.", "Fields()\nElse\n\n'Use results\n\nPer comment: Take a look at the recordset class. ", " It contains a collection called Fields that are the columns that are returned from your query. ", " Without knowing your schema, it's hard to say, but something like ...\nrs.", "MoveFirst\nDo While Not rs.", "EOF\n 'do something like rs(\"SomeFieldName\") \n rs.", "MoveNext\nLoop\n\nLike I said, your best bet is to grab a book on this subject, they have tons of examples.", "\n\nA:\n\nUse a parameterized querydef and invoke it from vba.", "\nThe query is easier to design...easily testable..and easily accessible from VBA or a form.", "\ndim qd as querydef\nset qd = currentdb.querydefs!myquerydef\n\nqd.parameters!parm1=val1\n\n....\neither \n qd.execute\nor\ndim rs as recordset\nset rs = qd.openrecordset()\n\nYMMV ...\n\nA:\n\nHere's a function that you might consider refactoring to take in a string, and you'll be able to re-use anywhere in your code.", "\nSo have a CONST or build a string for your SQL statement, and pop in your SANITIZED, NON SQL INJECTED string as an argument :)\ni.e. \nstrSQL = \"SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE ID = \" & EnsureParamIsNotSQLInjection(customerID)\n\n... then call the function/sub from anywhere you need to get a recordset/data/execute a statement. ", "Consider creating a handful of data-access functions/subs where you can simply run an UPDATE statement, or retrieve a single value, or retreive a full blown recordset.", "\nThe key here is to have these functions all living in one place and reuse them all over the place. ", "Here's a sample in VBScript.", "\nSub DoStuff(strSQL)\n\n Set adoCon = Server.", "CreateObject(\"ADODB.Connection\")\n\n strConnString = \"Provider=Microsoft.", "Jet.", "OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=\" & Server.", "MapPath(\"db\\Database.mdb\") \n 'strConnString = \"DRIVER={Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb)}; DBQ=\" & Server.", "MapPath(\"db\\Database.mdb\")\n\n adoCon.", "Open strConnString\n\n Set rsMain = Server.", "CreateObject(\"ADODB.Recordset\")\n\n rsMain.", "Open strSQL, adoCon\n\n Do While NOT rsMain.", "EOF\n customerName = rsMain(\"CustomerName\") 'silly example\n RsMain.", "MoveNext\n Loop\n\n rsMain.", "Close\n\n Set adoCon = Nothing\nEnd Sub\n\n" ]

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[ "Wednesday, 7 October 2009\n\nScript Draft 3 With Camera Test\n\nThe Knights Templar was an order set up after the first crusade in 1099, men devoted their lives to protecting pilgrims travelling in the holy land of Jerusalem.", "\n\nIn 1168 the Temple Church in London was built as a British headquarters for the vastly growing order. ", "It is located between Fleet Street and the river Thames. ", "The land between the temple and the river served as a training ground for the knights. ", "The Knights ran an early form of banking system from the Temples across the holy land as protection for the pilgrims.", "\n\nEvery round church the Templar’s built throughout Europe was a recreation of the sanctity of the Holy place found in the original Round Church, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, built upon the death, burial and resurrection place of Jesus Christ. ", "Knights buried in the round were the most powerful of their generation, a burial here was greatly desired as it was a representation of a burial in Holy lands. ", "Within the Naive there are nine life sized effigies made from marble, these effigies are of members of the Templar order.", "\n\nThe Naive stands freely, with Gothic arches which rise to the drum. ", "The Templar’s where the first to engineer such a design. ", "Looking closely we can see that around the Naive the details for every arch has been hand crafted with their own intricate design and between each arch are the heads and gargoyles each with a different face.", "\n\nThe rectangular chancel was added in 1240. ", "The extension was built when the Templar’s expect King Henry III and his wife Eleanor or Provence to be buried at the Church. ", "Henry III was instead buried at Westminster Abby, it was in fact his son that was buried at the Temple Church. ", "Many Kings of England held a close relationship to the Templar order.", "\n\nOn the far western wall we can find a set of aumbries have been carved into the stone, these where used to keep the vessels used at mass. ", "Their shape dates back to the early 17th century, the centre arch was probably created for a mural decoration. ", "Two either side was likely to have been fronted with doors. ", "These aumbries are now hidden behind the Wrenian rerdos.", "\n\nThe Templar order became very wealthy which led to their eventual downfall. ", "King Edward II of England reluctantly seized and handed over the assets of the Templar order, including the Temple Church, to the Knights Hospitaller, who rented the church to law students, which created two of the Inns of Court, it is these inns which is charged with the up keep of the church to this day.", "\n\nOver the years many restorations have been carried out to preserve and modernize the Temple Church. ", "There have been a number of roofs over the naïve; Anthonis Van Den Wyngaerde in 1544 shows the first to be Cone, which later in reports from 1653 mentions a steeple. ", "in 1680’s Christopher Wren carried out renovations which included the introduction of the churches first organ, a change from the rough Kentish rag stone walls to the smooth Bath stone we see today. ", "The latest restoration came after the Second World War when the Church received heavy bomb damage; the roof was replaced with a design that that stands today, the drum.", "\n\n(so far without sound, unfortunantly my current recording formats are not working in either premire pro or maya)" ]

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[ "So I had just gotten home from work . ", "Me an my SO shuffle into the house and she ask's me who would be sending me a letter from Cincinnati . ", "I squealed with excitement because I knew it must be from my Secret Santa.", "\n\nThe envelope even had one of this cool Santa Snoo pics on the return label.", "\n\nI was in kind of a crappy mood all week so this really cheered me up.", "\n\nI got an $25 gift card to Amazon! ", "I will be using this to get some new Ent supplies.", "\n\nbut the real gift here was the hilarious written letter. ", "Maybe I just really needed a laugh so its possible I laughed harder than I should have, but I had to stop and re-compose myself before I could continue reading the letter to my girlfriend midway through. ", "for me that was the best part of the gift. ", "Thank you soo much Redditor abuckfiddy. ", "I really appreciate the gift and the letter. ", "Happy Holidays to you" ]

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[ "The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.", "\nTraditionally, vehicles are made up on framed chassis or on a rigid uni-body chassis. ", "These two types of chassis have both advantages and disadvantages when compared to each other and are well known in the automotive industry. ", "A main deficiency attributed to each of the traditional chassis types is that they are not readily adaptable to a wide variety of vehicles without forcing major and expensive redesign work for each vehicle. ", "As a result, almost every model of vehicle has a unique chassis that is unusable for other vehicle designs. ", "The present invention is based on an attempt to address the disadvantages known in the two commonly used chassis types and also to provide a simple chassis that can be used in a wide variety of vehicle designs." ]

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[ "\n403 S.E.2d 791 (1991)\n261 Ga. 219\nCOLUMBUS, GEORGIA\nv.\nBOARD OF WATER COMMISSIONERS OF COLUMBUS, GEORGIA.", "\nNo. ", "S91A0205.", "\nSupreme Court of Georgia.", "\nMay 10, 1991.", "\nEugene Hardwick Polleys, Jr., Columbus, for Columbus, Ga.\nJames E. Humes, II, Joseph L. Waldrep, Hatcher, Stubbs, Land, Hollis & Rothschild, Columbus, for Board of Water Com'rs of Columbus, Ga.\nFLETCHER, Justice.", "\nIn July of 1990, the Council of Columbus (the \"council\") appointed one of its members to serve on the Board of Water Commissioners of Columbus (the \"board\"). ", "The board filed a petition for declaratory judgment or, in the alternative, an application for writ of quo warranto in the Superior Court of Muscogee County (the \"court\") seeking to have the council's appointment to the board invalidated.", "\nThe court found that council members are not eligible to serve concurrently as council members and as board members because such would violate OCGA § 36-30-4 and would constitute a common law conflict of interest. ", "As a result, the court held the council member's appointment to the board to be null and void and *792 issued a writ of quo warranto nullifying the appointment. ", "Columbus appeals and we affirm.", "\n1. ", "OCGA § 36-30-4 provides:\nA councilman or alderman of a municipal corporation shall be ineligible to hold any other municipal office during the term of office for which the councilman or alderman was chosen unless he first resigns as councilman or alderman before entering such other office. ", "This Code section shall apply to all elected officials of a municipal corporation.", "\nThe legislation under which the board was created provides that the board is a \"subordinate branch\" of Columbus and that board members are officers of Columbus. ", "Ga.L.1902, pp. ", "370, 372, 375, 376. ", "From these facts, it seems clear that membership of a council member on the board is prohibited by OCGA § 36-30-4. ", "Columbus argues, however, that its charter gives it the specific authorization necessary to fit it within the recognized exception to that statute which was enunciated in Fowler v. Mitcham, 249 Ga. 400, 402, 291 S.E.2d 515 (1982) when this court stated:\nConsistently with the common-law rule against conflicts of interest in local government, our courts have held that it is contrary to public policy to permit an official board having the power to appoint to an office to exercise that power by appointing one or more of their own body, unless the statute conferring the appointing power expressly authorizes self-appointment.", "\nColumbus' charter was amended in 1971 to provide, among other things, that the council has the authority to: \"redefine the manner of appointment, membership and powers and duties of said Board of Water Commissioners after the expiration of a period of eighteen months following the effective date of this Charter.\" ", "Ga.L.1971, Ex. ", "Sess., ", "p. 2050. ", "The council contends that such amendment is specific authorization for self-appointment because if the council can redefine the board's membership, surely it can appoint one of its own to the board.", "\nWe disagree. ", "Passing over the question of whether a charter provision that specifically authorizes self-appointment would be valid if it were contrary to the general law codified in OCGA § 36-30-4 or whether its effect would be the creation of a common law conflict of interest, we do not interpret the 1971 charter amendment as specifically authorizing the council to appoint its members to the board.", "\n2. ", "As a consolidated government, Columbus contends that it has additional rights and powers under statutes applicable to counties. ", "Columbus argues that OCGA § 45-2-2, when read in conjunction with the last sentence of OCGA § 45-2-1, permits a county officer to concurrently hold additional offices as long as the other office is not a county office and as long as such is not expressly prohibited. ", "Columbus goes on to contend that because it is a consolidated government, OCGA §§ 45-2-2 and 45-2-1 apply to Columbus and, because there is no express prohibition against Columbus council members sitting on the board, a council member should be allowed to serve concurrently on both the council and the board.", "\nAs has already been established in Division 1, the board is subordinate to the council. ", "Board members are elected by the council and, in certain circumstances, may be removed by the council. ", "The actions of the board are subject to review by the council and, in certain matters such as the placement and number of public hydrants, the board must comply with the dictates of the council. ", "Ga.L.1902, p. 370 et seq.", "\nThus, even if we were to find OCGA §§ 45-2-2 and 45-2-1 applicable to Columbus, its argument in regard to those statutes is without merit. ", "The council clearly serves a supervisory and/or appellate function in relation to the board which would be inconsistent to board membership. ", "Despite Columbus' arguments to the contrary, a conflict of interest would exist if a council member were to serve concurrently on the board. ", "Accord Mayor, etc., ", "of Macon et al. ", "v. Huff, 60 Ga. 221 (1878); Hawkins et al. *", "793 v. The Intendant, etc., ", "of Jonesboro, 63 Ga. 527 (1879).", "\nJudgment affirmed.", "\nAll the Justices concur.", "\n" ]

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[ "The cable-stayed bridge is one of the most aesthetic and efficient bridge types for water crossing. ", "However, it is infamous for its resource-taking process for analysis and design, especially the cable force tuning process. ", "This process requires engineers to perform numerous runs of analysis after each adjustment of cable force/stress. ", "Due to the nature of cable bridges, 3D model of a cable-stayed bridge is often very large and composed of a great number of elements and DOFs. ", "This results in wasting many hours of high-end engineers’ hours of time for manual iteration process.", "\n\nMy presentation demonstrates two case studies off cable-stayed bridges which have composite deck structures. ", "The two bridges have different scales, which is good to describe the varying levels of analysis possible in midas Civil.", "\n\nCraig SchaPer Associated Engineering, Burnaby BC\n\nI used midas Civil for overall analysis and stage checking. ", "For more detailed checking, I exported midas Civil grillage model to midas FEA as a shell model for more detailed checking and load rating in transverse direction of extradose cable-stay bridge.", "\n\nDaniel Mariscal AECOM, Tampa, FL\n\nEdit BGImage\n\nAbout Us\n\nMIDAS IT has accomplished impracticable tasks, overcoming the difficult environment of the CAE industry in Korea. ", "By using engineering simulation technology based on our own techniques through high-tech graphics, we have been developing as the biggest company that offers CAE software solution to the world." ]

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[ "Sunday, 6 March 2011\n\nPersecution because of homosexuality is rarely accepted as grounds for political asylum in Finland. ", "However, it is a fairly common reason for applying for asylum.", "\n\nEsko Repo, head of the asylum unit of the Finnish Immigration Service, says that of the approximately 4,000 asylum applicants in Finland last year, a “three digit number” mentioned persecution on the basis of sexual orientation as the reason that they were seeking asylum.", "\n\nThe gay rights organisation SETA, the Finnish section of Amnesty International, and the Free Movement network are currently campaigning on behalf of a Zimbabwean man who has applied for asylum three times because of persecution for his homosexuality.", "\n\nThe man came to Finland as an IT student in 2002. ", "He applied for asylum the following year after officials in Zimbabwe learned of his homosexuality.", "\n\nThe man has been refused asylum in Finland.", "\n\nThe organisations campaigning on his behalf are now trying to reverse the decision to send him out of the country. ", "They have organised a demonstration on his behalf in Helsinki.", "\n\nHomosexuality remains a crime in more than 70 countries, and it is punishable by death in Iran, Yemen, Mauritania, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.", "\n\nHomosexuality is a taboo in several Middle Eastern and African countries, and is punishable by imprisonment.", "\n\nThe rights of Ugandan sexual minorities came under the spotlight recently when a Ugandan tabloid published the names of 100 homosexuals in the country, and called for them to be hanged.", "\n\nHomosexuality was decriminalised in Finland in 1971, and it was removed from the list of illnesses in 1981." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nChange power plan when laptop gets plugged in\n\nOn my laptop I have the 3 standard Windows 7 power plans. ", "I want my laptop to automatically change the power plan, when I plug in the power to my laptop.", "\nI couldn't find this feature, am I missing something?", "\n(I want to have the powersaver plan when my laptop isn't plugged in, and the high performance when it's plugged in)\n\nA:\n\nEach power plan has settings for \"on battery\" and \"plugged in\" it will switch between the two automatically you don't need to create separate plans. ", "See below if you need clarification:\n\nIf you insist on running multiple power plans that switch dynamically based on triggers Power Plan Assistant should do what you want. ", "If neither of these is what you are looking for then you may need to clarify your question. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright 2007-2009 the original author or authors.", "\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\npackage net.paoding.rose.web.annotation;\n\nimport java.lang.annotation.", "Documented;\nimport java.lang.annotation.", "ElementType;\nimport java.lang.annotation.", "Retention;\nimport java.lang.annotation.", "RetentionPolicy;\nimport java.lang.annotation.", "Target;\n\n/**\n * \n * 标注 {@link SuppressMultipartResolver} 在方法上，能够压制rose自动进行上传解析。这用于两种情况：\n * 1）如有必要可forward给另外的控制器方法解析.<br>\n * 2）开发者想要有更自由的解析以及时间点控制(对于后者可以，开发者可以在方法中声明 MultipartResolver 获取到解析器)\n * <p>\n * \n * \n * @author 王志亮 [qieqie.wang@gmail.com]\n * \n */\n@Target( { ElementType.", "METHOD })\n@Retention(RetentionPolicy.", "RUNTIME)\n@Documented\npublic @interface SuppressMultipartResolver {\n\n}\n" ]

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[ "Love is in the air (or ditches): Rain puts green frogs in the mood\n\nBy Rob Morris on October 3, 2018\n\nKnow what gets green tree frogs in the mood for love? ", "Rain.", "\n\nNot long after Hurricane Florence, tiny frogs seemed to invade the Outer Banks, popping up on porches, in yards, on cars, in mailboxes, on screen doors – you name it.", "\n\nThe little guys, described in local social media groups as “adorable but slightly concerning,” have their fans and foes.", "\n\n“They poop everywhere!” ", "said one. “", "I love them!” ", "said another.", "\n\nWhile the green chirpers showed up not long after Florence, the baby boom is more likely the result of late July’s double-digit inches of rain.", "\n\nTree frogs breed in ditches, puddles or any bit of water they can find, said biologist Jeff Hall, an expert on amphibians with the North Carolina Wildlife Commission. ", "When there’s a significant rain event, it’s not at all unusual to see tiny frogs, lots of them, a month or two later.", "\n\nHall said if you see a large congregation, they’re probably attracted to a light source, because that’s where the bugs are.", "\n\n“A lot of times you’ll find them around outdoor light,” he said. “", "It’s like the Golden Corral for them.”", "\n\nSo love them or hate them, the recent tree frog invasion could be helpful with eastern North Carolina’s other fall explosion: mosquitoes.", "\n\nHow long will our green visitors hang around? ", "Many toads and frogs will live three to five years, Hall said, but may go into a type of hibernation in winter, laying low under logs and in other hiding places that won’t freeze." ]

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[ "A novel role for gamma-secretase in the formation of primitive streak-like intermediates from ES cells in culture.", "\ngamma-Secretase is a membrane-associated protease with multiple intracellular targets, a number of which have been shown to influence embryonic development and embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation. ", "This paper describes the use of the gamma-secretase inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) to evaluate the role of gamma-secretase in the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to the germ lineages. ", "The addition of DAPT did not prevent the formation of primitive ectoderm-like cells from ES cells in culture. ", "In contrast, the addition of DAPT during primitive ectoderm-like cell differentiation interfered with the ability of both serum and BMP4 to induce a primitive streak-like intermediate and resulted in the preferential formation of neurectoderm. ", "Similarly, DAPT reduced the formation of primitive streak-like intermediates from differentiating human ES cells; the culture conditions used resulted in a population enriched in human surface ectoderm. ", "These data suggest that gamma-secretase may form part of the general pathway by which mesoderm is specified within the primitive streak. ", "The addition of an E-cadherin neutralizing antibody was able to partially reverse the effect of DAPT, suggesting that DAPT may be preventing the formation of primitive streak-like intermediates and promoting neurectoderm differentiation by stabilizing E-cadherin and preventing its proteolysis." ]

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[ "Restrictions:All Ages\n\nTicket Information:\n\nWebsite:\n\nAlexander the Great: 2000 Years of Treasures is the most exciting and prestigious classical culture exhibition ever to be hosted by the Australian Museum in Sydney and features the largest collection of treasures ever to come to Australia from the world famous State Hermitage in St Petersburg, Russia. ", "This exhibition will be exclusive to Sydney.", "\n\nNo ruler in history appeals to the imagination as much as Alexander the Great. ", "No other king has been so often cited and depicted as an example of mighty achievement, even though he died at the tender age of 32 in 323 BCE.", "\n\nHe owes his epithet ‘The Great’ to the enormous territory that he conquered, all within the space of just 11 years, the largest empire in history – from Greece in the west to the river Indus in the east.", "\n\nThe exhibition includes over 400 objects from classical antiquity through to the modern age from both Western and Non-Western origins, spanning a period of almost 2500 years.", "\n\nAmong the works that will be shown are signature pieces that people travel from all over the world to the State Hermitage to see, such as the famous Gonzaga cameo and the polished black basalt statue of Cleopatra VII. ", "Another highlight of the exhibition is the figure of Heracles fighting the lion from the 2nd century AD.", "\n\nAlexander the Great: 2000 years of treasures is an exhibition that will entrance the general public with its diversity of treasures and the entertaining and engaging way in which it places one of history’s most legendary figures into context: the world he took over when he became king, his campaigns as far east as the Indus River in India, the man himself and his legacy. ", "It incorporates the great cultural and artistic changes that followed his conquests.", "\n\n“The Alexander exhibition brings to Sydney some of the finest known treasures from the court and cities of Alexander the Great and his Successors. ", "Alexander's remarkable empire, stretching from the Mediterranean across to India, was carved out in battles and campaigns waged over a few short years. ", "It barely outlasted his death at the age of 32, but its legacy is still with us today. ", "The Hermitage holds one of the finest antiquities collections in the world and this exhibition has been brilliantly curated by Dr Anna Trofimova, the museum’s Head of the Department of Classical Antiquities.”" ]

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[ "Metabolic-Based Interactions and the Microbiome\n===============================================\n\nThe advent of high-throughput sequencing platforms (NGS) represents one of the most significant milestones in the field of microbial ecology. ", "The possibility of determining genomic sequences directly from environmental samples, circumventing the culturability issues related to most of the bacterial species, allows to investigate the composition of the microbial communities from taxonomical (microbiome) and functional (metagenome) point of view. ", "Metagenomics, in particular, can be used to identify the metabolic potential of a microbial community in terms of the presence of genes encoding enzymes involved in specific metabolic pathways.", "\n\nMetabolic interactions are pivotal for maintaining the community processes functions and for structuring the ecology of the host-microbiome unit ([@B34]; [@B57]; [@B79]). ", "For example, in a community of oceanic plankton the exchange of 2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate from the diatom *Thalassiosira pseudonana* to a bacterium from the *Roseobacter* clade has been demonstrated ([@B18]). ", "Concerning the host-associated microbiota, whose implications for human health and development are well established ([@B48]; [@B61]; [@B47]; [@B26]; [@B13]; [@B70]; [@B28]; [@B44]; [@B53]; [@B77]), its composition is the result of complex (and poorly understood) interactions which often depends on metabolic effectors occurring at the molecular level between host and microbes, deriving from long-term co-adaptation and short-term changes of environmental conditions (as exemplified in the hologenome theory; [@B67]) In the human gut microbiota, one of the most illuminating examples is fucose, a sugar commonly found as glycan component in epithelial cells of the mammal intestine ([@B66]). ", "Glycan fucosylation, induced by the presence of specific symbionts (such as *Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron*; [@B10]), has a role in the foraging of commensal bacteria and, consequently, in the stability of gut microbiota. ", "In turn, a fucose-exposed microbiota improves its host health through different mechanisms, such as the production of short chain fatty acids and the inhibition of pathogen colonization ([@B56]).", "\n\nToward Predictive Models in Microbial Ecology\n=============================================\n\nMicrobial communities can be considered \"complex adaptive systems\" ([@B60]), where individuals and populations interact, giving rise to system's higher-order (emergent) properties. ", "Communities are in fact comprised of a network of spatially distributed agents (cells) that respond concurrently to the actions of others (cells). ", "Thus, the behavior of the system (the community) can arise from a variety of interactions (e.g., mutualism, antagonism, parasitism, etc.) ", "between agents and their local environment. ", "In fact, sociomicrobiology is moving from the analysis of single model systems (e.g., *Dictyostelium discoideum*, *Myxococcus xanthus*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*; [@B74]) to more complex models, as those related to host--microbe interaction and to microbial consortia ([@B76]). ", "In recent years, the application of conceptual frameworks from market economy theory has become popular, trying to predict the evolution of a microbial community (including the cross-talk of their members) over time ([@B73]; [@B65]). ", "At the same time, various approaches for mathematical modeling of microbial communities have been applied, including Lotka--Volterra models, evolutionary game models, thermodynamically based models, non-linear regression models, trait-based modeling and stoichiometric modeling (reviewed in [@B60]). ", "Tools for the simulation of microbial community behavior have also been developed ([@B45]) which may include interaction between host and the microbiota (as the eGUT <http://www.biosciences-labs.bham.ac.uk/kreftlab/eGUT.html>) or \"simpler\" environments resembling a Petri-dish context ([@B34]). ", "In general, modeling of communities may rely on top-down or bottom-up approaches, defined as population-level models (PLMs) and individual-based models (IBMs), whereas PLMs are best applied to homogeneous environments and IBMs are mostly useful when heterogeneous environments are considered ([@B37]). ", "The possible outcomes of a predictive microbial ecology model are many, from biomedicine, environment science, and biotechnology (i.e., metabolic engineering), paving the way for \"synthetic ecology\" ([@B82]). ", "In this sense, artificial microbial communities can be designed, being geared toward precise and efficient bio-performances and, at the same time, maintaining the resilience and the complexity of \"near\" native microbial communities. ", "Under this view, practices such as bacteriotherapy ([@B12]) and extra-terrestrial life support projects ([@B38]) could be tightly and efficiently programmed.", "\n\nHowever, these mechanistic models are mostly based on sharp functional definitions of microbial groups (e.g., glucose utilizers, cellulolytic, methanogens, etc.) ", "that are often difficult to reconcile with detailed microbiological and metagenomic data. ", "Indeed, (i) the very same microbial strain can have many different functional abilities (even contrasting, e.g., nitrogen fixation and denitrification in rhizobia; [@B17]), (ii) the same functions may be carried out by phylogenetically distant organisms (e.g., nitrogen fixation), and (iii) the microbial strains of a given species can harbor different metabolic abilities (due to the dispensable genome fraction; [@B51]). ", "Moreover, other important challenges include the identification of (molecular) interactions of populations as well as the quantification of fluxes of nutrients and energy among individuals and populations ([@B31]). ", "It is then crucial to have accurate descriptions (or predictions) of the metabolic phenotypes expressed by either a given microbial strain or groups of organisms present in the microbiome.", "\n\nAccurate Phenotypic Predictions with Constraint-Based Metabolic Modeling\n========================================================================\n\nThe presence of curated repositories integrating biochemical and genetic knowledge (Kegg, Biocyc; [@B40]; [@B14]), together with the increased performances of modern genome annotation tools allows reconstructing the metabolic network of an organism from genome sequence data and literature information. ", "More specifically, Genome-scale Metabolic network Reconstructions (GEMREs) integrate, by means of a mathematical formal representation, the set of metabolic reactions occurring in the cell, including information concerning metabolites, biochemical constraints and metabolic enzymes encoding genes ([@B24]). ", "This is done by drafting (i) the list of the biochemical reactions that the organism can carry out (resumed from genome annotation and literature information) together with the constraints of those reaction (e.g., reaction reversibility), (ii) an organism-specific biomass assembly reaction, based on the relative abundancies of biomass constituents, and (iii) inputs and outputs (exchanged fluxes) from and to the external environment. ", "A reconstruction, including all these information, can be exported in a computable format (such as JSON or SBML) and queried with different constraint-based (CB) methods to obtain quantitative predictions of growth phenotypes.", "\n\nThe most commonly used CB technique is flux balance analysis (FBA) ([@B54]), which relies on modeling the biochemical system under investigation with a stoichiometric matrix and a flux vector. ", "This is a compact representation of the reactions as a linear system of differential equations, reporting the association between metabolites and reactions together with the corresponding stoichiometric coefficients. ", "Under FBA a pseudo-steady state condition is assumed, to let the net sum of production and consumption rates of internal metabolites be 0. ", "Under this assumption, it is possible to identify a feasible flux of metabolites optimizing a given objective function (e.g., biomass production). ", "The predictions obtained with this approach can, in turn, be used to design targeted experiments and gain insights into the role of genes in different conditions. ", "Moreover, experimental results (such as growth phenotypes, differential expression data, and metabolic profiles) can be easily integrated into the model with well-defined protocols to perform accurate condition- or tissue-specific simulations.", "\n\nGiven the relative simplicity of this kind of analysis and the close relationship with the biology of model organisms, this approach (with slight variations) has been widely used in bioengineering, physiology, and genome-scale synthetic biology ([@B39]; [@B20]). ", "For example, the yields of economically important cofactors can be predicted in different conditions ([@B72]), alternative optimal flux distributions can be identified by means of Flux Variability Analysis ([@B50]), as well as for prediction of pathogenicity ([@B6]) and metabolic rewiring in relation to an environmental adaptation ([@B23]). ", "Considering the results that can be obtained with such techniques, as the genome sequencing and biochemical characterization of whole microbial communities becomes increasingly more feasible, the application of CB methods to microbial communities is turning out as a very promising field.", "\n\nMetabolic Modeling of Microbial Communities\n===========================================\n\nIn the last years, a number of works describing diverse aspects of multi-organism metabolic modeling has testified the growing interest in this field ([@B3]; [@B36]). ", "Despite the approximations made when analyzing single organisms become more relevant for community modeling, the possibility of integrating meta-omics data (i.e., metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and fluxomics) on a highly predictive, systems-based framework allowed gaining important insights into basic aspects of microbial ecology ([@B25]). ", "These include the prediction of competition/cooperation patterns ([@B27]; [@B15]), the characterization of symbiotic interactions ([@B35]; [@B59]) and the emergence of community response following nutrient modulations ([@B80]). ", "More practical applications include the prediction of probiotics contrasting *Clostridium difficile* infections ([@B62]), insights into pathogenesis mechanisms ([@B4]) and the metabolic engineering of consortia to achieve optimality in bioremediation or synthetic biology ([@B8]; [@B9]).", "\n\nA defining feature of community modeling is the sharp increase in complexity with respect to single-organism CB analyses. ", "In other words, the simplistic assumptions at the basis of FBA (i.e., steady-state, biomass production as objective function) become challenging when applied to model multi-organism metabolic interactions. ", "This made necessary the development of innovative approaches, which are briefly described in **Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}**. ", "Overall, these methods differ in the scope and complexity of the analyzed community. ", "For instance, dynamics methods based on dFBA are highly predictive for time-resolved analyses, but require a number of parameters which effectively limit their application to small (two or three organisms), well-characterized systems. ", "On the other hand, the enzyme-soup approach relies on simplistic assumptions and limited *a priori* knowledge of the system under study, making it suited for analyzing complex microbial communities (such as the gut microbiota). ", "Overall, current approaches for community metabolic modeling can be divided into: (i) *quantitative methods*, having a high predictive potential but being limited to simple systems due to parameterization and/or *a priori* knowledge required and (ii) *large-scale methods*, providing mostly qualitative insights but applicable to complex microbial communities.", "\n\n###### \n\nOverview of the different approaches adopted to perform metabolic modeling of microbial communities.", "\n\n Approach Description References\n ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------\n Compartmentalization A logical extension of the multiple compartments for organelles in eukaryotic reconstructions. ", "This approach combines multiple GEMREs in a single large stoichiometric matrix, defining a compartment for each organism and transport reactions for the shared metabolites. ", "The objective function used in this case is a linear combination of the individual biomass functions. ", " [@B63]; [@B4], [@B42]; [@B59]\n Community objectives This strategy, which is implemented in the OptCom tool, extends the Compartmentalization approach introducing an objective function designed at the community level. ", "This allows to effectively model trophic interactions (e.g., commensalism, parasitism, mutualism, etc.) ", "between members of the community, via a series of nested, bi-level optimizations. ", " [@B81]; [@B59], [@B19]\n Dynamic analysis Instead of using FBA (whose central assumption is the steady state condition), this dynamic approach relies on dFBA, which allows compounds being accumulated or depleted. ", "Instead of producing static \"snapshot\" of the metabolic states, the dFBA framework provides a dynamic description of the adaptation to changing conditions and nutrients availability. ", "To cope with this totally different framework, a modified version of OptCom has been tailored to carry out dynamic analyses (dOptCom). ", "Despite the interesting results obtained with this approach, the application of dFBA is severely hindered by two factors: (i) it is computationally demanding and (ii) it requires some kinetic parameters (e.g., for growth-limiting metabolites). ", "A major consequence is the reduced scale of the system that can be analyzed with this approach, with respect to other methods. ", " [@B71]; [@B80], [@B33]; [@B15], [@B32]; [@B34]\n Spatially resolved This approach introduces the study of bacterial spatial diffusion and the resulting structure of (simple) microbial communities. ", "COMETS, for example, uses dynamic flux balance analysis (dFBA) to perform time-dependent metabolic simulations of microbial ecosystems, bridging the gap between stoichiometric and environmental modeling. ", " [@B29]; [@B34], [@B55]\n Enzyme soup Radically different from the other methods, the enzyme-soup approach completely neglects any inter-organism boundary concept. ", "Reactions are not assigned to different species, as the whole community is treated as a \"soup\" of enzymes. ", "Since a number of biomass components are shared in the community, the biomass function has a generalized formulation, representing the biomass of the whole community. ", "In accordance with its premises, this approach focuses on depicting the metabolic potential of microbial communities, bypassing the problem of inter-organism interactions. ", "Due to the simple nature of its assumptions, this method can be easily applied to large complex communities, given the experimental support of meta-omic data. ", " [@B64]; [@B69]\n Graph-based Methods defined as graph-based have been used to identify competition or cooperation patterns between bacteria. ", "According to this framework, the stoichiometric matrix is used to generate graph connecting metabolites, with edges directed from substrates to products. ", "Nodes with in-degree/out-degree ratio equal to 0 represent metabolites (*seeds*) which are consumed but not produced, and therefore must be supplied to the network. ", "The assessment of seed sets for multiple organisms allows to evaluate the metabolic basis of competition/cooperation. ", "Since inferences are made regardless of stoichiometry and flux analysis, this approach shows a remarkable robustness when applied to poor-quality reconstructions, which might affect conclusions made using FBA-based methods. ", " [@B5]; [@B46]\n Network expansion This method encompasses an agglomerative algorithm (Network Expansion), which iteratively add reactions to an initial set of reactions/metabolites, aiming at identifying emergent properties of the growing metabolic network. ", "The algorithm has been adapted to suit the case of microbial community analysis, studying the properties of pairwise combinations of bacteria. ", "Basically, starting from an initial set of reactions from both the microbes, this method iteratively expands the network with a pool of reactions from both organisms, under the assumptions that metabolic intermediates can be shared. ", "The application of this method allowed to identify emergent biosynthetic capacities for a large number of bacterial pairs. ", " [@B30]; [@B16], [@B62]\n\nThis simple distinction highlights one current limitation of metabolic modeling methods, that is, the lack of quantitative methods easily scalable to large-scale communities. ", "Although the presence of experimental data (such as meta-omics) can be exploited to improve the biological significance of the predictions obtained in face of the increasing complexity, the development of novel innovative methods overcoming the current limitations is indeed a priority. ", "This includes also (i) the combination of different approaches to obtain hybrid methods optimizing the trade-off between quantitative predictions and scale of the systems and, (ii) the development of integrative frameworks to better combine meta-omics data with metabolic reconstructions. ", "An example of the latter is the dynamic modeling of gut microbiota composition to identify bacteria inhibiting *C. difficile*, performed integrating longitudinal metagenomics data with the network expansion method ([@B62]).", "\n\nAnother technical challenge limiting the application of CB methods to complex communities is the quality of GEMREs that can be used. ", "In fact, prediction of metabolic fluxes maximizing a defined objective function requires high-quality metabolic reconstructions (generated with precise protocols; [@B68]) to achieve consistency with the actual biology of the organisms accounted by the reconstruction. ", "However, the model typically requires further refinement (such as integration of literature and/or extant physiological data to identify potential gaps) and validation steps, which can be quite time (and resource) consuming. ", "Resultantly, the protocol used to obtain GEMREs of single organisms cannot be extended to large datasets due to the long time required to carry out these analyses and/or potential knowledge gaps for some organisms (such as unculturable bacteria) hindering the application of bottom-up reconstruction approaches.", "\n\nGeneral strategies have been developed to rapidly obtain GEMREs for many organisms. ", "These are based on automatic reconstruction from genomes (or binned metagenomic contigs), or comparative approaches relying on orthologous genes with \"reference\" organisms for which high-quality GEMREs are available. ", "Either way, the obtained draft-quality GEMREs require additional refinement steps to fill potential reaction gaps. ", "Perhaps the most notable example of such large-scale analysis is the metabolic reconstruction of 773 human gut microbes using a semi-automatic comparative metabolic reconstruction method ([@B49]). ", "Although the analysis of these GEMREs revealed good consistency with known functional features of gut microbiota (e.g., carbon source compounds degradation; [@B22]), the authors specified the infeasibility of this approach to recover (accurate) quantitative predictions, due to the absence of species/condition-specific information (i.e., the breakdown of biomass components). ", "On the other hand, qualitative insights such as prediction of growth-supporting media seem to be less affected by this kind of approximations ([@B21]).", "\n\nAltogether, this points to the need of (i) established protocols (such as [@B68]) to develop and curate GEMREs for large-scale datasets and (ii) public resources to facilitate this task (see [@B49]). ", "In particular, we specifically stress the lack of a data repository describing the biomass composition of different organisms in a variety of conditions. ", "Indeed, such knowledge could be easily integrated in existing reconstruction pipelines and would allow obtaining more biologically relevant GEMREs.", "\n\nStrengths and Weaknesses of Community Models\n============================================\n\nKnowledge-driven metabolic engineering of bacterial communities is an emerging field which might shed light on some of the most puzzling biological questions regarding clinical problems (e.g., drug--bacteria interactions; [@B78]), industrial production design (e.g., enhancing secondary metabolites production; [@B41]), and environmental safety/health (e.g., bioremediation; [@B58]) (**Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ", "Several efforts have been directed at characterizing the interactions between bacterial pathogens and their host, aiming at designing probiotic formulations to recover damaged communities (such as the human gut microbiota following *C. difficile* infection; [@B11]), or able to directly suppress pathogen proliferation ([@B11]). ", "The metabolic repertoire shared by complex bacterial communities, such as those living in the human gut, has been explored using semi-automated approaches to reconstruct a large set of metabolic models intertwining genomic, metagenomic, and metabolic information ([@B49]). ", "Microbial consortia can, in principle, perform complex reactions requiring multiple steps that can be cell- or community-specific ([@B8]). ", "Understanding the communication systems underpinning bacterial communities represents a crucial step for the rational design of microbial consortia able to maximize the production of different compounds or for the production of hybrid communities, composed of natural and engineered bacteria, to be used in bioremediation processes ([@B9]). ", "Despite all the advances made in the integration of omics data into community-level models, more work is needed to overcome limitations imposed by current computational and experimental procedures.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nRational design of engineered microbial communities can be translated into specific services (e.g., bioremediation, metabolites productions, protection against pathogens, etc.). ", "However, this requires the precise annotation of metabolic functions to the species present in the communities, and this can be not feasible, especially when complete and annotated genomes are missing. ", "Despite the recent progress in genome reconstruction from metagenomes ([@B52]), the gap between omics information acquired and reference genomes assembled and available in public databases is still to be filled. ", "Methods for binning metagenomic sequences into taxonomic groups are mainly based on the different DNA composition (i.e., unsupervised methods combining *k-mer* frequencies with coverage information; [@B1]) or on pairwise comparisons with taxonomic annotated sequences (i.e., supervised methods based on sequence similarity; [@B7]; [@B75]). ", "Even if these methods can be used for partitioning genomes into different \"biological units,\" thus allowing metabolic models reconstruction, at present it is not feasible to recover all the genomes that compose an entire natural community and, consequently, perform metabolic modeling of the whole microbial community. ", "Another bottleneck in community level metabolic modeling is the generation of a model for each component of the community. ", "Indeed, microbial consortia are composed by thousands of strains and producing a different, curated and reliable model for each strain would be very demanding in terms of costs and time (**Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ", "For this reason, the automatic generation of models from genomic and metagenomics data is a mandatory step to increase the resolution power of the community model, especially in natural environment where, in principle, every single cell takes part in maintaining the homeostasis of a particular niche.", "\n\nOn the other hand, while genomics and metagenomics have provided many insights into the role of bacteria in determining potential functional features of a given environment, they both provide a static snapshot of a community, thus failing to deliver a dynamic and fully functional representation. ", "Consequently, obtaining an accurate dynamic model of a community would require longitudinal metagenomics or, more in general, methods to infer growth dynamics of single bacterial species from metagenomics ([@B43]). ", "However, this might not be straight-forward, since time-resolved metagenomics shows that some species can grow faster than others increasing their abundance quickly enough to significantly change the whole community structure ([@B2]). ", "Therefore, given the paradigm of CB metabolic modeling, this could effectively represent a problem when trying to infer the metabolic phenotype of a microbial community. ", "Similarly, it is unlikely that all the members of a microbial consortium are optimally geared toward biomass production. ", "As a consequence, the steady-state assumption (that is the foundation of FBA analyses) may not hold true during simulations.", "\n\nAll these factors force to discuss about which assumptions made in the context of single-organism metabolic modeling can be still tolerated when trying to accurately infer the (metabolic) dynamic of a bacterial community. ", "Indeed, each framework proposed hitherto takes into account different aspects of microbial interactions leaving to researchers the burden of choosing the kind of model that best fits their needs; this decision should be primarily based on the information available as well as on the resolution level that is possible to achieve (**Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ", "As 'omic sciences become more and more affordable and sensible, their integration into community-level metabolic models is mandatory to achieve a systems level understanding of these biological entities. ", "This highlights the necessity of a working scheme designed to handle large-scale, community-level reconstructions and to derive quantitative insights.", "\n\nAuthor Contributions\n====================\n\nAll the authors contributed in conceiving, preparing and revising the manuscript. ", "All the authors approved the manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the presented work.", "\n\nConflict of Interest Statement\n==============================\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: *Ioannis P. Androulakis, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, United States*\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: *Mitsuyuki Nakao, Tohoku University, Japan; Osbaldo Resendis-Antonio, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico*\n\n[^3]: ^†^*These authors have contributed equally to this work.*", "\n\n[^4]: This article was submitted to Systems Biology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Genetics\n" ]

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[ "Testing of hair samples for the presence of indicators of drug use has gained importance not only for evidence gathering for criminal justice system proceedings but in pre-employment and post-employment screening of individuals. ", "Unlike urine or blood sample testing which can provide only short term information concerning drug use by the tested individual and can therefore produce a negative result through abstention preceding the taking of the sample, hair testing can provide a long-term history of drug use for periods of, for example, ninety days or more preceding the taking of the sample. ", "For this reason hair testing for drug use has become a reliable and important pre-employment or periodic test which cannot be defeated by short term abstention.", "\nHeretofore testing of hair samples for drug use of marijuana by looking for cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been through techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and tandem gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). ", "These techniques not only qualitatively produce data indicative of the presence or absence of indicators of drug use from a hair sample but also quantify those results. ", "These tests are expensive and time consuming. ", "What is needed is a relatively fast and economical screening test which identifies clearly negative samples, i.e. samples with less than pre-determined threshold amounts of cannabinoids, from samples which are positive or not clearly negative. ", "By performing a screening test of the samples, the necessity of performing complicated, expensive and time consuming assays including GC/MS or GC/MS/MS on determined negative samples would be obviated. ", "Such assays would be reserved for those samples which, by the screening test, were either presumptively positive or otherwise not clearly identifiable as negative. ", "Reserving the use of these assays to samples which are not identified by the screening test as clearly negative would result in savings in time and manpower for the laboratory providing the testing.", "\nFor radioimmunoassay, there is presented a problem of use and disposal of the radioactive isotope used in the assay.", "\nAn appropriate screening test, any such test is one which is forensically sustainable in its own right and accordingly must use generally accepted scientific techniques and principles.", "\nEnzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) has been used for analyzing urine and blood samples to determine the presence of cannabinoids. ", "ELISA is, compared to the other assay methods such as GC/MS and GC/MS/MS, relatively inexpensive, fast and accurate to quantitatively determine the presence of cannabinoid analytes indicative of use of marijuana. ", "However, attempts to use ELISA as a screening test for cannabinoids in hair samples has heretofore been unsuccessful. ", "ELISA relies upon immunospecific reactions of the analytes to test for the presence of substances. ", "ELISA testing is well known, is described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,952,517 issued Aug. 28, 1990 and accordingly will not be described herein. ", "It is believed that procedures heretofore used for obtaining and analyzing the hair extract containing cannabinoid analytes have been frustrated by adherence of these analytes or unknown amounts thereof on analytical surfaces resulting in the inability to correlate the results of the assay with the actual presence or absence of the analytes being tested for. ", "Accordingly ELISA has not been successful as a test for cannabinoid analytes extracted from hair samples." ]

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[ "Australia poses some of its own challenges. ", "As a country that is 90% urbanised, the remaining 10% are scattered across vast distances. ", "The circumstances of these communities often share both developed and developing world characteristics. ", "We developed the One Education programme to accommodate this.", "\n\nThese lessons have been developed further into Unleash Kids, an initiative that we are currently working on to support the community of volunteers worldwide and take to the movement to the next level.", "\n\nBrowse, Wikipedia and Help have been moved from Mozilla to WebKit internally, as the Mozilla engine can no longer be embedded into other applications (like Browse) and Mozilla has stated officially that it is unsupported. ", "WebKit has proven to be a far superior alternative and this represents a valuable step forward for Sugar’s future. ", "As a user, you will notice faster activity startup time and a smoother browsing experience. ", "Also, form elements on webpages are now themed according to the system theme, so you’ll see Sugar’s UI design blending more into the web forms that you access.", "\n\nIn short, the Web will be a nicer place on XOs. ", "These improvements (and more!) ", "will be making their way onto One Education XOs (such as those in Australia) in 2013.", "\n\nHere are the results from the HTML5 Test using Browse 140 on OLPC OS 12.1.0 on an XO-1.75. ", "The final score (345 and 15 bonus points) compares favourably against other Web browsers. ", "Firefox 14 running on my Fedora 17 desktop scores 345 and 9 bonus points.", "\n\nUpdate:Rafael Ortiz writes, “For the record previous non-webkit versions of browse only got 187 points on html5test, my beta chrome has 400 points, so it’s a great advance!”", "\n\nIn my last blog post, I made the suggestion that Sugar integrate HTML5 more closely to allow for the creation of activities in standard Web technologies. ", "The Karma Project has since been pointed out to me, and the demos look impressive. ", "Unfortunately, its progress looks to have stalled. ", "There is now consideration happening in the community about moving Browse to a WebKit-based alternative, possibly Surf.", "\n\nIt seems like now is the time to revisit the notion of integrating HTML5 into Sugar itself. ", "I feel that this can achieve a far more powerful outcome than just swapping Browse with Surf. ", "The primary weaknesses of HTML5, its immaturity and dearth of good development tools, are being addressed. ", "Microsoft and Adobe are continue to move towards HTML5, which can only be a good thing.", "\n\nWe have the chance to tap into the current rush of developers creating Web applications. ", "We don’t need to (and can’t afford to) go to the extreme always-online level of Chrome OS, but I think the developments in that space are really showing what HTML5 can do in terms of applications development. ", "Take the Chrome version of Angry Birds, for example. ", "Written (almost) entirely in HTML5/JS (I think the “almost” part could have been implemented in HTML5 as well), it’s a fantastic example of what can be achieved. ", "More than a mindless game, the physics engine is realistic enough to become a fun educational tool. ", "It’s so much fun that most kids won’t even realise that they’re learning.", "\n\nAdobe is dropping Linux support for their Adobe AIR development platform. ", "To be honest, I don’t really care. ", "Why? ", "Because I’ve been careful enough to not tie my efforts to a proprietary platform.", "\n\nI’ve had several groups offer to write applications/activities for OLPC Australia using proprietary tools like AIR. ", "I’ve discouraged them every time. ", "Had we gone with the ‘convenient’ route and acquiesced, we would have been in quite a spot of bother right now. ", "My precious resources would have to be spent on porting or rewriting all of that work, or just leaving it to bit-rot.", "\n\nA beauty of Sugar and Linux is that they are not dependent on a single entity. ", "We can develop with the confidence of knowing that our code will continue to work, or at least can be made to continue to work in the face of underlying platform changes. ", "This embodies our Core Principle #5, Free and Open.", "\n\nFree and Open means that children can be content creators. ", "The television age relegated children (and everyone, for that matter) to just being consumers of content. ", "I have very fond childhood memories of attempts to counter that, but those efforts pale in comparison to the possibilities afforded to us today by modern digital technologies. ", "We now have the opportunity to properly enable children to be in charge of their learning. ", "Education becomes active, not passive. ", "There’s a reason why we refer to Sugar applications as activities.", "\n\nGrowing up in the 80s, my recollections are of a dynamic computing market. ", "Machines like the ZX Spectrum and the early Commodore models inspired a generation of kids into learning about how computers work. ", "By extension, that sparked interest in the sciences: mathematics, physics, engineering, etc.. Those machines were affordable and quite open to the tinkerer. ", "My first computer (which from vague recollection was a Dick Smith VZ200) had only a BASIC interpreter and 4k of memory. ", "We didn’t purchase the optional tape drive, so I had to type my programs in manually from the supplied book. ", "Along the way, I taught myself how to make my own customisations to the code. ", "I didn’t need to learn that skill, but I choose to take the opportunity presented to me.", "\n\nLikewise, I remember (and still have in my possession, sadly without the machine) the detailed technical binders supplied with my IBM PC. ", "I think I recognised early on that I was more interested in software, because I didn’t spend as much time on the supplied hardware schematics and documentation. ", "However, the option was there, and I could have made the choice to get more into hardware.", "\n\nThose experiences were very defining parts of my life, helping to shape me into the Free Software, open standards loving person I am. ", "Being able to get involved in technical development, at whatever level of my choosing, is something I was able to experience from a very early age. ", "I was able to be active, not just consume. ", "As I have written about before, even the king of proprietary software and vendor lock-in himself, Bill Gates, has acknowledged a similar experience as a tipping point in his life.", "\n\nWith this in mind, I worry about the superficial solutions being promoted in the education space. ", "A recent article on the BBC’s Click laments that children are becoming “digitally illiterate”. ", "Most of the solutions proposed in the article (and attached video) are highly proprietary, being based on platforms such as Microsoft’s Windows and Xbox. ", "The lone standout appears to be the wonderful-looking Raspberry Pi device, which is based on Linux and Free Software.", "\n\nIt is disappointing that the same organisation that had the foresight to give us the BBC Computer Literacy Project (with the BBC Micro as its centrepiece) now appears to have disregarded a key benefit of that programme. ", "By providing the most advanced BASIC interpreter of the time, the BBC Micro was well suited to education. ", "Sophisticated applications could be written in an interpreted language that could be inspected and modified by anyone.", "\n\nCode is like any other form of work, whether it be a document, artwork, music or something else. ", "From a personal perspective, I want to be able to access (read and modify) my work at any time. ", "From an ethical perspective, we owe it to our children to ensure that they continue to have this right. ", "From a societal perspective, we need to ensure that our culture can persevere through the ages. ", "I have previously demonstrated how digital preservation can dramatically reduce the longevity of information, comparing a still-legible thousand-year-old book against its ‘modern’ laserdisc counterpart that became virtually undecipherable after only sixteen years. ", "I have also explained how this problem presents a real and present danger to the freedoms (at least in democratic countries) that we take for granted.", "\n\nBack in the world of code, at least, things are looking up. ", "The Internet is heading towards HTML5/JavaScript, and even Microsoft and Adobe are following suit. ", "This raises some interesting considerations for Sugar. ", "Maybe we need to be thinking of writing educational activities in HTML5, like those at tinygames? ", "Going even further, perhaps we should be thinking about integrating HTML5 more closely into the Sugar framework?", "\n\nWe’re working to make sure every school has a 21st-century curriculum like you do. ", "And in the same way that we invested in the science and research that led to the breakthroughs like the Internet, I’m calling for investments in educational technology that will help create digital tutors that are as effective as personal tutors, and educational software that’s as compelling as the best video game. ", "I want you guys to be stuck on a video game that’s teaching you something other than just blowing something up.", "\n\nMeet The Team — Sridhar Dhanapalan\n\nWe are more than a consulting company – we are a great team! ", "In this section we will be introducing one member of our team in each newsletter.", "\n\nWhat do you do at BizCubed?", "\n\nI make sure that our Support subscribers are receiving legendary service. ", "We like to be an open company, and so knowledge sharing is important to us. ", "I write a lot of documentation on our wiki for the benefit of the Pentaho community.", "\n\nInternally, I ensure that our team is properly enabled with any information or infrastructure that they need. ", "I take care of our servers and deployments. ", "I also do the occasional development of BI solutions. ", "It’s a varied role — I never have a reason to be bored!", "\n\nWhat attracts you to open source BI?", "\n\nIt seems incongruous that while we demand transparency from, for instance, our political systems and financial institutions, they rely on software that is opaque.", "\n\nProcesses and organisations cannot be thoroughly audited if the software that drives them is closed. ", "I also believe that in using open source and open standards, you are showing respect for your users and customers. ", "Your users can see what you see; touch what you touch. ", "They can inspect and interrogate to their heart’s content, and even make their own modifications if they so wish. ", "They may not opt to exercise those rights, but ultimately it’s their choice and not their vendor’s.", "\n\nWhat were you doing before joining BizCubed?", "\n\nI’ve been using computers since the early 1980s, and I discovered open source just over ten years ago. ", "I’ve been fortunate enough to make a career out of it. ", "I have a background in network engineering, satellite communications, systems administration and good ol’ fashioned tech support.", "\n\nI completed university with a Science degree majoring in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, which I feel gave me an appreciation for the intersection of technology and society. ", "I think there should be more attention paid to this in ICT, and it’s an area I often encounter in the field of BI.", "\n\nDo you work with any projects other than Pentaho?", "\n\nI’ve been very active in the open source community over the past ten years. ", "For the first half of this decade, I was an administrator, editor and author at what was at the time the largest Mandrake (now Mandriva) Linux community Web site.", "\n\nI’m currently the president of the Sydney Linux Users Group and also on the Linux Australia Council. ", "Through those, I organise and co-ordinate meetings and events for the Australian Linux community. ", "Other than that, I’m involved in the Ubuntu community, One Laptop Per Child (OLPC), the Grameen Foundation and a few other projects.", "\n\nWhat do you do in your spare time?", "\n\nMy open source contributions take up the bulk of my non-work hours. ", "I read a lot of news and current affairs, and I’ve been known to go on Wikipedia binges. ", "Other than that, I spend time with family and friends.", "\n\nOf equal importance, how can we be sure that we can actually read those archives in the future? ", "Literacy of Egyptian Hieroglyphs was long-gone by the 18th century, and it took the discovery of the Rosetta Stone for them to start making sense again.", "\n\nI’ve written about this in the past, contrasting the thousand-year-old Domesday Book (which is still legible) with the BBC Domesday Project (which was rendered virtually unreadable a mere sixteen years after production).", "\n\nThe means of preserving our culture for digital preservation is to use open standards. ", "If the means for ‘reading’ the information is widely documented and understood, without any encumbrances, we stand a much greater chance of being able to interpret it in a couple of hundred years.", "\n\nI’ve got essays from school written only ten years ago, and I can’t read them any more as they’re stored in a proprietary file format that is no longer supported.", "\n\nImagine you ran a company that had important and valuable written records stretching back for decades. ", "Storing vast libraries of paper is expensive and inefficient, so you decide to digitise them all. ", "That’s great — you now have a system that is easy to manage and search. ", "Ten years later, you want to migrate your now-ageing data management system to something more modern. ", "Only, you can’t — it’s all stored in a proprietary format that cannot be accessed by anything else.", "\n\nIf you had kept those paper records, you would have still had access to that information. ", "Your choices now are to continue with your old, obsolete system for all eternity, or hire some clever hacker to decipher the file format. ", "With no equivalent of a Rosetta Stone, that’s no mean task. ", "After spending buckets of money on this avoidable problem, and losing even more due to inefficiencies and competitive disadvantage from the old system, you’d be wise to make sure it cannot happen again.", "\n\nThis is a very common kind of scenario. ", "If our information can’t even last ten years, how can it last a thousand?", "\n\nFrom a business perspective, open standards protect the independence of a company. ", "It means no vendor lock-in, so you are not stuck paying monopoly prices. ", "Through the creation of a free market surrounding a method/technology, open standards give you the freedom to select the vendors, products, methods and technologies that suit your requirements best, or you can even create your own. ", "They are the ultimate in risk mitigation, and through their flexibility can also open avenues for competitive advantage. ", "They just make good business sense.", "\n\nDonna Benjamin rounded a small group of us together to write a letter to Julia Gillard, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Education. ", "The result was widely syndicated, hopefully building some mindshare in the process. ", "The Education Expo proved to me more than anything else that FOSS is quickly becoming acceptable to the general public — the trick is in how you promote it.", "\n\nSo where to from here? ", "How can we capitalise upon the gains we have made?", "\n\nPerhaps our greatest single weakness is the perceived lack of professional support. ", "I think OSIA should be doing more to address this (note: I’m not implying that OSIA isn’t taking this seriously). ", "Here’s an e-mail I wrote to the osia-discuss mailing list (which is unfortunately subscriber-only):\n\nThe best thing OSIA can do is fight the popular notion that there’s no\nprofessional support available for FOSS. ", "We can beat the TCO and Freedom\ndrums as hard as we want, but few organisations are willing to entrust their\ncomputing to ‘community’ support.", "\n\nI managed the Linux Australia stand at the Education Expo a few weeks ago, and\nmy impression is that FOSS is on the cusp of mainstream acceptance:\n\nSchools are crying out for ways to get better value for their dollar, but they\naren’t going to even think about FOSS if they can’t get professional support.", "\n\nIf I run the stand again next year, I’d like to see some involvement from\nOSIA. ", "At the very least, we should have available some leaflets showing that\nyes indeed there is quality, paid support for FOSS.", "\n\nAlso note that FOSS isn’t Linux. ", "We got the most interest in the\nOpenEducationDisc, a compilation of FOSS for Windows.", "\n\nOn the community side, we can continue to make FOSS more acceptable to school administrations, bureaucrats and politicians. ", "Here’s my idea:\n\nMy suggestion is for us to build a Web site focused on open education in\nAustralia. ", "We already have the perfect vehicle: http://openeducation.org.au.", "\nHowever, at present it’s just a messy wiki more suitable for our own\nbrainstorming than for being a public-facing resource.", "\n\nThe wiki should of course remain, but I propose that we build a proper,\npresentable Web site that is directly accessible via thehttp://openeducation.org.au address.", "\n\nWhy do this when we already have http://linux.org.au/education? ", "Open Education\nis much bigger than Linux, and certainly should not be anchored to it. ", "Here’s\na short list of what it can include:\n\nFOSS\n\n(GNU/)Linux OS – on servers\n\n(GNU/)Linux OS – on clients/desktops\n\nopen standards\n\nopen languages/libraries/APIs\n\nfree content/culture\n\nopen learning\n\nopen curriculum\n\nTo be honest, I fear that we might be only hurting ourselves by tying open\neducation to a completely Free computing environment. ", "That might be a worthy\naim, but few institutions are going to switch over all in one go. ", "By offering\na migration path (or paths), a school can migrate more comfortably at its own\npace. ", "We ought to be providing real choice, not just a binary ‘with us or\nwith the terrists’.", "\n\nFOSS (Firefox, OpenOffice.org, Scribus, etc.) ", "can run on operating systems\nother than Linux. ", "To use the recent Education Expo as an example, we got a\nlot of buy-in through the OpenEducationDisc, a compilation of FOSS for\nWindows.", "\n\nAlso note how I split Linux clients from servers. ", "Linux’s place in the server\nrealm is very solid, but convincing an institution to accept a Linux client\nsolution is tougher. ", "And by ‘client’, I mean either traditional desktops or\nthin clients. ", "The latter are often cost-effective and represent a real\nstrength of Linux, but are often overlooked or even have regulations working\nagainst their adoption. ", "On the server side, we have some great educational\ntools such as Moodle and LAMS.", "\n\nOpen standards obviously include things like file formats and protocols, which\nwill become even more relevant as we see more applications (proprietary or\notherwise) pick up standardised methods of information exchange such as ODF\nand PDF. ", "This should also ease the integration of FOSS into pre-existing\nenvironments. ", "It also can include languages and all things related. ", "Why are\nschools still teaching Visual Basic when they could be teaching Python?", "\n\nThe final three points all link together. ", "Most notably, they are not dependent\nupon technology at all. ", "Your average teacher isn’t a technologist, and\nshouldn’t have to be. ", "Knowledge can be shared and organised openly just like\ncode. ", "Wikipedia has proven that great things can be built if ordinary people\nare given easy to use tools.", "\n\nWhere to from this point? ", "I suggest that we work towards getting a CMS running\nat openeducation.org.au. ", "We’ll have to agree upon a design and the message\nthat we want to purvey. ", "Content creation should be separate from technical\nability, so the CMS should be simple enough for anybody to contribute.", "\n\nThe UK education sector appears to be much further ahead of us in terms of\nembracing openness, and I think we can take some lessons from their efforts.", "\n\nTo clarify one thing in the above, I wrote the text for http://linux.org.au/education, but I never felt comfortable with it being there. ", "So much of open education has nothing to do with Linux and Linux Australia shouldn’t be diverting its focus to dwell on it directly. ", "With a more independent Web presence (in collaboration with Linux Australia), I feel that we can be much more effective.", "\n\nAnyway, you can get the video and slides here (the links in the original announcement are no longer functional). ", "It’s been pointed out to me that the slides in the video vary slightly from the PDF, but the difference is minimal. ", "It’s three months old now — so don’t expect any revelations — but it’s still an interesting watch.", "\n\nThe last two weeks have been quite eventful. ", "Each of these probably deserves its own blog post, but since I don’t have the time to write them all I’ll just give a summary.", "\n\nDocument Freedom Day, 26 March\n\nThe first annual Document Freedom Day (inspired by Software Freedom Day) was celebrated globally. ", "In Sydney, the celebrations were hosted by Google at their offices, supported by the Internet Society of Australia and the Sydney Linux Users Group (SLUG). ", "As the SLUG representative, I was asked to say a few words about our organisation and its relevance to document freedom. ", "Not having time to prepare, I managed to ad-lib a speech, drawing on memories of what I had written before on the Domesday Book and Domesday Project. ", "I’m not an experienced speaker, so I’m very glad that it came out well.", "\n\nSenator Kate Lundy and David Vaile delivered great talks that made us think about openness of information and their importance to society. ", "For the most part, we didn’t mention the war (which unfortunately has been lost), but there was no escaping acknowledgement of the Waughs. ", "Anyone disillusioned at the state of politics in Australia ought to speak with Kate. ", "Even after 12 years in parliament, she is still inspiring.", "\n\nAll in all, it was a fantastic night. ", "Thanks to Alan Noble, Andrew McRae and the other folks at Google for making it happen. ", "Andrew and Sarah Maddox have written good summaries of the evening.", "\n\nSydney Linux Users Group Annual General Meeting, 28 March\n\nWhat can I say? ", "Thanks to everyone in SLUG who supported my candidacy for the role of President. ", "The new Committee looks like a great mix of talents, and we already have some good ideas in the pipeline. ", "The next twelve months is looking to be exciting indeed.", "\n\nWe had the first gathering of the new Committee on Sunday. ", "It was a handover meeting, with the old Committee members present to pass on their wisdom and experience to the new. ", "My sincere gratitude goes to the departing Committee members. ", "I feel truly honoured to have worked with them over this past year.", "\n\nAustralian Open Source Industry & Community Report 2008 launch event, 1 April\n\nFree software and free beer! ", "It appears that with FOSS, you can have your cake and eat it too 😉\n\nBarCamp Sydney, 5-6 April\n\nBarCamp 3 was notable for expansion to two days of revelry. ", "The venue migrated from UTS for the first two BarCamps to the UNSW Roundhouse for the third, which despite the longer commute I feel was a good move. ", "Attendance did seem thinner than in previous years. ", "This was probably due to visitors spread over a larger venue and across two days. ", "One thing I like about BarCamp is that I get contact with people and ideas that I otherwise wouldn’t notice from FOSS gatherings like SLUG. ", "BarCamp has considerably more proprietary software developers and entrepreneurs. ", "Less Google, more Microsoft. ", "As much as I love FOSS, I do like to see what’s happening in the rest of the ICT universe.", "\n\nI made an effort this time to attend talks that were less technical and more business or personal development oriented. ", "Stand-out speakers included Nick Hodge, Matt Moore and Richard Hayes.", "\n\nPerhaps the highlight was the Saturday evening. ", "Mike from Atlassian led us through a few rounds of Werewolf, a variation (and an improvement, IMHO) of the classic Mafia game. ", "I still can’t believe that we didn’t deplete the bar tab that Mike set up for us. ", "We’ll have to have SLUG’s DebSIG present at BarCamp 4 😉\n\nAs promised, Microsoft have released documentation on their old binary formats by February 15. ", "I haven’t taken a look yet, but the comments on the article don’t look too encouraging: some people contend that elements are missing and incomplete. ", "It’ll be interesting to see how Microsoft respond to this feedback. ", "Hopefully the kinks will be smoothed out with little fuss. ", "As far as I am concerned, a complete spec needs to cover full formatting, embedding, scripts, macros, formulae, schemas, images, binary blobs, password protection and DRM (and I’m sure I’ve missed some other important stuff too). ", "It should also list exactly which patents are covered, in a manner similar to the Samba/PFIF deal.", "\n\nAdditionally, Microsoft have announced a binary-to-OOXML translator project. ", "How well this will pan out is anyone’s guess. ", "They say that the “project is developed and released under a very liberal BSD-like license (sic)”. ", "IANAL — is this licence GPL-compatible? ", "Could it be used to create a GPL binary-to-ODF converter (using OOXML as an intermediary), that we can embed into applications like OpenOffice.org or Xena?", "\n\nObviously these moves are focused on getting OOXML approved by ISO, but I’m also hopeful (though not optimistic) that it is a sign that Microsoft are willing to play more fair with the public and industry. ", "We need to take advantage of this predicament they’ve put themselves in, and pressure them into opening their formats as much as possible. ", "If OOXML is ever going to be approved, it should be so open that it’s no longer an issue. ", "I don’t seriously expect this to happen, so I still hope it fails 😉 .", "\n\nBut standard or not, we’re still going to have to deal with it. ", "Office 2007 has its own variant, lovingly dubbed MS-OOXML by some. ", "The more they open up the format, the more independent and complete implementations there will be, hence there will be more inertia for MS to go with the flow and not deviate any further. ", "Then at least it’ll be a de facto open standard. ", "Maybe I’m dreaming, but it’s at least an interesting theory 🙂\n\n“The Linux community has matured from my university days. … ", "It seems like the linux community has a much more sensible, pragmatic approach now”\n\n“Geeks are geeks, no matter what OS they use. ", "I think this often gets lost in the religious divides and flamewars. ", "All that geek-anger would be much more useful targeting lawyers and investment bankers.”", "\n\n“The crowd was pretty friendly and they took us out to a Chinese restaurant afterwards. ", "In an interesting act of irony, the FLOSS community paid for our dinner.“", "\n\nFor those wondering about the video, we just have to wait on a few things before we can release it. ", "I’m sure we’ll get this sorted soon, so no conspiracy theories please 🙂 ." ]

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[ "It is known to impart vibrational energy to a test piece to evaluate the vibration resistance of the piece, design defects and manufacturing defects. ", "Many electronic, mechanical, and electromechanical products, particularly those intended for aerospace applications are thus screened before use. ", "Routine quality control inspection of products having electronic, mechanical, and electromechanical components by vibration evaluation is less common, although such testing will reveal component problems and misassemblies, and other manufacturing defects in products having good design but poor manufacturing execution. ", "Such quality control inspection as an integral part of the manufacturing process is referred to herein as product \"screening\" in that defective products are screened from other production.", "\nIn general, vibration shakers used for design evaluation and destructive testing are too complex, too large and cumbersome to operate for production use by manufacturing companies. ", "What has been available in shakers has been largely aimed at test laboratories and has had features and capabilities, and prices, commensurate with the needs and capacities of that market.", "\nThere exists a need for a low cost, relatively compact screening vibration apparatus which has the features important to screening vibration use, e.g. easy operation, high reliability, precision control and a vibration capability likely to reveal manufacturing defects in electronic, mechanical and electromechanical products. ", "Ideally, such apparatus will vibrate the test piece in two axes simultanously, for thorough inspection in minimum time.", "\nSimultaneous two axis vibration of a common slip plate on which the test piece is carried requires vibration energy input in two different axes, e.g. at right angles to each other, with the first vibration input not limiting the second input, despite being coupled to a common slip plate. ", "Also, the tendency of the inputs to deteriorate into movement around rather than across the slip plate center vertical axis, i.e. pivotal or rotational movement about that axis of the slip plate must be blocked if true two-axis linear vibrational movement is to be realized. ", "These seemingly inherently contradictory requirements have been previously unresolved, with attempts involving mechanical coupling of the slip plate to the shaker through spherical or swivel couplings at either end of coupling links, but in the present invention method and apparatus are provided which affords true two-axis vibration, prevents pivoting motion, and does so in a simple, straightforward manner so that the apparatus is readily constructed, easily operated, low in capital cost, and precisely reliable in screening testing applications. ", "Unlike, the swivel coupling devices, the present apparatus avoids the addition of mass inherent in using links, avoids the use of high pressure hydraulic systems to keep the swivel couplings lubricated, and avoids driving through an angle which is characteristic of rigid link systems." ]

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[ "package com.github.kotlintelegrambot.network.retrofit.converters\n\nimport com.google.gson.annotations.", "SerializedName\nimport java.lang.reflect.", "Type\nimport retrofit2.Converter\nimport retrofit2.Retrofit\n\nclass EnumRetrofitConverterFactory : Converter.", "Factory() {\n\n override fun stringConverter(type: Type?, ", "annotations: Array<out Annotation>?, ", "retrofit: Retrofit?): ", "Converter<Enum<*>, String>? ", "=\n if (type is Class<*> && type.isEnum) {\n Converter { enum ->\n try {\n enum.javaClass.getField(enum.name).getAnnotation(SerializedName::class.java)?.value\n } catch (e: NoSuchFieldException) {\n enumSerializationError(type)\n } ?: ", "enumSerializationError(type)\n }\n } else {\n null\n }\n\n @Suppress(\"NOTHING_TO_INLINE\")\n private inline fun enumSerializationError(type: Type?): ", "Nothing = error(\"cannot serialize $type enum properly, please make sure it's annotated with @SerializedName\")\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nshell /bash script - how do I execute multiple scripts at once using while\n\n#!", "/bin/bash\nfor((i=1;i <=10;i++))\ndo\n php /var/www/get.php\ndone\n\nI have the above shell script that I'm using to execute get.php for 10 times . ", "However it seems that the script(s) are executed one by one so I would like to know if it's possible to execute all of them at once (obviously without to type the php path command for 10 times )\n\nA:\n\nIf you want to run them all concurrently, you can change:\nphp /var/www/get.php\n\ninto:\nphp /var/www/get.php &\n\nThis runs the process in the background rather than the foreground. ", "It's your responsibility to ensure that your script is functional when running in the background of course. ", "You may have to watch out for resources that don't like being shared, or mingling of the outputs from the different processes.", "\nIf you also wanted to wait for all ten to finish as well, start with:\n#!", "/bin/bash\nfor((i=1;i <=10;i++))\ndo\n php /var/www/get.php &\ndone\nwait\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor film having a crystal structure, formed on a substrate having an insulating surface, and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device using the semiconductor film as an active layer. ", "In particular, the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a thin film transistor having an active layer formed of a crystalline semiconductor. ", "In this specification, a semiconductor device generally refers to those capable of functioning by utilizing semiconductor characteristics, and includes an electro-optical device such as an active matrix type liquid crystal display device formed by using a thin film transistor, and electronic equipment provided with such an electro-optical device as a component.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nA technique has been developed, in which an amorphous semiconductor film is formed on a light-transparent substrate having an insulating surface, and a crystalline semiconductor film obtained by crystallizing the amorphous semiconductor film by laser annealing, thermal annealing, or the like is used as an active layer for a thin film transistor (hereinafter, referred to as a xe2x80x9cTFTxe2x80x9d). ", "As the light-transparent substrate having an insulating surface, in most cases, a glass substrate made of barium borosilicate glass, aluminoborosilicate glass, or the like is used. ", "Although such a glass substrate has poor heat resistance, compared with a quartz substrate, it is inexpensive. ", "Furthermore, a glass substrate has the advantage of enabling a substrate with a large area to be easily produced.", "\nLaser annealing is known as a crystallization technique that gives high energy only to an amorphous semiconductor film to crystallize it without substantially increasing the temperature of a glass substrate. ", "In particular, an excimer laser that emits light with a short wavelength (400 nm or less) is a representative laser that has been used from the beginning of the development of laser annealing. ", "In recent years, a technique using a YAG laser that is a solid-state laser has also been developed. ", "According to laser annealing using these lasers, a laser beam is formed by an optical system so as to have a spot shape or a linear shape on a surface to be irradiated, and the surface to be irradiated on the substrate is scanned by the resultant laser light (i.e., an irradiation position of laser light is moved relative to the surface to be irradiated). ", "For example, according to excimer laser annealing using linear laser light, the entire surface to be irradiated can be subjected to laser annealing by scanning only in a direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction, and such laser annealing is excellent in productivity. ", "Therefore, excimer laser annealing is becoming the mainstream in production of a liquid crystal display device using TFTs. ", "This technique realizes a monolithic liquid crystal display device in which TFTs forming a pixel portion (pixel TFTs) and TFTs for a driver circuit provided on the periphery the pixel portion are formed on one glass substrate.", "\nHowever, a crystalline semiconductor film formed by subjecting an amorphous semiconductor film to laser annealing includes a collection of a plurality of crystal grains, and the position and size of the crystal grains are random. ", "TFTs are formed on a glass substrate by patterning a crystalline semiconductor layer in an island shape for device separation. ", "In this case, the position and size of crystal grains cannot be specified. ", "It is known that an interface of crystal grains (grain boundary) involves factors that cause current transporting characteristics of carriers to be degraded, due to the influence of a recombination center or a trapping center caused by an amorphous structure, a crystal defect, and the like, and the influence of a potential level at a grain boundary. ", "However, it is almost impossible to form a channel formation region, crystal properties of which have a serious effect on the TFT characteristics, using single crystal grains while avoiding the influence of a crystal boundary. ", "Therefore, a TFT using a crystalline silicon film as an active layer has not been obtained, which has characteristics equivalent to those of a MOS transistor formed on a single crystal silicon substrate.", "\nIn order to solve such problems, an attempt to grow a large crystal grain has been made. ", "For example, in ┌xe2x80x9cHigh-Mobility Poly-Si Thin-Film Transistors Fabricated by a Novel Excimer Laser Crystallization Methodxe2x80x9d, K. Shimizu, O. Sugiura, and M. Matumura, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices vol. ", "40, No. ", "1, pp 112-117, 1993┘, there is a report on a laser annealing method in which a film of three-layer structure of Si/SiO2/Si is formed on a substrate, and an excimer laser beam is irradiated from both sides of a film side and a substrate side. ", "This report discloses that according to this method, the size of a crystal grain can be enlarged by irradiation of a laser beam at predetermined energy intensity.", "\nThe above-mentioned method of Shimizu et al. ", "is characterized in that heat characteristics of an under material of an amorphous silicon film are locally changed and the flow of heat to the substrate is controlled, so that a temperature gradient is caused. ", "However, for that purpose, the three-layer structure of high melting point metal layer/silicon oxide layer/semiconductor film is formed on the glass substrate. ", "Although it is possible to form a top gate type TFT by using the semiconductor film as an active layer in view of structure, since a parasitic capacitance is generated by the silicon oxide film provided between the semiconductor film and the high melting point metal layer, power consumption is increased and it becomes difficult to realize high speed operation of the TFT.", "\nOn the other hand, when the high melting point metal layer is made a gate electrode, it is conceivable that the method can be effectively applied to a bottom gate type or reverse stagger type TFT. ", "However, in the foregoing three-layer structure, even if the thickness of the semiconductor film is omitted, with respect to the thickness of the high melting point metal layer and the silicon oxide layer, since the thickness suitable for a crystallizing step is not necessarily coincident with the thickness suitable for the characteristics as a TFT element, it is impossible to simultaneously satisfy both the optimum design in the crystallizing step and the optimum design in the element structure.", "\nBesides, when the opaque high melting point metal layer is formed on the entire surface of the glass substrate, it is impossible to fabricate a transmission type liquid crystal display device. ", "Although the high melting point metal layer is useful in that its thermal conductivity is high, since a chromium (Cr) film or titanium (Ti) film used as the high melting point metal material layer has high internal stress, there is a high possibility that a problem as to adhesiveness to the glass substrate occurs. ", "Further, the influence of the internal stress is also exerted on the semiconductor film formed as the upper layer, and there is a high possibility that the stress functions as force to impart distortion to the formed crystalline semiconductor film.", "\nOn the other hand, in order to control a threshold voltage (hereinafter referred to as Vth) as an important characteristic parameter of a TFT within a predetermined range, in addition to valence electron control of the channel formation region, it is necessary to reduce the charged defect density of an under film and a gate insulating film formed of an insulating film to be in close contact with the active layer, or to consider the balance of the internal stress. ", "To such requests, a material containing silicon as its constituent element, such as a silicon oxide film or a silicon nitride oxide film, has been suitable. ", "Thus, there is a fear that the balance is lost by providing the high melting point metal layer to cause the temperature gradient.", "\nThe present invention has been made to solve such problems, and an object of the invention is to realize a TFT capable of operating at high speed by fabricating a crystalline semiconductor film in which the positions and sizes of crystal grains are controlled and further by using the crystalline semiconductor film for a channel formation region of the TFT. ", "Further, another object of the invention is to provide a technique enabling such a TFT to be applied to various semiconductor devices such as a transmission type liquid crystal display device or a display device using electroluminecence material.", "\nLaser annealing is used for forming a crystalline semiconductor layer from an amorphous semiconductor layer formed on a substrate made of glass or the like. ", "According to laser annealing of the present invention, a pulse oscillation type or continuous light-emitting type excimer laser, YAG laser, or argon laser is used as a light source, and laser light formed into a line shape or a rectangular shape by an optical system is irradiated to an island-like semiconductor layer through both front and back surfaces of a substrate with the island-like semiconductor layer formed thereon. ", "In this specification, the front surface of a substrate is defined as the one on which an island-like semiconductor layer is formed, and the back surface of the substrate is defined as the one opposite to the side on which the island-like semiconductor layer is formed.", "\nFIG. ", "2A shows a structure of a laser annealing apparatus according to the present invention. ", "The laser annealing apparatus includes a laser oscillator 1201, an optical system 1100, and a stage 1202 for fixing a substrate. ", "The stage 1202 is provided with a heater 1203 and a heater controller 1204 and is capable of heating the substrate fixed thereto up to 100xc2x0 C. to 450xc2x0 C. A reflective plate 1205 is provided on the stage 1202, and a substrate 1206 is placed on the reflective plate 1205. ", "A method of holding the substrate 1206 in the structure of the laser annealing apparatus shown in FIG. ", "2A will be described with reference to FIG. ", "2B. The substrate 1206 held by the stage 1202 is placed in a reaction chamber 1213, and is irradiated with laser light. ", "The reaction chamber 1213 can be put in a state of a reduced pressure or in an atmosphere of inert gas by an exhaust system or a gas system (not shown), and can heat a semiconductor film to 100xc2x0 C. to 450xc2x0 C. without contaminating it. ", "The stage 1202 can move in the reaction chamber 1213 along a guide rail 1216, so as to allow the entire surface of the substrate 1206 to be irradiated with linear laser light. ", "Laser light is incident through a quartz window (not shown) provided above the substrate 1206. ", "Furthermore, in FIG. ", "2B, a transfer chamber 1210, an intermediate chamber 1211, and a load/unload chamber 1212 are connected to the reaction chamber 1213. ", "The intermediate chamber 1211 is separated from the load/unload chamber 1212 by a gate valve 1217, and the reaction chamber 1213 is separated from the transfer chamber 1210 by a gate valve 1218. ", "A cassette 1214 capable of holding a plurality of substrates is placed in the load/unload chamber 1212, and a substrate is transported by a transportation mechanism 1215 provided in the transfer chamber 1210. ", "A substrate 1206xe2x80x2 represents a substrate which is being transported. ", "Because of the above-mentioned structure, laser annealing is performed continuously under a reduced pressure or in an atmosphere of inert gas.", "\nFIGS. ", "3A ad 3B illustrate a basic structure of the optical system 1100 in the laser annealing apparatus shown in FIG. ", "2A. An excimer laser, a YAG laser, an argon laser, or the like is used for a laser oscillator 1101. ", "FIG. ", "3A is a side view of the optical system 1100. ", "Laser light emitted from the laser oscillator 1101 is split in a vertical direction by a cylindrical lens array 1102. ", "The split laser light is once condensed by a cylindrical lens 1104 and spreads. ", "The laser light is then reflected by a mirror 1107, and formed into linear laser light on an irradiation surface 1109 by a cylindrical lens 1108. ", "Because of this, the energy distribution of linear laser light in a width direction can be made uniform. ", "FIG. ", "3B is a top view of the optical system 1100. ", "Laser light emitted from the laser oscillator 1101 is split in a lateral direction by the cylindrical lens array 1103. ", "Thereafter, the laser light is combined on the irradiation surface 1109 by the cylindrical lens 1105. ", "Because of this, the energy distribution in a longitudinal direction of the linear laser light can be made uniform.", "\nFIG. ", "1 illustrates an idea of laser annealing of the present invention. ", "A stripe-like first insulating layer 1002 is formed on a substrate 1001 made of glass or the like. ", "A second insulating layer 1003 is formed on the first insulating layer 1002. ", "Furthermore, an island-like semiconductor layer 1004 is formed on the second insulating layer 1003. ", "As the first and second insulating layers 1002 and 1003, a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxide nitride film, an insulating film mainly containing aluminum, or the like can be used alone or in an appropriate combination.", "\nLaser light that passes through a cylindrical lens 1006 having the same function as that of the cylindrical lens 1108 is irradiated to the island-like semiconductor layer 1004 as linear laser light by the optical system 1100 illustrated in FIGS. ", "3A and 3B. The laser light irradiated to the island-like semiconductor layer 1004 contains a first laser light component 1007 and a second laser light component 1008. ", "The first laser light component 1007 passes through the cylindrical lens 1006 to be directly irradiated to the island-like semiconductor layer 1004. ", "The second laser light component 1008 passes through the first insulating layer 1002, the second insulating layer 1003 and the substrate 1001, it is reflected by a reflective plate 1005, passes again through the substrate 1001, the first insulating layer 1002, and the second insulating layer 1003, and is irradiated to the island-like semiconductor layer 1004. ", "In any case, the laser light passing through the cylindrical lens 1006 has an incident angle of 45xc2x0 to 90xc2x0 with respect to the substrate surface during condensing, so that the laser light reflected by the reflective plate 1005 is also reflected in a direction that leads to the inside of the island-like semiconductor layer 1004. ", "The reflective plate 1005 has a reflective surface made of aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), titanium nitride (TiN), chromium (Cr), tungsten (W), tungsten nitride (WN), or the like. ", "In this way, by appropriately selecting a material for the reflective surface, its reflectance can be varied in a range of 20 to 90%, and the intensity of laser light incident trough the back surface of the substrate 1001 can be varied. ", "Furthermore, when the reflective surface is formed into a mirror surface, a regular reflectance of about 90% is obtained in a wavelength range of 240 to 320 nm. ", "Furthermore, when the reflective plate is made of aluminum, and minute unevenness of hundreds of nm is formed on its surface, a diffuse reflectance (integrated reflectancexe2x80x94regular reflectance) of 50 to 70% is obtained.", "\nThus, laser light is irradiated through both the front and back surfaces of the substrate 1001, and the island-like semiconductor layer 1004 formed on the substrate 1001 is subjected to laser annealing through both surfaces thereof. ", "According to laser annealing, by setting optimum conditions of laser light to be irradiated, a semiconductor layer is instantaneously heated to be melted, to thereby control the generation density of crystal nuclei and crystal growth from the crystal nuclei. ", "The oscillation pulse width of an excimer laser and a YAG laser which emit pulse light is several nsec to tens of nsec (e.g., 30 nsec); therefore, when a semiconductor layer is irradiated with laser light with a pulse oscillation frequency of 30 Hz, it is instantaneously heated, and cooled for a much longer period of time, compared with the heating time.", "\nIf only one surface of an island-like semiconductor layer formed on a substrate is irradiated with laser light, a cycle of melting by heating and solidifying by cooling is abrupt. ", "Therefore, even if the generation density of crystal nuclei is controlled, sufficient crystal growth cannot be expected. ", "However, when both surfaces of an island-like semiconductor layer are irradiated with laser light, a cycle of melting by heating and solidifying by cooling is gentle, and a time allowed for crystal growth during solidifying by cooling is relatively long; therefore, sufficient crystal growth can be obtained.", "\nIn the above-mentioned transient phenomenon, by providing an island-like semiconductor layer with a temperature distribution to obtain a region where a change in temperature is gentle, so as to control a nucleus generation speed and a nucleus generation density, crystal grains can be made larger. ", "More specifically, as shown in FIG. ", "1, the stripe-like first insulating layer 1002 is provided on the substrate 1001, and the second insulating layer 1003 is formed on the first insulating layer 1002. ", "The island-like semiconductor layer 1004 is formed on the second insulating layer 1003 so as to cross the first insulating layer 1002. ", "That is, below the island-like semiconductor layer 1004, there are provided a region where the second insulating layer 1003 is formed, and a region where an insulating film consisting of the first insulating layer 1002 and the second insulating layer 1003 is formed. ", "In the latter region, the volume and heat capacity increase; therefore, the maximum temperature attained by irradiation of laser light is lower than that in the former region. ", "As a result, a crystal nucleus is preferentially generated in the latter region, and crystal growth starts in this region. ", "At this time, it is important to irradiate the semiconductor layer through both surfaces thereof with laser light so as to sufficiently heat the semiconductor layer. ", "Thus, a cycle of a change in temperature by irradiation to the island-like semiconductor layer with pulse laser light is rendered gentle, whereby crystal grains can be made larger.", "\nA method of irradiating a substrate having an island-like semiconductor layer formed on its one surface with laser light through the front and back surfaces of the substrate may also be performed as shown in FIG. ", "4. ", "Light emitted from a laser oscillator 401 such as excimer laser or YAG laser is split by a cylindrical lens array 402 (or 403). ", "The split laser light is once condensed by a cylindrical lens404 (or 405) and spreads. ", "Thereafter, the laser light is reflected by a mirror 408. ", "A beam splitter 406 is placed in this optical path to divide the optical path into two. ", "The laser light in one of the optical paths is reflected by mirrors 407 and 413. ", "Then, it is formed into linear laser light by a cylindrical lens 414 and irradiated to the front surface of a substrate 418. ", "This laser light is defined as a first laser light. ", "On the front surface of the substrate 418, an underlying film 419 and an island-like semiconductor layer 420 are formed. ", "The laser light in the other optical path is reflected by mirrors 408, 409, and 411. ", "Then, it is formed into linear laser light by a cylindrical lens 412 and irradiated to the back surface of the substrate 418. ", "This laser light is defined as a second laser light. ", "An attenuator 410 is provided in this optical path so as to adjust the intensity of laser light. ", "Even when the substrate is irradiated with laser light through the front and back surfaces in this structure, crystal grains of the semiconductor layer can be made larger in the same manner as described above.", "\nIn this specification, laser annealing having the structures as shown in FIGS. ", "1 and 4 is referred to as dual beam laser annealing, and crystal grains of an island-like semiconductor layer are made larger by adopting this method. ", "By manufacturing a semiconductor device including TFTs having a structure in accordance with the function of each circuit, utilizing the island-like semiconductor layer as an active layer of a TFT, the performance of the semiconductor device is enhanced.", "\nAccording to the structure of the present invention using dual beam laser annealing, a stripe-like first insulating layer is formed on one surface of a light-transparent substrate, and a second insulating layer is formed on the stripe-like first insulating layer. ", "An island-like semiconductor layer formed on these insulating layers is formed so as to cross the stripe-like first insulating layer. ", "In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of stripe-like first insulating layers are formed, an island-like semiconductor layer is formed so as to cross the stripe-like first insulating layers, and a channel forming region of a TFT is formed between a selected stripe-like first insulating layer and its adjacent stripe like first insulating layer.", "\nAs described above, according to the structure of the present invention, an island-like semiconductor layer and a strip-like first insulating layer formed below the island-like semiconductor layer are formed on one surface of a light-transparent substrate, and the strip-like first insulating layer is provided so as to cross the island-like semiconductor layer. ", "Paired first insulating layers may be formed, and the pair of strip-like first insulating layers are provided so as to cross the island-like semiconductor layer.", "\nThe above-mentioned structure can be preferably applied to a TFT. ", "The above-mentioned region for forming a channel of a TFT formed in the island-like semiconductor layer is formed adjacent to the strip-like first insulating layer, or the channel formation region is formed between a pair of strip-like first insulating layers.", "\nFurthermore, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device of the present invention includes the steps of: forming a strip-like first insulating layer on one surface of a light-transparent substrate; forming an island-like semiconductor layer over the strip-like first insulating layer so as to cross it; and irradiating the island-like semiconductor layer with laser light through front and back surfaces of the light-transparent substrate to crystallize the island-like semiconductor layer.", "\nFurthermore, another method of manufacturing a semiconductor device of the present invention includes the steps of: forming a pair of strip-like first insulating layers on one surface of a light-transparent substrate; forming an island-like semiconductor layer over the pair of the strip-like first insulating layers so as to cross them; and irradiating the island-like semiconductor layer with laser light through front and back surfaces of the light-transparent substrate to crystallize the island-like semiconductor layer.", "\nThus, the invention described herein makes possible the advantage of providing a TFT capable of being operated at a high speed by manufacturing a crystalline semiconductor layer in which the position and size of crystal grains are controlled, and using the crystalline semiconductor layer for a TFT channel formation region." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to float image outside of grid in Bootstrap?", "\n\nI am using Bootstrap.", "\nI want to insert an image with caption into my bodytext but I do not want it to be aligned with the bodytext. ", "I want to display it with an offset like the image shown here.", "\nCan anyone help?", "\nHere is my HTML:\n\n<div class=\"container-fluid\">\r\n <div class=\"row\">\r\n <div class=\"col-md-offset-3 col-md-6\">\r\n<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. ", "Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. ", "Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. ", "Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p>\r\n<img src=\"http://placehold.it/300x200\">\r\n<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. ", "Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. ", "Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. ", "Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p>\r\n<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. ", "Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. ", "Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. ", "Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\n\nA:\n\nOne of the ways to do it would be to style the image with float: left, so the text will wrap around it and set a negative left margin so the image will be offset to the left.", "\nHTML: \n<img src=\"http://placehold.it/300x200\" class=\"offset\">\n\nCSS: \n.offset {\n float: left;\n margin-left: -100px;\n padding-right: 10px;\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\njenkins - can an external program (\"shell script\") change stages?", "\n\nI have an external program that does all my build/run/test. ", " I don't particularly want to try to break it into three different programs/scripts/pipeline stages, but I'd love to get the failure/time breakdown based on stage.", "\nIs there any way to have a shell script change the stage it is in? ", " I can envision, for example, that Jenkins is clever enough to recognize output such as \"STAGE: \" from the shell script it is running and switch stages, but I can't find documentation of any such feature.", "\nSplitting the script into parts isn't very feasible - it would require saving a bunch of state into some intermediary tmpfiles specified by Jenkins, and that seems a mess.", "\n\nA:\n\nFrom my experience with Jenkins as well as research into your question I can conclude without any reasonable doubt that what you are specifically asking for is not possible in Jenkins or any plugin I was able to find.", "\nIf you have the ability to split your process into multiple scripts, then you would be able to achieve the 'staging structure' you are describing.", "\nPersonally, I highly recommend pipelines. ", "I have recently converted all of my multi-jobs into pipeline workflows and the benefits are immense. ", "I have also achieved a very useful 'stage view' with the following plugin:\nStage View Plugin\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow would you verify that two graphs are the same?", "\n\nSuppose we want to represent molecules in terms of graphs, where each node is an atom, and each edge is a connection between atoms. ", "What would be an algorithm to decide whether two graphs (representing molecules) are equivalent. ", "Since molecules are being represented, each node would need an attribute defining which molecule it is (Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen etc). ", "\nTo make it easier, suppose each graph branches off from the same root atom, Nitrogen, which we can use as the starting node of our algorithm. ", "\neg. ", "N-X, N-Y, N-Z. Where N is the root Nitrogen node and X,Y,Z are the rest of the graph. ", "\n\nA:\n\nThat's the Graph Isomorphism Problem;\n\nThe graph isomorphism problem is one of few standard problems in\n computational complexity theory belonging to NP, but not known to\n belong to either of its well-known (and, if P ≠ NP, disjoint) subsets:\n P and NP-complete. ", "It is one of only two, out of 12 total, problems\n listed in Garey & Johnson (1979) whose complexity remains unresolved,\n the other being integer factorization.", "\n\nIn other words, solving it in the general case is hard.", "\n\nA:\n\nI agree with Joachim Isaksson's answer that the general case -- heck, even a less-than-general case -- is hard to solve. ", "But I'd like to propose a strategy for solving the relatively narrow case of a molecular tree graph with a specified starting element. [", "Note that this is the equivalent of Peter de Rivaz's answer which was posted while I was working on this answer.]", "\n\nFirst let's define a form or a language to describe a molecular graph that is unique to that graph -- only one string can be formed by the graph. ", "This will allow us to compare two strings to determine whether two graphs are the same so that your problem is reduced down to creating two correct strings to compare. (", "This approach also has the benefit of being easier to debug visually than an outright graph-comparing algorithm.) ", "I usually see molecules described in forms like H2O and H2SO4, but this approach doesn't preserve the graphy-ness of the molecules and so can't be used for comparison (H2O could be water or some other very weird arrangement of its elements). ", "So let's use something Lisp-like to describe the molecule according to these rules:\n\nEach graph (including subgraphs) begins with ( and ends with )\nAny node A that has children is the first node listed in a new graph, and this graph is listed in its parent graph in a particular order (to be determined later)\nAny node A that has no children is listed in its parent graph in a particular order (to be determined later)\n\nWith these starting rules, we can now describe H2O in more graph-like terms:\n\nO is the root of the graph so it starts a new graph: (O)\nH is the first child of O, but it has no children, so it's listed in its parent as-is, not as the start of a subgraph: (OH)\nH is the second child of O, but is has no children, so it's listed in its parent as-is, not as the start of a subgraph: (OHH)\n\nSo \n\nbecomes (OHH).", "\nOrdering in this case doesn't matter, since the two Hs are childless and elementally equivalent. ", "\nLet's try a weird, irrational form of H2O to test out this approach:\n\nO is the root of the graph so it starts a new graph: (O)\nH is the first child of O. It has a child so it starts a new graph: (O(H))\nH is the first child of H, but is has no children, so it's listed in its parent as-is, not as the start of a subgraph: (O(HH))\n\nWe know that our approach so far can handle simple cases like H2O where ordering isn't a concern, but H2SO4 won't work without consistently ordering the O elements coming off of the S. It's not possible to give a meaningful order to a child until its subgraph (if it has one) has been calculated, so we'll add a final rule to execute:\n\nEach graph (including subgraphs) begins with ( and ends with )\nAny node A that has children is the first node listed in a new graph, and this graph is listed in its parent graph in a particular order (see step 4)\nAny node A that has no children is listed in its parent graph in a particular order (see step 4)\nAfter all child nodes have been visited and their subgraphs (if any) have been created, arrange the child nodes / child subgraphs in the parent node alphabetically\n\nRevisiting H2O with this new rule produces the same output because the two Hs are alphabetically equivalent and they have no children. ", "So let's try H2SO4:\n\nS is the root of the graph so it starts a new graph: (S)\nO is the first child of S. It has children, so it starts a new graph: (S[unsorted:](O))\n'H' is the first child of O. It has no children. ", "There are no other children to process, so sorting at this level isn't needed: (S[unsorted:](OH))\nO is the second child of S. This one has no children: (S[unsorted:](OH)O)\nO is the third child of S. It has children, so it starts a new graph: (S[unsorted:](OH)O(O))\n'H' is the first child of O. It has no children. ", "There are no other children to process, so sorting at this level isn't needed: (S[unsorted:](OH)O(OH))\nO is the fourth child of S. This one has no children: (S[unsorted:](OH)O(OH)O)\nFinally, sort the children of S alphabetically: (S(OH)(OH)OO) (Note that I'm giving subgraphs special treatment in alphabetical comparison, but that's not a requirement.)", "\n\nThe final result is (S(OH)(OH)OO)\nLet's try a variation of H2SO4 to see what it produces. ", "Please note that this isn't a proof that the approach is good, just a demonstration of how a variation in the graph produces a different result.", "\n\nS is the root of the graph so it starts a new graph: (S)\nO is the first child of S. It has children, so it starts a new graph: (S[unsorted:](O))\nO is the first child. ", "It has no children. (", "S[unsorted:](O[unsorted:]O))\nH is the second child, with no children. (", "S[unsorted:](O[unsorted:]OH))\nNow sort the children of O: (S[unsorted:](OHO)\nO is the second child of S. It has children, so it starts a new graph: (S[unsorted:](O))\nH is the first child. ", "It has no children. (", "S[unsorted:](OHO)(O[unsorted:]H))\nO is the second child, with no children. (", "S[unsorted:](OHO)(O[unsorted:]HO))\nNow sort the children of O: (S[unsorted:](OHO)(OHO))\nFinally, sort the children of S alphabetically: (S(OHO)(OHO))\n\nThis H2SO4 ((S(OHO)(OHO))) is different than the previous one ((S(OH)(OH)OO)).", "\n\nI made no attempt to formally prove that this approach is guaranteed to work or even to describe it formally, or to account for the broad range of molecular minutia out there, like bond counts and the like. ", "At the very least, though, I hope this encourages you to try solving your graph comparison problem. ", "I think it's doable.", "\n\nA:\n\nYour question is tagged \"tree\" which may imply that there are no loops in the graph?", "\nIf this is the case then there is an efficient algorithm to find whether the molecules are equivalent.", "\nGiven the root atom, imagine that this is the top of a tree extending downwards.", "\nThe idea is to work from the bottom of the tree iteratively working out which subtrees are equivalent.", "\nStart at the bottom and label all equivalent atoms in both molecules.", "\nSort this list and check that both lists match. (", "At the bottom level this is simply counting whether you have the same number of each type of atom.)", "\nThen work up to the next lowest level. ", " For each atom give it a label based on the atom type, and the sorted labels of the subtrees that it connects to.", "\nAgain sort this list and check the lists match.", "\nWhen you reach the root node, if all of the checks have passed then the molecules are isomorphic. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Introduction {#sec1}\n============\n\nOsteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in humans, especially adolescents. ", "It is frequently accompanied by lung metastasis. ", "Despite aggressive treatment, about a third of affected patients die of their disease. ", "More recently \\[[@cit0001]\\], many novel targets have been identified and serve as independent prognostic markers of human osteosarcoma. ", "Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical resection and additional adjuvant chemotherapy are routine treatment of osteosarcoma and the 5-year-survival rate of patients is 60--70% \\[[@cit0002]\\]. ", "Over the past 30 years, the survival rate has shown little improvement and it is necessary to develop new therapeutic approaches.", "\n\nHistone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are a class of compounds that interfere with the function of histone deacetylase. ", "Histone deacetylase inhibitors exert their antitumor activities through the induction of cell cycle arrest, differentiation and apoptosis, including breast cancer \\[[@cit0003]\\], ovary cancer \\[[@cit0004]\\], colon cancer \\[[@cit0005]\\], and lung cancer \\[[@cit0006]\\]. ", "Several important HDACIs have been well studied, including suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), trichostatin A (TSA) and depsipeptide. ", "Some of them have already been in clinical trials or approved as cancer therapeutic agents \\[[@cit0007]\\]. ", "Class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) (1, 2, 3 and 8) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma, and HDACIs may thus have promise as new therapeutic agents against osteosarcoma. ", "It has been reported \\[[@cit0008], [@cit0009]\\] that HDACIs are able to induce osteosarcoma cell apoptosis through the p53 signaling pathway or the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. ", "This potent apoptotic activity was associated with the greater ability of HDACIs to downregulate survival signaling through AKT (protein kinase B, also known as PKB).", "\n\nRecent studies \\[[@cit0010], [@cit0011]\\] have demonstrated that HDACIs, such as SAHA and TSA, are able to induce autophagy in human cancer cells, an effect related to their anticancer property. ", "The contribution of autophagy to cell death by HDACIs remains controversial and, most likely, is context-dependent. ", "Some groups report \\[[@cit0010], [@cit0012]\\] that autophagy serves as a cell death mechanism in HDACI-caused cancer cell death, whereas other groups \\[[@cit0011], [@cit0013]\\] have found that autophagy acts as a cell survival mechanism in HDACI-mediated cancer cell death. ", "But the role of autophagy in HDACI-caused osteosarcoma cell death has still not been determined.", "\n\nIn this study, we aimed to study the biological function of autophagy in anti-osteosarcoma activity of HDACIs. ", "Here, results from our study provide strong evidence that TSA induces autophagy through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) suppression and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) activation. ", "Such autophagy serves as a cell survival mechanism in TSA-caused osteosarcoma cell death. ", "Our findings thus offer new therapeutic approaches against osteosarcoma through the combination of HDACIs and autophagy inhibitors.", "\n\nMaterial and methods {#sec2}\n====================\n\nReagents and antibodies {#sec2.1}\n-----------------------\n\nThe chemicals used in our experiments were: trichostatin A (Sigma, T8552), bafilomycin A~1~/BAF (Sigma, B1793), and chloroquine (CQ, Sigma, C6628). ", "The antibodies used in our experiments included: FOXO1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 2880), phospho-FOXO1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 9461), P21 (Cell Signaling Technology, 2947), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3/LC3 (Sigma, L7543), p62 (Sigma, P0067), phospho-AKT (Cell Signaling Technology, 4060), AKT (Cell Signaling Technology, 4691), phospho-S6 (S235/236; Cell Signaling Technology, 2211), S6 (Cell Signaling Technology, 2217), PARP1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 9542), caspase 3 (Cell Signaling Technology, 9662), β-actin (Sigma, A5441), α-tubulin (Sigma, T6199), and lamin AC (Cell Signaling Technology, 2032).", "\n\nCell culture {#sec2.2}\n------------\n\nU2OS cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). ", "Cell lines were maintained in DMEM (Sigma, D1152) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone, SV30160.03) in a 5% CO~2~ atmosphere at 37°C.", "\n\nImmunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy {#sec2.3}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nU2OS were seeded onto a glass slide. ", "After the designated treatments, cells were examined and recorded using a confocal microscope (Olympus Fluoview FV1000, Olympus America Inc., PA) and representative cells were selected and photographed.", "\n\nPreparation of cell fractions {#sec2.4}\n-----------------------------\n\nU2OS cells were treated with TSA at different time points. ", "After that, nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared with NE-PER nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagents (Pierce, 78833) according to the manufacturer's protocol.", "\n\nSmall interfering RNA (siRNA) and transient transfection {#sec2.5}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe scrambled RNAi oligonucleotides and siRNA targeting FOXO1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 6242) were transfected into U2OS cells using the DharmaFECT 4 Transfection Reagent (Dharmacon, T-2001-02) according to the manufacturer's protocol. ", "After the designated treatments, cell lysates were prepared for western blotting.", "\n\nReverse transcription and quantitative real-time PCR {#sec2.6}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nRNA was extracted with the RNeasy kit (Qiagen, 217004). ", "A reverse transcription reaction was performed using 1 μg of total RNA with the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, 4368814). ", "The mRNA expression levels were determined by real-time PCR using SsoFast EvaGreen Supermix (Bio-Rad, 172-5201) and the CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio Rad). ", "Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal control of RNA integrity. ", "Real-time PCR was performed in triplicate. ", "The primers used were based on previous reports, including human ATG4B, ATG12, PI3Kβ, LC3, ULK2 and GAPDH.", "\n\nWestern blotting {#sec2.7}\n----------------\n\nAt the end of the designated treatments, cells were lysed in Laemmli SDS buffer (62.5 mM Tris at pH 6.8, 25% glycerol, 2% SDS, phosphatase inhibitor (Pierce, 78428) and proteinase inhibitor cocktail (Roche Applied Science, 11836153001)). ", "An equal amount of protein was resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membrane. ", "After blocking with 5% nonfat milk, the membrane was probed with designated primary and secondary antibodies, developed with the enhanced chemiluminescence method and visualized with the Kodak Image Station 4000R (Kodak, Rochester, NY).", "\n\nDetection of viable and dead cells {#sec2.8}\n----------------------------------\n\nSeveral methods were used to detect cell death quantitatively and qualitatively, which are: (i) propidium iodide (PI) live cell uptake assay coupled with flow cytometry and (ii) western blotting for PARP1 and caspase 3 cleavage. ", "For PI staining, the medium in each well was collected and cells were harvested with trypsin after treatments. ", "Then, cell pellets obtained were resuspended in 1× phosphate-buffered saline containing PI at a final concentration of 5 μg/ml and incubated for 10 min at 37°C. ", "Ten thousand cells from each sample were analyzed with FACSCalibur flow cytometry (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA) using CellQuest software.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#sec2.9}\n--------------------\n\nAll western blotting and image data presented are representatives from at least 3 independent experiments. ", "The numeric data are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD) from 3 independent experiments and analyzed using Student's *t*-test.", "\n\nResults {#sec3}\n=======\n\nTSA causes osteosarcoma cell death {#sec3.1}\n----------------------------------\n\nClass I HDAC is reported to have higher levels in the human osteosarcoma tissues \\[[@cit0008]\\]. ", "Here, we treated human osteosarcoma U2OS cells with TSA, which is known to effectively inhibit HDAC enzyme activity at nanomolar concentrations and suppress cell growth and induce cell death. ", "As shown in [Figure 1 A](#f0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, morphological changes showed that TSA caused U2OS cell death in a dose-dependent manner. ", "Quantification of cell death using the PI exclusion test coupled with flow cytometry in U2OS cells showed the same results ([Figures 1 B, C](#f0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Finally, western blotting was performed to determine the type of cell death and the cleavages of PARP1 and caspase 3 were enhanced by TSA ([Figure 1 D](#f0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}), indicating the induction of cell apoptosis.", "\n\n{#f0001}\n\nTSA induces autophagy in U2OS cells {#sec3.2}\n-----------------------------------\n\nPreviously we reported that HDACIs induce autophagy in colon and liver cancer cells \\[[@cit0011]\\]. ", "Here, we treated U2OS cells with TSA and investigated the effect of TSA on autophagy. ", "After treatment with TSA, there was an accumulation of LC3-II (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, an autophagosome marker) in U2OS cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner ([Figures 2 A, B](#f0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}), indicating the increased autophagy level. ", "In addition, our confocal microscopy results showed that TSA significantly increased the number of GFP-LC3 puncta in U2OS cells, which represents autophagic vacuoles ([Figures 2 C, D](#f0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Also more GFP-LC3 puncta were observed by TSA in the presence of chloroquine (CQ), suggesting the increase of autophagy flux. ", "The level of p62 (SQSTM1, a well-established autophagy substrate) was decreased and showed the same results ([Figures 2 A, B](#f0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#f0002}\n\nTSA inhibits mTOR signaling pathway and enhances FOXO1 transcriptional activity {#sec3.3}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHDACIs are known to block the AKT (also known as protein kinase B, a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase)-mTOR signaling pathway \\[[@cit0014], [@cit0015]\\], which negatively regulates autophagy in mammalian cells. ", "Here, we treated U2OS cells with TSA and observed that TSA markedly reduced phospho-AKT and phospho-S6 (ribosomal protein S6, downstream of mTOR pathway) levels in U2OS cells, indicating the suppression of AKT-mTOR signaling ([Figure 3 A](#f0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, we determined changes of the FOXO1 phosphorylation level, which is regulated by the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)-AKT pathway and involved in autophagy induction. ", "As shown in [Figure 3 A](#f0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, TSA reduced the FOXO1 phosphorylation level, which regulates FOXO1 localization in cells. ", "Upon dephosphorylation, FOXO1 translocates into nuclear from cytosolic, leading to transcriptional upregulation of its target genes. ", "Consistently, our results showed that the majority of FOXO1 protein was in the nuclei and there was a time-dependent increase of nuclear FOXO1 in TSA-treated U2OS cells ([Figure 3 B](#f0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "α-Tubulin and lamin AC proteins were detected as markers of cytosolic and nuclear fractions, respectively. ", "It suggests that the transcriptional activity of FOXO1 could be increased. ", "Our results also clearly showed that TSA treatment substantially upregulates the mRNA level of the target genes of FOXO1 in U2OS cells ([Figure 3 C](#f0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}), such as autophagy related 4B (ATG4B), autophagy related 12 (ATG12), phosphoinositide 3-kinase class β (PI3Kβ), microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 α (LC3) and unc-51-like kinase 2 (ULK2), indicating that TSA activates the transcriptional activity of FOXO1.", "\n\n{#f0003}\n\nFOXO1 is required for TSA-induced autophagy {#sec3.4}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nFOXO1 has been reported to induce autophagy via transcriptional upregulation of ATG genes (autophagy related genes) \\[[@cit0011], [@cit0016]\\]. ", "We thus proceeded to test the possible involvement of FOXO1 in autophagy induction by TSA. ", "As shown in [Figure 4 A](#f0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, FOXO1 knockdown by siRNA led to a significant decrease of GFP-LC3 puncta in TSA-treated U2OS cells, indicating a reduction of the autophagy level. ", "Moreover, the autophagy flux level was also determined, and we observed that TSA treatment led to a further increase of LC3 levels in the presence of CQ while FOXO1 knockdown impaired the increase of autophagy flux ([Figure 4 B](#f0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Also the degradation of autophagy substrate p62 by TSA was reversed following FOXO1 knockdown.", "\n\n{#f0004}\n\nSuppression of autophagy causes more cell death by TSA {#sec3.5}\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nFinally, we determined the functional role of autophagy in TSA-caused osteosarcoma cell death. ", "First, we used 2 pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy: CQ, an inhibitor of the lysosomal pH gradient; and bafilomycin A~1~ (BAF), an inhibitor of vacuolar type H^+^-ATPase. ", "As shown in [Figures 5 A](#f0005){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [B](#f0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}, quantification of cell death using the PI exclusion test coupled with flow cytometry in U2OS cells showed that autophagy inhibition significantly increased cell death by TSA. ", "Next, we examined the format of cell death via detection of 2 apoptotic markers, namely, the cleavage of both caspase 3 and poly \\[ADP-ribose\\] polymerase 1 (PARP1). ", "As shown in [Figure 5 C](#f0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}, there were more cleavages of caspase 3 and PARP1 in TSA-treated cells in the presence of CQ or BAF, indicating that inhibition of autophagy is able to sensitize TSA-mediated apoptotic cell death. ", "Finally, we tried to knock down ATG7 (ubiquitin E1-like enzyme) in U2OS, which causes the conjugation reaction to form an autophagosome, and then determined the cell death caused by TSA. ", "Our western blotting results showed that TSA treatment led to more cleavages of caspase 3 and PARP1 following ATG7 knockdown ([Figure 5 D](#f0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}), suggesting that autophagy serves as a cell survival mechanism.", "\n\n{#f0005}\n\nDiscussion {#sec4}\n==========\n\nIn this study, we revealed the biological function of autophagy in HDACI-caused osteosarcoma cell death: TSA induces autophagy in osteosarcoma cells via mTOR suppression and FOXO1 activation. ", "Moreover, inhibition of autophagy markedly enhances TSA-caused osteosarcoma cell death, indicating that autophagy serves as a cell survival mechanism.", "\n\nAutophagy is an evolutionarily conserved self-digestive process via which cells adapt to nutrient starvation and other stress conditions \\[[@cit0017]\\]. ", "It plays important roles in the pathogenesis of important diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders \\[[@cit0017], [@cit0018]\\]. ", "Generally, it serves as a cell survival mechanism, and autophagy inhibitors are developed for anti-cancer drugs \\[[@cit0019]\\]. ", "However, the involvement of autophagy in anti-osteosarcoma activity of HDACIs is still unknown. ", "In this study, we first observed that TSA is able to induce autophagy in osteosarcoma cells ([Figure 2](#f0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "It implies that the combination of autophagy inhibition could enhance the anti-osteosarcoma activity of HDACIs.", "\n\nThe MTOR signaling pathway is a negative regulator of autophagy \\[[@cit0017]\\]. ", "Under stress conditions such as nutrient starvation, mTOR activity is inhibited and autophagy is induced to provide cells with additional internal nutrient supplies. ", "HDACIs are able to block AKT-mTOR signaling and suppress cancer cell viability and migration \\[[@cit0014], [@cit0015]\\]. ", "In our study, we revealed the underlying mechanism for autophagy induction by TSA in osteosarcoma cells. ", "Our results showed that TSA is able to inhibit the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway ([Figure 3 A](#f0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which is responsible for the increased autophagy level.", "\n\nThe transcription factor FOXO1 plays important roles in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, defense against oxidative stress and DNA repair \\[[@cit0020]--[@cit0022]\\]. ", "Phosphorylation of FOXO1 is an important mechanism that regulates its ability. ", "Under normal conditions, AKT phosphorylates FOXO1 at multiple sites and drives FOXO1 into the cytoplasm, where it is then ubiquitinated and degraded \\[[@cit0023], [@cit0024]\\]. ", "In our study, we observed that TSA is able to inhibit AKT activity ([Figure 3 A](#f0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which leads to FOXO1 dephosphorylation and translocation into the nucleus ([Figure 3 B](#f0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "As a result, FOXO1 transcriptional activity is enhanced and upregulates expression of its target genes ([Figure 3 C](#f0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which leads to autophagy induction by TSA. ", "The results are also consistent with the previous studies \\[[@cit0011], [@cit0025]\\].", "\n\nTaken together, data from our study reveal that the molecular mechanism for TSA-induced autophagy in osteosarcoma. ", "CQ and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which inhibit autophagic degradation through their disruption of lysosomal function \\[[@cit0026]\\], are FDA-approved drugs to treat malaria, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. ", "Our results provide clues for developing more effective osteosarcoma therapeutic strategies by the combination of HDACIs and the autophagy inhibitor CQ or HCQ.", "\n\nYunjuan Bai, Peiyi Yan and Jigang Wang equally contribute to this work.", "\n\nThis study was supported in part by research grants from Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LR18H160002) to Dr. Zhang Jianbin and the Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (2015C33173) to Dr. Sun Xin.", "\n\nConflict of interest\n====================\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n" ]

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[ "Bobo (Belgian comic)\n\nBobo is a Franco-Belgian comics series created by Paul Deliège and Maurice Rosy. ", "The series features an eponymous prisoner of the jail Inzepocket (\"in the pocket\" with a French accent). ", "In Dutch, the series' name is Jaap.", "\n\nHistory\nBobo first appeared in a mini–récit (mini-story) in Spirou magazine on May 11, 1961 In the early years, it was written by Rosy, who also took artistic responsibility during a brief period in the 1970s. ", "Eventually, the character evolved into its own series, mostly consisting of short stories, and a few full length (i.e. 44 pages) stories. ", "Fifteen albums appeared until the 1990s, when the series ended its run.", "\n\nSynopsis\nBobo was sentenced to twenty years in jail for stealing a bicycle (it was the bicycle of the sentencing judge). ", "Bobo is always trying to escape in various ways, usually by digging, and thus make his way to the beaches of Acapulco. ", "Other major characters are the prison's manager who is fond of pies and cookies; the prison bully who has it in for Bobo and his various schemes; the Professional, a grumpy old prisoner who insists that everything be done \"by the book,\" his copy of which dates back to before the prison reform movement (at his insistence, the Professional lives in an old dungeon, wears a ball-and-chain, does heavy labor and only eats stale bread and dirty water); and Stonie the warden, who always carries a stone (left over after building the prison), and which he is constantly trying to get rid off, but his colleagues insist that he carries. ", "There is also Julot-les-pinceaux (Julian Brush), Bobo's outside accomplice who is always coming up with various schemes to get his beloved boss out of the nick.", "\n\nComputer game\n\nA six-stage computer game was made (released in 1988), with the player steering Bobo through six tasks: feeding soup to his hungry inmates in the mess hall whiles killing flies; peeling an ever-increasing mount of potatoes; cleaning the floor of the prison office hallway; helping his numerous mates escape via a trampoline; running over a set of three high-mounted power lines; and finally, stopping your cellmates from snoring when you are trying to sleep.", "\n\nThe purpose of the game is not to reach a certain goal, but to collect as many points as possible in the short space of time given in most of the tasks. ", "Failing in these task is inevitable—like in the first, the inmates get hungry very quickly as time passes, and eventually someone puts the soup pot on Bobo's head; and in the third an increasing number of guardsmen, dogs and inmates keep running through the hallway, staining the floor with their dirty shoes.", "\n\nReferences\n\n Bobo publications in Spirou BDoubliées \n Bobo albums Bedetheque \nFootnotes\n\nExternal links\n\n Paul Deliège interview on Auracan.com \n\nCategory:Dupuis titles\nCategory:Belgian comics characters\nCategory:1961 comics debuts\nCategory:Belgian comic strips\nCategory:Humor comics\nCategory:Gag-a-day comics\nCategory:Comics characters introduced in 1961\nCategory:Fictional prisoners and detainees\nCategory:Fictional prison escapees\nCategory:Fictional Belgian people\nCategory:Male characters in comics\nCategory:Comics adapted into video games" ]

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[ "Could Rahm gain from residency controversy?", "\n\nSince the hearings on Rahm Emanuel’s residency (and therefore eligibility to run for mayor) wrapped up, two famous quotations keep running through my head.", "\n\nThe first is Ralph Waldo Emerson’s admonition that, “If you shoot at a king, you must kill him.”", "\n\nThe other, attributed to Friedrich Nietzsche: “That which does not kill us, makes us stronger.”", "\n\nThough no one should be ready to anoint him King Rahm, I wonder whether Emanuel’s candidacy might be strengthened by the controversy over whether he gave up his status as a Chicagoan by taking the Chief of Staff’s job in the Obama White House.", "\n\nGranted, this is all publicity about whether Emanuel’s a carpetbagger, swooping in from Washington, trying to elbow aside folks who’ve toiled in the vineyard of local politics for years. ", "And, of course, if Emanuel’s tossed off the ballot in the end, this controversy was no boon to him.", "\n\nBut, if he stays on the ballot, I think he wins for two reasons.", "\n\nOne, it’s dominated coverage of the campaign. ", "On Monday and Tuesday, the only articles in the Trib about the mayoral contest focused on the Rahmapalooza taking place at the Board of Elections. ", "The columnists were all over it, too, with both John Kass and Mark Brown writing a pair of columns about the proceedings and the controversy over “What’s in the crawl space?” ", "in the Emanuel basement.", "\n\nThere are 9 1/2 weeks until the election, and the latest Tribune poll would indicate that the “Anybody but Rahm” candidate has yet to emerge from the pack:\n\nRahm Emanuel 32%\n\nUndecided 30%\n\nDanny Davis 9%\n\nGery Chico 9%\n\nJames Meeks 7%\n\nCarol Moseley-Braun 6%\n\nMiguel del Valle 3%\n\nThe more time focused on Emanuel’s residency, the less time the also-rans have to impress that 30% of voters who don’t yet have a preference. ", "It’ll be hard to break away from the pack, under those circumstances.", "\n\nThe second reason Emanuel may benefit from this week’s proceedings is that most observers said he held up to 11 1/2 hours of questioning on Tuesday pretty well.", "\n\nHis campaign has been trying to soften his image as a profane, hard-as-nails politico— “Rahmbo”. ", "His smiling, almost jocular demeanor as a witness— Kass described him as “ostentatiously patient”— was a better image rehabilitator than any ad showing him smiling and shaking hands on an L platform.", "\n\nIt appears likely that the Board of Elections will hand Emanuel a victory next week, and declare him enough of a resident to qualify for the ballot. ", "The board’s chair has been quoted as saying, “If you are a registered voter and continue to vote from your residence, you establish what we consider the intent to be a resident of the city of Chicago.” ", "A Board spokesman has said even executives who get sent overseas but vote absentee in Chicago, as Emanuel has, are considered residents.", "\n\nThe courts may decide that’s too loose a standard, and toss Emanuel off the ballot. ", "Until that happens, though, all the fuss over Rahm’s residency may just be good news for him." ]

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[ "# /* **************************************************************************\n# * *\n# * (C) Copyright Paul Mensonides 2002.", "\n# * Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See\n# * accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at\n# * http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\n# * *\n# ************************************************************************** */\n#\n# /* See http://www.boost.org for most recent version. */", "\n#\n# ifndef BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_ITERATION_LOCAL_HPP\n# define BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_ITERATION_LOCAL_HPP\n#\n# include <boost/preprocessor/config/config.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/slot/slot.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/tuple/elem.hpp>\n#\n# /* BOOST_PP_LOCAL_ITERATE */\n#\n# define BOOST_PP_LOCAL_ITERATE() <boost/preprocessor/iteration/detail/local.hpp>\n#\n# define BOOST_PP_LOCAL_C(n) (BOOST_PP_LOCAL_S) <= n && (BOOST_PP_LOCAL_F) >= n\n# define BOOST_PP_LOCAL_R(n) (BOOST_PP_LOCAL_F) <= n && (BOOST_PP_LOCAL_S) >= n\n#\n# endif\n" ]

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[ "Väliministri Sven Mikseri ettepanek kolleegidele oli raamistikku toetada, kuid valitsus ei leidnud küsimuses Isamaa vastuseisu tõttu konsensust.", "\n\nMikser ütles ERR-ile, et Keskerakond kaldus ränderaamistikku toetama, aga Isamaa blokkis selle ning Eesti Marrakechis raamistiku taga pole.", "\n\n\"Edasised arengud saavad olla sisepoliitilised. ", "Mis täpsemalt, ei oska ma veel prognoosida. ", "Efektiivse tegevuse praegune valitsus täna lõpetas ja edasi langetab see valimisteni vaid formaalseid otsuseid,\" ütles Mikser.", "\n\nEnda edasiste plaanide kohta vastas Mikser, et arutab seda oma lähemate võitluskaaslastega. ", "Näiteks kunagine välisminister Urmas Paet on soovitanud juba Mikseril tagasi astuda.", "\n\n\"Enesehävituslikku asja pole mõtet ette võtta, sest see raamistik pole sellise kaaluga. ", "Selliseid asju kiidetakse ÜROs aastas heaks tuhandeid. ", "Mulle pole elu küsimus olla kolm kuud valitsuses veel, aga ma ei näe ka põhjust solvumisse surra,\" lausus välisminister.", "\n\nMikseri sõnul kurvastab teda see, et neid, kes ühegi lasuta otsustasid EKRE ees alistuda, oli palju. ", "Ta mainis nimeliselt Marko Mihkelsoni, Jürgen Ligi ja vabariigi presidenti.", "\n\nPeaminister Jüri Ratas ütles pärast kabinetiistungit, et koalitsiooni luues leppisid valitsuspartnerid kokku, et langetavad otsuseid konsensuslikult. \"", "Seda konsensust me täna kahjuks ei saavutanud.", "\n\nRatas lisas, et rände igakülgne haldamine on tähtis kõikidele riikidele ning Eesti seadused peegeldavad nii täna kui tulevikus euroopalikke ja demokraatlikke põhimõtteid.", "\n\nÜRO globaalse ränderaamistiku eesmärgiks on leppida kokku ühistes põhimõtetes rahvusvahelise rände haldamisel, mis oleks turvaline, korrapärane ja reeglitel põhinev.", "\n\nRaamistiku abil soovitakse muuhulgas ennetada kontrollimatut rännet ja sellega kaasnevat inimkaubandust. ", "Samuti soovitakse raamistikuga motiveerida lähteriike võtma senisest suuremat vastutust ning tegema koostööd ka tagasipöördumise küsimuses." ]

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[ "This artillery piece was given as a gift to NYC back during the Civil War, but when workers recently removed the concrete that had sealed the 230-year-old cannon, they found that it was loaded with a cannonball and gun powder. (", "Photo: CBS 2)\n\nNEW YORK (CBSNewYork) — A dangerous and historic discovery was made in Central Park on Friday afternoon.", "\n\nParks workers came upon a live cannon ball, loaded in a cannon that is getting refurbished, CBS 2’s Lou Young reported exclusively.", "\n\nThe loaded artillery piece was one of two Revolutionary War-era cannons being stored at the park’s Ramble shed near the 79th Street transverse. ", "Preservation workers for the Central Park Conservancy called police about mid-day after opening up the capped cannon for cleaning.", "\n\nThe NYPD released a picture of what its officers found: more than 800 grams of black powder still capable of firing, along with cotton wadding and a cannonball CBS 2’s Young spotted being carried in a white cloth by a Conservancy employee.", "\n\nFor John Moore, who is working on a book called “The Secrets of Central Park,” this is a new one.", "\n\n“This is an amazing surprise. ", "It was there for so many years and people were sitting on it when it was a loaded cannon,” Moore said.", "\n\nThat’s right: the loaded cannon was on public display from the 1860s until 1996 when the Conservancy decided to bring it indoors to protect it from vandalism. ", "It was donated to the park about the time of the Civil War.", "\n\nThe finding was a shock to everyone involved, including tourists using the park Friday afternoon.", "\n\n“Something like that, it’s surprising to be overlooked,” Denise Night said.", "\n\n“It seems like some people are pretty incompetent not to notice after all these years,” Steve Night added.", "\n\nIn fairness, it never occurred to anyone that the cannon, which is said to be at least 233 years old, would still pose a threat. ", "The field piece was already more than 90 years old when it was donated to the park, apparently by someone who’d salvaged it from a sunken British frigate in the East River. ", "It was put on display at the park, and capped with concrete. ", "No one even considered the possibility that British sailors had loaded and sealed it before their ship went down.", "\n\nIn the end, police removed the powder, but left the cannonball, all the while taking a lighthearted approach to the incident.", "\n\n“We silenced British cannon fire in 1776 and we don’t want to hear it again in Central Park,” the NYPD said in a statement.", "\n\nIt’s probably safe to say, that’s the last one in Central Park.", "\n\nPlease offer your thoughts in the comments section below …" ]

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[ "[The conjunctival lymphatic bed of the rabbit in exposure to ultraviolet radiation].", "\nMorphofunctional state of the lymphatic bed of the conjunctiva has been studied under effect of ultraviolet radiation. ", "A comparative characteristics of development of the clinical picture and morphological criteria of the harmful effect of the ultraviolet radiation is presented. ", "When all clinical symptoms disappear, there is no complete restoration of the capacitance function of the lymphatic vessels and intracellular regeneration of ultra-microscopical structures of endotheliocytes." ]

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[ "[The content of membrane-bound and free ribosomes in growing saccharomyces cells at different temperatures (author's transl)].", "\nThe distribution of membrane-bound and free ribosomes was investigated at different temperatures in growing yeast cells. ", "During duplication phases of the cell a changing pattern of the amount of membrane-bound and free ribosomes can be found at all temperatures investigated: at points where there is a maximum of membrane-bound ribosomes, one can always find a minimum of free ribosomes. ", "The ribosomal content is significantly higher at 30 degrees C than it is at 20 degrees C, and higher at 20 degrees C than at 40 degrees C, whereas the duplication time of the cells is only slightly longer at 40 degrees C, but extremely longer at 20 degrees C than at 30 degrees C." ]

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[ "\"McBeth Disc Golf\" Star Destroyer\n\nThese special edition Star Destroyers were produced to commemorate the \"buyout\" of Innova Discs by 4-time World Champion Paul McBeth. ", "Available only for a limited time. ", "Proceeds will go to the Throw Pink organization.", "\n\nDetails\n\nThese special edition Star Destroyers were produced to commemorate the \"buyout\" of Innova Discs by 4-time World Champion Paul McBeth. ", "Available only for a limited time. ", "Proceeds will go to the Throw Pink organization." ]

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[ "\nTurkish: \nyapmazsan sınırların dışına çıkmak\nkontrol edemezseniz veya donanımınız varsa\nsize sinyal vermez gerçekten\nGerçekten utanç verici çünkü her türlü\ntehlikeli durumlar olabilir\nanlaşılması en kolay olan şey\nevet, birlikte iki pozitif eklerseniz\nÇok büyük sayılar gittiler\nnegatif gibi görünmek\ntaşma durumunun\namper işareti bit yaymak\nbirlikte sahip olduğunuz iki şey\nSoldaki sıfır, açıkça öyle olduklarını söyleyerek\nher şey taşdığında pozitif\nSonunda cevap olan\nBiri tabelada biraz ısırıyor\nÖrneğin, eğer sahip değilseniz\nbir dijital radyo altimetre olan\nkesinlikle 30.000’de olduğuna emin ol\nayak ve sonra aniden buldum\nbit bitti ve oh canım\nbirlikte en son artışlarla birlikte\nElbette biraz tırmandın ve ah canım\nAltında 60 kulaç derin gibi görünüyor\ndeniz şeyleri çok çok alabilir\ngerçekten başka bir donanım varsa utanç verici\nmotorunuzu veya kapaklarınızı kontrol eden\n\nEnglish: \ngoing out of bounds if you don't or\ncan't check for it or if your hardware\ndoesn't signal it to you can be really\nreally embarrassing because all sorts of\ndangerous situations can happen perhaps\nthe most easy one to understand is that\nyes if you add together two positive\nnumbers that are too big they're going\nto come out looking like a negative\nnumber the the overflow situation will\npropagate into the sign bit you amp\ntogether two things which you've got a\nzero on the Left saying clearly they're\npositive when the whole thing overflow\nis you end up with the answer having a\none in the sign bit so it's looking\nnegative if you for example haven't had\na digital radio altimeter which was\nabsolutely sure that you were at 30,000\nfeet and then suddenly found that it to\nrun out of bits and oh dear you've added\ntogether the latest increments in height\ncourse you've climbed a bit and oh dear\nyou seem to be 60 fathoms deep under the\nsea things can get very very\nembarrassing indeed if other hardware\nthat controls your engine or your flaps\n\nTurkish: \nkesinlikle bu şeyin varlığına dayanıyor\ndoğru ben size tarif edeceğim\nnasıl üç farklı yol olabilir\nhangisi olursa olsun negatif sayılar yapıyor\nkullandığınız gösterimde\nsağ tarafını tutmak için kullanışlı\nona bakarken bit kalıbın\nsayının gerçek büyüklüğü ve tasarruf\nbakarken en soldaki bit\nişareti belirtmek için ve neredeyse\nevrensel olarak öyle olacak\ndenilen burcu bit şimdi denir 0\no zaman eğer pozitif bir sayı\nbu bir ifade edecek bir\nnegatif sayı, kabaca konuşma\n0 ve 1 sinyalleri hakkında düşünürsünüz\nsana üç bit bırakan işaret\nsayının gerçek boyutu için\nÜç bitte pozitif veya negatif kuyu\nsıfırdan yedi'ye kadar her şeyi tutabilirsin\n\nEnglish: \nrelies absolutely on this thing being\ncorrect I'm going to describe to you in\nthree different ways how you might\ntackle doing negative numbers whichever\nnotation you use it turns out to be\nhandy to keep the right-hand side of\nyour bit pattern as you look at it the\nactual magnitude of the number and save\nthe leftmost bit as you're looking at it\nfor denoting the sign and almost\nuniversally it will be if that's so\ncalled sign bit as it's now called is 0\nthen it denotes a positive number if\nit's a one it's going to denote a\nnegative number so roughly speaking if\nyou think about that 0 and 1 signaling\nthe sign that leaves you three bits left\nfor the actual size of the number be it\npositive or negative well in three bits\nyou can hold anything from zero to seven\n\nEnglish: \nso roughly what one is saying is that if\nwe have a range of numbers that goes\nfrom plus 7 2-7 do you think about it\nthat's 14 do\nfrom numbers one to seven positive 1 to\n7 negative 14 different numbers but in\nfour bits we can accommodate 16 numbers\nto the power 4 is 16 naught 2 15 in hand\nside so where's the other two gone we've\nallocated for teams to all the other two\nare real trouble causes because what\ntends to happen in your naive approach\nto this which we'll do in a minute is\nthose two missing numbers converge on\nwanting to be zero so you end up with\nplus 0 and minus a 0 and that is a pain\nyou start off with zero four zeros here\nfour plus a 0 if you put a one in the\nsign bit position but leave the others\n\nTurkish: \nkabaca biri ne diyorsa\ngiden bir dizi numaramız var\nartı 7'den 2-7'ye kadar bunu düşünüyor musunuz?", "\nbu 14 yapar\nsayılardan bir ila yedi pozitif\n7 negatif 14 farklı sayı ancak\ndört bit 16 numarayı barındırabiliriz\niktidara 4 elinde 16 15 2 15\nDiğer taraf nereye gitti?", "\ndiğer iki takım için tahsis edilmiş\nasıl sorun neden, çünkü ne\nsaf yaklaşımınızda olma eğilimindedir\nBir dakika içinde yapacağımız buna\nbu iki eksik sayı bir araya gelir\nsıfır olmak istemekle sonuçlanırsın\nartı 0 ve eksi 0 ve bu bir acı\nBurada sıfır dört sıfır ile başlıyorsunuz\ndörde artı bir 0 koyarsanız\nbit pozisyonu işaretleyin fakat diğerlerini bırakın\n\nTurkish: \nSıfır sonra tabii ki eksi var\nsıfır, eğer daha kabus olabilir\nİkili bir toplayıcı tasarlamaya çalışıyorsun\nsöyleme devresi oh biz sadece zorunda değiliz\nartı sıfır için kontrol edin 4-0 kontrol etmeliyiz\ntamam ve her şey sadece takip ediyor\naynen böyle görünüyorsun 00 01 +1\neksi 1, +1 ile aynı mı olacaktı\nbunlardan biri negatif olarak belirtmek için ılık koymak\nSol taraf ve hepsi işe yarıyor\nişaret ve büyüklükteki yol\ngösterimde örnek alacağım\nbu gösterimlerin üçünde de olacağım\nkapsayan sadece bu artı 7 ve\neksi 3'e başka bir deyişle eklemek\nYedi götürdü üç cevap gots\ndaha önce işaretine nereden ulaşıyoruz\nve yazdığımız artı artı yedi\no zaman yazalım 10 11 unutma\nbu şimdi işaret biti özel\nnot 11 2 ve 1, 3’dür;\n\nEnglish: \nto zero then of course you've got minus\nzero what could be more nightmarish if\nyou're trying to design a binary adder\ncircuit to say oh we're not just got to\ncheck for plus zero we gotta check 4-0\nokay and all the rest it just follow\nexactly like that look 00 01 is +1 so\nwhat would minus 1 be same as +1 or not\none but put a warm to denote negative at\nthe left hand side and that works all\nthe way in the sign and magnitude\nnotation the example I'm going to take\nin all three of these notations i'll be\ncovering is just simply this plus 7 and\nadd on minus 3 to it in other words it's\nseven take away three the answers gots\nbefore now where do we get to its sign\nand magnitude we write down plus seven\nthen we write down 10 11 don't forget\nthis is now the sign bit it's special\nthe note 11 2 and the 1 is 3 but the one\n\nEnglish: \nin the sign bit position says I'm trying\nto do 7-3 your hardware man then start\nsaying look I've got to build some\nbinary logic circuitry to do this and\nwhat I want is just to do simple binary\neditions with carys even those a\nsubtraction I don't care you've told me\nyou denoted a negative number I want to\ndo simple binary editions of ones and\nlaws and I want the answer to drop out\njust magically to\nplus 4 will it not a chance I'm going to\nsay if you just add them what would\nhappen you get 1 plus 1 is 0 and carry\none one and one and one we now know you\nput down a one and you carry a 1 1 plus\n1 is 0 but it carries a bit over into\nthis sign bit column oh what a nightmare\nwhat is trying to tell you look is that\nthe answers to it isn't when you come to\nanalyze this carefully it happens\nlargely because the sign bit is not\n\nTurkish: \nişareti bit pozisyonunda deniyorum diyor\n7-3 donanım adamınızı yapmak için başlayın\nbak diyerek biraz yapmalıyım\nBunu yapmak için ikili mantık devresi ve\nistediğim sadece basit bir ikili yapmak.", "\ncarys olan baskılar\nçıkarma umrumda değil\nistediğim negatif sayıyı belirtdin\nolanlar basit ikili sürümleri yapmak ve\nyasalar ve cevabın bırakılmasını istiyorum\nsadece sihirli bir şekilde\nartı 4 olacak bir şansım olmaz\nsadece onları eklerseniz söyler misiniz\nne olur 1 artı 1 olur 0\nbir tane ve bir tane ve şimdi seni tanıyoruz\nbirini bırak ve 1 1 artı taşı.", "\n1 0, ancak biraz içine taşır\nBu işaret bit sütun oh ne bir kabus\nsana bakmaya ne demek istiyor\ncevapları sen geldiğinde değil\nbunu dikkatlice analiz et\nbüyük ölçüde çünkü işaret biti değildir\n\nTurkish: \naslında sayının bir parçası\nEkstra yani bu bir şekilde yapabiliriz düşünüyorum\nPencereden fırlat ve söyle\nbunu yapmak için size bir insan olarak başvurabilir\nböyle ama gerçekten gitmiyor\netrafında donanım oluşturmak kolay olmak için\naslında bir anlamda istediğiniz\nbu negatif sayıları farklı şekilde eşle\nDiğer bir deyişle, onları yukarıdan aşağı doğru eşlersiniz\nbüyük sayılardan küçüğe doğru\nne imzasız olanlar açısından\nHukuk başka yollarda yapıyor olacaktı\nve hepsi çok daha kolay olanlar\ntamamlayıcı mı diyor formu\nOlumlu olanı alarak negatif sayı\nve sıfır olursa her biti ters çevirmek\nbir çevir, bir çevir\nsıfıra yaptığı şey 0 olur\n15'in içinde olacaktı\nimzasız evet ama ah bir\nsol imzalanmış ve şimdi görüntü bir\n\nEnglish: \nactually part of the number it's an add\non extra so this one way I think we can\nthrow right out the window and say it\nmay appeal to you as a human to do it\nlike this but really that is not going\nto be easy to build hardware around what\nyou want actually in some sense is to\nmap those negative numbers differently\nin other words you map them top down\nfrom the big numbers down to the little\nones in terms of what an unsigned the\nlaw would be doing the other way around\nand it all is so much easier what ones\ncomplement does is it says form the\nnegative number by taking a positive one\nand inverting every bit if it's a zero\nturn it to a one if it's a one turn it\nto a zero what that does is it turns 0\ninto being what would have been 15 in\nunsigned yeah but ah since one on the\nleft is signed and now image is a\n\nEnglish: \nnegative number you still have the two\nrepresentations of zero problem you've\ngot zero and you've got minus zero\nhowever look what happens here you map\n0001 you flip all the bits this is a\nrule to make it negative change 0001\ninto being 1110 so that is how you do\nminus one but what does 1110\nmean if it were an unsigned number it\nmeans a plus 4 plus 2 is 14 so I've\nmapped minus 1 into being 14 I'm at\nminus 2 into being 13 this is what i\nmean by coming downwards okay now if you\ndo that well you're part way on the way\nto getting a system in which the sign\nbit behaves almost normally and that's\nwhat you want to do let us know let me\n\nTurkish: \nnegatif sayı hala iki tane var\nsıfır problemin temsilleri\nSıfır ve eksi sıfır\nancak burada neler olduğuna bakın\n0001 tüm bitleri çeviriyorsun bu bir\n0001 olumsuz değişiklik yapmak için kural\n1110 olmak, böylece nasıl\neksi bir ama 1110 ne yapar\nimzasız bir numara olsaydı demek\nartı 4 artı 2 14, yani\nharitaya eksi 1 'in 14 olması\neksi 2 13 olmanın içine bu\naşağıya inerek demek istiyorum eğer şimdi\nBunu iyi yap, yolda yarı yoldasın\nişaretinin bulunduğu bir sistem almak için\nbit neredeyse normal davranır ve bu\nne yapmak istiyorsan bize haber ver\n\nTurkish: \nYine de söyle, bu hala sorun var.", "\n0 iki gösterimi olan\ndonanım ve yazılım insanlar olur\nkesinlikle nefret edebilirsin\njava programınızı yazdıysanız eğer\nperde eşittir 0 eşittir 0\nküfür derleyici birçok şımartır\nkötü dil söyleyerek\nşimdi bu makinenin mimarisi şimdi var\nartı 0 ve eksi sıfırı denetleme\nbir temsili istediğinizi istiyorum\nŞimdilik 0, bu bir adım\nyolda oraya gidiyoruz\nbirinin tamamlayıcısı ve hadi işimizi yapalım\nartı yedi alarak ve eksi ekleyerek\nYedi pozitif olduğundan üç kuyu\nNumara hala 0 1 1 1 ama biz\nşimdi eksi 3'e eklemeliyiz bakalım\neksi 3 birinin tamamlayıcısında ne kadar\nve şimdi 1100 diyorum ki\n\nEnglish: \nsay yet again this still has the problem\nof two representations of 0 which\nhardware and software people would\nabsolutely hate could you imagine in\nyour java program if you wrote if i\nequals equals 0 behind the scenes a\nswearing compiler indulges in lots of\nbad language saying owing to the\narchitecture of this machine now now got\nto check for plus 0 and minus zero don't\nwant that you want one representation of\n0 anyway for the moment this is a step\non the way we're getting there this is\none's complement and let's do our thing\nof taking plus seven and adding minus\nthree well since seven is a positive\nnumber that is still 0 1 1 1 but we've\nnow got to add in minus 3 well we look\nup what minus 3 is in one's complement\nand it is 1100 now what I'm saying is\n\nEnglish: \nthat is a positive representation\nbecause it's got not there as plus 7\nthis is a negative number clearly it is\nit's got one in the sign bit position\nlet's just add them together one and 0\nis 1 1 and 0 is 1 1 and 1 is 0 but carry\n11 and 1 is 0 this is in the sign bit\nposition now but we're still treating it\nnow like it's an ordinary binary pair of\nintegers but I've still got 1 plus 1 is\n0 and it will generate a caring the rule\nin\none's complement arithmetic says the\nfollowing treat the sign bit just like a\nnormal binary addition in that position\nbut if you generate a carry out from the\nsign bit don't throw it away don't\nignore it just bring it back on a\njourney around to the right hand end of\nthe number and add it in so we then have\nnaught naught 1 1 plus 1 1 + 1 is 0\n\nTurkish: \nbu olumlu bir temsildir\nçünkü orada artı 7 olarak bulunmuyor\nBu açıkça negatif bir sayıdır\nburcu bit pozisyonunda bir tane var\nhaydi onları bir tane ekleyelim ve 0\n1 1 ve 0 1 1 ve 1 0 olur ancak\n11 ve 1, 0 dır, bu işaret bitidir\npozisyonu şimdi ama hala tedavi ediyoruz\nŞimdi sıradan bir ikili çift gibi\ntamsayı ama hala 1 artı 1 var\n0 ve kurallara dikkat etmek\niçinde\nbirinin tamamlayıcı aritmetiği diyor ki\naşağıdaki gibi işaret biti gibi davranın\nbu konumda normal ikili ekleme\nama eğer bir yürütme yaparsanız\nişareti biraz atmayın\ngörmezden gel, sadece onu geri getir\nsağ tarafa yolculuk\nNumarayı ekleyin ve ekleyin.", "\nnaught naught 1 1 artı 1 1 + 1 0\n\nTurkish: \ntaşımak 1 1 0 1 0 taşımak 1 1 ve 0 1\n0 ve 00 p olası bu\nŞimdi doğru cevap oh diyebilirsiniz\npeki taşıyorken biraz taşınıyor\nsadece kara büyü evet bu bir ihtiyaç\naçıklayan daha ileri öğretici\ntam olarak neden ama gerçekten işe yarıyor\nbasitçe bu sadece işareti tedavi diyor\nbiraz normalden endişelenme\nEğer sadece taşıma bitini yaparsanız\nsonra sağ tarafa getir\nve tekrar ekleyin, tamam mı?", "\ngerçek ilerleme şimdi bir şey bulduk\nbize doğru bir cevap veriyor ama\ntaşıma uçları ile uğraşmak zorunda\nbiraz güzel olmaz mıydı\nbu etkiden kurtulmak\nHerhangi bir taşıma biti hakkında endişelenmek ve ayrıca\nayrıca gerçekten çözmek istediğimiz şey\nBu biz 12 sıfır sıfır tamam şimdi var\n\nEnglish: \ncarry 1 1 0 1 is 0 carry 1 1 and 0 is 1\n0 and 00 you p that's possible that's\nthe right answer now you might say oh\nwell bringing around that carry bit it's\njust black magic yeah that would need a\nmore advanced tutorial explaining\nexactly why but it really does work is\nsimply this it says just treat the sign\nbit as normal don't get panicked about\nit if you do generate the carry bit just\nbring it around to the right hand then\nand add it back in ok so we're making\nreal progress now we've got something\nwhich does give us a right answer but\nyou have to mess about with carry bits a\nlittle bit wouldn't it be nice if we\ncould get rid of that effect don't have\nto worry about any carry bit and also\nalso what we really want to solve is\nthis we dumped 12 zeros ok now there is\n\nTurkish: \nBurada büyük bir sorun çünkü eğer düşünüyorsanız\nBu konuda bazı olumlu var\nsayıları yedi negatif sayıları\nzorunda kalmazsan iki tane kaldım\nsıfır ve ne 10 olduğunu bileceksiniz\nolarak bu 16 numaraya olacak\nson aşamasında şimdi öğreneceğiz\nBu hikaye artık numaranız var\nYa ekstra bir pozitif olmalı\nsayı veya astronot Havva numarası yani\nşimdi ikisinin tamamlayıcısı ikisini yapacağız\ntamamlayıcı olanlara eşdeğerdir\neklenmiş biri ile tamamlayalım\nsadece aralığın ortasından bir örnek al\nsayı artı 3, ikiye çevirelim\nne yaptığınızı tamamlayın ve hatırlayın\nBunu yap, sen ikiliyi al.", "\nher şeyden önce üçünüzün temsili\nonu tamamlayıcısı haline getirmek\nbitleri saygısız\nve sonra bir tane ekleyelim, artı 3 alalım.", "\nbu sıfır sıfır bir tane ve istiyoruz\n\nEnglish: \na big problem here because if you think\nabout it you've got some positive\nnumbers seven negative numbers you've\ngot two left over if you don't have to\nzeros and you'll know what 10 what's\ngoing to happen to that 16th number as\nwe'll find out now in the final phase of\nthis story your leftover number has\neither got to become an extra positive\nnumber or an astronaut Eve number so\nwill now do two's complement two's\ncomplement is equivalent to the ones\ncomplement with one added to it let's\njust take a sample middle of the range\nnumber plus 3 let's turn it into twos\ncomplement and remember what you do to\ndo that is you take the binary\nrepresentation of three you first of all\nturn it into one's complement by\nflipping the bits\nand then you add one let us take plus 3\nthis is zero zero one one and we want\n\nEnglish: \nminus 3 in well first of all we do minus\n3 in one's complement easy you just flip\nthe bits you go 1100 and in two's\ncomplement what do you do you take the\nones complement which you've already got\na new add one and you see what happens\none plus zero is 10 11 there's your\nanswer so minus 3 in two's complement is\nrepresented by 1101 in unsigned terms\nthis has now been represented by 13 1101\nwhereas in one's complement terms it was\n1100 it was represented by 12 so we've\nshoved at the whole range down by one\nbelieve it or not that now magically\ngets rid of the two zeros problem just\nby shifting the range and if you like\n\nTurkish: \neksi 3 kuyucukta her şeyden önce eksi yapıyoruz\nBiri tamamlayıcı kolay 3 sadece çevirmek\n1100 ve ikiye ayrıldığın zaman\ntamamlayıcı ne alırsın\nzaten sahip olduklarını tamamlayanlar\nyeni bir tane ekleyin ve ne olacağını görün\nbir artı sıfır, 10 11 işte\nCevap, bu yüzden ikisinin tamamlayıcısında eksi 3\n1101 ile işaretsiz terimlerle gösterilir\nbu şimdi 13 1101 ile temsil edilmiştir.", "\noysa birinin tamamlayıcı terimleriyle\n1100 12 ile temsil edildi, biz\nteker teker aşağı attı\nister inan ister inanma şimdi sihirli bir şekilde\nsadece iki sıfır probleminden kurtulur\naralığı değiştirerek ve isterseniz\n\nTurkish: \nbu sihrin temel parçası\nki bence burada sadece yapabiliriz\n0 0 0 0 0 düşünün 0\neksi 0'a çevir\nüzülme çünkü muhtemelen gidiyor\ntamamen farklı olmak\nbiraz sorun ama sadece kural ne bak\nolanlar tamamlayıcı diyor diyor\nher şeyden önce 11 11 ve bir tane ekle çünkü\nikisinin tamamlayıcısı, birisinin bu kadar yaklaşması\nşimdi ne olur 1 1 0 1 olur 1\n0 1 0 taşır 1 1 0 1 0 taşır\nve biz yan konumdayız\nama panik yapmıyoruz, aynen olduğu gibi\nbir başkası 0 ve bir tane taşıyoruz\nSonunda bir taşıma yapacağım hayır\nikisinde hatırlamanız gereken şey\ntamamlayıcı olan\nsol uçtan yeni atıldım ve\naldırmamak\nbir uçtan uca taşıma yapmıyorlar neden\nBirinde bu büyüyü tamamladılar\n\nEnglish: \nthis is the fundamental piece of magic\nwhich I think we can do over here just\nconsider 0 0 0 0 plus 0 I'm now going to\nturn it into minus 0 and with\ntrepidation because it's probably going\nto be some other completely different\nbit problem but just look what the rule\nsays it says do the ones complement\nfirst of all 11 11 and add one because\ntwo's complement is one's coming up this\none what happens now 1 1 is 0 carry 1 1\n0 1 is 0 carry a 1 1 0 1 is 0 carry 11\nand what we're in the side bit position\nbut we don't panic it's just like any\nother one on one is 0 and we carry one\nI'm going to do an end-around carry no\nthing you have to remember in two's\ncomplement is that carries at the\nleft-hand end I just thrown away and\nignore\nthey do not do an end-around carry why\nthey did in one's complement this magic\n\nEnglish: \nyou just throw the carry bit away and\nwhat you're left with no not-not-not\nlook at plus zero has mapped into\nlooking like plus zero when you take it\ntwo's complement negative that's exactly\nwhat you are after is one representation\nof zero and only one but you'll now say\nare now come on you warned us that if\nyou have only 10 and you if you have and\none to seven that's seven numbers and\nminus 1 by seven oh seven times you want\n10 that's only 15 slots taken up what's\nhappening to the 16th slot although it's\na four bit system it now ranges from 0\nto 7 in positive but in negative numbers\nthere's the zero appearing again but\nright out the bottom one and three zeros\nwhat does that one represent that and\nthe answer is minus eight what happens\n\nTurkish: \nsadece taşı biraz atıyorsun ve\nhayır-olmayan-olmayanla kalanlar\nŞuna bak artı sıfıra haritalandı\naldığınızda artı gibi görünmek\nikisinin tamamlayıcısı negatif tam olarak\npeşinde olduğun şey bir temsildir\nSıfır ve sadece bir tane ama şimdi söyleyeceksiniz\nşimdi hadi uyardın bizi eğer\nsadece 10'unuz var ve eğer varsa ve\nbir ile yedi arasındaki sayı yedi ve\neksi 1 ile yedi oh yedi kere\n10 olan sadece 15 slot olan\nHer ne kadar 16 slotu oluyor\ndört bitlik bir sistem şimdi 0\n7'ye pozitif ancak negatif sayılarla\ntekrar beliren sıfır var ama\nsağ altta bir ve üç sıfır\nbu neyi temsil ediyor ve\ncevap eksi sekiz olur ne olur\n\nTurkish: \nyanlış gittiğinde\nelbette ki ikisinin içinde keşfedildi\nbit gösterimi için tamamlayıcı yapabiliriz\neksi sekizden artı yedi ye\nbu aralıklar içindeki her şeyi ekleyin\nyedi artı eksi gibi yapıyoruz\nÜç, hiçbir sorun yok cevap\nAçıkçası menzil içinde olacak\nbirlikte ekleyelim demeliyiz 72\nartı yedi ve bu artı 14 ve bu\ndört uçta tutulacak kadar büyük pozitif\neğer eşit olsaydın ben eksi bilmiyorum\nbeş 2-5 eksi 10'a gelir ve gidebiliriz\neksi sekize kadar düştü fakat eksi değil\n10 Peki bu nasıl görünüyor?", "\naçıkça taşmaları alacağım iyi\ncevabı sanırım ya da geriye bakarsanız\nvideoda ne olduğumuzu tekrar düşün\nDikkatlice eklediğimizde ne yapıyorduk? ", "7\n2-3 ve menzilde kalmadığım şey\ndikkat çekmek\nzaman ortaya çıkan taşıma biti\n\nEnglish: \nwhen he goes wrong well it we've\ndiscovered of course that in two's\ncomplement for bit representation we can\ngo from minus eight up to plus seven you\nadd anything within those ranges as\nwe've been doing like seven plus minus\nthree there's no problem the answer is\ngoing to be in range obviously but if\nyou add together shall we say plus 72\nplus seven and that's plus 14 and that's\ntoo big positive to be held in four bits\nequally if you had I don't know minus\nfive 2-5 comes to minus 10 and we can go\ndown as far as minus eight but not minus\n10 so how does this show up then we\nclearly going to get overflows well I\nthink the answer is if you look back or\nthink back in the video to what we were\ndoing when we were carefully adding 7\n2-3 and staying in range what I didn't\npoint out but should have done at the\ntime is that the carry bit that appeared\n\nTurkish: \nSol tarafta yaptığınızı hatırlarsınız.", "\nişareti pozisyonu dedim oh\niki şirketin cuz atmak onu evet\nonu atabilir ama ne\nyanlış gidersen bulabilirsin\nişareti taşıyan bir şey olduğunu\nbiraz önce orada bir yürütme ve\nkural çok basit, eğer onlar ise\nişaret biti ve taşımak\nişareti bitene kadar aynı\nsenin gibi bir şey, giydiğin yıpranmış\ngüzel olan birini\nya iyi ya da değil\neğer tam tersi ise\nnaught yan bit taşınır\nbiri gerçekleştirilir veya biri yenilir\ntaşınan ve anorum gerçekleşir\ntaşma ve nezaket işareti\ntam olarak donanım mühendisinin istediği şey\nbaşlamak zorunda kalmak istemiyorlar\nbüyüklüğünü düşünmek\nsayılar hakkında basit bir kural istiyorlar\ntaşan olduğunu söyleyen parçaları taşımak ve\nsonra bir donanım taşması ayarladınız\n\nEnglish: \non the left you remember you carried out\nof the sign position I said oh it's\ntwo's company cuz throw it away yes you\ncan throw it away but what\nyou would find is if it's gone wrong is\nthat there was a carry in to the sign\nbit before there was a carry out and the\nrule very simply is this is if they\ncarry in to the sign bit and the carry\nout to the sign bit are the same sort of\nthing like you carrying a worn you carry\nout a one that's fine or you carry in an\nor you carry out or not that's fine but\nif they're the opposite way around a\nnaught gets carried into the side bit of\none gets carried out or a one gets\ncarried in & anor gets carried out\nsurefire sign of overflow and that is\nexactly what the hardware engineer wants\nthey don't want to have to start\nthinking about the magnitude of the\nnumbers they want a simple rule about\ncarry bits which says it overflowed and\nthen you set a hardware overflow\n\nTurkish: \nBunun gibi bir gösterge\nsorun o hitters ve onlar olurdu\nAckermann'da bizi biraz utandırdı\nçünkü bunlar video işlevi\ntüm büyük için belirttiğimiz sayaçları\ntamsayılar biz taşan\nzaman sadece kontrol etmedik\n\nEnglish: \nindicator just like that this is a\nproblem it hitters and they would have\nembarrassed us slightly in the Ackermann\nfunction video because the those\ncounters we were setting for all the big\nintegers we were overflowing all the\ntime we just weren't checking for it\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nLooping over a datetime object results in a numeric iterator\n\nWhy does iterating through a Date or POSIXct object result in numeric? ", " For example:\ntest = as.", "Date(\"2009-01-01\")\nprint( class( test ) )\n# [1] \"Date\"\nfor ( day in test )\n{\n print( class( day ) )\n}\n# [1] \"numeric\"\n\nThe same thing happens with POSIXct:\ntest = as.", "POSIXct(\"2009-01-01\")\nprint( class( test ) )\n# [1] \"POSIXct\" \"POSIXt\"\nfor ( day in test )\n{\n print( class( day ) )\n}\n# [1] \"numeric\"\n\nA:\n\n?\"", "for\" says that seq (the part after in) is \"[A]n expression evaluating to a vector (including a list and an expression) or to a pairlist or 'NULL'\".", "\nSo your Date vector is being coerced to numeric because Date objects aren't strictly vectors:\nis.vector(Sys.", "Date())\n# [1] FALSE\nis.vector(as.numeric(Sys.", "Date()))\n# [1] TRUE\n\nThe same is true for POSIXct vectors:\nis.vector(Sys.time())\n# [1] FALSE\nis.vector(as.numeric(Sys.time()))\n# [1] TRUE\n\nA:\n\nloop through days (strings):\n days <- seq(from=as.", "Date('2011-02-01'), to=as.", "Date(\"2011-03-02\"),by='days' )\n for ( i in seq_along(days) )\n {\n print(i)\n print(days[i])\n }\n\nA:\n\nYou are not choosing the right function to apply to Date vectors when using for-loops. ", "Better would be wrapping seq_along for pretty much every date or factor that is being looped across. ", "Then you will do two thing: a) set it up so you are expecting an index that starts at 1, and b) protect against strange things that occur with zero length vectors. ", "I also think it would be better to use it with factors, which the for-loops will turn into character vectors.", "\nWith reference to Joshua's answer (which is certainly correct and helpful), I think the is.vector function is a bit mislabeled or maybe just misunderstood. ", "It could be more accurately be called hasNoAttributesOtherThanName. ", "The property that most people consider \"vectoric\" is tested with is.atomic and Date and POSIXct objects will return TRUE from that test.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic energy in postoperative recovery from blepharoplasty.", "\nA novel medical device that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration is available for treatment of postsurgical edema. ", "The device emits a low-level, pulsed electromagnetic energy field, which modulates resting cell membrane potential, allowing a return to physiologic resting membrane potential. ", "To investigate the benefits of electromagnetic energy in eyelid wound healing. ", "Fifty-seven individuals participated in this randomized, double-blinded study. ", "All patients underwent upper blepharoplasty. ", "At the postoperative visit, patients rated pain, edema, and ecchymosis, and the physician rated edema, ecchymosis, and erythema. ", "There was no difference (p = .76) in patient pain rating when comparing placebo (1.6) with the patch (1.3). ", "Patients reported 6% less edema (p = .11) and 10% less ecchymosis (p = .17) with the active patch eye than in control eye. ", "The physician-graded edema, ecchymosis, and erythema had a mean Likert-type scale difference between placebo and active eyes of -0.3 (p = .12), -0.3 (p = .17), and -0.2 (p = .004) respectively. ", "The use of pulsed electromagnetic energy did not have an effect on postoperative pain, edema, or ecchymosis as rated by patients and physicians. ", "There was a statistically significant reduction in physician-graded erythema for active patch eyes versus placebo." ]

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[ "List of named highway junctions in Utah\n\nA number of highway junctions in the U.S. state of Utah have names that appear on maps and in state laws designating the highways. ", "Sometimes the junction name also refers to the surrounding community or area as well as just the highway junction itself. ", "In a few instances, the highway junction shares the name with a nearby railroad junction. ", "Such sharing of names does not include the many, many named railroad junctions within the state, some of whose name also refers to the surrounding community or area, but has no relation to any highway junction (for example, Cache Junction). ", "La Sal Junction is a very small town with no running businesses.", "\n\nThere is also a town named Junction (which is the county seat of Piute County) where and meet.", "\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHighway Referencing\nHighway Resolutions\n\nJunctions\n Junctions\nCategory:Road junctions in the United States" ]

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[ "Systems for measuring the intra-arterial blood pressure of a patient can be subdivided into two main groups--those which invade the arterial wall to access blood pressure and those which use non-invasive techniques. ", "Traditionally, the most accurate blood pressure measurements were achievable only by using invasive methods. ", "One common invasive method involves inserting a fluid filled catheter into the patient's artery.", "\nWhile invasive methods provide accurate blood pressure measurements, the associated risk of infection and potential for complications, in many cases, outweigh the advantages in using invasive methods. ", "Because of these risks associated with invasive methods, a non-invasive method, known as the Korotkoff method is widely used.", "\nThe Korotkoff method is known as an auscultatory method because it uses the characteristic sound made as the blood flows through the artery to mark the points of highest (systolic) and lowest (diastolic) blood pressure. ", "Although the Korotkoff method is non-invasive, it only provides a measurement of selected pressure points (i.e., the highest pressure point and the lowest pressure point) along the continuous pressure wave. ", "While, in many instances, systolic and diastolic pressure are sufficient for accurate diagnosis, there are many applications in which it is desirable, or required, to monitor and utilize the entire continuous curve of the blood pressure wave. ", "In these applications, the Korotkoff method is simply incapable of meeting this requirement. ", "In addition to this limitation of the Korotkoff method, it also has an additional limitation of necessitating the temporary occlusion (complete closing) of the artery in which blood pressure is being monitored. ", "While arterial occlusion is not prohibitive in many applications, there are occasions where the patient's blood pressure must be monitored continuously (such as when undergoing surgery) and accordingly, the prohibiting of blood flow, even on a temporary basis, is undesirable.", "\nBecause of the above-mentioned risks involved with invasive blood pressure measurement, and the shortcomings of the Korotkoff method, extensive investigation has been conducted in the area of continuous, non-invasive blood pressure monitoring and recording. ", "Some of these non-invasive techniques make use of tonometric principles which take advantage of the fact that as blood pressure flows through the arterial vessel, forces are transmitted through the artery wall and through the surrounding arterial tissue and are accessible for monitoring at the surface of the tissue. ", "These forces, under certain conditions, can be used to determine intra-arterial blood pressure.", "\nBecause the tonometric method of measuring blood pressure is non-invasive, it is used without the risks associated with invasive techniques. ", "Furthermore, in addition to being more accurate than the Korotkoff method discussed above, it has the capability of reproducing the continuous blood pressure waveform, as opposed to the limited systolic and diastolic pressure points provided by the Korotkoff method.", "\nBecause the accuracy of tonometric measurements depend heavily upon the method and apparatus used to sense tissue forces, several sensors have been specifically developed for this purpose. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,423,738 issued to Newgard on Jan. 3, 1984 discloses an electromechanical force sensor which is made up of an array of individual force sensing elements, each of which has at least one dimensions smaller than the lumen of the underlying artery wherein blood pressure is to be measured. ", "Also, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,802,488 issued to Eckerle on Feb. 7, 1989, discloses an electromechanical transducer that includes an array of transducer elements. ", "The transducer elements extend across an artery with transducer elements at the ends of the array extending beyond opposite edges of the artery. ", "Additionally, U.S. patent application Ser. ", "No. ", "07/500,063 and U.S. patent application Ser. ", "No. ", "07/621,165 both disclose tonometric sensors for use in determining intra-arterial blood pressure. ", "Each of the above four mentioned patents/patent applications disclose transducers having sensing portions that span well beyond the lumen (opening) of the underlying artery. ", "One main reason it is advantageous to construct a sensor in this manner is because the arteries of interest are relatively small and difficult to locate. ", "By constructing tonometric sensors which employ a relatively long sensing area, the placement of the sensor by a technician, is not as critical as it would be if the sensor was capable of only sensing along a narrow region.", "\nAlthough by constructing a tonometric sensor with a long sensing portion, the technician's task is simplified, it introduces certain complexities into the methodology used for determining intra-arterial blood pressure. ", "For example, because the sensor face is made relatively long as compared to the lumen of the underlying artery, only a small fraction of the sensing portion of the tissue stress sensor is overlying the artery, and it is only this portion which is sensing useful forces (i.e. forces which are related to intra-arterial blood pressure). ", "The remaining portion of the sensing portion is in contact with tissue which does not overlie the artery of interest, and accordingly, does not transmit forces to the sensing portion which can be used for determining intra-arterial pressure.", "\nTherefore, in view of the above complexities, when employing tonometric sensors of the type discussed above, before the accurate intra-arterial blood pressure can be determined, a method must be employed for determining which portion of the sensor is best positioned over the artery of interest for determining the intra-arterial blood pressure. ", "One such method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,269,193 issued to Eckerle on May 26, 1981. ", "The method disclosed in the '193 patent includes selecting the transducer element which has a maximum pulse amplitude output and then looking to its neighbors and choosing the neighbor having a spatially local minimum of at least one of the diastolic and systolic pressures. ", "Other methods are disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,802,488 issued to Eckerle on Feb. 7, 1989. ", "In the '488 patent the following methods are disclosed, a curve-fit method, a two-humps method, a center-of-gravity method, and a \"catch-all\" method which includes using one of the three aforementioned methods in conjunction with externally supplied user information (such as sex, height, age, etc.). ", "Also, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,893,631 issued to Wenzel, et al. ", "on Jan. 16, 1990, discloses a method for determining which sensor in an array of sensors best tracks the pulse in an underlying artery using a spatially weighted averaging method. ", "This method employs the steps of finding local diastolic pressure minimums, selecting the number of transducers spanning the local minimums, computing the spatially weighted average from elements centered about the local minimums and computing a weighted average therefrom.", "\nIn addition to the sensor's function to measure tissue stress, the sensor also functions to applanate (or flatten) the artery of interest. ", "Applanating the artery of interest is critical in correctly determining intra-arterial blood pressure. ", "In fact, it has been found, that when the artery of interest is applanated to an optimum state, accurate determinations of intra-arterial blood pressure can be made. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,799,491 issued to Eckerle on Jan. 24, 1989 discloses a method for determining a \"correct\" hold down pressure. ", "Additionally, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,836,213 issued to Wenzel on Jun. 6, 1989 discloses a method for computing optimum hold down pressure for a transducer indicative of blood pressure in an artery.", "\nAlthough the above-referenced methods may yield some degree of success, they are not without their drawbacks. ", "Specifically, when placing a tonometric sensor against the tissue of a patient, it has generally been accepted that in order to obtain accurate data, the sensor must be pressed against the tissue to the extent that it causes the underlying artery to applanate to an optimum degree or state. ", "However, patient comfort is sacrificed if the tonometric sensor remains in this position for a long period of time due to the tissue displaced by the tonometric sensor in order to maintain optimum artery applanation. ", "Thus, it is believed that there is need for a method of using the tonometric sensor which does not necessitate maintaining an optimum arterial applanation state for long periods of time while still providing a continuous, accurate indication of intra-arterial blood pressure.", "\nThus, it is an object of this invention to provide a method or methods of operating a tonometric sensor at a non-optimum applanation state while still providing an accurate, continuous indication of intra-arterial blood pressure.", "\nThe methodologies set forth herein for achieving this object generally include a technique for determining an error factor, or factors, associated with operating the tonometric sensor at a non-optimum, or off-optimum, applanation state. ", "Accordingly, when tissue stress data is collected by the tonometric sensor in its off-optimum applanation state, the error correction factors are used to operate on the stress data in a way which produces a corrected signal which accurately reflects the intra-arterial blood pressure." ]

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[ "Watch Bernie Sanders Look Super Sad During Hillary Clinton’s DNC Speech\n\nBERNIE'S LAMENT\n\nTV footage of the speech was peppered with shots of Bernie Sanders’ visible apparent misery." ]

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[ "Interestingly, after the change in tariff, the recharge packs will be available at the same rate at the same time as before October.", "\n\nIn addition to cheaper geo prepaid packs, the company will also launch several new plans of daily 1.5GB data. ", "This change in tariff and new plan will be applicable on Tuesday. ", "The company will also launch many such plans and offers in the coming days.", "\n\nToday, the Geo Plan of Rs.199, 399, 459 and 499 will now get customers Rs. ", "149,349,399 and 449 respectively. ", "There will be no change in the free voice calls and free SMS facility available in the plan.", "\n\nIt has not been clarified yet how long the recharge packs will be available at affordable prices. ", "There is a possibility of clarification on Tuesday. ", "Surprising cashback offer for geo users is already available. ", "Geo has around 16 million customers in India. ", "After the launch of Geo, firm competition has started among the telecom sector firms." ]

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[ "Zidovudine intolerance.", "\nPatients may be intolerant of zidovudine for several reasons, the most prominent being hematologic toxicity. ", "In vitro studies demonstrate that zidovudine is toxic to the myeloid and erythroid precursors in the bone marrow; at concentrations of zidovudine near those associated with the optimal antiviral effect in vitro, the proliferative capability of these progenitor cells is reduced 50%-70%. ", "The clinical manifestations of anemia and leukopenia generally are time- and dose-dependent. ", "Strategies for alleviating the hematologic toxicity of zidovudine include the use of hematopoietic growth factors, such as erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. ", "Myopathy, a recently recognized toxic effect of zidovudine, also appears to be time-dependent. ", "Patients often complain of muscle weakness and discomfort and exhibit an associated elevation in creatine phosphokinase level; dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy generally is required. ", "Some patients have experienced high fever, nausea, and vomiting; however, these effects are unusual and of unclear etiology. ", "The substantial proportion of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex receiving zidovudine who experience hematologic or muscular toxicity may benefit from treatment with new antiviral agents, such as dideoxyinosine, with toxicity profiles different from that of zidovudine." ]

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[ "A recent poll conducted by BMG Research on behalf of the Electoral Reform Society has found that just three in ten (30%) people feel well informed about the upcoming general election.", "\n\nA recent poll conducted by BMG Research on behalf of the Electoral Reform Society has found that just three in ten (30%) people feel well informed about the upcoming general election.", "\n\nMost people reported feeling ‘about average’ (46%), while 17% said they felt ‘poorly informed’.", "\n\nNonetheless, 59% of Brits said they would definitely vote on Thursday, with a further 12% suggesting they were very likely to vote (responses recorded on a 10-point scale).", "\n\nInterestingly, one in five (20%) voters said they plan to vote tactically on Thursday, although nearly six in ten (58%) said they will vote for the candidate or political party they most prefer.", "\n\nLess than half (46%) of the public said they felt their vote would count in their area, while a third (33%) said they did not think their vote would count in general and a fifth (22%) said they didn’t know.", "\n\nFinally, 63% of Brits say they are interested in the UK General Election, although the over 65s recorded the highest level of interest, with nearly three-quarters (73%) saying they were interested and nearly a third (32%) saying they were ‘very interested’.", "\n\nFieldwork dates, methodology and a full breakdown of these results can be found here.", "\n\nFor a more detailed breakdown of results from this poll or any other results from our polling series, please get in touch by email or phone.", "\n\npolling@bmgresearch.co.uk\n\n@BMGResearch\n\n0121 333 6006" ]

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[ "Autumn And Kate\n\nAutumn-Jade has gotten a few demands to witness her with an 1818 type with little knockers. ", "This sort of match-up (enormous tits-little knockers) isn’t a fresh concept and undoubtedly has its attraction to a boy. ", "Simply the sheer distinction in pecs sizes strikes several buttons. ", "Autumn luved how Kate seems and Kate was once sport. ", "In combination within the SCORE Studio, they get truly ultra-kinky, soddening the couch with honeypot juice and Wett grease throughout their double-dong scissor-fuck. ", "It is a very first for Autumn. ", "Her former G/g appointments had been with highly huge-boobed honeys like herself. ", "On with the display." ]

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[ "Inductee Details\n\nJoseph Davol\n\n(1837-1909) ~ Inducted 1967\n\nJoseph Davol, 1837-1909, was a pioneer in the rubber industry who, prior to incorporating the Davol Rubber Company in 1881, devoted much of his time to experimentation and invention in the processing of rubber. ", "He was among the first to see the potential for rubber products in the fields of medicine and dentistry. ", "He remained the President, Treasurer, and general manager of this major business enterprise until his death in 1909.", "\n\nBy Engraving from Memorial Encyclopedia of the State of Rhode Island, 1916. [", "Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons" ]

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[ "Jake Peck\n\nJake David Peck (born 9 January 2000) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Luton Town.", "\n\nCareer\nBorn in Luton, Bedfordshire, Peck signed scholarship terms with Luton Town in the summer of 2017. ", "He made his professional debut as an 87th-minute substitute for Jorge Grant in a 3–0 home win over Milton Keynes Dons in an EFL Trophy group stage match on 9 October 2018.", "\n\nCareer statistics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2000 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Luton\nCategory:English footballers\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:Luton Town F.C. players" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Pairwise entanglement, calculated separately for charge and spin degrees of freedom, is proposed as a ground-state signature of the Mott transition in correlated nanoscopic systems. ", "Utilizing the exact diagonalization – ab initio method (EDABI), for chains containing $N\\leqslant{}16$ hydrogenic-like atoms (at the half filling), we find that the vanishing of the nearest-neighbor charge concurrence indicates the crossover from a partly-localized quantum liquid to the Mott insulator. ", "Spin concurrence remains nonzero at the insulating phase, showing that the decopling of spin and charge degrees of freedom may manifest itself by wavefunctions entangled in spin, but separable in charge coordinates. ", "At the quarter filling, the analysis for $N\\leqslant{}20$ shows that spin concurrence vanishes immediately when the charge-energy gap obtained from the scaling with $1/N\\rightarrow{}0$ vanishes, constituting a finite-system version of the Mott transition. ", "Analytic derivations of the formulas expressing either charge or spin concurrence in terms of ground-state correlation functions are also provided.'", "\nauthor:\n- Adam Rycerz\ndate: 'March 25, 2017'\ntitle: Pairwise entanglement and the Mott transition for correlated electrons in nanochains \n---\n\n=1\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn 90 years after the seminal work by Schrödinger [@Sch26] analytical properties of quantum-mechanical wavefunctions describing hydrogenic-like atoms (or ions) continue to surprise. ", "For instance, recent derivation of the Wallis formula for $\\pi$ by Friedmann and Hagen [@Fri15] refers to the variational principle and the correspondence principle, but also employs a counterintuitive fact that some variational approaches may truncate particular excited states of atoms with the same or better accuracy than the ground state (GS). ", "This feature has direct analogs in many-electron hydrogenic systems and motivated the proposal of the Exact Diagonalization – Ab Initio method (EDABI) [@Ryc04], which were recently used to discuss the influence of electron correlations on the metallization of solid hydrogen in a rigorous manner [@Kad14; @Kad15]. ", "Also, as a method putting equal footing on single- and multiparticle aspects of the correlated quantum states, EDABI seems to be a promising candidate for the theoretical tool capable of giving a better insight into the superconductivity mechanism in sulfur hydrides [@Dro15; @Err15] or into the magnetic moment formation in functionalized graphenes [@Yaz10].", "\n\nWhen considering a generic second-quantized Hamiltonian with both spin and charge degrees of freedom, a few numerical techniques can be regarded as exact ones; i.e., giving the desired correlation functions within the accuracy limited (in principle) by the machine precision only. ", "These includes: Exact Diagonalization (ED) for relatively small systems [@Pre13], Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG) for low-dimensional systems [@DeCh08], and Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) for non-frustrated systems [@Sug86]. ", "A separate class is outlined by variational approaches designed to treat one-dimensional (1D) atomic chains in the insulating phase [@Ste11]. ", "Even though each of these methods provides us with detailed information about the closed-system GS, it is usually a challenging task to determine whether GS is insulating, metallic, or of a more complex nature [@spnlqd]. ", "This is primarily because standard GS signatures of the metal-insulator transition, such as a vanishing charge gap [@Hir85], are absent at any finite system size (quantified by the number of lattice sites $N$), but may appear only after the so-called finite-size scaling (with $1/N\\rightarrow{}0$), a procedure introducing systematic errors difficult to estimate in some cases.", "\n\nFor this reason, specially-designed GS correlation functions, not only signalling the Mott transition in the thermodynamic limit, but also showing fast convergence (with $1/N\\rightarrow{}0$) for finite systems close to the metal-insulator boundary, may constitute a valuable complement of the existing numerical techniques.", "\n\nIn attempt to propose such correlation functions, one need to point out the relevance of quantum fluctuations between electronic doubly-occupied sites and unoccupied sites and between singly occupied sites with spin up and spin down in lattice models, as suggested before by numerous authors [@Kap82; @Yok90; @Str99; @Yok11; @Zho14]. ", "The concept quantum entanglement [@Ein35; @Ben00], together with entanglement measures such as the concurrence [@Woo98], was adopted to quantify the above-mentioned fluctuations in various systems [@Ost02; @Ver04; @Wez05; @Sch01; @Zan02; @SGu04; @Wie08; @Bog12; @Gru15; @Ole06; @Ole12; @Che15; @You15; @Ryc06d; @Ram06; @Ryc08a; @Too14; @Mot14; @Sch13], including basic spin models [@Ost02; @Ver04; @Wez05; @Hua14], fermionic systems [@Sch01; @Zan02; @SGu04; @Wie08; @Bog12; @Gru15], or systems with spin and orbital degrees of freedom [@Ole06; @Ole12; @Che15; @You15]. ", "For an open fermionic system (namely: a correlated quantum dot attached to the leads) we found that the concurrence, defined separately for charge and spin degrees of freedom, allowed one to distinguish between different quantum transport regimes of the system [@Ryc06d]. ", "Analogs of this observation were also reported for double [@Ram06; @Ryc08a] and triple quantum dots [@Too14]. ", "For closed systems, in particular for small molecules, Mottet [*et al.*]{}", " [@Mot14] showed that the entanglement analysis provided a valuable insight into the chemical bond formation. ", "Even noninteracting systems with complex Fermi surface topology were characterized via their entanglement spectra [@Sch13]. ", "Also very recently, a generic variational approach to correlated quantum systems, in which the output numerical precision is steered by setting maximal allowed entanglement between a selected subsystem and the environment, was proposed [@Cza15].", "\n\nSacramento [*et al.*]{}", " [@Sac13] used entanglement measures to complement the long-lasting discussion of decoupling of charge and spin degrees of freedom in 1D Hubbard model [@Lie68] and its relation to the charge-spin separation phenomenon in Luttinger liquids [@Voi93; @Ber00]. ", "In particular, it is pointed out in Ref.", " [@Sac13] that charge-charge fluctuations, when quantified by properly defined correlation functions, show substantially different asymptotic behavior than spin-spin fluctuations in both the metallic and the insulating phases.", "\n\n![ ", "\\[fig:chain\\] A system studied numerically (schematic). ", "Hydrogenic-like atoms, containing 1$s$-type orbitals with their radii $\\alpha^{-1}$, are arranged linearly with the interatomic distance $R$. The Hamiltonian parameters, including the atomic energy $\\epsilon_a$, the intraatomic Coulomb integral $U$, the hopping integrals $t_{ij}$, and interatomic Coulomb integrals $K_{ij}$, are determined for each value of $\\alpha$ and $R$ (see Sec.", " II for the details). ](", "chainsketch){width=\"0.7\\linewidth\"}\n\nHere we focus on linear chains containing up to $N=20$ equally-spaced hydrogenic-like atoms, each one containing a single valence orbital (see Fig.", " \\[fig:chain\\]). ", "Although such chains are not directly observable due to the well-known Peierls instability, they have been intensively studied to benchmark different [*ab initio*]{} approaches to strongly-correlated systems [@Hach06]. ", "In this paper, two distinct physical regimes are considered: At the half filling the system shows a crossover behavior, with the increasing interatomic distance $R$, from a [*partly localized*]{} quantum liquid to the Mott insulating phase [@Ryc04; @Spa01]. ", "At the quarter filling, the Mott transition is reconstructed with $1/N\\rightarrow{}0$ [@Ryc04]. (", "The above-mentioned findings are consistent with more recent results of QMC simulations for Hubbard chains with long-range interactions [@Hoh12].) ", "It is worth to mention that the two regimes are also significantly different from a more fundamental point of view: in the strong-coupling (i.e., large $R$) limit the charge fluctuations are suppressed and the half-filled chain can be effectively described as 1D Heisenberg antifferomagnet, for which long-range order is absent due to the Mermin-Wagner theorem [@Mer66]. ", "For the quarter-filling similar reasoning cannot be applied in the presence of long-range Coulomb interactions, and the charge-density wave phase is predicted to appear [@Ryc04; @Eji05; @Sch90; @Mey09]. ", "In other words, we consider the two complementary model cases allowing one to test entanglement-based phase-transition indicators. ", "We further discuss the concurrence [@Woo98], defined separately for charge and spin degrees of freedom, and employ it to recognize the decoupling of charge and spin degrees of freedom accompanying a finite-system version of the Mott transition.", "\n\nThe paper is organized as follows. ", "In Sec.", " II we present the system Hamiltonian and summarize the EDABI method. ", "In Sec.", " III the findings of Ref.", " [@Ryc04], concerning the finite-size scaling of charge-energy gap, are revisited after taking larger systems under consideration. ", "In Sec.", " IV we determine the local and pairwise entanglement, the latter for charge and spin degrees of freedom, and discuss their evolution with the interatomic distance and the system size. ", "The conclusions are given in Sec.", " V.\n\nThe exact diagonalization – ab initio method (EDABI)\n====================================================\n\nThe EDABI method, together with its application to the system of Fig.", " \\[fig:chain\\], have been presented in several works [@Ryc04; @Kad14; @Kad15; @Spa01]. ", "Here we briefly recall the main findings, to which we refer in the remaining parts of the paper.", "\n\nThe Hamiltonian for a linear chain\n----------------------------------\n\nThe analysis starts from the second-quantized Hamiltonian, which can be written in the form $$\\begin{gathered}\n \\label{hamchain}\n% H_{\\rm chain}=\n \\hat{\\cal H}(\\alpha,R)=\n \\epsilon_a\\sum_j\\hat{n}_j \n +\\sum_{i<j,\\sigma}t_{ij}\\left(\\hat{c}_{i\\sigma}^{\\dagger}\\hat{c}_{j\\sigma}+\n \\hat{c}_{j\\sigma}^{\\dagger}\\hat{c}_{i\\sigma}\\right) \\\\\n + U\\sum_i\\hat{n}_{i\\uparrow}\\hat{n}_{i\\downarrow} \n + \\sum_{i<j}K_{ij}{\\hat{n}_i}{\\hat{n}_j} +V_{\\rm ion-ion},\\end{gathered}$$ where $\\epsilon_a$ is the atomic energy (same for all $N$ sites upon applying periodic boundary conditions), $t_{ij}$ is the hopping integral between $i$-th and $j$-th site (we further set $t_{ij}\\equiv{}-t$ if $i$ and $j$ are nearest neighbors, otherwise $t_{ij}\\approx{}0$), $U$ is the intrasite Coulomb repulsion, $K_{ij}$ is the intersite Coulomb repulsion, and $V_{\\rm ion-ion}=\\sum_{i<j}e^2/R_{ij}$ (with the distance $R_{ij}\\equiv{}R\\min(|i-j|,N-|i-j|)$) expresses the repulsion of infinite-mass ions.", "\n\nThe single-particle and interaction parameters of the Hamiltonian $\\hat{\\cal H}(\\alpha,R)$ (\\[hamchain\\]), also marked in Fig.", " \\[fig:chain\\], can be defined as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\langle{}w_i|T|w_i\\rangle &= \n \\int{}d^3r{}\\,w_i^\\star({\\bf r})T({\\bf r})w_j({\\bf r}) \\nonumber\\\\\n & \\equiv{} \\epsilon_a\\delta_{ij}+t_{ij}(1-\\delta_{ij}), \n \\label{epstijdef}\\end{aligned}$$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\langle{}w_iw_j|V|w_iw_j\\rangle &= \n \\int{}d^3r{}d^3r'{}\\,|w({\\bf r})|^2V({\\bf r}-{\\bf r}')|w({\\bf r}')|^2\n \\nonumber\\\\\n & \\equiv{} U\\delta_{ij}+K_{ij}(1-\\delta_{ij}),\n \\label{ukijdef}\\end{aligned}$$ where $T$ is the single particle Hamiltonian describing an electron in the medium of periodically arranged ions, and $V$ is the Coulomb repulsive interaction of two electrons. ", "The Wannier functions are defined via atomic (Slater-type) functions, namely $$\\label{wannfun}\n w_i({\\bf r})=\\sum_j\\beta_{ij}\\psi_j({\\bf r}),$$ where the Slater 1$s$ function $\\psi_i({\\bf r})=(\\alpha^3/\\pi)^{1/2}\\exp(-\\alpha{}|{\\bf r}\\!-\\!{\\bf R}_i|)$, with $\\alpha$ being the inverse orbital size, here taken as variational parameter, and ${\\bf R}_i$ being the position of $i$-th ion. ", "The coefficients $\\beta_{ij}$ in Eq.", " (\\[wannfun\\]) can be uniquely defined by imposing that (i) $\\langle{}w_i|w_k\\rangle=\\delta_{ik}$ and that (ii) $\\langle{}w_i|\\psi_i\\rangle$ is maximal [@Ryc04; @Rycphd].", "\n\nThe range of Coulomb interactions in the Hamiltonian $\\hat{\\cal H}(\\alpha,R)$ (\\[hamchain\\]), quantified by parameters $K_{ij}\\approx{}e^2/R_{ij}$ for $R_{ij}\\gg{}R$, is [*a priori*]{} limited only by the chain length $L\\equiv{}NR$. Previous studies on linear chains, both [*ab initio*]{} ones [@Ste11; @Hach06] and these starting from second-quantized model Hamiltonians [@Hoh12; @Eji05], usually have imposed some form of charge screening reducing the range of such interactions (leaving the on-site Coulomb repulsion only in the extreme case [@Sch90]). ", "This can be partly justified by possible influence of the enviroment in condensed-matter realizations such as quantum wires [@Mey09] or self-organised chains [@Blu11]. ", "A slightly different situation occurrs for cold atom systems, where long-range dipole-dipole interactions may be relevant [@Mos15]. ", "Apart from these experiment-related premises, long-range interactions usually lead to a noticeable slowdown of the convergence for numerical methods such as DMRG or QMC [@Cap00; @Fan99]. ", "This is not the case for the EDABI method, as the determination of parameters $K_{ij}$ corresponds to a relatively small portion of the overall computation time [@Bib15], and the convergence of subsequent diagonalization in the Fock space (see the next subsection) is unaffected by the fact whether or not long-range interactions are included. ", "Also, as charge screening becomes systematically less effective when the system dimensionality is reduced [@Kon77], one can expect it to be insignificant in a hypotetical realization of chains containing $N\\leqslant{}20$ atoms.", "\n\nSingle-particle basis optimization\n----------------------------------\n\nNext, each Slater function is approximated as follows $$\\psi_i({\\bf r}) \\approx{} \\alpha^{3/2}\n \\sum_{q=1}^p{}B_q\\left(\\frac{2\\Gamma_q^2}{\\pi}\\right)^{3/4}\n% \\exp\\left(-\\alpha^2\\Gamma_q^2|{\\bf r}-{\\bf R}_i|^2\\right), \n e^{-\\alpha^2\\Gamma_q^2|{\\bf r}-{\\bf R}_i|^2},$$ where $p$ is the number of Gaussian functions truncating $\\psi_j$, and $\\{B_q,\\Gamma_q\\}$, $q=1,\\dots,p$, are adjustable parameters chosen to minimize the atomic energy for $\\alpha=1$ and a given value of $p$. Here we set $p=3$, for which the deviation from the exact energy for $1s$ function is lower that $1\\%$ [@Rycappa]. ", "Subsequently, the parameters $\\epsilon_a$, $t_{ij}$, $U$, and $K_{ij}$ are calculated from Eqs.", " (\\[epstijdef\\]), (\\[ukijdef\\]) as functions of $\\alpha$ and $R$. The Hamiltonian $\\hat{\\cal H}(\\alpha,R)$ (\\[hamchain\\]) is diagonalized numerically in the Fock space, using the Lanczos algorithm, and the orbital size is optimized to find $\\alpha=\\alpha_{\\rm min}$ corresponding to the minimal GS energy $E_G(N)$ for each $R$. Defining the efective atomic energy as $$\\label{eaeffdef}\n \\epsilon_a^{\\rm eff}=\\epsilon_a\n +\\frac{1}{N}\\bigg(\\sum_{i<j}K_{ij}+V_{\\rm ion-ion}\\bigg),$$ one finds that $\\alpha_{\\rm min}$ and other parameters converges rapidly with $N$. This observation allows us to speed up computations by using the values obtained for smaller systems ($N\\geqslant{}10$) to perform extrapolation with $1/N\\rightarrow{}0$. (The results are listed in Table \\[tab:param\\].)", "\n\n $\\ R/a_0\\ $ $\\ \\alpha_{\\rm min}a_0\\ $ $\\ \\epsilon_a^{\\rm eff}\\ $ $\\ t\\ $ $\\ U\\ $ $\\ K_1\\ $ $\\ K_2\\ $ $\\ K_3\\ $ $\\ V\\ $ $\\ E_G/N\\ $\n ------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- ---------------- ----------------\n 1.5 1.363 $\\ \\ \\ $1.36$\\ $ $\\ $11.31$\\ $ $\\ $27.95$\\ $ $\\ $15.85$\\ $ $\\ $9.08$\\ $ $\\ $6.08$\\ $ $\\ $-0.597$\\ $ $\\ $-10.19$\\ $\n 2.0 1.220 $\\ $-7.48 $\\ \\ $6.02$\\ $ 23.58 12.40 6.82 4.54 -0.324 -12.65\n 2.5 1.122 10.85 $\\ \\ $3.60$\\ $ 20.83 10.20 5.46 3.63 -0.203 -13.32\n 3.0 1.062 12.27 $\\ \\ $2.32$\\ $ 19.14 $\\ $8.69 4.54 3.02 -0.150 -13.48\n 3.5 1.031 12.90 $\\ \\ $1.57$\\ $ 18.16 $\\ $7.58 3.89 2.60 -0.128 -13.50\n 4.0 1.013 13.20 $\\ \\ $1.08$\\ $ 17.57 $\\ $6.71 3.40 2.27 -0.119 -13.50\n 5.0 1.004 13.43 $\\ \\ $0.51$\\ $ 17.12 $\\ $5.43 2.72 1.81 -0.096 -13.50\n 6.0 1.001 13.48 $\\ \\ $0.23$\\ $ 16.99 $\\ $4.53 2.27 1.51 -0.058 -13.50\n 7.0 1.000 13.49 $\\ \\ $0.10$\\ $ 16.97 $\\ $3.89 1.99 1.29 -0.027 -13.50\n\nFinite-size scaling for the charge-energy gap\n=============================================\n\n![ ", "\\[fig:delc-half\\] Charge-energy gap as a function of the interatomic distance $R/a_0$ (with the Bohr radius $a_0=0.529\\,$Å) for chains of $N=10-16$ atoms at the [*half filling*]{} ($N_{\\rm el}=N$). ", "Datapoints were shifted vertically by $0.05\\,$Ry for $N=16$ (diamonds), $0.10\\,$Ry for $N=14$ (solid circles), $0.15\\,$Ry for $N=12$ (open circles), or $0.20\\,$Ry for $N=10$ (stars). ", "The results of the finite-size scaling with $1/N\\rightarrow{}0$, obtained via the Richardson extrapolation of the second order [@Bur10], are also shown (triangles). ", "Lines are guides for the eye only. ](", "delc-half){width=\"0.9\\linewidth\"}\n\n![ ", "\\[fig:delc-quart\\] Same as Fig.", " \\[fig:delc-half\\] but for chains of $N=8-20$ atoms at the [*quarter filling*]{} ($N_{\\rm el}=N/2$). ", "No artificial datashifts were applied this time. ", "Horizontal dashed line marks $\\Delta{}E_C=0$, solid purple line represents the best-fitted function given by Eqs.", " (\\[empdelc\\]) and (\\[empdpar\\]), indicating the Mott metal-insulator transition in the $1/N\\rightarrow{}0$ limit, occurring for $R=R_c\\approx{}4.2\\,a_0$. ](delc-quart-mk16){width=\"0.9\\linewidth\"}\n\nA standard numerical approach [@Hir85; @Hoh12], allowing one to determine whether a correlated system described by the Hamiltonian such as given by Eq.", " (\\[hamchain\\]) is metallic or insulating in the ground state, involves calculating the charge-energy gap according to $$\\label{delcdef}\n \\Delta{}E_C^{N_{\\rm el}}(N)= \n E_G^{N_{\\rm el}+1}(N)+E_G^{N_{\\rm el}-1}(N)-2E_G^{N_{\\rm el}}(N),\n% \\Delta{}E_C(N,N_{\\rm el})= \n% E_G(N,N_{\\rm el}+1)+E_G(N,N_{\\rm el}-1)-2E_G(N,N_{\\rm el}),$$ where $N_{\\rm el}$ is the number of electrons. ", "Next, the limit of $1/N\\rightarrow{}0$ (with $N_{\\rm el}/N=\\,$const) is to be taken numerically. ", "The limiting value of $\\Delta{}E_C\\rightarrow{}0$ indicates the metallic phase, whereas a nonzero value indicates the insulating phase [@spingapfoo]. ", "In the numerical examples presented here and in Sec.", " IV we consider two different physical situations: the [*half filling*]{} $N_{\\rm el}=N$, with $N\\leqslant{}16$, and the [*quarter filling*]{} $N_{\\rm el}=N/2$, with $N\\leqslant{}20$; we further restrict ourselves to even values of $N$ and $N_{\\rm el}$. Due to the total spin conservation it is sufficient, for each pair $(N,N_{\\rm el})$, to look for the ground-state energy $E_G^{N_{\\rm el}}(N)$ in Eq.", " (\\[delcdef\\]) in the subspace characterized by the total $z$-th component of spin $S_z=0$. Analogously, the values $E_G^{N_{\\rm el}\\pm{}1}(N)$ can be found by choosing $S_z=1/2$. In particular, the largest considered subspace dimension corresponds to $N=20$, $N_{\\rm el}\\!+\\!1=11$, and is equal to $600\\,935\\,040$. Moreover, we impose the periodic ($t_{i,j+N}=t_{ij}$) or antiperiodic ($t_{i,j+N}=-t_{ij}$) boundary conditions to minimize $E_G^{N_{\\rm el}}(N)$ for $N_{\\rm el}=4k+2$ or $N_{\\rm el}=4k$, respectively, with $k$-integer (see Table \\[tab:rstara\\]).", "\n\n $\\,\\ N\\,\\ $ $\\ N_{\\rm el}\\ $ $\\ $BC$\\ $ $\\ $dim$\\,{H}(S_z^{\\rm tot}\\!\\!=\\!0)\\ $ $R_\\star/a_0$\n ------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------------------------------------- ---------------------\n $\\ $8 $\\ $4 $-$ 784$\\ $ $\\,\\ $6.53(3)$\\,\\ $\n 12 $\\ $6 $+$ 48,400$\\ $ 5.22(2)\n 16 $\\ $8 $-$ 3,312,400$\\ $ 4.38(1)\n 20 10 $+$ $\\ $240,374,016$\\ $ 4.51(1)\n\n : \\[tab:rstara\\] Boundary conditions BC (with $+/-$ marking the periodic/antiperiodic BC) and dimension of the largest subblock of the Hilbert space (with the total $z$-th component of spin $S_z=0$) for chains studied in the paper at the quarter filling (i.e., $N_{\\rm el}=N/2$). ", "The last column specifies the values of the interatomic distance $R_\\star$ at which the spin concurrence vanishes, with the interpolation errorbars for the last digit given in parenthesis. (", "See Sec.", " IV for details.)", "\n\nThe numerical results, corresponding to the Hamiltonian $\\hat{\\cal H}(\\alpha,R)$ (\\[hamchain\\]) with the microscopic parameters listed in Table \\[tab:param\\], are presented in Figs.", " \\[fig:delc-half\\] and \\[fig:delc-quart\\]. ", "We notice that the datasets for $N\\leqslant{}14$ at the half filling as well as for $N\\leqslant{}16$ at the quarter filling were presented in Ref.", " [@Ryc04], were we also used the Richardson extrapolation of the second order [@Bur10] to perform finite-size scaling with $1/N\\rightarrow{}0$ for each value of $R$. After adding the new datasets for $N=16$, $N_{\\rm el}=N$ and $N=20$, $N_{\\rm el}=N/2$ (both depicted with open diamonds) the earlier conclusions regarding the system ground state are further supported: Namely, the extrapolation with $1/N\\rightarrow{}0$ (open triangles) at $N_{\\rm el}=N$ leads to $\\Delta{}E_C>0$ for any accessible value of $R/a_0$ indicating the insulating phase (see Fig.", " \\[fig:delc-half\\]). ", "At $N_{\\rm el}=N/2$, the finite-size scaling results can be rationalized with the empirical function $$\\label{empdelc}\n \\Delta{}E_C^{N/2}(1/N\\!\\rightarrow{}\\!0)\\approx \n \\begin{cases}\n 0 & \\ \\text{if } R<R_c, \\\\\n \\Delta_0\\left[(R\\!-\\!R_c)/a_0\\right]^{\\gamma}\n & \\ \\text{if } R\\geqslant{}R_c, \\\\\n \\end{cases}$$ with the best-fitted parameters (numbers in parentheses are standard deviations for the last digit) $$\\begin{gathered}\n R_{\\rm c}= 4.18(2)\\,a_0, \\ \\ \\ \\ \\Delta_0=0.158(3)\\,\\text{Ry},\\nonumber \\\\\n \\gamma= 0.57(3), \\label{empdpar}\\end{gathered}$$ depicted with solid purple line in Fig.", " \\[fig:delc-quart\\]. ", "The gap opening at $R=R_{\\rm c}$ indicates the Mott transition.", "\n\nFor a sake of conciseness, our discussion of finite-size scaling estimates of the Mott transition is limited to the charge-energy gap. ", "A more detailed analysis, presented in Refs.", " [@Ryc04; @Spa01; @Rycphd] and involving calculations of the electron momentum distribution, the Drude weight, as well as the so-called modern theory of polarization [@Res02], justify the transition appearance in the $N_{\\rm el}=N/2$ case, which coincides with the results for related parametrized model studies [@Hoh12; @Eji05; @Sch90; @Mos15]. ", "In the $N_{\\rm el}=N$ case, the situation is of a slightly more complex nature: Apart from a nonzero gap for any $R$, following from the finite-size scaling, several GS and dynamical characteristics (in particular – the Drude weight, see Ref.", " [@Ryc04]) exhibit, for any finite $N$, a crossover behavior between a partly localized quantum liquid, appearing for small $R$, and a fully-reconstructed Mott insulator, typically appearing for $R/a_0\\gtrsim{}4$. These findings coincides with more recent variational Monte-Carlo studies of hydrogenic chains (see Ref.", " [@Ste11]), and can be attributed to the increasing (with growing $R$) role of electron correlations in either the exact or variational GS wavefunction.", "\n\nIt is worth to mention here that some surprisingly efficient variational methods, such as presented in Ref.", " [@Ste11], become significantly less efficient when treating open-shell configurations in attempt to calculate $\\Delta{}E_C$ from Eq.", " (\\[delcdef\\]), or generally when utilized away from the half filling ($N_{\\rm el}\\neq{}N$). ", "Also for this reason, GS correlation functions signalling a finite-system version of the Mott transition for $N$ small enough to be treated with some more flexible numerical techniques, are desired.", "\n\nReduced density matrix and quantum entanglement\n===============================================\n\nIn this section we derive explicit representations of the reduced density operator $\\hat{\\rho}_A=\\mbox{Tr}_A|\\Psi\\rangle\\!\\langle\\Psi|$ (where Tr$_A$ stands for tracing over all degrees of freedom except from these characterizing a selected subsystem $A$) relevant when discussing the local entanglement, the pairwise entanglement for charge degrees of freedom, and the pairwise entanglement for spin degrees of freedom. ", "The derivations remain valid for a generic spin–$1/2$ fermionic system at any pure state $|\\Psi\\rangle$, which can be represented assuming four basis states for each site $j$, namely: $$\\label{basenjud}\n\\left\\{\\,|n_{j\\uparrow}n_{j\\downarrow}\\rangle\\,\\right\\}\\equiv\\left\\{\\,\n|0\\rangle_j, |\\!\\uparrow\\rangle_j, |\\!\\downarrow\\rangle_j, |\\!\\uparrow\\downarrow\\rangle_j\\,\\right\\};$$ although the numerical examples, considered in search for entanglement-based estimates of the Mott transition, all correspond to the ground state of a linear chain described by the Hamiltonian $\\hat{\\cal H}(\\alpha,R)$ (\\[hamchain\\]) with the microscopic parameters taken from Table \\[tab:param\\].", "\n\nGeneral considerations\n----------------------\n\nLet us consider a general example at first: the quantum system, which can be divided into two distinct subsystems $A$ and $B$. A pure state $|\\Psi\\rangle$ can be represented as follows $$\\label{psialpbet}\n |\\Psi\\rangle=\\sum_{\\alpha\\beta}\\Psi_{\\alpha\\beta}|\\alpha\\rangle\\otimes|\\beta\\rangle,$$ where $\\Psi_{\\alpha\\beta}$ denotes a complex probability amplitude corresponding to a basis state of the full system $|\\alpha\\rangle\\otimes|\\beta\\rangle$, while $\\{|\\alpha\\rangle\\}$ and $\\{|\\beta\\rangle\\}$ are complete basis sets for the subsystems $A$ and $B$ (respectively). ", "The reduced density operator $\\hat{\\rho}_A$ is defined as: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\hat{\\rho}_A&=\n \\mbox{Tr}_A|\\Psi\\rangle\\!\\langle\\Psi|\\equiv\n \\sum_\\beta\\langle\\beta|\\Psi\\rangle\\!\\langle\\Psi|\\beta\\rangle \\nonumber \\\\\n &=\n \\sum_{\\beta,\\alpha,\\alpha'}\\Psi_{\\alpha\\beta}{\\Psi}_{\\alpha'\\beta}^{\\star}\n |\\alpha\\rangle\\!\\langle\\alpha'|,\\end{aligned}$$ where the last equality follows from Eq.", " (\\[psialpbet\\]) and $\\Psi_{\\alpha\\beta}^{\\star}$ denotes the complex conjugate of $\\Psi_{\\alpha\\beta}$. Subsequently, the matrix elements of $\\hat{\\rho}_A$ are given by $$\\label{rhoma}\n \\rho_{\\alpha,\\alpha'}\\equiv\\langle{\\alpha}|\\hat{\\rho}_A|{\\alpha'}\\rangle=\n \\sum_\\beta\\Psi_{\\alpha\\beta}{\\Psi}_{\\alpha',\\beta}^{\\star}.$$\n\nWe define now projection operators $P_\\alpha$ and $P_\\beta$, associated with the basis states $|\\alpha\\rangle$ and $|\\beta\\rangle$, via $$\\label{palpdef}\n P_{\\alpha}|\\alpha'\\rangle=\\delta_{\\alpha\\alpha'}|\\alpha\\rangle, \\ \\ \\ \\ \n P_{\\beta}|\\beta'\\rangle=\\delta_{\\beta\\beta'}|\\beta\\rangle.$$ Useful properties, directly following from Eq.", " (\\[palpdef\\]) are $$\\begin{gathered}\nP_\\alpha^2=P_\\alpha, \\ \\ \\ \\ P_\\beta^2=P_\\beta, \\label{palpsqu} \\\\\n \\sum_\\alpha P_\\alpha = \\sum_\\beta P_\\beta = 1, \\label{palpsum} \\end{gathered}$$ where Eq.", " (\\[palpsum\\]) also employs the completeness of the basis sets $\\{|\\alpha\\rangle\\}$ and $\\{|\\beta\\rangle\\}$. Next, we define the transfer operator $$\\label{tradef}\nT_{\\alpha\\alpha'}|{\\alpha'}\\rangle=|{\\alpha}\\rangle, \\ \\ \\ \\ \n\\langle{\\alpha'}|T_{\\alpha\\alpha'}^{\\dagger}=\\langle{\\alpha}|,$$ which is unitary, i.e.  $$\\label{trainv}\nT_{\\alpha\\alpha'}^{\\dagger}=(T_{\\alpha\\alpha'})^{-1}\\equiv \nT_{\\alpha'\\alpha}.$$ Explicit forms of $P_\\alpha$, $P_\\beta$, and $T_{\\alpha\\alpha'}$, corresponding to the particular splittings of the system into $A$ and $B$ subsystems, are to be specified later in terms of the operators $\\{\\hat{c}_{i\\sigma},\\hat{c}_{i\\sigma}^{\\dagger}\\}$ for lattice spin–$1/2$ fermions. ", "Here we notice that as the indices $(\\alpha,\\alpha')$ refer the subsystem $A$, whereas the index $\\beta$ refers to the subsystem $B$, we have $$\\label{ptcomm}\n\\left[P_\\alpha,P_\\beta\\right]=0, \\ \\ \\ \\ \n\\left[P_\\beta,T_{\\alpha\\alpha'}\\right]=0,$$ for all $(\\alpha,\\alpha')$ and $\\beta$.\n\nWith the help of operators $P_{\\alpha}$ and $P_{\\beta}$ (\\[palpdef\\]) one can write down, for $|\\Psi\\rangle$ represented according to Eq.", " (\\[psialpbet\\]), $$\\begin{aligned}\n P_\\alpha P_\\beta|\\Psi\\rangle &= \\Psi_{\\alpha\\beta}\\,\n |\\alpha\\rangle\\otimes|\\beta\\rangle, \\\\\n \\langle\\Psi|P_{\\alpha'}P_\\beta &= \\langle\\alpha'|\\otimes\\langle\\beta|\n \\,{\\Psi}_{\\alpha'\\beta}^{\\star}. ", "\\end{aligned}$$ In turn, the reduced density matrix, as given by the rightmost equality in Eq.", " (\\[rhoma\\]), can be rewritten as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\rho_{\\alpha\\alpha'}\n &=\\sum_{\\beta}\\langle\\Psi|P_{\\alpha'}P_{\\beta}\n T_{\\alpha'\\alpha}P_\\alpha P_\\beta|\\Psi\\rangle \\nonumber\\\\\n &=\n \\langle\\Psi|P_{\\alpha'}T_{\\alpha'\\alpha}P_\\alpha|\\Psi\\rangle, \\end{aligned}$$ with the last equality following from Eqs.", " (\\[palpsqu\\]), (\\[palpsum\\]), and (\\[ptcomm\\]). ", "Finally, using Eq.", " (\\[trainv\\]), we find $$\\label{rhostar}\n \\left(\\rho_{\\alpha\\alpha'}\\right)^{\\star} = \n \\langle{\\Psi}|P_{\\alpha}T_{\\alpha\\alpha'}P_{\\alpha'}|{\\Psi}\\rangle.$$ Remarkably, the reduced density matrix elements in Eq.", " (\\[rhostar\\]) are expressed by pure-state expectation values (correlation functions) of the operators acting only on the subsystem $A$. ", "This feature is further explored in the remaining parts of this section.", "\n\nEntanglement entropy\n--------------------\n\nThe local entanglement [@Zan02] exhibits quantum correlations between the local state of a selected $j$-th site (subsystem $A$) and the rest of the system ($B$). ", "As the basis set $\\{|\\alpha\\rangle\\}$ is simply given by Eq.", " (\\[basenjud\\]), one can write down the corresponding projection operators $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{palploc}\n \\left(P_\\alpha\\right) =\n \\left[\\, (1-n_\\uparrow)(1-n_\\downarrow),\\ n_\\uparrow (1-n_\\downarrow),\\ \\right. \\\\", "\n \\left.(1-n_\\uparrow)n_\\downarrow,\\ n_\\uparrow n_\\downarrow \\,\\right]^T,\\end{gathered}$$ and the transfer operators $$\\label{traloc}\n \\left(T_{\\alpha\\alpha'}\\right)=\\left(\n \\begin{array}{cccc}\n 1 & c_\\uparrow & c_\\downarrow & c_\\downarrow c_\\uparrow \\\\\n c_\\uparrow^\\dagger & 1 & c_\\uparrow^\\dagger c_\\downarrow & -c_\\downarrow \\\\\n c_\\downarrow^\\dagger & c_\\downarrow^\\dagger c_\\uparrow & 1 & c_\\uparrow \\\\\n c_\\uparrow^\\dagger c_\\downarrow^\\dagger & -c_\\downarrow^\\dagger & c_\\uparrow^\\dagger & 1 \\\\\n \\end{array}\\right),$$ where we have omitted the site index $j$ for brevity. ", "For the system with the total spin and charge conservation, such as our linear chain \\[see Eq.", " (\\[hamchain\\])\\], we have $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\langle{c_\\sigma}\\rangle=\n\\langle{c_\\sigma^\\dagger}\\rangle=0, \n\\ \\ \\ \\ \n\\langle{ c_\\sigma c_{\\bar{\\sigma}} }\\rangle=\n\\langle{c_\\sigma^\\dagger c_{\\bar{\\sigma}}^\\dagger}\\rangle=0, \n\\nonumber \\\\\n\\text{and}\n\\ \\ \\ \\ \n\\langle{c_\\sigma^\\dagger c_{\\bar{\\sigma}}}\\rangle=\n\\langle{c_{\\bar{\\sigma}}^\\dagger c_\\sigma}\\rangle=0, \\label{cavezero}\\end{gathered}$$ (with $\\overline{\\sigma}$ being the spin index opposite to $\\sigma$) providing that the averaging takes place over an eigenstate $|{\\Psi}\\rangle$ of the system Hamiltonian (not necessarily the ground state). ", "Substituting the expressions for $P_\\alpha$ (\\[palploc\\]) and $T_{\\alpha\\alpha'}$ (\\[traloc\\]) into Eq.", " (\\[rhostar\\]) and taking Eqs.", " (\\[cavezero\\]) into account we get, after a straightforward algebra, $$\\label{rholoc}\n \\left(\\rho_{\\alpha\\alpha'}\\right)=\n \\mbox{diag}\\left( u_+,w_1,w_2,u_- \\right)$$ with $$\\begin{gathered}\n u_+ = \\left<{(1-n_{j\\uparrow})(1-n_{j\\downarrow})}\\right>,\\ \\ \\ \\ \n w_1 = \\left<{n_{j\\uparrow}(1-n_{j\\downarrow})}\\right>,\n\\nonumber \\\\\n w_2 = \\left<{(1-n_{j\\uparrow})n_{j\\downarrow}}\\right>,\\ \\ \\ \\ \n u_- = \\left<{n_{j\\uparrow}n_{j\\downarrow}}\\right>. ", "\\label{locelem}\\end{gathered}$$ Eq.", " (\\[rholoc\\]) corresponds to the reduced density operator of the well-known form $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{rholocop}\n \\hat{\\rho}_A = \n \\sum_{\\alpha\\alpha'}\\rho_{\\alpha\\alpha'}|\\alpha\\rangle\\!\\langle\\alpha'|= \\\\\n u_+|0\\rangle\\!\\langle{}0| +\n w_1|\\!\\uparrow\\rangle\\!\\langle{}\\!\\uparrow\\!| +\n w_2|\\!\\downarrow\\rangle\\!\\langle{}\\!\\downarrow\\!| +\n u_-|\\!\\uparrow\\downarrow\\rangle\\!\\langle{}\\!\\uparrow\\downarrow\\!|, \\end{gathered}$$ where we have used the basis given by Eq.", " (\\[basenjud\\]).", "\n\nA quantitative measure of the entanglement between the state of $j$-th site and that of the remaining $N-1$ sites is given by the von Neumann entropy $$\\label{evdef}\n E_v = -u_+\\log_2u_+ - w_1\\log_2w_1 - w_2\\log_2w_2 -u_-\\log_2u_-.$$ If the translational invariance of the system is imposed, one can define the particle density $n$ and the average number of double occupancies $d$, following $$\\langle{}n_{j\\uparrow}\\rangle=\\langle{}n_{j\\uparrow}\\rangle=\\frac{N_{\\rm el}}{2N}\n \\equiv{}\\frac{n}{2}, \n \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \n \\langle{}n_{j\\uparrow}n_{j\\uparrow}\\rangle\\equiv{}d,$$ where we have further assumed that the averaging takes place over an eigenstate characterized by the total $z$-th component of spin $S_z=0$. Subsequently, Eq.", " (\\[locelem\\]) can be rewritten as $$\\label{loceltinv}\n u_+=1-n+d, \\ \\ \\ \\ w_1=w_2=\\frac{n}{2}-d, \\ \\ \\ \\ \n u_-=d.$$\n\nIn particular, for the ground state of the Hamiltonian $\\hat{\\cal H}(\\alpha,R)$ (\\[hamchain\\]), for which the effective interaction between electrons can roughly be estimated by $\\sim{}U-K_1$ and is always repulsive, one can show that $$\\label{dbounds}\n \\frac{|n-1|+n-1}{2}\\leqslant{}d\\leqslant{}\\frac{n^2}{4} \\ \\ \\ \\ \n \\text{for}\\ \\ \\ \\ 0\\leqslant{}n\\leqslant{}2,$$ where the lower bound for $d$ corresponds to the so-called [*strong-correlations limit*]{} approached for $R\\gg{}a_0$ (as the bandwidth $W\\equiv{}4t\\ll{}U-K_1$, see Table \\[tab:param\\]), whereas the upper bound for $d$ corresponds to the [*free-electrons limit*]{} approached for $R\\lesssim{}2a_0$ ($W\\gg{}U-K_1$). ", "As the charge fluctuations are given by $\\mbox{Var}\\{n_j\\}=\\langle{}n_j^2\\rangle-\\langle{}n_j\\rangle^2\\equiv{}n-n^2+2d$, the above-mentioned limits coincide (respectively) with the minimal and the maximal fluctuations for a given $n$. Moreover, the bounds for $d$ in Eq.", " (\\[dbounds\\]) can be mapped, via Eq.", " (\\[loceltinv\\]), onto $$\\label{evbounds}\nE_v^{\\rm corr}(n)\\leqslant{}E_v\\leqslant{}E_v^{\\rm free}(n),$$ with $$\\begin{gathered}\n E_v^{\\rm corr}(n)= -|1-n|\\log_2|1-n| \\\\\n -\\left(1-|1-n|\\right)\\log_2\\left(\\frac{1-|1-n|}{2}\\right) \\label{evboundc}\\end{gathered}$$ for the strong-correlations limit, and $$E_v^{\\rm free}(n)= \n -n\\log_2\\frac{n}{2}-(2-n)\\log_2\\left(1-\\frac{n}{2}\\right) \\label{evboundf}$$ for the free-electrons limit. ", "For instance, Eqs.", " (\\[evbounds\\]), (\\[evboundc\\]), and (\\[evboundf\\]) lead to $$\\label{evbounds:half}\n 1\\leqslant{}E_v\\leqslant{}2\\ \\ \\ \n \\text{for}\\ \\ \\ N_{\\rm el}=N,$$ and $$\\label{evbounds:quart}\n \\frac{3}{2}\\leqslant{}E_v\\leqslant{}4-\\frac{3}{2}\\log_2{}3\n \\approx{}1.623\\ \\ \\ \n \\text{for}\\ \\ \\ N_{\\rm el}=\\frac{N}{2}.$$ Remarkably, the strong-correlations limit corresponds to the minimal $E_v$, whereas the free-electrons limit corresponds to the maximal $E_v$ (for any $0\\leqslant{}n\\leqslant{}2$). ", "This is because when the free-electrons limit is approached, ground-state wavefunction can be truncated by a single Slater determinant composed of fully delocalized single-particle functions (Bloch functions), resulting in the maximal entanglement between $j$-th site and the remaining $N-1$ sites [@Ryc06d; @Ste11]. ", "Repulsive interactions between electrons lead to the correlation-induced suppression of $\\mbox{Var}\\{n_j\\}$, and to the decreasing $E_v$ with growing the interaction-to-bandwidth ratio.", "\n\n![ ", "\\[fig:evon-half\\] Local entanglement $E_v$ \\[see Eqs.", " (\\[evdef\\])–(\\[loceltinv\\])\\] as a function of the interatomic distance $R/a_0$ for $N=10-16$ and $N_{\\rm el}=N$. Datapoints for $N=16$ are shown unmodified, the others were shifted vertically by $0.1$ ($N=14$), $0.2$ ($N=12$), or $0.3$ ($N=10$). ", "Horizontal dashed line marks $E_v^{\\rm free}(n)$ given by Eq.", " (\\[evboundf\\]); other lines are guides for the eye only. ](", "evon-half){width=\"0.9\\linewidth\"}\n\n![ ", "\\[fig:evon-quart\\] Same as Fig.", " \\[fig:evon-half\\], but for $N=8-20$ and $N_{\\rm el}=N/2$. The vertical shifts are: $0$ ($N=20$), $0.01$ ($N=16$), $0.02$ ($N=12$), and $0.03$ ($N=8$). ](", "evon-quart){width=\"0.9\\linewidth\"}\n\nGeneral findings, presented briefly in the above, are now illustrated with the numerical examples for $N_{\\rm el}=N$ and $N_{\\rm el}=N/2$ (see Figs.", " \\[fig:evon-half\\] and \\[fig:evon-quart\\]). ", "In both cases, the values of $E_v$ are close to the upper bounds given by Eqs.", " (\\[evbounds:half\\]) and (\\[evbounds:quart\\]) for the smallest considered value of $R/a_0=1.5$, and systematically decrease with growing $R$, gradually approaching the lower bounds in Eqs.", " (\\[evbounds:half\\]) and (\\[evbounds:quart\\]). ", "Also, a remarkably fast convergence of $E_v$ with growing $N$ is observed for any $R$, making it necessary to apply vertical shifts to the datasets in Figs.", "  \\[fig:evon-half\\] and \\[fig:evon-quart\\]. ", "We further notice that $E_v\\approx{}3/2$ starting from $R\\gtrsim{}5\\,a_0$ for $N_{\\rm el}=N/2$, whereas for $N_{\\rm el}=N$ we still have $E_v>1$ in this range. ", "However, the smooth evolution of $E_v$ with $R$ is observed for both $N_{\\rm el}=N$ and $N_{\\rm el}=N/2$, making it difficult to consider the local entanglement as an estimate of the Mott transition. ", "Pairwise entanglement is discussed next as the other candidate.", "\n\nThe fermionic concurrence\n-------------------------\n\nWe consider now the subsystem $A$ consists of two spatially-separate quantum bits ([*qubits*]{}), one of which is associated with $i$-th lattice site and the other with $j$-th site. ", "Each individual qubit can be realized employing charge or spin degrees of freedom.", "\n\nFor instance, if [*charge qubits*]{} are under consideration, one can choose the basis set for $A$ in a fixed-spin sector $\\sigma=\\,\\uparrow$, namely $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\left\\{\\,|\\alpha\\rangle\\,\\right\\}^{c} =& \\left\\{\\, \n {|0\\rangle}_i\\otimes{|0\\rangle}_j, \n {|0\\rangle}_i\\otimes{|\\!\\uparrow\\rangle}_j, \\right. ", "\\nonumber \\\\ \n & \\ \\ \\left. ", "\n {|\\!\\uparrow\\rangle}_i\\otimes{|0\\rangle}_j, \n {|\\!\\uparrow\\rangle}_i\\otimes{|\\!\\uparrow\\rangle}_j \n \\,\\right\\}, \\end{aligned}$$ whereas for [*spin qubits*]{} we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\left\\{\\,|\\alpha\\rangle\\,\\right\\}^{s} =& \\left\\{\\, \n {|\\!\\uparrow\\rangle}_i\\otimes{|\\!\\uparrow\\rangle}_j, \n {|\\!\\uparrow\\rangle}_i\\otimes{|\\!\\downarrow\\rangle}_j, \\right. ", "\\nonumber \\\\ \n & \\ \\ \\left. ", "\n {|\\!\\downarrow\\rangle}_i\\otimes{|\\!\\uparrow\\rangle}_j, \n {|\\!\\downarrow\\rangle}_i\\otimes{|\\!\\downarrow\\rangle}_j \n \\,\\right\\}. ", " \\end{aligned}$$ The corresponding projection operators are $$\\begin{gathered}\n \\left(P_\\alpha^{\\,c\\,}\\right)=\n \\left[\\,(1-n_{i\\uparrow})(1-n_{j\\uparrow}),\\ (1-n_{i\\uparrow})n_{j\\uparrow},\\ \\right. \\\\", "\n \\left. ", "n_{i\\uparrow}(1-n_{j\\uparrow}),\\ n_{i\\uparrow}n_{j\\uparrow}\\,\\right]^T,\\end{gathered}$$ and $$\\begin{gathered}\n \\left(P_\\alpha^{\\,s\\,}\\right)=\n \\left[\\,\n n_{i\\uparrow}(1-n_{i\\downarrow})n_{j\\uparrow}(1-n_{j\\downarrow}),\\ \n \\right. \\\\", "\n n_{i\\uparrow}(1-n_{i\\downarrow})(1-n_{j\\uparrow})n_{j\\downarrow},\\ \\\\\n (1-n_{i\\uparrow})n_{i\\downarrow}n_{j\\uparrow}(1-n_{j\\downarrow}),\\ \\\\\n \\left. ", "\n (1-n_{i\\uparrow})n_{i\\downarrow}(1-n_{j\\uparrow})n_{j\\downarrow}\\,\n \\right]^T,\\end{gathered}$$ with the upper indices ($c,s$) referring to charge and spin qubits (respectively). ", "Subsequently, the transfer operators are given by $$\\left(\\,T_{\\alpha\\alpha'}^{\\,c}\\right)=\n \\left(\n \\begin{array}{cccc}\n 1 & c_{j\\uparrow} & c_{i\\uparrow} & c_{j\\uparrow}c_{i\\uparrow} \\\\\n c_{j\\uparrow}^\\dagger & 1 & c_{j\\uparrow}^{\\dagger}c_{i\\uparrow} & c_{i\\uparrow} \\\\\n c_{i\\uparrow}^\\dagger & c_{i\\uparrow}^{\\dagger}c_{j\\uparrow} & 1 & -c_{j\\uparrow} \\\\\n c_{i\\uparrow}^{\\dagger}c_{j\\uparrow}^{\\dagger} & c_{i\\uparrow}^{\\dagger} & \n -c_{j\\uparrow}^{\\dagger} & 1 \\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right),$$ and $$\\left(\\,T_{\\alpha\\alpha'}^{\\,s}\\right)=\n \\left(\n \\begin{array}{cccc}\n 1 & S_j^+ & S_i^+ & S_j^+{}S_i^+ \\\\\n S_j^- & 1 & S_j^-{}S_i^+ & S_i^+ \\\\\n S_i^- & S_i^-{}S_j^+ & 1 & S_j^+ \\\\\n S_i^-{}S_j^- & S_i^- & S_j^- & 1 \\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right),$$ with the spin operators $S_i^+=c_{i\\uparrow}^\\dagger{}c_{i\\downarrow}$, $S_i^-=c_{i\\downarrow}^\\dagger{}c_{i\\uparrow}$. Substituting the above expressions into Eq.", " (\\[rhostar\\]) we get $$\\label{rhoalpx}\n (\\,\\rho_{\\alpha\\alpha'}^X)=\n \\left(\\begin{array}{cccc}\n u_+^X & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n 0 & w_1^X & z^X & 0 \\\\\n 0 & (z^X)^\\star & w_2^X & 0 \\\\\n 0 & 0 & 0 & u_-^X \\\\\n \\end{array}\\right)\n \\ \\ \\ \\ \\text{for}\\ X=c,s,$$ where the total spin and charge conservation is imposed. ", "The nonzero matrix elements in Eq.", " (\\[rhoalpx\\]) are given by $$\\begin{gathered}\n u_+^c = \\langle{(1-n_{i\\uparrow})(1-n_{j\\uparrow})}\\rangle, \\ \\ \\ \\ \n w_1^c = \\langle{n_{i\\uparrow}(1-n_{j\\uparrow})}\\rangle,\n \\nonumber \\\\\n z^c = \\langle{c^{\\dagger}_{j\\uparrow}c_{i\\uparrow}}\\rangle, \\ \\ \\ \\ \n w_2^c = \\langle{(1-n_{i\\uparrow})n_{j\\uparrow}}\\rangle, \n \\nonumber \\\\\n u_-^c = \\langle{n_{i\\uparrow}n_{j\\uparrow}}\\rangle, \\label{uwzchar}\\end{gathered}$$ for charge qubits, or by $$\\begin{aligned}\n u_+^s &= \\langle{\n n_{i\\uparrow}(1-n_{i\\downarrow})n_{j\\uparrow}(1-n_{j\\downarrow})\n }\\rangle, \\nonumber \\\\\n w_1^s &= \\langle{\n n_{i\\uparrow}(1-n_{i\\downarrow})(1-n_{j\\uparrow})n_{j\\downarrow}\n }\\rangle, \\nonumber \\\\ \n z^s &= \\langle{S_j^+S_i^-}\\rangle = \n \\langle{\n c^{\\dagger}_{j\\uparrow}c_{j\\downarrow}c^{\\dagger}_{j\\downarrow}c_{j\\uparrow}\n }\\rangle, \\nonumber \\\\\n w_2^s &= \\langle{\n (1-n_{i\\uparrow})n_{i\\downarrow}n_{j\\uparrow}(1-n_{j\\downarrow})\n }\\rangle,\n \\nonumber \\\\\n u_-^s &= \\langle{\n (1-n_{i\\uparrow})n_{i\\downarrow}(1-n_{j\\uparrow})n_{j\\downarrow}\n }\\rangle, \\label{uwzspin}\\end{aligned}$$ for spin qubits.", "\n\nWe use now the [*concurrence*]{} ${\\cal C}$, as a quantitative measure of quantum entanglement in the two-qubit subsystem $A$. ", "The closed-form expression was derived by Wootters [@Woo98] and reads $$\\label{conc:def}\n \\mathcal{C} = \\max\\left\\{0,\\sqrt{\\lambda_1}-\\sqrt{\\lambda_2}-\n \\sqrt{\\lambda_3}-\\sqrt{\\lambda_4}\\right\\},$$ where $\\lambda_1\\geqslant\\lambda_2\\geqslant\\lambda_3\\geqslant\\lambda_4$ are eigenvalues of the matrix product $$\\label{matprod}\n \\rho\\cdot (\\sigma_i^y\\otimes\\sigma_j^y)\\rho^* (\\sigma_i^y\\otimes\\sigma_j^y)$$ with $\\rho=(\\,\\rho_{\\alpha\\alpha'}^X)$ given by Eqs.", " (\\[rhoalpx\\]), (\\[uwzchar\\]), and (\\[uwzspin\\]), and $\\sigma_i^y$ ($\\sigma_j^y$) being the second Pauli matrix acting on the qubit associated with $i$-th ($j$-th) lattice site. ", "It was also shown in Ref.", " [@Woo98] that the entanglement of formation for a pair of qubits was uniquely determined by ${\\cal C}$, namely $$E_f=-\\xi\\log_2\\xi-(1-\\xi)\\log_2(1-\\xi),$$ where $\\xi=(1+\\sqrt{1-\\mathcal{C}^2})/2$. In fact, ${\\cal C}$ can be interpreted as a distance between a given quantum state and the nearest separable state [@Woo01]. ", "For these reasons, ${\\cal C}$ can be used to quantify the entanglement of two qubits instead of $E_f$, and is hereinafter called [*pairwise entanglement*]{}.", "\n\nThe eigenvalues of the matrix defined by Eq.", " (\\[matprod\\]) can be written as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\tilde{\\lambda}_1 &= \\tilde{\\lambda}_4 = u_+^X u_-^X, \\nonumber \\\\ \n \\tilde{\\lambda}_{2,3} &= \\left(\\sqrt{w_1^Xw_2^X}\\pm|{z^X}|\\right)^2,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\tilde{\\lambda}_1,\\dots,\\tilde{\\lambda}_4$ are yet unsorted. ", "After some straightforward steps, Eq.", " (\\[conc:def\\]) leads to $$\\label{conc:valx}\n {\\cal C}=2\\max\\left\\{0,|z^X|-\\sqrt{u_+^X u_-^X}\\right\\},$$ where the relevant correlation functions are given by Eq.", " (\\[uwzchar\\]) for $X=c$, or by Eq.", " (\\[uwzspin\\]) for $X=s$. The correlation functions $w_1^X$ and $w_2^X$ are absent in Eq.", " (\\[conc:valx\\]) as they contribute to $\\sqrt{\\lambda_1}-\\sqrt{\\lambda_2}-\\sqrt{\\lambda_3}-\\sqrt{\\lambda_4}$ if and only if $\\sqrt{\\lambda_1}-\\sqrt{\\lambda_2}-\\sqrt{\\lambda_3}-\\sqrt{\\lambda_4}<0$.\n\nGeneralizations of ${\\cal C}$ for multifermionic states, appearing when larger subsystem $A$ is under consideration, are also possible [@Eck02]. ", "Such generalizations are, however, beyond the scope of this paper. ", "We focus here on the pairwise entanglement, mainly because the form of Eq.", " (\\[conc:valx\\]) makes it possible to be determined with no significant computational costs once standard (spin or charge) correlation functions are calculated.", "\n\n![ ", "\\[fig:conc-half\\] Nearest-neighbor pairwise entanglement calculated from Eq.", " (\\[conc:valx\\]) for charge (top panel) and spin (bottom panel) degrees of freedom; $N=N_{\\rm el}=10-16$. The vertical shifts, applied to the datasets in both panels, are: $0$ ($N=16$), $0.01$ ($N=14$), $0.02$ ($N=12$), and $0.03$ ($N=10$). ", "Lines are guides for the eye only. ](", "conc-half-mk16){width=\"0.9\\linewidth\"}\n\n![ ", "\\[fig:conc-quart\\] Same as Fig.", " \\[fig:conc-half\\], but for $N=8-20$ and $N_{\\rm el}=N/2$. The vertical shifts, applied to the datasets in the top panel only, are: $0$ ($N=20$), $0.01$ ($N=16$), $0.02$ ($N=12$), and $0.03$ ($N=8$). ](", "conc-quart-mk16){width=\"0.9\\linewidth\"}\n\nOur numerical results for the pairwise entanglement are presented in Figs.", " \\[fig:conc-half\\] and \\[fig:conc-quart\\], constituting the central findings of this paper. ", "The presentation is limited to the cases when sites $i$ and $j$ are the nearest neighbors in a linear chain (i.e., $j=i\\pm{}1\\,$mod$\\,N$), as we have found that ${\\cal C}=0$ for more distant neighbors [@cdistfoo]. ", "Also, correlation functions in Eq.", " (\\[conc:valx\\]) are averaged over the reference site number $i$, to reduce the finite-precision effects.", "\n\nFor $N_{\\rm el}=N$, we have ${\\cal C}=0$ for the charge degrees of freedom (so-called [*charge concurrence*]{}) provided that $R/a_0\\gtrsim{}4$ (see top panel in Fig.", " \\[fig:conc-half\\]). ", "In such a range, the separability of a quantum state in the position representation, appearing if a bipartite subsystem ($A$) is selected in a fixed-spin sector, justifies the above-used notion of a fully-reconstructed Mott insulator for a finite $N$ (see Sec.", " III and Refs.", " [@Ryc04; @Ste11]). ", "For smaller $R$, stronger charge fluctuations manifest itself via nonzero charge concurrence, providing an insight into the nature of a partly-localized quantum liquid. ", "Remarkably, spin concurrence (see bottom panel in Fig.", " \\[fig:conc-half\\]) is positive for any considered $N$ and $R/a_0$, reaching the maximum in the crossover range of $4\\lesssim{}R/a_0\\lesssim{}5$. For this reason, spin concurrence still can be considered as a prospective signature of the Mott transition.", "\n\nFor $N_{\\rm el}=N/2$ the evolution of the pairwise entanglement with $R/a_0$ (see Fig.", " \\[fig:conc-quart\\]) is significantly different than for the $N_{\\rm el}=N$ case. ", "For each $N$, we have a nonzero charge concurrence for any considered $R/a_0$ (top panel in Fig.", " \\[fig:conc-quart\\]), whereas the spin concurrence (bottom panel) indicates a finite-system version of the Mott transition [@lanczfoo]. ", "In brief, for spin degrees of freedom ${\\cal C}=0$ for $R>R_\\star(N)$, where the nodal value $R_\\star(N)$ corresponds to $|z^s|-\\sqrt{u_+^s{}u_-^s}=0$, and is determined numerically via least-squares fitting of a line to the actual datapoints for a given $N$ (see the last column in Table \\[tab:rstara\\]). ", "For larger $N$, the values of $R_\\star(N)$ are close to $R_c\\approx{}4.2\\,a_0$, determined in Sec.", " III via the finite-size scaling for $\\Delta{}E_C$.\n\nAdditionally, we observe that the nearest-neighbor pairwise entanglement may indicate the decoupling of charge and spin degrees of freedom in correlated systems. ", "This happens for $R/a_0\\gtrsim{}4$ in the $N_{\\rm el}=N$ case (as well as for $R>R_\\star(N)$ in the $N_{\\rm el}=N/2$ case), where nonzero spin (charge) concurrence is accompanied by vanishing charge (spin) concurrence. ", "In the above-mentioned ranges, quantum states of a bipartite subsystem ($A$) are entangled when spin, but separable when charge degrees of freedom are under consideration ($N_{\\rm el}=N$), or vice versa ($N_{\\rm el}=N/2$). ", "Such a decoupling should be distinguished from charge-spin separation predicted to appear in 1D systems showing the Luttinger liquid phase [@Sac13; @Lie68; @Voi93; @Ber00]. ", "Our numerical examples also show there is no one-to-one relation between the decoupling and the Mott transition, as the format can be identified either for the system showing the crossover behavior only or undergoing the Mott transition (in the large-$N$ limit). ", "Finally, the pairwise-entanglement analysis presented above allows one to identify noticeably different behavior of charge and spin correlation functions without referring to their asymptotic behavior, as previously proposed in the literature (see the first paper in Ref.", " [@Ste11] and Refs.", " [@Sac13; @Gal16]).", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nIn this study we have demonstrated that pairwise entanglement, quantified by the fermionic concurrence determined separately for charge and spin degrees of freedom, can serve as a convenient indicator for a finite-system version of the Mott transition. ", "In particular, standard finite-size scaling estimates of the Mott transition for linear chains of hydrogenic-like atoms are revisited utilizing the exact diagonalization – ab initio metod (EDABI) at the half and the quarter electronic filling. ", "In the latter case, we find that not merely the charge gap indicates the transition for $1/N\\rightarrow{}0$ (with $N$ being the number of atoms) at the interatomic distance $R_c\\approx{}4.2\\,a_0$ (where $a_0$ denotes the Bohr radius), but also the spin concurrence vanishes for a finite $N$ at $R_\\star(N)$ taking the values relatively close to $R_c$. Charge concurrence remains nonzero in both the metallic and the insulating phases, signaling a decoupling between charge and spin degrees of freedom.", "\n\nAt the half filling the Mott transition is not observed. ", "Instead, the crossover from a partly localized quantum liquid to a fully-reconstructed Mott insulator occurs. ", "The charge concurrence vanishes at the crossover point, where the spin concurrence shows a broad peak; the latter remains nonzero in the entire parameter range.", "\n\nIt is worth to stress here that calculations of the fermionic concurrence, employed in this paper, generate essentially no extra computational costs, as the concurrence is determined solely via pairwise ground-state correlation functions for charge or spin degrees of freedom, without referring to the dynamical properties such as the optical or [*dc*]{} conductivity. ", "The analytic relations between entanglement and the correlation functions \\[see Eq.", " (\\[conc:valx\\])\\] are also derived in this paper.", "\n\nA striking feature is that the analysis holds true regardless how the exact (or approximated) ground state is obtained, making it possible to employ the entanglement-based signatures of the Mott transition when discussing a generic correlated-electron system. ", "What is more, Eq.", " (\\[conc:valx\\]) also applies when correlation functions on its right-hand side are determined using more powerful numerical techniques, such as DMRG or QMC. ", "For these reasons, we believe the approach we propose may shed new light on various open problems in the field, such as the long-standing metallization of solid hydrogen [@Kad14], or the recently-raised phase diagram of the repulsive Hubbard model on a honeycomb lattice [@spnlqd].", "\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nI thank Andrzej Biborski, Andrzej Kdzielawa, and Prof. Józef Spa[ł]{}ek for many discussions, and Yichen Huang for pointing out the role of asymptotic properties of the reduced density matrix. ", "The work was supported by the National Science Centre of Poland (NCN) via Programme SONATA BIS, Grant No.", " 2014/14/E/ST3/00256. ", "Computations were performed using the PL-Grid infrastructure.", "\n\nE. 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The numerical demonstrations are provided in Refs.", " [@Ryc04; @Rycphd].", "\n\nR. L. Burden and J. D. Faires, [*Numerical Analysis,*]{} (Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2011), Chapter 4.", "\n\nR. Resta, J. Phys.: ", "Condens.", " Matter [**14**]{}, R625 (2002); R. Resta and S. Sorella, Phys.", " Rev. Lett.", " [**82**]{}, 370 (1999).", "\n\nW. K. Wootters, Quantum Information and Computation [**1**]{}, 27 (2001).", "\n\nK. Eckert, J. Schliemann, D. Bruss, and M. 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This allows us to visualize how GS correlation functions converges with the system size: Notice that the oscillations of ${\\cal C}$ as a function of $R$, visible for $N=8$ and $12$ in Fig.", " \\[fig:conc-quart\\], are strongly suppressed for larger $N$.\n\nA. Gallo-Bueno, M. Kohout, and A. Martín Pendás, J. Chem.", " Theory Comput.", " [**12**]{}, 3053 (2016).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "[Review of geriatric clinics and day clinics in Germany].", "\nIn this work we review the staff planning and financial aspects of geriatric hospitals and day clinics in Germany. ", "We know that the institutions which we listed by chance do not show an overall model for the whole republic of Germany, but we are sure that it should be possible to derive some conclusions from the data concerning staff and costs of geriatric institutions in Germany. ", "We are planning to expand the study and would be pleased to receive more informations from interested colleagues." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Prema Katha\n\nPrema Katha (English: Love Story) is a 1999 Telugu romantic tragedy film written by Vara Prasad Varma and directed by Ram Gopal Varma. ", "It is the debut film of both Sumanth and Antara Mali. ", "The film opened to positive reviews by critics and it had an average run at the box office and a highly praised soundtrack including the song \"Devudu karunistadani\". ", "The film bagged four state Nandi Awards. ", "The film was dubbed in Tamil as Kadhal Vanile.", "\n\nSynopsis\nIt is a tragic love story of a village boy Suri (Sumanth) narrated by his mother several years after his death.", "\n\nCast\n Sumanth as Suri\n Antara Mali as Divya\n Manoj Bajpayee as Sankaram\n Raadhika as Subhadra, Suri's mother\n Giri Babu as Janaki Ramaiah\n Annapoorna as Parvatiamma\n Narasimha Raju as Suri's father\n Khayyum as Suri's friend\n Tanish as Subba Rao\n\nSoundtrack\nThe Music Was Composed By Sandeep Chowta and Released by Aditya Music. ", "All Lyrics were Penned by Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry.", "\n\nAwards\nNandi Award for Best Film (Bronze) - 1999\nNandi Award for Best Director - Ram Gopal Varma - 1999\nNandi Award & National Award for Best Supporting Actress - Radhika - 1999\nNandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist - P. Ravi Shankar - 1999\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1999 films\nCategory:Indian films\nCategory:1990s Telugu-language films\nCategory:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma\nCategory:Films scored by Sandeep Chowta\nCategory:1990s romantic drama films\nCategory:Indian romantic drama films" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Protecting children from sexual abuse by health care providers.", "\nSexual abuse or exploitation of children is never acceptable. ", "Such behavior by health care providers is particularly concerning because of the trust that children and their families place on adults in the health care profession. ", "The American Academy of Pediatrics strongly endorses the social and moral prohibition against sexual abuse or exploitation of children by health care providers. ", "The academy opposes any such sexual abuse or exploitation by providers, particularly by the academy's members. ", "Health care providers should be trained to recognize and abide by appropriate provider-patient boundaries. ", "Medical institutions should screen staff members for a history of child abuse issues, train them to respect and maintain appropriate boundaries, and establish policies and procedures to receive and investigate concerns about patient abuse. ", "Each person has a responsibility to ensure the safety of children in health care settings and to scrupulously follow appropriate legal and ethical reporting and investigation procedures." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCredentials needed for BT line on Netgear router\n\nI have recently bought a new Netgear router to replace my current BTHomeHub as it doesn't support wireless. ", "I did buy a WAP but figured it would be easier to use a router with wireless built in. (", "It's a modem/router combo).", "\nI have got as far as setting up the router on the web interface, but then it asks for a username and password to connect to the net, I can only assume this is for the phone line?", "\nI have tried some passwords I could find written down but they don't work, the internet light comes on and then when the creds fail it goes off.", "\nI have been on the homehubs web interface and been through all the settings it has to find the credentials it is using which obviously work, but no joy.", "\nIs there anything obvious I am missing, or is there a way I can retrieve my settings from my existing router?", "\nAny pointers will be very appreciated.", "\n\nA:\n\nthe username is displayed in the homehub, but the password is not.", "\nyou should have been emailed your username by BT when the service was started, if you have lost this email, you can could call BT and confirm the password with them.", "\nyou will need you account number, address and postcode, and possibly other information to authenticate to BT.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Simple bipolar molecules constructed from biphenyl moieties as host materials for deep-blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes.", "\nSimple is good! ", "Based on biphenyl molecules, two bipolar host materials with high triplet energies have been rationally designed, synthesized, and fully characterized. ", "Deep blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes, which employ the new hosts and an iridium(III) complex as triplet emitter, show a maximum current efficiency of 40 cd A(-1), a maximum power efficiency of 36 lm W(-1), and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 19.5 %." ]

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[ "#!", "/bin/bash\n\n# Copyright 2019 NVIDIA Corporation. ", "All Rights Reserved\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.", "\n# ========================================================================\n\nrm -rf venv\nvirtualenv venv\nvenv/bin/pip install -e ../\n" ]

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[ "/********************************************************\n Stanford Driving Software\n Copyright (c) 2011 Stanford University\n All rights reserved.", "\n\n Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with \n or without modification, are permitted provided that the \n following conditions are met:\n\n* Redistributions of source code must retain the above \n copyright notice, this list of conditions and the \n following disclaimer.", "\n* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above\n copyright notice, this list of conditions and the \n following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other\n materials provided with the distribution.", "\n* The names of the contributors may not be used to endorse\n or promote products derived from this software\n without specific prior written permission.", "\n\n THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND\n CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED\n WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED\n WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A\n PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, \n INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR \n CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, \n PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,\n DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER\n CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN \n CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE \n OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS\n SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH\n DAMAGE.", "\n ********************************************************/\n\n\n#include <iostream>\n#include <trafficlights.h>\n\nusing namespace std;\nusing namespace vlr::rndf;\n\nnamespace vlr {\nTrafficLightSimulator::TrafficLightSimulator(RoadNetwork& rn, ros::NodeHandle& nh) :\n nh_(nh), state_(0), lastTime_(0.), ", "switching_(false) {\n\n readParameters();\n\n TrafficLight light;\n light.state.confidence = 1.;", "\n light.state.state_arrow = 'n';\n light.state.state = 'z';\n\n const TTrafficLightMap& lights = rn.trafficLights();\n TTrafficLightMap::const_iterator tlit = lights.begin(), tlit_end = lights.end();\n for (; tlit !", "= tlit_end; tlit++) {\n std::string name = (*tlit).first;\n vlr::rndf::TrafficLight* tl = (*tlit).second;\n light.state.name = name;\n light.group = tl->groupId();\n lights_.push_back(light);\n }\n\n pub_ = nh.advertise<driving_common::TrafficLightStates> (\"TrafficLightStates\", 5);\n}\n\nTrafficLightSimulator::~TrafficLightSimulator() {\n}\n\nvoid TrafficLightSimulator::update(double time) {\n\n if(!params_.switch_light_states_) {return;}\n\n std::vector<TrafficLight>::iterator it;\n\n if (time - lastTime_ > params_.state_duration - .5 * params_.yellow_duration && params_.yellow_duration > 0.", "\n && !", "switching_) {\n switching_ = true;\n int temp_state = state_ + 1;\n\n bool have_group = false;\n\n for (int i = 0; i < NUM_LIGHT_GROUPS; ++i, ++temp_state) {\n if (temp_state == NUM_LIGHT_GROUPS) temp_state = 0;\n\n for (it = lights_.begin(); it !", "= lights_.end(); ++it) {\n if (it->group & (1 << temp_state)) {have_group = true;}\n }\n if (have_group) break;\n }\n if (!", "have_group)\n std::cerr << \"ERROR: void TrafficLightSimulator::update(double time) no light groups defined!\" ", "<< std::endl;\n else {\n std::cout << \"Next traffic lights state: \" << temp_state << std::endl;\n for (it = lights_.begin(); it !", "= lights_.end(); ++it) {\n\n if (it->group & (1 << state_) && !(", "it->group & (1 << temp_state))) {\n it->state.state = 'y';\n std::cout << \"Light \" << it->state.name << \" switched to YELLOW\" << std::endl;\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n if (time - lastTime_ > params_.state_duration + .5 * params_.yellow_duration) {\n switching_ = false;\n lastTime_ = time;\n ++state_;\n\n bool have_group = false;\n\n for (int i = 0; i < NUM_LIGHT_GROUPS; ++i, ++state_) {\n if (state_ == NUM_LIGHT_GROUPS) state_ = 0;\n\n for (it = lights_.begin(); it !", "= lights_.end(); ++it) {\n if (it->group & (1 << state_)) {have_group = true;}\n }\n if (have_group) break;\n }\n if (!", "have_group)\n std::cerr << \"ERROR: void TrafficLightSimulator::update(double time) no light groups defined!\" ", "<< std::endl;\n else {\n std::cout << \"New traffic lights state: \" << state_ << std::endl;\n for (it = lights_.begin(); it !", "= lights_.end(); ++it) {\n if (it->group & (1 << state_)) {\n it->state.state = 'g';\n std::cout << \"Light \" << it->state.name << \" switched to GREEN\" << std::endl;\n }\n else {\n std::cout << \"Light \" << it->state.name << \" switched to RED\" << std::endl;\n it->state.state = 'r';\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n //publish light states\n\n for (std::vector<TrafficLight>::iterator it = lights_.begin(); it !", "= lights_.end(); ++it) {\n light_states_.light_state.push_back(it->state);\n }\n\n pub_.publish(light_states_);\n}\n\nvoid TrafficLightSimulator::readParameters() {\n nh_.getParam(\"sim/traffic_light_switch_states\", params_.switch_light_states_);\n nh_.getParam(\"sim/traffic_light_state_duration\", params_.state_duration);\n nh_.getParam(\"sim/traffic_light_yellow_duration\", params_.yellow_duration);\n}\n\n} // namespace vlr\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I copy a file from one Windows server to another in a script?", "\n\nI have two Windows 2003 servers, and I want to write a backup script on one that will copy a file to the other. ", "What's the most idiomatic way to do this on Windows? ", "Essentially, I'm looking for the Windows equivalent of\n$ scp file.tar.gz user@host:/wherever\n\nIn response to questions: At the moment I'm only thinking about one file, a database backup. ", "Potentially I might end up with multiple files, but I'm not that interested in rsync-like systems that track which files have changed and back up accordingly.", "\nI'd like a solution that works with the servers on different networks, with firewalls in between. ", "Opening up a single port on the firewall to a reasonably secure service ought not to be a problem.", "\n\nA:\n\ncopy/xcopy/robocopy and if you have the admin permissions, use the administrator shares like \n\\\\server\\c$\n\nA:\n\nPersonally, I'd do it by mapping a drive from one server to the other and then copying the file to the mapped drive. ", " Something like:\nnet use F: <\\\\path\\to\\share> /user:Username password\nxcopy <file> F:\nnet use F: /delete\n\nYou could use robocopy instead, if you've got some more serious mirroring to do. ", " I usually finish up by using blat or something similar to send me an email with a directory listing of the backup target, just to be sure everything made it over.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Balloon sizing during transcatheter aortic valve implantation : Comparison of different valve morphologies.", "\nAlthough balloon sizing has been found to be useful during transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), its effectiveness in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BiAV) remains unknown. ", "Patients who underwent balloon sizing were retrospectively identified. ", "The study comprised 67 patients (61.2% with BiAV). ", "Preprocedural hypothetical transcatheter heart valve (THV) sizing was based on multislice computed tomography (MSCT) measurements at the annulus. ", "Changes in valve size after balloon sizing were reviewed. ", "Postprocedural MSCT measurements and the grade of paravalvular aortic regurgitation (PAR) were compared. ", "When comparing patients with a BiAV and those with a tricuspid aortic valve (TiAV), there was no significant difference (p = 0.97) in the proportion of decreased (43.9% vs. 46.2%), unchanged (51.2% vs. 50.0%), or increased (4.9% vs. 3.8%) valve sizes chosen on the basis of MSCT findings. ", "The anticipated annular sizing ratio for patients who received a smaller valve was 7.2% (3.5-10.5%) while it was 15.7% (12.5-19.0) for the others (p < 0.01), and no significant difference in the proportion of mild (or more severe) PAR cases was found between the groups (37.9% vs. 30.6%, p = 0.53 at the 1‑month follow-up). ", "Stent frame expansion and eccentricity index were comparable between the BiAV and TiAV subgroups among patients who received a smaller THV after balloon sizing. ", "Balloon sizing is a useful tool that is complementary to the current gold standard of MSCT for THV size selection as well as for BiAV morphology assessment." ]

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[ "Rabat - The German-based multinational cooperation, Adidas, unveiled the official kits of the Moroccan national team for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.", "\n\nRabat – The German-based multinational cooperation, Adidas, unveiled the official kits of the Moroccan national team for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.", "\n\nThe jerseys are simple: mostly white with accents red and green, representing the Moroccan flag.", "\n\nMorocco World News reported in March that some Moroccan football fans went frustrated about the delay of the release of Morocco’s kits.", "\n\nOn March 27, Moroccan newspaper Al Massae reported that Moroccan football officials and Adidas’s executive committee agreed to delay the official release of the Atlas Lions’ World Cup jersey to avoid forgery.", "\n\nCiting Adidas’s concerns, Al Massae added that there might be “counterfeit duplication of the kits” if uncovered before the opening of the Russia FIFA tournament.", "\n\nThe countdown for the tournament has already started. ", "Only 47 days are left before the massive event, which will begin on June 14, in Russia.", "\n\nThe Moroccan team will first play against Iran on June 15, while the second game will be against Portugal on June 20. ", "Morocco will then play its final first-round game against Spain on June 25." ]

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[ "\nIn Naples, Gift of Coffee to Strangers Never Seen - juanplusjuan\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/world/europe/naples-suspended-coffee.html\n======\nDansvidania\nAs a Neapolitan, born and proudly raised, I would like to explain that there\nis no charitable spirit behind this tradition. ", "There is instead a strong\ncelebratory meaning to it, that seems to be understated in the article.", "\n\nOriginally the recipient of such act was not meant to be someone in need, but\nsimply the customer right after the one 'suspending' the coffee.", "\n\nIt is very hard to really understand the meaning of it without understanding\nhow socially ubiquitous coffee is in Naples. ", "It is always good to start a\npleasant evening out with a shared coffee where friends usually fight over who\nhas the honor of paying the bill for everyone. ", "Also, in the city lingo, \"let's\ngo have a coffee\" can be a clear invite to an easygoing date.", "\n\nPaying a coffee to a stranger, just a random person passing by, is a way to\nsay \"I'm happy and I wish you the same\".", "\n\n~~~\ncarlob\nMost of the stuff you say easily extends to a large part of Italy. ", "I know\ncoffee in Rome is often not as good as in Naples, but we also go on coffee\ndates and fight to be the one to pay for everyone.", "\n\nI would like to convey the pleasure of paying for 5 friends when I come back\nfrom abroad: 4.20 € and a a coffee that actually tastes like it should. ", "Really\nmakes you feel like some small generous deity!", "\n\n~~~\nDansvidania\nI think coffee is an habit in most of south-western Europe, and people do\ndrink a lot of it in northern Italy too (how they can manage to drink the\nstuff is beyond me, though)\n\nU.S. people have Starbucks and as long as they do not try anything else they\nalso manage to enjoy it.", "\n\nIn Naples it is a proper, religious, ritual :D\n\n~~~\ncarlob\nDon't be too snarky about Starbucks: coffee before Starbucks was much worse\nthan it is now. ", "From the wikipedia article linked in the sibling comment\nyou'll see that Starbucks pretty much sparked the good coffee revolution in\nthe US.", "\n\n~~~\nDansvidania\nI do understand the role of Starbucks in bringing coffee on the hip-train. ", "I\nonly tried the stuff they sell to our European cousins and now I no longer\nwonder why there is maybe just one or no Starbucks in Italy.", "\n\nI hope I will be able to try their brew in the US, hopefully it will be\nbetter.", "\n\n------\ncovercash\nThere's a place here in Philly that sells $1 slices of pizza and for an\nadditional $1 you can buy a Post-It note to stick on the wall that someone in\nneed can then redeem for a slice.", "\n\n[http://articles.philly.com/2014-06-03/news/50275817_1_pizza-...](http://articles.philly.com/2014-06-03/news/50275817_1_pizza-\nshop-homeless-fresh-pizza)\n\n------\nraintrees\nThanks, now I have a name for something I was introduced to in my small town\nwhen the person in front of me paid for my coffee without my knowledge - Until\nI went to pay the bill. ", "So I, in turn, bought for the next car (drive through\nlocal espresso shop).", "\n\nI have done it a half dozen times in the last few months, and hope it is\nhelping to spread holiday cheer right now, something many of my fellow towns\npeople could do with more of. ", "Too many scare tactics in national media, good\nto remind people to take care of each other locally with anonymous acts of\ngenerosity.", "\n\n------\nlogicallee\n_(Not an important point, but it 's kind of an unfortunate title. ", "As someone\nwho knew about the practice and its supposed origin in Naples, I thought the\narticle was saying the practice does not (did not) ever actually exist in\nNaples. (", "In Naples, Gift of Coffee to Strangers Never Seen), i.e. despite the\nmyth that it's common there.", "\n\nIt would be unambiguous if changed to \"In Naples, Gift of Coffee to Unseen\nStrangers.\")_", "\n\n~~~\ndubfan\nThe NY Times is known for their characteristic headline style:\n[http://observer.com/2014/02/for-the-new-york-times-\nheadlines...](http://observer.com/2014/02/for-the-new-york-times-headlines-\nultimate-style-reached/)\n\n------\nBradRuderman\nReminds me of the pay it forward coffee stunt. ", "Here is the economics behind\nit: [http://m.fastcompany.com/3034747/fast-feed/breaking-a-pay-\nit...](http://m.fastcompany.com/3034747/fast-feed/breaking-a-pay-it-forward-\nchain-isnt-being-a-cheap-bastard-its-good-economics)\n\n------\nspazmaster\nThat's a great tradition, that could be applied to not just coffee and pizza.", "\nHope it takes off at other food joints as well.", "\n\nOn a side note, you wonder how many poor people go to coffee bar Gambrinus,\nfeatured in the article. ", "It's well known, but a caffè costs more than 2 euro's\nthere, whereas coffee bars in living neighbourhoods charge 70 euro cents.", "\nGambrinus is a place where tourists and well-to-do's frequent.", "\n\n------\nsfrank2147\nThat's a great tradition! ", "From an economics perspective, I would gain way more\nthan $2 worth of utility from discovering that someone had randomly paid for\nmy coffee, it would really make my morning.", "\n\nI wonder if the benefit would decrease if the practice became more common\nthough. ", "Would I start expecting my coffee to be free, and become disappointed\nwhen I had to pay for it?", "\n\n~~~\nnoobermin\nThat assumes that it would have to happen more often than %50 of the time,\nwhich I think is impossible.", "\n\n------\nrobocat\nI have seen suspended coffee cause problems for a local coffee shop, because\nit brought in a number of rather obnoxious users that would scare the paying\ncustomers and/or frighten the staff. ", "Obnoxious could be drug abusers, rank\nsmelly, threatening or violent (they had to call the police to deal with two\ndifferent ladies), or just antisocial (one guy stole the cook's mobile). ", "Maybe\nbecause it was in a poorer suburb?", "\n\nNot sure how to resolve that, because the insane and antisocial really deserve\na coffee and a break in life. ", "If it were my business, I would need to come up\nwith a work-around so that the business wouldn't be affected so badly.", "\n\nApart from that, I love the idea (and have paid for suspended coffees).", "\n\n------\noAlbe\nJust a correction:\n\n> mostly to older people, migrants and the Roma I think they misinterpreted\n> this part. \"", "The Roma\" does not make much sense. ", "I think the person they\n> talked to said \"the rom\" (that in English may sound like _gipsy_ ). ", "They are\n> a very spread ethnicity in Naples (and around Naples) and the majority of\n> them are poor people who panhandle around to make some money.", "\n\n~~~\ninhumanfly\nAs an italian I was about to point out the same thing. ", "Thanks for your\ncorrection. ", "The roms (see\n[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people))\nare spread through all Europe and are not a Neapolitan only phenomenon. ", "Shame\nfor NYT for not doing their homeworks.", "\n\n------\njacquesm\nrelated:\n\n[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6579218](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6579218)\n\n------\ntoyg\nNaples' \"suspended coffee\" keeps coming up in the news every few months,\nespecially since Italy as a whole is in the grip of a long-running economic\ncrisis that will likely continue for a very long time.", "\n\nThe hard truth is that this sort of individual charity doesn't make anything\nbetter in the long run. ", "It's little more than grandstanding, as most charity\nis.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\"Zipper\" molecular beacons: a generalized strategy to optimize the performance of activatable protease probes.", "\nWe report the proof-of-principle concept for zipper molecular beacons (ZMB) comprising an asymmetrical polyarginine/polyglutamate electrostatic \"zipper\" hairpin-linked fluorophore-quencher pair. ", "The objective is to balance maximal quenching efficiency and optimal two-step activation (protease cleavage/zipper dissociation), while enhancing target cell uptake. ", "This strategy also eliminates the peptide sequence dependence of conventional protease beacons. ", "This ZMB concept is a generalizable approach to improve the functionality of a wide range of diagnostic/therapeutic probes through a simple switching of substrate sequences." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan a Windows service stop itself?", "\n\nI have a Windows service whose startup type is automatic, but I want to do some checks when the service starts, and have the service stop automatically if these checks fail. ", " \nHow can I do this? ", " My service is written in C#.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can call the Stop method on your ServiceBase class. ", "See msdn for more details.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can use ServiceController and call .stop.", "\nServiceController sc= new ServiceController(service);\nsc.", "Stop();\n\n" ]

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[ "\n\nLalish. ", "Two years ago, henchmen of the Islamic State (IS) overran the north of Iraq, capturing the metropolis of Mosul within a short period of time. ", "Since then, the militia has not only been terrorizing Iraq and Syria. ", "Its terror is global and has already found its way to Europe – a terror which the Ezidi community has had to endure for centuries.", "\n\nOnly a few weeks after Mosul had fallen to the terrorist group, the IS jihadists perpetrated an unimaginable but predictable genocide which had been announced before against the civilian Ezidi population of Shingal. ", "Rarely has a genocide been so obvious given its intent to destroy. ", "In its magazine called “Dabiq”, IS claimed responsibility for any of its atrocities and even accused the Ezidis´ Muslim neighbors of not having exterminated them a long time ago. ", "A genocide that has not yet reached an end, uprooted the Ezidi community and plunged it into a deep crisis. ", "We summarize the events and their consequences:\n\n→ 450,000 refugees – every second Ezidi is on the run\n\n→ 5,000+ have been killed (UN figure)\n\n→ 7,000 have been abducted (UN figure)\n\n→ up to 3,800 women and children are still in captivity\n\n→ up to 8,000 children have become orphans and half-orphans\n\n→ over 30 mass graves have been discovered so far\n\n→ several villages remain under IS control\n\nGenocide\n\n“Genocide has occurred and is ongoing”, Paulo Pinheiro, chairman of the UN commission of inquiry.", "\n\nIn the night of 2 to 3 August 2014, when the first attacks began to take shape in the south of Shingal region, the Peshmerga (mostly KDP militias) who had been supposedly deployed in the region for the security of Ezidis already started to flee. ", "Shingal is the major settlement area of the Ezidi people where around 500,000 of 900,000 Ezidis from all over the world used to live.", "\n\nThe 11,000 Peshmerga who had been deployed in and around Shingal fled in the night and the early morning hours without warning the civilian population or at least providing escape routes. ", "The IS stormed one village after another, Sunni neighbors of the Ezidis supported the terrorists´ offensive. ", "Ezidi volunteers defended their villages for hours. ", "After running out of ammunition, people tried to escape to the mountain where they were besieged by IS terrorists at temperatures of 40 ° Celsius. ", "Up to 60,000 Ezidis tried to hold out there for days, many died as the result of the lack of food and water.", "\n\nAccording to the United Nations, at least 5,000 Ezidis were murdered in the towns and villages and up to 7,000 women and children, including many underage girls, were abducted, enslaved and subsequently raped systematically. ", "The captured men and women were asked to convert to Islam, for example in Kojo where IS henchmen murdered around 600 men and abducted up to 1,000 women and children after they had refused to convert. ", "According to a number of estimates, 1,000 Ezidi boys are militarily being trained in camps to become future suicide bombers and IS fighters.", "\n\nThe UN Human Rights Council, the European Parliament, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the US government and the British Parliament have recognized the genocide given its criteria. ", "The UN Security Council, however, has not yet taken any measures. ", "Ezidis call for the establishment of a tribunal to prosecute the IS terrorists before the International Criminal Court for commiting crimes against humanity and war crimes.", "\n\nMass graves\n\n\n\nOver 30 mass graves cotaining the remains of men, women but also children have been so far discovered in the liberated areas of Shingal. ", "The UN have, despite appeals from the Ezidi community, not provided any experts for preserving evidence or documenting the mass graves for future proceedings against IS terrorists. ", "Forensic scientists of the Kurdish government are trying their best but lack the necessary equipment. ", "One of the mass graves, which was discovered in the south of the region, contained the remains of 80 women. ", "Up to 120 additional remains were discovered in another one near Shingal city. ", "The graves are, however, often examined by fighters, journalists or Ezidis looking for their relatives, which makes it difficult to preserve evidence in the future.", "\n\nEnslavement\n\n“She’s a 12-year-old. ", "Hweida didn’t know what rape was, but she would wake up with blood between her legs.”, ", "NBC Report.", "\n\nUp to 7,000 Ezidis, most of whom are women and children, were abducted. ", "In its magazine Dabiq, the IS referred to their abduction as the reintroduction of the “Islamic tradition of slavery”. ", "The abducted Ezidis were taken to other parts of Iraq and Syria. ", "3,200 women and children have been liberated or managed to escape. ", "They reported mass rape, torture and murder in IS prisons. ", "Children born in IS captivity were handed over to Muslim families. ", "The abducted Ezidi women and childern are offered for sale by IS terrorists through social networks or in the open street. ", "The IS uses the systematic rape as a psychological weapon against the whole Ezidi community.", "\n\n3,500 other Ezidis still remain, for two years now, in IS captivity. ", "The genocide continues with their captivity and does not allow the Ezidis to come to rest. ", "There have been no concrete measures for their liberation such as special operations by the military. ", "Ezidi families pay five-digit sums to ransom their relatives, should the option be available. ", "The IS has tightened the security measures after a number of escape attempts succeeded, which is why fewer and fewer women and children can be ransomed or are able to escape. ", "Many of the enslaved women and children are believed to be in IS´s strongholds of Mosul and Raqqa.", "\n\nBut even after their liberation, their ordeal does not come to an end. ", "Heavily traumatized, many of them have to endure in the refugee camps without having access to proffessional assistance. ", "Nothing has shaken the Ezidi community to its foundations, as the abductions and rapes. ", "Most have also lost their relatives in the massacres in Shingal.", "\n\nOrphans\n\nThe destruction campaign of IS has turned thousands of children into orphans and half-orphans, many of whom have witnessed how their mothers and/or fathers were killed by IS terrorists in front of their eyes. ", "There are 3,000 orphans, according to official figures. ", "Unofficial estimates, however, indicate there are 8,000 children and youths who have become orphans and half-orphans. ", "Those often find accomodation with their relatives who, however, also lack everything. ", "Ezidis therefore seek to build orphanages.", "\n\nMass exodus\n\n“This land is our grave”, Ezidi refugee.", "\n\n\n\nThe perfidious plan of IS to destroy the Ezidi community has apparently proven to be successful. ", "Around 100,000 Ezidis have already left Iraq / the Autonomous Kurdistan Region – that is about 20 % of the total Ezidi population. ", "Through Turkey and the Mediterranean, many are trying to reach the safe haven of Europe. ", "An estimated number of 30,000 Ezidis have already applied for asylum in Germany alone – with an increasing tendency. ", "The 900,000 Ezidis already live on four continents in over 20 countries.", "\n\nDestruction and political power struggle\n\n\n\nThe traditional home of the Ezidis has become a place for political power struggle. ", "Dozens of political parties and military forces are trying to exert their influence on the power vacuum that has been left there. ", "Party and military flags are hoisted above the ruins of destroyed buildings. ", "The region is de facto divided into two zones: PKK-affiliated groups such as the Ezidi YBŞ control the west of the region. ", "They are in a power struggle with the KDP, its Peshmerga and Ezidi allies who control the region´s east.", "\n\nAround 85 % of the region´s infrastructure, villages and towns have been destroyed. ", "The Iraqi Council of Representatives declared the region a disaster area. ", "According to the evaluations provided by the authorities, 150 million euros will be needed for the reconstruction of the area. ", "The return of the refugees seems therefore impossible – also due to the security situation.", "\n\nOccupied villages\n\nDozens of villages in the south of the region, such as Kojo, remain under IS control. ", "There are different opinions on why the region has still not been liberated.", "\n\nExistence-threatening crisis\n\n\n\nThe genocide, the betrayal of the Peshmerga as well as the political power struggle over the region have uprooted the Ezidi community and plunged it into a deep, existence-threatening crisis. ", "Political fronts that have been smoldering for decades have hardened, the tone between individual groups has become sharper. ", "Mutual accusations and condemnations threaten to divide the community for further decades. ", "The Religious Council of the Ezidis seems paralyzed in light of the challenges and political pressure.", "\n\nPolitical parties are trying to enforce their agenda through and with the Ezidis. ", "Especially the older generation does not seem to understand that this crisis can actually lead to the downfall of the Ezidi community and thus of an ancient heritage of Mesopotamian culture.", "\n\nOnce again, heroes from the very beginning turned out to be loyal party members – which is one of the reasons that enabled this crisis in the first place. ", "It is therefore young activists such as Nadia Murad who give Ezidis new hope and take responsibility for their community.", "\n\n© ÊzîdîPress, July 31, 2016" ]

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[ "IMMIGRATION TOPIC ONE TODAY\n\nWASHINGTON - As President Obama spoke on immigration issues in Texas today, a group ofAfrican-American, Caribbean-American and Hispanic pastors called for U.S. opponents to halt their scurrilous attempts to divide ethnic groups in order to derail congressional passage of comprehensive immigration reform legislation.", "\n\nPastors from across the country have formed the African American Clergy for Comprehensive Immigration Reform (AACCIR), to advance immigration reform initiatives in Washington and to point out the flawed and divisive rationale of their foes, many of who have charged that Hispanic immigrants are stealing jobs, public resources and civil rights advancements with African Americans and Caribbean Americans.", "\n\n“Anti-immigration groups portray immigrants largely as Hispanics who flout the legal immigration system and deliberately displace American workers, damaging the opportunities and freedoms of African Americans. ", "These images are a divisive tactic used to prevent the possibility of true transformation in our system,” says Reverend Dr. Derrick Harkins, senior pastor of the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church in Washington, D.C. and co-chairman of the AACCIR.", "\n\nThe coalition includes clergy representing several of the largest African American denominations, including the National Baptist Convention, US, the African Methodist Episcopal Church and the Progressive National Baptist Convention, as well as Esperanza for America, a national grassroots campaign to support comprehensive immigration reform.", "\n\n“Blaming a particular group of people will never lead to real solutions for our nation,” says Rev. Luis Cortes, Jr., president and founder of Philadelphia-based Esperanza, one of the nation’s largest faith-based Hispanic organizations. “", "We recognize that fear of those who are different will greatly hinder our nation’s progress, and we must actively expose and uproot this element of the current debate.”", "\n\nEsperanza’s members are in the nation’s Capitol this week for the National Hispanic Prayer Breakfast and Conference, which runs May 10-12. ", "Attendees will meet with members of Congress and policymakers in the Obama Administration to discuss immigration reform as well as federal education, housing and health care policy. ", "President Obama will deliver the keynote address at the National Hispanic Prayer Breakfast this Thursday, at 7 a.m.\n\nThe coalition favors a comprehensive approach to fixing the broken U.S. immigration system and addressing the fate of the 12 million undocumented immigrants living in the United States today. ", "By overhauling the antiquated and unfair system, rather than passing limited workplace or border enforcement measures, Congress will create a system that is just, efficient and timely for immigrants and their families, employers and workers, and states and municipalities.", "\n\n“Those of us who make up the faith community have not the luxury of tempering our comments based on ethnicity but bear the burden and the responsibility of speaking to the injustices of society as viewed through the lens of our faith,” says Rev. Harvey Clemons, Jr., pastor at the Pleasant Hill Baptist Church in Houston, Texas. “", "Wherever darkness appears, light is obligated to illuminate. ", "Our coming together for the events of this week are for the purpose of illuminating the injustice of the failed immigration policies of our nation with the hope of liberating the victims of the systemic problems of the United States immigration policies and laws.”", "\n\nThe reality of the impact of immigration on American workers is far different. ", "In recent years, think tanks and government agencies have concluded that immigration does not significantly impact native-born workers in a negative way, and often improves their salaries and wages.", "\n\nA 2010 Economic Policy Institute study found that between 1994 and 2007, immigration helped raise the wages of workers born in the United States by 0.4 percent (or $3.68 per week), and to lower the wages of foreign-born workers, relative to U.S.-born workers, by 4.6 percent (or $33.11 per week). ", "The overall effect of immigration on wages is similar for white non-Hispanic U.S.-born workers (+0.5 percent) and black non-Hispanic U.S.-born workers (+0.4 percent).", "\n\nFor those without a high school diploma, the effect of immigration was similar to the overall result. ", "U.S.-born workers with less than a high school education saw a relative 0.3 percent increase in wages (or $1.58 per week), while foreign-born workers without a high school degree saw a relative 3.7 percent decrease in wages (or $15.71 per week).", "\n\nSimilarly, a 2006 study for the National Bureau of Economic Research estimated that immigration, between the years of 1990 and 2004, had slightly reduced the wages of Americans without high school diplomas by 1 to 2 percent. ", "Yet it increased wages for the more than 90 percent of U.S. workers with high school diplomas by 0.7 percent in the short term and 1.8 percent in the long term.", "\n\n“As leaders and men and women of faith, we see immigrants differently,” says Rev. Harkins. “", "We are called to care for the poor and welcome the stranger, and we stand on the principles of Dr. King and others who proclaim that God gave all people human dignity and value, regardless of race or position in life. ", "This means keeping children and parents together, and establishing pathways by which our immigrant brethren may seek a better life for themselves and their families.”", "\n\nThe coalition urges Congress to retain important immigration protections, including controlling the border and enforcing workplace immigration laws to protect workers from unscrupulous employers who lower the bar for all workers by subjecting immigrants to substandard working conditions and wages.", "\n\n“Comprehensive immigration reform is the solution we seek,” says Rev. Bishop Orlando Findlayter, chairman of Churches United to Save and Heal of New York, NY. “", "It is both practical and just; and it reflects the direction and goals we should desire for our nation. ", "Most importantly, it will begin to liberate us from the divisions we currently face, so we can turn our attention to the real challenge: how to build an economy and society that integrates and rewards anyone who wants to make a positive contribution to our nation’s welfare.”", "\n\nThe coalition will actively recruit clergy, plan joint education programs that bring together African-American and Hispanic congregations and look for opportunities to engage members of Congress and the Obama Administration." ]

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[ "Heretofore, most fluid containment tanks have been comprised of a single-wall construction including a single-wall side wall and a shell bottom for containing the fluid and for supporting the weight of the fluid in the tank. ", "The shell bottom normally rests on wooden, steel beam or concrete supports resting on pylons or a ground support. ", "When a toxic or other ground water damaging or medically hazardous material is to be confined, double wall containments have been mandated. ", "Thus in the case of certain waste water treatment processes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have required a double-wall containment. ", "Water treatment equipment as mandated by the EPA typically comprise double-wall barriers made up of two totally separate tanks. ", "As an example, a concrete floor with peripheral vertical concrete walls will be lined with a metal liner or painted. ", "Inside this large normally open-to-the-atmosphere containment, a steel elevated tank will be erected and utilized. ", "Any leakage from the elevated tank will be captured and monitored by means of the concrete containment.", "\nOther equipment has utilized double containment barriers. ", "Scrubbers used in the Power industry utilize a liner (a corrosion-resistant thin material) laid directly against a heavier structural load carrying shell (noncorrosion resistant). ", "Leakage is monitored in the annular area. ", "Oil tankers also utilize double-barrier containments." ]

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[ "Maternal and fetal outcomes of subsequent pregnancies in women with peripartum cardiomyopathy.", "\nPeripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare and sometimes fatal form of heart failure. ", "Little is known about the outcomes of subsequent pregnancies in women who have had the disorder. ", "Through a survey of members of the American College of Cardiology, we identified 44 women who had had peripartum cardiomyopathy and had a total of 60 subsequent pregnancies. ", "We then reviewed the medical records of these women and interviewed the women or their physicians. ", "Among the first subsequent pregnancies in the 44 women, 28 occurred in women in whom left ventricular function had returned to normal (group 1) and 16 occurred in women with persistent left ventricular dysfunction (group 2). ", "The pregnancies were associated with a reduction in the mean (+/-SD) left ventricular ejection fraction both in the total cohort (from 49+/-12 percent to 42+/-13 percent, P<0.001) and in each group separately (from 56+/-7 percent to 49+/-10 percent in group 1, P=0.002; and from 36+/-9 percent to 32+/-11 percent in group 2, P=0.08). ", "During these pregnancies, a decrease of more than 20 percent in the left ventricular ejection fraction occurred in 21 percent of the women in group 1 and 25 percent of those in group 2, and symptoms of heart failure occurred in 21 percent of the women in group 1 and 44 percent of those in group 2. ", "The mortality rate was 0 percent in group 1 and 19 percent in group 2 (P=0.06). ", "In addition, the frequency of premature delivery was higher in group 2 (37 percent vs. 11 percent), as was that of therapeutic abortions (25 percent vs. 4 percent). ", "Subsequent pregnancy in women with a history of peripartum cardiomyopathy is associated with a significant decrease in left ventricular function and can result in clinical deterioration and even death." ]

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[ "In Iran, soccer stadiums are a male-only affair: Women are banned from attending games. ", "Not all female sports fans are so easily dissuaded, however. ", "On Sunday, eight women found their own way to try to watch a match at Tehran's Azadi Stadium.", "\n\nAll eight are reported to have dressed as men, with closely cropped hair and caps to hide their faces. ", "Not well enough, apparently — according to the Tasnim News Agency, security guards spotted them as they entered and blocked them from the stadium.", "\n\nSoccer is hugely popular in Iran across sexes, but it is considered inappropriate for women to view games in person. ", "According to Rana Rahimpour of the BBC's Persian Service, attendance has been barred to women since the Islamic Revolution. \"", "Some authorities [have said that] men tend [to] behave badly, they get into fights, they swear a lot — and some clerics say there is a possibility for boys and girls to mingle [and] exchange phone numbers.\"", "\n\nThis is not the first time that women have smuggled themselves into Iranian soccer stadiums. ", "Several women have filmed themselves attending matches in disguise, and videos of them doing so have gone viral.", "\n\nFemale spectators are also banned from other sports. ", "In 2015, Ghoncheh Ghavami, a British-Iranian citizen, was sentenced to a year in jail after she attempted to watch a men's volleyball match. ", "She had attended the match carrying a banner protesting the rules. ", "She was eventually released before the end of her sentence after Amnesty International declared her a prisoner of conscience.", "\n\nThis article originally appeared on PRI.org. ", "Its content was created separately to USA TODAY." ]

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[ "Ed Morgan (professor)\n\nEdward M. \"Ed\" Morgan (born January 3, 1955) is a former professor of international law at the University of Toronto. ", "He was appointed as a trial judge of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice in 2012.", "\n\nEducation\nMorgan attended Northwestern University (B.A.; 1976), the University of Toronto (LL.B.; 1984), and Harvard Law School (LL.M.; 1986).", "\n\nCareer\nHe was a law clerk to Madam Justice Bertha Wilson of the Supreme Court of Canada in 1984-85.", "\n\nMorgan taught public international law, private international law, and international criminal law.", "\n\nHe started teaching in 1986, and from 1989-97 practised at Davies, Ward & Beck in Toronto.", "\n\nViews\nIn July 2008, he commented on a lawsuit wherein a Canadian firm had contracted to build apartments in Modi'in Illit was being accused of violating international law, which states that permanent settlements is not permitted in occupied territories. ", "He said there while the move was \"imaginative\", there were obstacles in the case that might prevent it from prevailing. ", "For example, the Geneva Convention was intended to apply to countries, and not to companies.", "\n\nIn December 2008, commenting on a suggested House of Commons committee review of the position of governor general, he noted that it would require amending Canada's Constitution. ", " He said: \"In Canada, the idea of tinkering with the Constitution is a tinderbox. ", " It would have to be a really strong public sentiment to start the process for a constitutional amendment.\"", "\n\nCommenting in September 2009 on efforts by Canadian tax officials to press Swiss bank UBS for details of Canadians who might be using UBS accounts to evade taxes, he said \"They can go to court to try to compel UBS to disgorge names of Canadian taxpayers that have accounts there, but I'd say it's a toss-up as to whether they'd get that court order. ", " It remains to be seen whether the courts think that banks are obliged to give up information about taxpayers that the taxpayers won't, on our voluntary disclosure system, give up.\"", "\n\nWhen in February 2010 Toronto school trustee Josh Matlow refused to apologize for criticizing the school board's decision to spend $345,000 on a one-day professional development conference, he said: \"I think Matlow is doing exactly what we want school trustees to do. ", " He's speaking his mind and speaking in criticism of board decisions. ", "That's why we elect independent thinkers.\"", "\n\nSelect works\n\nBooks\nThe Aesthetics of International Law (U. Toronto Press, 2007)\nInternational law and the Canadian courts: sovereign immunity, criminal jurisdiction, aliens' rights, and taxation powers (Carswell, 1990)\n\nEditor\n\nCanadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 2002, guest editor of special issue on international law theory\nCanadian Yearbook of International Law, member of the Board of Editors, 1997–present\n\nArticles\n\"Traffic Circles: The Legal Logic of Drug Extraditions\", University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law (forthcoming).", "\n\"The Law of Betrayal in the Wild West Bank\", 1 Journal of International Law and International Relations 345 (2005).", "\n\"Slaughterhouse-Six: Updating the Law of War\", 5 German Law Journal 525 (2004).", "\n\"The Other Death of International Law\", 14 Leiden Journal of International Law 3 (2001).", "\n\"An International Legal Perspective on Resolution 242\", United Nations Security Council Resolution 242: A 25 Year Retrospective 12 (1992).", "\n\"The Hermaphroditic Paradigm of International Law, State Sovereignty: The Challenge of a Changing World\", 78 Canadian Council on International Law (1992).", "\n\"Aliens and Process Rights: The Open and Shut Case of Legal Sovereignty\", 7 Wisconsin International Law Journal 107 (1989).", "\n\"International Law in a Post-Modern Hall of Mirrors\", 26 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 209 (1988).", "\n\"Internalization of Customary International Law: An Historical Perspective\", 12 Yale Journal of International Law.", "\n\nSelect constitutional and international law cases\n\nIslamic Sunni Verra Community v. Navlakhi, representing board of Toronto-based mosque\nWheeler v. China National Petroleum Co., representing Chinese national oil company in Alberta in jurisdictional challenges to class action\nFlato v. Islamic Republic of Iran, expert witness for plaintiff attaching foreign state's bank account in Italian Corte di Cassazione\nUngar v. Palestinian Authority, expert witness in U.S. District Court on status of the Palestinian Authority under international law\nMinister of Citizenship v. Overlander, counsel for intervener group supporting war crimes prosecution\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nUniversity of Toronto bio\nMorgan CV\nMorgan blog\n\nCategory:Canadian Jews\nCategory:Canadian Jewish Congress\nCategory:Northwestern University alumni\nCategory:1955 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:University of Toronto alumni\nCategory:Harvard Law School alumni\nCategory:University of Toronto faculty\nCategory:International law scholars\nCategory:Canadian lawyers" ]

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[ "/*******************************************************************************\n * Copyright (C) 2018-2019 Intel Corporation\n *\n * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT\n ******************************************************************************/\n\n#ifndef _GST_GVA_WATERMARK_H_\n#define _GST_GVA_WATERMARK_H_\n\n#include <gst/base/gstbasetransform.h>\n#include <gst/video/video.h>\n\nG_BEGIN_DECLS\n\n#define GST_TYPE_GVA_WATERMARK (gst_gva_watermark_get_type())\n#define GST_GVA_WATERMARK(obj) (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_CAST((obj), GST_TYPE_GVA_WATERMARK, GstGvaWatermark))\n#define GST_GVA_WATERMARK_CLASS(klass) (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_CAST((klass), GST_TYPE_GVA_WATERMARK, GstGvaWatermarkClass))\n#define GST_IS_GVA_WATERMARK(obj) (G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE_TYPE((obj), GST_TYPE_GVA_WATERMARK))\n#define GST_IS_GVA_WATERMARK_CLASS(obj) (G_TYPE_CHECK_CLASS_TYPE((klass), GST_TYPE_GVA_WATERMARK))\n\ntypedef struct _GstGvaWatermark GstGvaWatermark;\ntypedef struct _GstGvaWatermarkClass GstGvaWatermarkClass;\n\nstruct _GstGvaWatermark {\n GstBaseTransform base_gvawatermark;\n GstVideoInfo info;\n};\n\nstruct _GstGvaWatermarkClass {\n GstBaseTransformClass base_gvawatermark_class;\n};\n\nGType gst_gva_watermark_get_type(void);\n\nG_END_DECLS\n\n#endif\n" ]

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[ "SDCC 2010: Alleged HALL H Stabbing Delays Hollywood Panels\n\nBy Michael Doran July 24, 2010 09:00pm ET\n\nA reported fight over a seat that ended in a stabbing temporarily stopped the massive Hollywood presentations in Comic-Con International: San Diego's Hall H dead in their tracks Saturday afternoon, as police were called in to respond to the incident, shutting down the Hall in the process.", "\n\nAccording to varied reports, including nbcsandiego.com, a fight between two con-goers led to one being stabbed either in the eye or the side of the eye socket with a pen or pencil. ", "The victim was reportedly led out of the hall on a stretcher and taken for medical attention.", "\n\nAccording to a San Diego police sergeant interviewed by Neontommy.com, the injuries were unknown but described as \"non-life threatening and somewhat minor.\"", "\n\nThe same police sergeant confirmed one arrest had been made, with a male suspect taken into police custody and led out of the San Diego Convention Center in handcuffs.", "\n\nFollowed by a staff photographer for nbcsandiego.com and asked why he did it, the suspect replied that he had been provoked.", "\n\n\"Because the guy attacked me first,\" he told nbcsandiego.com. \"", "He told me he wanted to take me outside and I told him I did not want to fight. ", "He stomped on my leg and then I attacked him back. ", "I am very sorry.\"", "\n\nAccounts vary, but the incident apparently occurred during the Screen Gems “Resident Evil: Afterlife” panel between 4pm and 4:45pm PST, or right before the 4:45 to 5:45pm PST Universal Studios’ “Paul” and “Cowboys & Aliens” panel. ", "The incident delayed the start of the Universal panel as con attendees in the Hall during the incident were not allowed to leave as police investigated, and attendees waiting in line for the Universal panel were not allowed in.", "\n\nFans sequestered in the Hall were reportedly shown movie trailers while investigation took place.", "\n\nThe incident also delayed the start of Marvel Studios' “Captain America and Thor” panel by approximately 45 minutes." ]

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[ "A ministra da Saúde da Venezuela, Antonieta Caporale, foi destituída de seu cargo, conforme publicação de decreto na noite desta quinta-feira (11). ", "De acordo com o jornal argentino \"Clarín\" e com a TV local \"Telesur\", a demissão ocorreu após a divulgação da alta das taxas de mortalidade infantil e materna no país.", "\n\nNo lugar de Caporale, o governo venezuelano nomeou Luis Salerfi López, secretário de saúde do estado de Aragua.", "\n\nNo dia 10, o Ministério da Saúde revelou aumento de 30% nos índices de mortalidade infantil no país e de 65% da morte de mulheres durante o parto nos últimos dois anos.", "\n\nOs dados mostraram também que o número de casos de malária subiu 76% no último ano e que doenças como difteria e zika também tiveram aumento de incidência.", "\n\nO Ministério da Saúde venezuelano não divulgava dados desde julho de 2015, assim como acontece com outras áreas do governo.", "\n\nNo quarto ano de uma profunda recessão, a Venezuela sofre com a falta de remédios e de equipamentos médicos básicos. ", "A principal associação farmacêutica do país afirma que há escassez de cerca de 85% dos medicamentos." ]

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[ "Influence of Temperature and Wetness Periods on the Development of Stemphylium Blight on Lentil.", "\nStemphylium blight of lentil (Lens culinaris subsp. ", "culinaris) caused by Stemphylium botryosum has become more prevalent in the Canadian prairies. ", "Germination of conidia, appressorium formation, and infection of lentil plants were evaluated under controlled conditions at temperatures from 5 to 30°C and increasing incubation periods under wet conditions to elucidate the epidemiology of this disease. ", "On glass slides, conidial germination increased steadily with temperature up to 25 and 30°C, and reached more than 80% after 20 h at these temperatures, compared with around 30% at 5°C. ", "The response of germination on glass slides to temperature was nonlinear, as evident in significant linear, quadratic single factor, and linear, quadratic, and cubic cross factor temperature effects in the model. ", "On lentil leaves, 18% of conidia had germinated after 2 h of incubation at 25°C, and a few germ tubes penetrated into the tissue through stomata. ", "Germination reached 89% after 12 h, and 12% of germ tubes had penetrated into the leaves. ", "Stemphylium blight severity reached more than 80% at 25 and 30°C with leaf wetness periods of 48 h. A simple logistic model with linear temperature, leaf wetness period, and cross factor effects described disease development on lentil plants." ]

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[ "//\n// Copyright (C) 2001-2010 EQEMu Development Team (http://eqemulator.net). ", "Distributed under GPL version 2.", "\n//\n//\n\nusing System;\nusing System.", "Collections.", "Generic;\nusing System.", "ComponentModel;\nusing System.", "Data;\nusing System.", "Drawing;\nusing System.", "Text;\nusing System.", "Windows.", "Forms;\nusing System.", "IO;\nusing SharpPcap;\nusing EQApplicationLayer;\n\nnamespace EQExtractor2\n{\n public partial class EQExtractor2Form1 : Form\n {\n string Version = \"EQExtractor2 Version 2.6.4 GIT\";\n\n static int PacketsSeen = 0;\n static long BytesRead = 0;\n static long CaptureFileSize = 0;\n string ZoneName;\n string SpawnNameFilter = \"\";\n bool CoalesceWaypoints = true;\n\n GenerateSQLForm SQLForm = new GenerateSQLForm();\n LogForm DebugLog = new LogForm();\n UserOptions Options = new UserOptions();\n\n StreamWriter SQLStream;\n StreamWriter PacketDebugStream;\n\n EQStreamProcessor StreamProcessor;\n\n public EQExtractor2Form1()\n {\n InitializeComponent();\n DisplayUsageInfo();\n\n Options.", "PacketDumpViewerProgram.", "Text = Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "TextFileViewer;\n Options.", "ShowDebugWindowOnStartup.", "Checked = Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "ShowDebugWindowOnStartup;\n Options.", "ShowTimeStamps.", "Checked = Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "DumpTimeStamps;\n\n }\n\n public void Log(string Message)\n {\n DebugLog.", "ConsoleWindow.", "Items.", "Add(Message);\n DebugLog.", "ConsoleWindow.", "SelectedIndex = DebugLog.", "ConsoleWindow.", "Items.", "Count - 1;\n Application.", "DoEvents();\n }\n\n private void device_OnPacketArrival(object sender, SharpPcap.", "CaptureEventArgs e)\n {\n if (e.Packet.", "LinkLayerType == PacketDotNet.", "LinkLayers.", "Ethernet)\n {\n PacketDotNet.", "Packet packet;\n\n long TotalPacketSize = e.Packet.", "Data.", "Length;\n BytesRead += TotalPacketSize;\n ++PacketsSeen;\n\n if ((PacketsSeen > 0) && ((PacketsSeen % 10000) == 0))\n {\n DebugLog.", "ConsoleWindow.", "SelectedIndex = DebugLog.", "ConsoleWindow.", "Items.", "Count - 1;\n int Progress = (int)((float)BytesRead / (float)CaptureFileSize * 100);\n ProgressBar.", "Value = Progress;\n\n Application.", "DoEvents();\n }\n\n try\n {\n packet = PacketDotNet.", "Packet.", "ParsePacket(e.", "Packet);\n }\n catch\n {\n return;\n }\n\n var ethernetPacket = (PacketDotNet.", "EthernetPacket)packet;\n\n var udpPacket = PacketDotNet.", "UdpPacket.", "GetEncapsulated(packet);\n\n if (udpPacket !", "= null)\n {\n var ipPacket = (PacketDotNet.", "IpPacket)udpPacket.", "ParentPacket;\n System.", "Net.", "IPAddress srcIp = ipPacket.", "SourceAddress;\n System.", "Net.", "IPAddress dstIp = ipPacket.", "DestinationAddress;\n\n byte[] Payload = udpPacket.", "PayloadData;\n\n Int32 l = udpPacket.", "Length - udpPacket.", "Header.", "GetLength(0);\n\n if (l > 0)\n {\n Array.", "Resize(ref Payload, l);\n\n StreamProcessor.", "ProcessPacket(srcIp, dstIp, udpPacket.", "SourcePort, udpPacket.", "DestinationPort, Payload, packet.", "Timeval.", "Date);\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n public void WriteSQL(string Message)\n {\n SQLStream.", "WriteLine(Message);\n }\n\n public void PacketDebugLogger(string Message)\n {\n PacketDebugStream.", "WriteLine(Message);\n }\n\n private void DisableAllControls()\n {\n foreach (Control c in this.", "Controls)\n {\n if ((c is Button) || (c is TextBox) || (c is MaskedTextBox) || (c is CheckBox))\n c.Enabled = false;\n }\n\n }\n\n private void EnableAllControls()\n {\n foreach (Control c in this.", "Controls)\n c.Enabled = true;\n\n menuGenerateSQL.Enabled = StreamProcessor.", "StreamRecognised() && StreamProcessor.", "SupportsSQLGeneration();\n menuDumpAAs.", "Enabled = StreamProcessor.", "StreamRecognised();\n }\n\n private void menuLoadPCAP_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n if (InputFileOpenDialog.", "ShowDialog() !", "= DialogResult.", "OK)\n return;\n\n menuGenerateSQL.Enabled = false;\n menuPacketDump.", "Enabled = false;\n menuViewPackets.", "Enabled = false;\n menuDumpAAs.", "Enabled = false;\n\n SharpPcap.", "OfflinePcapDevice device;\n\n try\n {\n string CapFile = InputFileOpenDialog.", "FileName;\n\n device = new SharpPcap.", "OfflinePcapDevice(CapFile);\n\n device.", "Open();\n }\n catch\n {\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"Error: File does not exist or not in .pcap format.\";", "\n Log(\"Error: File does not exist or not in .pcap format.\");", "\n return;\n }\n\n StreamProcessor = new EQStreamProcessor();\n\n if (!", "StreamProcessor.", "Init(Application.", "StartupPath, this.", "Log))\n {\n Log(\"Fatal error initialising Stream Processor. ", "No decoders could be initialised (mostly likely misplaced patch_XXXX.conf files.\");", "\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"Fatal error initialising Stream Processor. ", "No decoders could be initialised (mostly likely misplaced patch_XXXX.conf files.\";", "\n return;\n }\n\n if (Options.", "EQPacketDebugFilename.", "Text.", "Length > 0)\n {\n try\n {\n PacketDebugStream = new StreamWriter(Options.", "EQPacketDebugFilename.", "Text);\n StreamProcessor.", "Packets.", "SetDebugLogHandler(PacketDebugLogger);\n }\n catch\n {\n Log(\"Failed to open netcode debug file for writing.\");", "\n Options.", "EQPacketDebugFilename.", "Text = \"\";\n StreamProcessor.", "Packets.", "SetDebugLogHandler(null);\n }\n }\n else\n StreamProcessor.", "Packets.", "SetDebugLogHandler(null);\n\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"Reading packets from \" + InputFileOpenDialog.", "FileName + \". ", "Please wait...\";\n\n device.", "OnPacketArrival +=\n new PacketArrivalEventHandler(device_OnPacketArrival);\n\n BytesRead = 0;\n PacketsSeen = 0;\n\n DebugLog.", "ConsoleWindow.", "Items.", "Add(\"-- Capturing from '\" + InputFileOpenDialog.", "FileName);\n ProgressBar.", "Value = 0;\n ProgressBar.", "Show();\n\n menuFile.", "Enabled = false;\n\n CaptureFileSize = device.", "FileSize;\n\n device.", "Capture();\n\n device.", "Close();\n\n Log(\"End of file reached. ", "Processed \" + PacketsSeen + \" packets and \" + BytesRead + \" bytes.\");", "\n\n ProgressBar.", "Hide();\n\n if (Options.", "EQPacketDebugFilename.", "Text.", "Length > 0)\n PacketDebugStream.", "Close();\n\n PacketCountLabel.", "Text = PacketsSeen.", "ToString();\n if (StreamProcessor.", "Packets.", "ErrorsInStream)\n Log(\"There were errors encountered in the packet stream. ", "Data may be incomplete.\");", "\n\n DebugLog.", "ConsoleWindow.", "SelectedIndex = DebugLog.", "ConsoleWindow.", "Items.", "Count - 1;\n\n menuFile.", "Enabled = true;\n\n StreamProcessor.", "PCAPFileReadFinished();\n\n menuPacketDump.", "Enabled = true;\n\n menuViewPackets.", "Enabled = true;\n\n Log(\"Stream recognised as \" + StreamProcessor.", "GetDecoderVersion());\n\n int PPLength = StreamProcessor.", "VerifyPlayerProfile();\n\n ClientVersionLabel.", "Text = StreamProcessor.", "GetDecoderVersion();\n\n if (PPLength == 0)\n {\n Log(\"Unable to find player profile packet, or packet not of correct size.\");", "\n menuDumpAAs.", "Enabled = false;\n menuGenerateSQL.Enabled = false;\n ClientVersionLabel.", "ForeColor = Color.", "Red;\n ZoneLabel.", "Text = \"\";\n PacketCountLabel.", "Text = \"\";\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"Unrecognised EQ Client Version. ", "Press Ctrl-P to dump, or Ctrl-V to view packets.\";", "\n return;\n }\n else\n {\n ClientVersionLabel.", "ForeColor = Color.", "Green;\n Log(\"Found player profile packet of the expected length (\" + PPLength + \").\");", "\n\n if(StreamProcessor.", "SupportsSQLGeneration())\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"Client version recognised. ", "Press Ctrl-S to Generate SQL\";\n else\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"Client version recognised. *", "SQL GENERATION NOT SUPPORTED FOR THIS CLIENT*\";\n }\n\n ZoneName = StreamProcessor.", "GetZoneName();\n\n UInt32 ZoneNumber = StreamProcessor.", "GetZoneNumber();\n\n Log(\"Zonename is \" + StreamProcessor.", "GetZoneName());\n\n Log(\"Zone number is \" + ZoneNumber);\n\n ZoneLabel.", "Text = StreamProcessor.", "GetZoneLongName() + \" [\" + StreamProcessor.", "GetZoneName() + \"] (\" + ZoneNumber.", "ToString() + \")\";\n\n SQLForm.", "ZoneIDTextBox.", "Text = ZoneNumber.", "ToString();\n SQLForm.", "ZoneIDTextBox.", "Enabled = true;\n SQLForm.", "DoorsTextBox.", "Enabled = true;\n SQLForm.", "NPCTypesTextBox.", "Enabled = true;\n SQLForm.", "SpawnEntryTextBox.", "Enabled = true;\n SQLForm.", "SpawnGroupTextBox.", "Enabled = true;\n SQLForm.", "Spawn2TextBox.", "Enabled = true;\n SQLForm.", "GridTextBox.", "Enabled = true;\n SQLForm.", "ObjectTextBox.", "Enabled = true;\n SQLForm.", "GroundSpawnTextBox.", "Enabled = true;\n SQLForm.", "MerchantTextBox.", "Enabled = true;\n SQLForm.", "VersionSelector.", "Enabled = true;\n menuGenerateSQL.Enabled = StreamProcessor.", "SupportsSQLGeneration();\n menuPacketDump.", "Enabled = true;\n menuViewPackets.", "Enabled = true;\n menuDumpAAs.", "Enabled = true;\n\n SQLForm.", "RecalculateBaseInsertIDs();\n\n StreamProcessor.", "GenerateZonePointList();\n }\n\n private void menuGenerateSQL_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n if (SQLForm.", "ShowDialog() !", "= DialogResult.", "OK)\n return;\n\n string SQLFile = SQLForm.", "FileName;\n\n try\n {\n SQLStream = new StreamWriter(SQLFile);\n }\n catch\n {\n Log(\"Unable to open file \" + SQLFile + \" for writing.\");", "\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"Unable to open file \" + SQLFile + \" for writing.\";", "\n return;\n }\n\n UInt32 SpawnDBID = Convert.", "ToUInt32(SQLForm.", "NPCTypesTextBox.", "Text);\n UInt32 SpawnGroupID = Convert.", "ToUInt32(SQLForm.", "SpawnGroupTextBox.", "Text);\n UInt32 SpawnEntryID = Convert.", "ToUInt32(SQLForm.", "SpawnEntryTextBox.", "Text);\n UInt32 Spawn2ID = Convert.", "ToUInt32(SQLForm.", "Spawn2TextBox.", "Text);\n UInt32 GridDBID = Convert.", "ToUInt32(SQLForm.", "GridTextBox.", "Text);\n UInt32 MerchantDBID = Convert.", "ToUInt32(SQLForm.", "MerchantTextBox.", "Text);\n int DoorDBID = Convert.", "ToInt32(SQLForm.", "DoorsTextBox.", "Text);\n UInt32 GroundSpawnDBID = Convert.", "ToUInt32(SQLForm.", "GroundSpawnTextBox.", "Text);\n UInt32 ObjectDBID = Convert.", "ToUInt32(SQLForm.", "ObjectTextBox.", "Text);\n\n UInt32 ZoneID = Convert.", "ToUInt32(SQLForm.", "ZoneIDTextBox.", "Text);\n\n SpawnNameFilter = SQLForm.", "SpawnNameFilter.", "Text;\n CoalesceWaypoints = SQLForm.", "CoalesceWaypoints.", "Checked;\n\n WriteSQL(\"-- SQL created by \" + Version);\n WriteSQL(\"--\");\n WriteSQL(\"-- Using Decoder: \" + StreamProcessor.", "GetDecoderVersion());\n WriteSQL(\"--\");\n WriteSQL(\"-- Packets captured on \" + StreamProcessor.", "GetCaptureStartTime().ToString());\n WriteSQL(\"--\");\n WriteSQL(\"-- Change these variables if required\");\n WriteSQL(\"--\");\n WriteSQL(\"set @StartingNPCTypeID = \" + SpawnDBID + \";\");\n WriteSQL(\"set @StartingSpawnGroupID = \" + SpawnGroupID + \";\");\n WriteSQL(\"set @StartingSpawnEntryID = \" + SpawnEntryID + \";\");\n WriteSQL(\"set @StartingSpawn2ID = \" + Spawn2ID + \";\");\n WriteSQL(\"set @StartingGridID = \" + GridDBID + \";\");\n WriteSQL(\"set @StartingMerchantID = \" + MerchantDBID + \";\");\n WriteSQL(\"set @BaseDoorID = \" + DoorDBID + \";\");\n WriteSQL(\"set @StartingGroundSpawnID = \" + GroundSpawnDBID + \";\");\n WriteSQL(\"set @StartingObjectID = \" + ObjectDBID + \";\");\n WriteSQL(\"--\");\n WriteSQL(\"--\");\n\n if (SQLForm.", "ZoneCheckBox.", "Checked)\n StreamProcessor.", "GenerateZoneSQL(this.", "WriteSQL);\n\n if (SQLForm.", "ZonePointCheckBox.", "Checked)\n StreamProcessor.", "GenerateZonePointSQL(ZoneName, this.", "WriteSQL);\n\n UInt32 SpawnVersion = (UInt32)SQLForm.", "VersionSelector.", "Value;\n\n if (SQLForm.", "DoorCheckBox.", "Checked)\n {\n Log(\"Starting to generate SQL for Doors.\");", "\n StreamProcessor.", "GenerateDoorsSQL(ZoneName, DoorDBID, SpawnVersion, this.", "WriteSQL);\n Log(\"Finished generating SQL for Doors.\");", "\n }\n\n Log(\"Starting to generate SQL for Spawns and/or Grids.\");", "\n\n StreamProcessor.", "GenerateSpawnSQL(SQLForm.", "SpawnCheckBox.", "Checked, SQLForm.", "GridCheckBox.", "Checked, SQLForm.", "MerchantCheckBox.", "Checked, ZoneName, ZoneID, SpawnVersion, SQLForm.", "UpdateExistingNPCTypesCheckbox.", "Checked, SQLForm.", "NPCTypesTintCheckBox.", "Checked, SpawnNameFilter, CoalesceWaypoints, SQLForm.", "InvisibleMenCheckBox.", "Checked, this.", "WriteSQL);\n\n Log(\"Finished generating SQL for Spawns and/or Grids.\");", "\n\n if (SQLForm.", "GroundSpawnCheckBox.", "Checked || SQLForm.", "ObjectCheckBox.", "Checked)\n {\n Log(\"Starting to generate SQL for Ground Spawns and/or Objects.\");", "\n\n StreamProcessor.", "GenerateObjectSQL(SQLForm.", "GroundSpawnCheckBox.", "Checked, SQLForm.", "ObjectCheckBox.", "Checked, SpawnVersion, this.", "WriteSQL);\n\n Log(\"Finished generating SQL for Ground Spawns and/or Objects.\");", "\n }\n\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"SQL written to \" + SQLFile;\n SQLStream.", "Close();\n }\n\n private void menuPacketDump_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n if (PacketDumpFileDialog.", "ShowDialog() == DialogResult.", "OK)\n {\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"Packet dump in progress. ", "Please wait...\";\n Log(\"Packets dump in progress...\");\n\n DisableAllControls();\n\n Application.", "DoEvents();\n\n if (StreamProcessor.", "DumpPackets(PacketDumpFileDialog.", "FileName, Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "DumpTimeStamps))\n {\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"Packets dumped successfully.\";", "\n Log(\"Packets dumped successfully.\");", "\n }\n else\n {\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"Packet dump failed.\";", "\n Log(\"Packet dump failed.\");", "\n }\n\n EnableAllControls();\n }\n }\n\n private void menuDumpAAs_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n if (PacketDumpFileDialog.", "ShowDialog() == DialogResult.", "OK)\n {\n Log(\"AA dump in progress...\");\n\n DisableAllControls();\n\n if (StreamProcessor.", "DumpAAs(PacketDumpFileDialog.", "FileName))\n {\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"AAs dumped successfully.\";", "\n Log(\"AAs dumped successfully.\");", "\n }\n else\n {\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"AA dumped failed.\";", "\n Log(\"AA dump failed.\");", "\n }\n EnableAllControls();\n }\n }\n\n private void menuExit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n Close();\n }\n\n private void menuViewDebugLog_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n menuViewDebugLog.", "Checked = DebugLog.", "Visible;\n\n if (!", "menuViewDebugLog.", "Checked)\n {\n menuViewDebugLog.", "Checked = true;\n ShowDebugLog();\n\n }\n else\n {\n menuViewDebugLog.", "Checked = false;\n DebugLog.", "Hide();\n }\n }\n\n private void menuViewPackets_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n DisableAllControls();\n\n Application.", "DoEvents();\n\n string TextFileViewer = Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "TextFileViewer;\n\n string TempFileName = Path.", "GetTempFileName();\n\n if (StreamProcessor.", "DumpPackets(TempFileName, Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "DumpTimeStamps))\n {\n try\n {\n System.", "Diagnostics.", "Process.", "Start(TextFileViewer, TempFileName);\n }\n catch\n {\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"Unable to launch \" + TextFileViewer;\n }\n }\n else\n {\n StatusBar.", "Text = \"Unexpected error while generating temporary file.\";", "\n }\n EnableAllControls();\n }\n\n private void EQExtractor2Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n if (Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "ShowDebugWindowOnStartup)\n {\n ShowDebugLog();\n\n }\n }\n\n private void DisplayUsageInfo()\n {\n#if DEBUG\n Version += \" (Debug Build)\";\n#else\n Version += \" (Release Build)\";\n#endif\n Text = Version;\n\n Log(Version + \" Initialised.\");", "\n\n Log(\"\");\n Log(\"Instructions:\");\n Log(\"Generate a .pcap file using Wireshark. ", "To do this, park a character in the zone you want to collect in.\");", "\n Log(\"Camp to character select. ", "Start Wireshark capturing. ", "Zone your character in and just sit around for a\");\n Log(\"while, or go and inspect merchant inventories if you want to collect those. ", "When finished, stop the\");\n Log(\"Wireshark capture and save it (File/Save As).\");", "\n Log(\"\");\n Log(\"Load the .pcap file into this program by pressing Ctrl-L.\");\n Log(\"To generate SQL, press Ctrl-S and select the check boxes and set the starting SQL INSERT IDs as required.\");", "\n Log(\"Review the generated SQL before sourcing as DELETEs are auto-generated.\");", "\n Log(\"Press Ctrl-V to view packets, or Ctrl-D to dump them to a text file.\");", "\n Log(\"\");\n }\n\n private void menuOptions_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n DialogResult d = Options.", "ShowDialog();\n\n if (d == DialogResult.", "OK)\n {\n Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "TextFileViewer = Options.", "PacketDumpViewerProgram.", "Text;\n Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "ShowDebugWindowOnStartup = Options.", "ShowDebugWindowOnStartup.", "Checked;\n Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "DumpTimeStamps = Options.", "ShowTimeStamps.", "Checked;\n Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "Save();\n\n if (Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "ShowDebugWindowOnStartup)\n {\n if (!", "DebugLog.", "Visible)\n ShowDebugLog();\n }\n else\n {\n if (DebugLog.", "Visible)\n {\n DebugLog.", "Hide();\n menuViewDebugLog.", "Checked = false;\n }\n }\n }\n else\n {\n Options.", "PacketDumpViewerProgram.", "Text = Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "TextFileViewer;\n Options.", "ShowDebugWindowOnStartup.", "Checked = Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "ShowDebugWindowOnStartup;\n Options.", "ShowTimeStamps.", "Checked = Properties.", "Settings.", "Default.", "DumpTimeStamps;\n }\n }\n\n private void ShowDebugLog()\n {\n DebugLog.", "Left = this.", "Location.", "X;\n DebugLog.", "Top = this.", "Location.", "Y + this.", "Height;\n DebugLog.", "Show();\n menuViewDebugLog.", "Checked = true;\n this.", "Focus();\n }\n\n private void menuView_Popup(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n menuViewDebugLog.", "Checked = DebugLog.", "Visible;\n }\n }\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Like brainstorming, except you list complaints about something, and then list the opposite of each complaint. ", "Makes use of people's natural tendency to complain in a constructive way, in that you end up with a more complete picture of what you do want.", "\n\nWe tried brainstorming a solution to scheduling during holidays but only came up with the same old same old. ", "So we switched to complainstorming, and came up with a dozen really good solutions." ]

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[ "Following in the footsteps of regulation practices like BitLicense out of New York, the UK Treasury is seeking advice from members of the Bitcoin community to help further their understanding on regulation. ", "According to The Guardian, the Treasury is asking for information from law enforcement agencies, financial regulators along with the general public and “FinTech” firms.", "\n\nAlso Read: NYDFS’s Ben Lawsky Reveals Plans for Transitional BitLicense at #Money2020\n\nWhen asked for the purpose of these discussions, The Guardian reported that a Treasury spokesman said the following:\n\n“We’re considering the potential benefits of digital currencies to customers and the technology that underpins them, and whether we should take action to support innovation in this area. ", "We’re also looking at the potential risks, and assessing whether an action is required to address any concerns.”", "\n\nIn August, the Treasury launched a review supposedly planning to open their arms in the UK to digital currency, according to chancellor George Osborne. ", "The study, yet to be completed, assesses the benefits and threats of Bitcoin to the UK’s economic structure:\n\n“It’s only by harnessing innovations in finance, alongside our existing world-class knowledge and skills in financial services, that we’ll ensure Britain’s financial sector continues to meet the diverse needs of businesses and consumers, here and around the globe, and create the jobs and growth we all want to see in the future,” Osbourne said at Innovate Finance upon the announcement that the Treasury has eyes on the digital currency sector.", "\n\nPut In A Vote For Andreas Antonopoulos\n\nIf there’s anyone that’s shown they can explain Bitcoin and digital currency as a whole on a lengthy scale that’s understandable and almost poetic, it’s Andreas Antonopoulos. ", "He’s the Bitcoin evangelist and entrepreneur that sat before the Canadian Senate in early October. ", "He fielded questions with ease, asking that bitcoin is not put in the same constraints of currently existing financial infrastructure.", "\n\nAfter talking with skeptical senators, Andreas asked that bitcoin and digital currency technology be allowed to continue to evolve and expand for five more years. ", "The idea was met with a positive tone by the Senate, but, of course, was not finalized during their meeting.", "\n\nAndreas may be an evangelist, but he proves time and time again that his credibility outweighs his bias for the technology. ", "He consistently finds ways to explain the technology in a sophisticated manner that’s entertaining to hear, without droning on in a monotone fashion.", "\n\n“The ability to innovate without permission at the edge of the bitcoin network is the same fundamental force that has driven internet innovation for 20 years at a frenetic pace, creating enormous value for consumers, economic growth, opportunities, and jobs.”", "\n\nHow Long Should Governments Wait Before Trying to Regulate Digital Currency?", "\n\nAlthough most bitcoin users say Bitcoin needs to remain unregulated, the mere concept is nearly impossible. ", "World governments have interests to protect, and a decentralized, unregulated global currency is something the world is experiencing for the first time.", "\n\nThe issue with regulations like BitLicense is that they’re viewing this decentralized currency on the same level as their centralized currencies’. ", "The technology is completely revolutionary, requiring brand new laws if any; not the laws currently locking national currency infrastructures. ", "This concept is only five years old, yet it’s evolving at an unprecedented pace. ", "For it to become successful, governments should redefine their ideas of regulation completely and give it room to breathe.", "\n\nThe notion that it will remain completely unregulated by law is a concept that’s completely naive and unprecedented in today’s world. ", "Bitcoin will continue to be banned by large countries not looking to embrace it, and it will stay under the microscope of legal entities for years to come. ", "The hope is that these lawmakers will educate themselves on the way the UK Treasury and Canadian Senate is doing; not the way the NYDFS is handling BitLicense.", "\n\nWhat do you think is coming out of the UK? ", "Comment below!", "\n\nImages from Shutterstock." ]

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[ "Association between germline variation in the FHIT gene and prostate cancer in Caucasians and African Americans.", "\nMany studies have established that loss of heterozygosity and/or altered expression of the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene is a common event in a number of tumor types including prostate carcinoma. ", "Encompassing the most active fragile site in the human genome, FRA3B, FHIT has become the model fragile site-associated tumor suppressor gene. ", "In a recent study, linkage and association between germline genetic variation in FHIT (specifically single nucleotide polymorphism rs760317) and prostate cancer were reported. ", "We sought to confirm this finding in two independent samples: (a) a family-based sample of 817 men with (n = 434) and without (n = 383) prostate cancer from 323 Caucasian families, and (b) a community-based case-control sample of African American men with (n = 133) and without (n = 342) prostate cancer. ", "Using a family-based association test, rs760317 was associated with prostate cancer in Caucasians (P = 0.031), with a reduction in the risk of prostate cancer among carriers of the minor allele (odds ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-1.04; P = 0.074). ", "African American carriers experienced a similar risk reduction (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.96; P = 0.032). ", "These results are remarkably consistent across ethnic samples but are in opposition to results from the original study, which showed an association between the minor allele of rs760317 and an increased risk of prostate cancer. ", "Taken together, the consistently significant but flipped association between single nucleotide polymorphism rs760317 and prostate cancer in three independent samples suggests that rs760317 may be in linkage disequilibrium with one or more prostate cancer susceptibility variants in or near FHIT." ]

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[ "Henri Konow\n\nHenri Konow (7 February 1862 – 18 January 1939) was a Danish naval officer, vice-admiral, and the last governor of the Danish West Indies, overseeing the transfer of administration to the United States of America following the Treaty of the Danish West Indies in 1916 under which the Kingdom of Denmark sold the islands now named the US Virgin Islands to the United States in exchange for US$25,000,000 in gold.", "\n\nEarly life\nHenri Konow was born on 7 February 1862 in Copenhagen, Denmark, the son of the diplomat and ship-owner Hans Jacob Hesselberg Konow and Ida Marie West.", "\n\nCareer\nKonow started his naval career in 1879 as a cadet in the Danish Navy, advancing to the rank of second lieutenant after 4 years on 30 August 1883. ", "He continued ascending through the naval ranks until becoming a vice-admiral in 1923, four years before his retirement. ", "Furthermore, he was made a knight of the Order of the Dannebrog on 28 October 1895; he gradually progressed through the ranks of the Order and was finally awarded the Grand Cross of the Order 1925.", "\n\nCommander with Grand Cross of the Royal Swedish Order of the Sword 1926 (Commander 1st Class 1922; Chevalier 2nd Class 1893).", "\n\nWorld War I\nBy World War I, Konow had advanced to commander, and was in charge of the Valkyrie, stationed at the Danish West Indies. ", "On 3 October 1916, he was named acting governor, to oversee the transfer of authority to the United States on 31 March 1917.", "\n\nEaster Crisis\nDuring the Easter Crisis of 1920, Konow was Foreign Minister and Defence Minister of Denmark in the Cabinet of Otto Liebe.", "\n\nPersonal life\nHe married Jacobine Cathrine Margrethe Worsaae on 21 October 1892 at the Church of Holmen in his native city, Copenhagen, Denmark. ", "In 1893, he published an autobiography.", "\n\nExternal links \n Biography at navalhistory.dk\n\nCategory:Danish admirals\nCategory:Governors of the Danish West Indies\nCategory:1862 births\nCategory:1939 deaths\nCategory:Danish Defence Ministers\nCategory:Foreign ministers of Denmark\nCategory:People from Copenhagen\nCategory:20th century in the Danish West Indies\nCategory:20th-century Danish politicians" ]

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[ "If it ever comes up, I do call Susan's number first - i get no anwser then I \ncall Steve." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to prevent enlarging JFormattedTextField for BoxLayout?", "\n\nI would like to have JFormattedTextField components in one column. ", "I don´t understand why this code causes to enlarge to maximum size.", "\n // Create the text fields and set them up.", "\n priemerKolesa = new JFormattedTextField(numberFormat);\n priemerOsi = new JFormattedTextField(numberFormat);\n hrubkaPlasta = new JFormattedTextField(numberFormat);\n hrubkaKolesa = new JFormattedTextField(numberFormat);\n hrubkaNavinu = new JFormattedTextField(numberFormat);\n hrubkaNavinu.setColumns(6);\n // Layout the text fields in a panel.", "\n JPanel fieldPane = new JPanel();\n fieldPane.setLayout(new BoxLayout(fieldPane, BoxLayout.", "Y_AXIS));\n fieldPane.add(priemerKolesa);\n fieldPane.add(priemerOsi);\n fieldPane.add(hrubkaPlasta);\n fieldPane.add(hrubkaKolesa);\n fieldPane.add(hrubkaNavinu);\n\nI want to have it in a nice stack, not expanded like this.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt seems that BoxLayout stretches components to fit the available space. ", "One way around that it to first put each component into a JPanel with FlowLayout (which will not stretch the components within) then add that panel to the container using BoxLayout. ", "E.G. in the form of an MCVE as mentioned above:\nimport java.awt.*;", "\nimport java.text.*;", "\nimport javax.swing.*;", "\nimport javax.swing.border.", "EmptyBorder;\n\npublic class BoxLayoutQuandary {\n\n private JComponent ui = null;\n\n BoxLayoutQuandary() {\n initUI();\n }\n\n public void initUI() {\n if (ui !", "= null) {\n return;\n }\n\n ui = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(4, 4));\n ui.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(4, 4, 4, 4));\n\n NumberFormat numberFormat = new DecimalFormat(\"##.#\");", "\n // Create the text fields and set them up.", "\n JFormattedTextField priemerKolesa = new JFormattedTextField(numberFormat);\n priemerKolesa.setColumns(8);\n JFormattedTextField hrubkaNavinu = new JFormattedTextField(numberFormat);\n hrubkaNavinu.setColumns(6);\n // Layout the text fields in a panel.", "\n JPanel fieldPane = new JPanel();\n fieldPane.setLayout(new BoxLayout(fieldPane, BoxLayout.", "Y_AXIS));\n ui.add(fieldPane);\n JPanel priemerKolesaPanel = new JPanel();\n priemerKolesaPanel.add(priemerKolesa);\n fieldPane.add(priemerKolesaPanel);\n JPanel hrubkaNavinuPanel = new JPanel();\n hrubkaNavinuPanel.add(hrubkaNavinu);\n fieldPane.add(hrubkaNavinuPanel);\n }\n\n public JComponent getUI() {\n return ui;\n }\n\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n Runnable r = new Runnable() {\n @Override\n public void run() {\n try {\n UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeelClassName());\n } catch (Exception useDefault) {\n }\n BoxLayoutQuandary o = new BoxLayoutQuandary();\n\n JFrame f = new JFrame(o.getClass().getSimpleName());\n f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.", "DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);\n f.setLocationByPlatform(true);\n\n f.setContentPane(o.getUI());\n f.pack();\n f.setMinimumSize(f.getSize());\n\n f.setVisible(true);\n }\n };\n SwingUtilities.invokeLater(r);\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I recognize aromatic rings in a connection table?", "\n\nGiven a connection table (that is, a list of atoms, their connectivities/bonds, and the type of bonds), how can I detect the presence of an aromatic ring?", "\nFor reference, the aromatic rings in the structure will always be depicted in Kekule form (alternating single and double bonds).", "\nIt is simple enough for me to use a cycle finding algorithm on the graph representing the bonds to find candidates. ", "The problem is now recognizing which of those rings can be aromatic.", "\nA naive approach for at least six-membered carbocyclic rings would be to check if the ring bonds alternate between single and double bonds. ", "But, the structures below would be problematic:\n\nwhere the center ring in phenanthrene and the six-membered ring in 2H-indene are decidedly aromatic, even if there is no complete alternation of single and double bonds. ", "If you try to check exocyclic double bonds, the leftmost structure could be a false positive.", "\nPointers to algorithms would be very much appreciated. ", "I am ignoring heterocyclics like thiophene or imidazole, or cations like tropylium for now, but if you know how to handle them too, it would be a nice bonus.", "\n\nI haven't gotten an adequate explanation of why people thought the question was \"too broad\"; thus, to restrict the question, here is a drastically short reformulation:\n\nGiven a connection table for a molecule that contains any number of six-membered rings (possibly fused, spiro, etc.) ", "and is represented in Kekule form, can one write an algorithm to determine which rings are aromatic and which are not? ", "Atomic coordinates are available if necessary.", "\n\nA:\n\nI will reiterate what I have written in a comment earlier, as of why I find this a bit problematic (especially for a cheminformatics approach).", "\nThere still is no clear cut definition of aromaticity, there even is an (at the time of writing) upcoming conference Aromaticity 2018 to get more clarity on the matter. ", "\nThere are a couple of questions on the site, where I have written an answer for which demonstrate the issue. ", "I don't want to be shamelessly promoting my own posts, but I also don't want to repeat myself. ", "I think one of the crucial examples is How to explain (non-/anti-) aromaticity in fulvene with the help of resonance structures?", "\nFrom examples like this, it seems clear that from structure and Kekule form alone it appears impossible to determine whether a ring has aromatic character or not. ", "Mithoron stated in the comments something quite categorical, which I find in its extend debatable; but I wouldn't want to dismiss it either:\n\nI wouldn't say 2H-indene is aromatic, much like 1,2-benzoquinone also isn't.", "\n\nTake the first as an example, it has a high C-H acidity (higher than indene), because the resulting structure would have a fully conjugated system very closely related to naphthalene. ", "This structure is undoubtedly more aromatic (handwavy, but if you could quantify it, it probably would), so any kind of structural diagram, yes/no-parameter would misrepresent that.", "\n\nGiven a connection table for a molecule that contains any number of six-membered rings (possibly fused, spiro, etc.) ", "and is represented in Kekule form, can one write an algorithm to determine which rings are aromatic and which are not? ", "Atomic coordinates are available if necessary.", "\n\nI'm afraid the answer to this question is no.", "\n\nWhat you could do, and where you'll probably be right many times is using the bond lengths as an indicator. ", "The bonds in such rings should all be very, very similar (maybe &pm10%), an given Pekka Pyykkö's data (pdf from his homepage) fall somewhere around 140 pm. ", "Couple that with the ring-finder and I would assume it's going to be close many times.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Help yourself to this set of free edit icons. ", "The free icon pack above is part of a much larger set of 1000+ icons, all free and available to download now. ", "Take a look at the full free icon library free icons." ]

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[ "require 'pharos/config'\n\ndescribe Pharos::Configuration::OsRelease do\n\nend" ]

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[ "musicista writes\"Ivan Bertolla is a composer/producer and arranger with a huge production library of music available for any purpose. ", "Also works on custom made requests. ", "Visit his website www.bertolla.com email ivan@bertolla.com tel 61 3 9432 0102 \"\n\nCarlieboy writes\"Carl Schubert Freelance Engineer with great studio contacts and ability to custom suit a recording package to suit the needs of the artist from a basic demo up to release quality recording. ", "I have lot of experience working with a wide range of musical genres and artists at all levels of success. ", "Contact me on 0408 520 084 carlieboy@hotmail.com Even for advice on the best way to go about your recording project... because if I am not the right person for your project I will happily be able to point you in the direction of some great engineers who will be able to help you.. \"\n\naMpT Under 18's Oct 04 will feature emo/screamo outfit \"Behind Crimson Eyes\". ", "Combining harsh screams with luscious melodies & driving rythms, this band evokes emotions that can go from one extreme to another in the space of the same song. ", "In similar vein to bands such as story of the year & matchbox Romance, this band lights the stage on fire each & every time they get the chance. ", "Behind Crimson Eyes have played along side some of our countries hottest bands including the likes of Gyroscope, I Killed the Prom Queen, One Dollar Short & More!", "\n\naMpT Under 18's featuring Behind Crimson Eyes, Singleton & Famous by Association will be held at the Somerville Mechanics Hall on Friday 1st October from 7pm- 10pm (doors open 6.30pm) Tickets will be available at the door on the night for $10. *", "Note: This event is a fully supervised drug & alcohol free event, with NO PASS OUTS!", "\n\nmusicista writes\"Music From Another Planet is based around the production music of Ivan Bertolla. ", "All styles of music are custom made for your products . ", "There is also a huge production music library available \"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to associate a project folder with a heroku app\n\nIn some of my heroku folders, if I type something like \"heroku logs\" it will say that I have to use the --app option to specify what app I'm talking about. ", "But in some folders, I can just type \"heroku logs\" and it automatically knows.", "\nHow does it know? ", "How can I associate a folder with an app?", "\n\nA:\n\nI believe this will happen if you have more than one Heroku remote. ", " You may have one for your development environment, and another for your production environment. ", " Run git remote -v to find out.", "\nThere's no way for the heroku command to know which app you mean to interrogate with a command in those circumstances, which is why it asks you.", "\nYou can explicitly tell it to default, in these circumstances. ", " \nSay you have this:\n$ git remote -v\nprod git@heroku.work:enter.git (fetch)\nprod git@heroku.work:enter.git (push)\nstaging git@heroku.work:enter-staging.git (push)\nstaging git@heroku.work:enter-staging.git (fetch)\n\nThen to make staging the default, you can do this:\n$ git config heroku.remote staging\n\n" ]

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[ "Introduction {#section1-2050312119835038}\n============\n\nPeripheral arterial disease (PAD) and *diabetes mellitus* are highly correlated. ", "Diabetes is considered one of the strongest risk factors, and the presence of symptomatic PAD among diabetic patients is an indicator of poor outcomes.^[@bibr1-2050312119835038]^ The most common clinical manifestation of PAD is claudication that worsens upon walking or activity. ", "In advanced stages, the PAD may manifest with resting limb pain and critical ischemia. ", "Most diabetic-like non-diabetic individuals suffering with PAD remain asymptomatic for years. ", "Therefore, the actual prevalence of the disease is not known.^[@bibr2-2050312119835038]^ It is estimated that about 27 million individuals in America and Europe have symptomatic PAD, and 20% of them have diabetes. ", "In diabetes, the PAD is more common with increasing age, the existence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and a longer duration of *diabetes mellitus*. ", "Diabetes commonly affects distal arteries (e.g. femoral, popliteal, and tibial arteries) rather than proximal iliac and aortoiliac vessels.^[@bibr3-2050312119835038],[@bibr4-2050312119835038]^\n\nThe prevalence and pathogenesis of PAD among diabetic patients is not well-established. ", "This is because many diabetic patients remain asymptomatic until advanced stages of limb ischemia when ulcers and gangrene evolve. ", "This is primarily attributed to the peripheral neuropathy associated with pain that masks the claudication pain of limb ischemia.^[@bibr4-2050312119835038]^ Diagnosis of PAD is often carried out on a clinical basis (claudication and absent peripheral pulsations). ", "However, these signs and symptoms may go mostly undetected, especially among diabetic patients. ", "Hence, a more accurate and easier bedside test for the diagnosis of PAD is ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement. ", "This article reviews the usefulness of ABI measurement for vascular disorders among diabetes individuals, its advantages, limitations, and fallacies.^[@bibr5-2050312119835038]^\n\nMethods {#section2-2050312119835038}\n=======\n\nTo write this review, a research was carried out on April 2017 via using the keywords by utilizing \"AND\" operator. ", "The search term included ankle-brachial index AND diabetic foot AND false readings OR interpretation OR limitations OR peripheral arterial disease on Google Scholar, PubMed website, and Cochrane library. ", "In the advanced research options, the time frame of publication was limited to the studies published in the past 15 years, and the title of the paper was adjusted to include at least two of the keywords as mentioned above.", "\n\n![](", "10.1177_2050312119835038-img1){#fig1-2050312119835038}\n\nPapers were selected according to their relevance to the topic reviewed in this research. ", "We examined the titles of the retrieved papers to manually choose the manuscripts closely related to our research question of review. ", "Among the articles meeting the inclusion criteria, we evaluated the abstract of each article to filter them further to include only those describing the details of the ABI use and limitations in patients with diabetic foot.", "\n\nResults and discussion {#section3-2050312119835038}\n======================\n\nABI usefulness in diabetic foot {#section4-2050312119835038}\n-------------------------------\n\nMeasurement of the ABI is a widely utilized test for the diagnosis of peripheral arterial insufficiency worldwide. ", "Despite its popularity, ease of use, reliability, and various other advantages, many practitioners are not fully aware of its limitations. ", "Furthermore, the ABI findings are often insufficient to describe the disease. ", "Therefore, this section aims to review the basis of ABI measurement, its advantages, limitations, and proper interpretation.", "\n\n### ABI measurement {#section5-2050312119835038}\n\nThe principle of ABI measurement to is to compare blood pressure in the lower extremities to central blood pressure. ", "This is conducted by comparing systolic blood pressure between the arm (which represents an approximation of the aortic central pressure) and lower limbs. ", "The ABI is calculated by measuring the systolic blood pressure via using a hand-held Doppler on the arms (at brachial artery) and legs (at posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries). ", "The patient is put into a supine position and allowed to rest for 10 min before starting the measurements. ", "Systolic blood pressure is measured at the brachial arteries on both arms using an appropriately sized sphygmomanometer cuff and hand-held Doppler, and the higher value is taken. ", "The same is applied to the lower extremities to measure the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery systolic blood pressure.", "\n\nBoth values are then divided over each other to get a ratio. ", "The formula for calculation of the ABI is\n\n$$ABI = \\frac{\\begin{array}{l}\n{Dorsalis\\ pedis\\lbrack or\\ posterior\\ tibial\\rbrack\\ } \\\\\n{\\mspace{58mu} systolic\\ blood\\ pressure} \\\\\n\\end{array}}{Brachial\\ systolic\\ blood\\ pressure}$$\n\nValues between 1.0 and 1.4 are considered normal according to the Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II).", "\n\nBorderline PAD is diagnosed when the ABI values are between 0.91 and 0.99. ", "A value below 0.9 indicates stenosis in the arteries between the ankle and the aorta. ", "Values below 0.4 indicate severe PAD, and values above 1.4 suggest calcified rigid and non-compressible arterial walls.^[@bibr6-2050312119835038]^\n\n### Basis of ABI test {#section6-2050312119835038}\n\nTheoretical basis for measuring the ABI is simple. ", "The test is based on the fact that, under normal circumstances, the systolic blood pressure in the lower extremities should be equal to the central systolic blood pressure in the aorta, as well as to the systolic blood pressure in the upper extremities. ", "This means that the ratio between the two values should be 1.0. ", "In cases of peripheral arterial stenosis or insufficiency, the systolic blood pressure in the lower extremities will be lower than the central or upper extremities' blood pressure. ", "Thus, the ratio will be less than 1.^[@bibr7-2050312119835038]^\n\nThis simple, non-invasive bedside test was proved later on by many researchers to have a high sensitivity and specificity. ", "Literature studies concluded that an ABI value of 0.9 or less is 100% sensitive and 95% specific to PAD.^[@bibr8-2050312119835038]^\n\n### Advantages and limitations of ABI measurement {#section7-2050312119835038}\n\nTo date, the ABI measurement is considered one of the most reliable tests for diagnosis of PAD. ", "Although many clinical criteria had been proposed for the diagnosis of PAD, none of them was found to be reliable.^[@bibr9-2050312119835038]^ This is attributed partly to a large number of patients with asymptomatic disease and partly due to the variety of clinical presentations of the disease. ", "Therefore, most of the clinical criteria have low sensitivity. ", "Thus, the ABI represents a reliable, simple, and easy-to-perform objective test to aid in confirming the diagnosis of peripheral arterial ischemia.", "\n\nHowever, some limitations exist that make the ABI measurement not a reliable tool for assessment of PAD on certain occasions. ", "Risk factors that lead to rigidity and atherosclerosis of the arterial vessels wall were identified to give false normals or even high ABI values.^[@bibr10-2050312119835038]^ These risk factors are probably the reason behind the variations in the literature when it comes to the ABI. ", "Although most of the researchers report ABI sensitivity above 90%, some studies report sensitivity as low as 38%.^[@bibr11-2050312119835038],[@bibr12-2050312119835038]^ This is probably attributed to the different sample characteristics and risk factors. ", "The significant risk factors that may lead to wrong ABI values are *diabetes mellitus*, old age, mild arterial stenosis, and distal stenosis. ", "The ABI values between 0.9 and 1.4 would be falsely considered as normal and could underestimate the prevalence of PAD, especially in patients with neuropathy, diabetic foot ulcers, or radiographic arterial calcification. ", "The next section will detail the ABI false readings in diabetes mellitus.^[@bibr10-2050312119835038]^\n\nInaccurate reading of ABI in diabetic foot {#section8-2050312119835038}\n------------------------------------------\n\n*Diabetes mellitus* is a systemic disease that is associated with grave macrovascular and microvascular complications. ", "This disease accelerates arteriopathy and atherosclerosis, and is associated with increased prevalence of PAD. ", "Although peripheral arterial ischemia is very common among diabetic patients, only one-third of them are symptomatic. ", "Furthermore, pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy mimics the painful claudication of PAD.^[@bibr13-2050312119835038]^ This makes the diagnosis of PAD difficult among patients with diabetes.", "\n\nDiabetes-associated PAD often affects the distal vessels such as dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial, and tibioperoneal arteries.^[@bibr14-2050312119835038]^ It is also usually associated with calcification of vascular tunica media which results in vessel stiffness and rigidity. ", "Tunica media calcification was reported to be more prevalent among diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy and hyperparathyroidism, suggesting a role of calcium metabolism disturbance in the occurrence of these vessel wall calcifications.^[@bibr15-2050312119835038]^ If left untreated, the PAD can lead to serious chronic limb ischemia and amputation. ", "Therefore, early identification of this disease among diabetic patients is critical. ", "To date, however, it remains a significant challenge for healthcare practitioners, partly due to the prevalence of asymptomatic disease and partly due to the masking of symptoms due to associated peripheral neuropathy. ", "Although ABI measurement is a reliable, non-invasive objective test for early diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease, its usefulness for diabetic patients is very limited. ", "Diabetes-associated atherosclerosis and vessel wall calcification result in false ABI results. ", "Diabetic patients with significant levels of peripheral arterial stenosis may reveal normal or even high values in ABI measurements.^[@bibr16-2050312119835038]^\n\nThe sensitivity and accuracy of ABI measurement differ among diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy and those without. ", "Toursarkissian,^[@bibr11-2050312119835038]^ in their study of diabetic patients with moderate PAD and no peripheral neuropathy, reported that an ABI \\< 0.9 had an 88% specificity and a 100% sensitivity. ", "Alnaeb et al.^[@bibr16-2050312119835038]^ reported similar results. ", "Contrarily, the sensitivity of ABI \\< 0.9 was significantly lower (with reported values between 35% and 73%) when assessing diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy or advanced vascular disease.^[@bibr11-2050312119835038],[@bibr17-2050312119835038]^ This low sensitivity is attributed to arterial wall calcification, and atherosclerotic changes that make the artery poorly compressible and subsequently high ABI values are acquired. ", "Similarly, ABI values above 1.4 are common among diabetic patients for the same reasons. ", "Hence, ABI measurement is of limited value in advanced states of peripheral arterial ischemia among patients with diabetes.", "\n\nIt is estimated that PAD occurs among more than 50% of diabetic patients who have peripheral neuropathy with ABI values between 0.9 and 1.3.^[@bibr18-2050312119835038]^ For those with ABI ⩾ 1.4, the prevalence of PAD reaches 85%.^[@bibr18-2050312119835038]^ Therefore, values below 0.9 and values above 1.4 are currently considered indicators of PAD among diabetic patients, mainly when peripheral neuropathy exists.", "\n\nTo improve the diagnostic yield and sensitivity of ABI measurement among diabetes, a number of issues were considered. ", "The threshold for the diagnosis of the PAD was suggested to be raised to 1 to 1.1.^[@bibr19-2050312119835038]^ Another suggestion was to use the lowest systolic pressure value measured at the ankle. ", "In addition, toe pressure was recommended to replace ankle pressure because it was found that tunica media calcification affects peripheral arteries at the level of the ankle more than those at the level of the toes.^[@bibr20-2050312119835038]^ Literature studies reported that toe pressure was 100% sensitive to detect PAD, whereas ankle pressure was only 53% sensitive.^[@bibr11-2050312119835038]^\n\nABI and prognosis in diabetes {#section9-2050312119835038}\n-----------------------------\n\nIf properly interpreted, the ABI can be used for the evaluation of vascular prognosis in diabetes.^[@bibr21-2050312119835038]^ Decreasing ABI over time is a poor prognostic indicator; it indicates progressive arterial stenosis and is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity as well as mortality.^[@bibr22-2050312119835038]^ There is a U-shaped association between ABI and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. ", "ABI \\< 0.9 was found to be associated with a 67% increase in the risk of cardiac death.^[@bibr23-2050312119835038]^ Similarly, ABI \\> 1.4 was associated with high cardiovascular mortality rates.^[@bibr24-2050312119835038]^ Furthermore, ABI \\< 0.9 was revealed to be a direct and independent risk factor for lower limb amputation among diabetic patients. ", "The ABIs \\< 0.9 and above 1.4 were significantly correlated with diabetic nephropathy, microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, and renal failure.^[@bibr25-2050312119835038],[@bibr26-2050312119835038]^ High ABI values (\\>1.4) were also found to be associated with diabetic neuropathy.^[@bibr27-2050312119835038]^ Data on the correlation between ABIs are still lacking. ", "However, it is suggested that ABI can be a reliable predictor of diabetic macrovascular and microvascular complications if properly measured, interpreted, and regularly followed-up.", "\n\nConclusion {#section10-2050312119835038}\n==========\n\nThe toe brachial index is considered as a method of choice by the clinicians for evaluating medial arterial calcification even among diabetic individuals based on their empirical usage. ", "Latest literature suggests that among diabetic individuals, the utility of this method is limited. ", "Although ABI measurement is a simple, objective, and reliable tool for diagnosis of PAD, its diagnostic sensitivity among diabetic patients is low. *", "Diabetes mellitus* results in atherosclerosis and calcification of peripheral arterial walls leading to false normal ABI values. ", "Therefore, healthcare practitioners should take caution when interpreting the results of ABI among diabetic patients. ", "ABI can be used for the diagnosis of PAD with some care and can also be a prognostic indicator of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.", "\n\nThe authors thank the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia for providing the resources and access needed in the completion of this work. ", "Furthermore, the corresponding author, a student in the Surgical Science Master program, thanks the University of Edinburgh for providing the online resources and journal access required to accomplish this work.", "\n\n**Declaration of conflicting interests:** The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.", "\n\n**Funding:** The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "/*\n * This file is part of Splice Machine.", "\n * Splice Machine is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the\n * GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either\n * version 3, or (at your option) any later version.", "\n * Splice Machine is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;\n * without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.", "\n * See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details.", "\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License along with Splice Machine.", "\n * If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.", "\n *\n * Some parts of this source code are based on Apache Derby, and the following notices apply to\n * Apache Derby:\n *\n * Apache Derby is a subproject of the Apache DB project, and is licensed under\n * the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"); you may not use these files\n * except in compliance with the License. ", "You may obtain a copy of the License at:\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed\n * under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR\n * CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ", "See the License for the\n * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.", "\n *\n * Splice Machine, Inc. has modified the Apache Derby code in this file.", "\n *\n * All such Splice Machine modifications are Copyright 2012 - 2020 Splice Machine, Inc.,\n * and are licensed to you under the GNU Affero General Public License.", "\n */\n\npackage com.splicemachine.db.mbeans.drda;\n\n/**\n * <p>\n * This is an MBean defining a JMX management and monitoring interface of \n * Derby's Network Server.</p>\n * <p>\n * This MBean is created and registered automatically at Network Server startup\n * if all requirements are met (J2SE 5.0 or better).</p>\n * <p>\n * Key properties for the registered MBean:</p>\n * <ul>\n * <li><code>type=NetworkServer</code></li>\n * <li><code>system=</code><em>runtime system identifier</em> (see \n * <a href=\"../package-summary.html#package_description\">description of \n * package com.splicemachine.db.mbeans</a>)</li>\n * </ul>\n * <p>\n * If a security manager is installed, accessing attributes and operations of\n * this MBean may require a <code>SystemPermission</code>; see individual method\n * documentation for details.</p>\n * <p>\n * For more information on Managed Beans, refer to the JMX specification.</p>\n *\n * @see com.splicemachine.db.drda.", "NetworkServerControl\n * @see com.splicemachine.db.security.", "SystemPermission\n * @see <a href=\"../package-summary.html\"><code>com.splicemachine.db.mbeans</code></a>\n */\npublic interface NetworkServerMBean {\n \n // ---\n // ----------------- MBean attributes ------------------------------------\n // ---\n \n // Commented setters because:\n // No attribute setting yet due to security concerns, see DERBY-1387.", "\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Gets the network interface address on which the Network Server is \n * listening. ", "This corresponds to the value of the \n * <code>db.drda.host</code> property.</p>\n * <p>\n * For example, the value \"<code>localhost</code>\" means that the \n * Network Server is listening on the local loopback interface only.", "\n * <p>\n * The special value \"<code>0.0.0.0</code>\" (IPv4 environments only)\n * represents the \"unspecified address\" - also known as the anylocal or \n * wildcard address. ", " In this context this means that the server is \n * listening on all network interfaces (and may thus be able to see \n * connections from both the local host as well as remote hosts, depending\n * on which network interfaces are available).</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"control\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the the network interface address on which the Network Server is \n * listening (<code>db.drda.host</code>)\n */\n String getDrdaHost();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Reports whether or not the Derby Network Server will send keepalive \n * probes and attempt to clean up connections for disconnected clients (the \n * value of the <code>db.drda.keepAlive</code> property).</p>\n * <p>\n * If <code>true</code>, a keepalive probe is sent to the client if a \"long \n * time\" (by default, more than two hours) passes with no other data being \n * sent or received. ", "This will detect and clean up connections for clients \n * on powered-off machines or clients that have disconnected unexpectedly.", "\n * </p>\n * <p>\n * If false, Derby will not attempt to clean up connections from\n * disconnected clients, and will not send keepalive probes.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @see <a href=\"http://db.apache.org/db/docs/dev/adminguide/radmindrdakeepalive.html\"><code>db.drda.keepAlive</code> documentation</a>\n * @return whether or not the Derby Network Server will send keepalive \n * probes and attempt to clean up connections for disconnected \n * clients (<code>db.drda.keepAlive</code>)\n */\n boolean getDrdaKeepAlive();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Reports the maximum number of client connection threads the Network \n * Server will allocate at any given time. ", "This corresponds to the \n * <code>db.drda.maxThreads</code> property.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n *\n * @return the maximum number of client connection threads the Network \n * Server will allocate at any given time \n * (<code>db.drda.maxThreads</code>)\n */\n int getDrdaMaxThreads();\n //public void setDrdaMaxThreads(int max) throws Exception;\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Gets the port number on which the Network Server is listening for client \n * connections. ", "This corresponds to the value of the \n * <code>db.drda.portNumber</code> Network Server setting.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"control\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the port number on which the Network Server is listening\n * for client connections.", "\n */\n int getDrdaPortNumber();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * The Derby security mechanism required by the Network Server for all \n * client connections. ", "This corresponds to the value of the \n * <code>db.drda.securityMechanism</code> property on the server.</p>\n * <p>\n * If not set, the empty String will be returned, which means that the \n * Network Server accepts any connection which uses a valid security \n * mechanism.</p>\n * <p>\n * For a list of valid security mechanisms, refer to the \n * documentation for the <code>db.drda.securityMechanism</code> property\n * in the <i>Derby Server and Administration Guide</i>.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"control\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the security mechanism required by the Network Server for all \n * client connections (<code>db.drda.securityMechanism</code>)\n */\n String getDrdaSecurityMechanism();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Reports whether client connections must be encrypted using Secure \n * Sockets Layer (SSL), and whether certificate based peer authentication \n * is enabled. ", "Refers to the <code>db.drda.sslMode</code> property.</p>\n * <p>\n * Peer authentication means that the other side of the SSL connection is \n * authenticated based on a trusted certificate installed locally.</p>\n * <p>\n * The value returned is one of \"<code>off</code>\" (no SSL encryption), \n * \"<code>basic</code>\" (SSL encryption, no peer authentication) and \n * \"<code>peerAuthentication</code>\" (SSL encryption and peer\n * authentication). ", "Refer to the <i>Derby Server and Administration \n * Guide</i> for more details.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"control\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return whether client connections must be encrypted using Secure \n * Sockets Layer (SSL), and whether certificate based peer \n * authentication is enabled (<code>db.drda.sslMode</code>)\n */\n String getDrdaSslMode();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * The size of the buffer used for streaming BLOB and CLOB from server to \n * client. ", "Refers to the <code>db.drda.streamOutBufferSize</code>\n * property.</p>\n * <p>\n * This setting may improve streaming performance when the default sizes of \n * packets being sent are significantly smaller than the maximum allowed \n * packet size in the network.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the size of the buffer used for streaming blob/clob from server \n * to client (<code>db.drda.streamOutBufferSize</code>)\n */\n int getDrdaStreamOutBufferSize();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * If the server property <code>db.drda.maxThreads</code> is set to a\n * non-zero value, this is the number of milliseconds that each client \n * connection will actively use in the Network Server before yielding to \n * another connection. ", "If this value is 0, a waiting connection will become\n * active once a currently active connection is closed.</p>\n * <p>\n * Refers to the <code>db.drda.timeSlice</code> server property.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n *\n * @return the number of milliseconds that each client connection will \n * actively use in the Network Server before yielding to \n * another connection (<code>db.drda.timeSlice</code>)\n * @see #getDrdaMaxThreads()\n */\n int getDrdaTimeSlice();\n //public void setDrdaTimeSlice(int timeSlice) throws Exception;\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Whether server-side tracing is enabled for all client connections \n * (sessions). ", "Refers to the <code>db.drda.traceAll</code> server\n * property.</p>\n * <p>\n * Tracing may for example be useful when providing technical support \n * information. ", "The Network Server also supports tracing for individual\n * connections (sessions), see the <i>Derby Server and Administration \n * Guide</i> (\"Controlling tracing by using the trace facility\") for \n * details.</p>\n * <p>\n * When tracing is enabled, tracing information from each client \n * connection will be written to a separate trace file.", "\n * </p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n *\n * @return whether tracing for all client connections is enabled\n * (<code>db.drda.traceAll</code>)\n * @see #getDrdaTraceDirectory()\n */\n boolean getDrdaTraceAll();\n //public void setDrdaTraceAll(boolean on) throws Exception;\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Indicates the location of tracing files on the server host, if server\n * tracing has been enabled.</p>\n * <p>\n * If the server setting <code>db.drda.traceDirectory</code> is set,\n * its value will be returned. ", "Otherwise, the Network Server's default \n * values will be taken into account when producing the result.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"control\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n *\n * @return the potential location of tracing files on the server host\n * @see #getDrdaTraceAll()\n */\n String getDrdaTraceDirectory();\n //public void setDrdaTraceDirectory(String dir) throws Exception;\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Gets the total number of current connections (waiting or active) to the\n * Network Server.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the number of current connections\n * @see #getActiveConnectionCount()\n * @see #getWaitingConnectionCount()\n */\n int getConnectionCount();\n\n /**\n * <p>\n * Gets the number of currently active connections. ", "All connections are \n * active if the DrdaMaxThreads attribute (<code>db.drda.maxThreads</code>\n * property) is 0.</p>\n * <p>\n * If DrdaMaxThreads is > 0 and DrdaTimeSlice is 0, connections remain \n * active until they are closed. ", "If there are more than DrdaMaxThreads \n * connections, inactive connections will be waiting for some active \n * connection to close. ", "The connection request will return when the \n * connection becomes active.</p>\n * <p>\n * If DrdaMaxThreads is > 0 and DrdaTimeSlice > 0, connections will be \n * alternating beetween active and waiting according to Derby's time \n * slicing algorithm.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the number of active connections\n * @see #getDrdaMaxThreads()\n * @see #getDrdaTimeSlice()\n * @see #getWaitingConnectionCount()\n */\n int getActiveConnectionCount();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Gets the number of currently waiting connections. ", "This number will always\n * be 0 if DrdaMaxThreads is 0. ", "Otherwise, if the total number of \n * connections is less than or equal to DrdaMaxThreads, then no connections\n * are waiting.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the number of waiting connections\n * @see #getActiveConnectionCount()\n * @see #getDrdaMaxThreads()\n * @see #getDrdaTimeSlice()\n */\n int getWaitingConnectionCount();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Get the size of the connection thread pool. ", "If DrdaMaxThreads \n * (<code>db.drda.maxThreads</code>) is set to a non-zero value, the size\n * of the thread pool will not exceed this value.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the size of the Network Server's connection thread pool\n * @see #getDrdaMaxThreads()\n */\n int getConnectionThreadPoolSize();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Gets the accumulated number of connections. ", "This includes all active and\n * waiting connections since the Network Server was started. ", "This number\n * will not decrease as long as the Network Server is running.</p>\n * <p>\n * Require <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the accumulated number of connections made since server startup\n */\n int getAccumulatedConnectionCount();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Gets the total number of bytes read by the server since it was started.", "\n * </p>\n * <p>\n * Require <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the total number of bytes received by the server\n */\n long getBytesReceived();\n \n /**\n * <p> \n * Gets the total number of bytes written by the server since it was \n * started.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the total number of bytes sent by the server\n */\n long getBytesSent();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Gets the number of bytes received per second by the Network \n * Server. ", "This number is calculated by taking into account the number of\n * bytes received since the last calculation (or since MBean startup if\n * it is the first time this attibute is being read).</p>\n * <p>\n * The shortest interval measured is 1 second. ", "This means that a new value\n * will not be calculated unless there has been at least 1 second since the\n * last calculation.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the number of bytes received per second\n */\n int getBytesReceivedPerSecond();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Gets the number of bytes sent per second by the Network Server. ", "\n * This number is calculated by taking into account the number of\n * bytes sent since the last calculation (or since MBean startup if\n * it is the first time this attibute is being read).</p>\n * <p> \n * The shortest interval measured is 1 second. ", "This means that a new value\n * will not be calculated unless there has been at least 1 second since the\n * last calculation.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the number of bytes sent per millisecond\n */\n int getBytesSentPerSecond();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Gets the start time of the network server. ", "The time is reported as\n * the number of milliseconds (ms) since Unix epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 \n * UTC), and corresponds to the value of \n * <code>java.lang.", "System#currentTimeMillis()</code> at the time the\n * Network Server was started.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the difference, measured in milliseconds, between the time the\n * Network Server was started and Unix epoch (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)\n * @see java.lang.", "System#currentTimeMillis()\n */\n long getStartTime();\n \n /**\n * <p>\n * Gets the time (in milliseconds) the Network Server has been running. ", "In\n * other words, the time passed since the server was started.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @return the difference, measured in milliseconds, between the current \n * time and the time the Network Server was started\n * @see #getStartTime()\n */\n long getUptime();\n \n \n \n // ---\n // ----------------- MBean operations ------------------------------------\n // ---\n\n /**\n * <p>\n * Executes the network server's <code>ping</code> command.", "\n * Returns without errors if the server was successfully pinged.</p>\n * <p>\n * Note that the <code>ping</code> command itself will be executed from the \n * network server instance that is actually running the server, and that the \n * result will be transferred via JMX to the JMX client invoking this\n * operation. ", "\n * This means that this operation will test network server connectivity \n * from the same host (machine) as the network server, as opposed to when \n * the <code>ping</code> command (or method) of \n * <code>NetworkServerControl</code> is executed from a remote machine.</p>\n * <p>\n * This operation requires the following permission to be granted to\n * the network server code base if a Java security manager is installed\n * in the server JVM:</p>\n * <codeblock>\n * <code>\n * permission java.net.", "SocketPermission \"*\", \"connect,resolve\";\n * </code>\n * </codeblock>\n * <p>The value <code>\"*\"</code> will allow connections from the network \n * server to any host and any port, and may be replaced with a more specific\n * value if so desired. ", "The required value will depend on the value of the\n * <code>-h</code> (or <code>db.drda.host</code>) (host) and\n * <code>-p</code> (or <code>db.drda.portNumber</code>) (port) settings\n * of the Network Server.</p>\n * <p>\n * Requires <code>SystemPermission(\"server\", \"monitor\")</code> if a security\n * manager is installed.</p>\n * \n * @throws java.lang.", "Exception if the ping attempt fails (an indication that\n * the network server is not running properly)\n * @see com.splicemachine.db.drda.", "NetworkServerControl#ping()\n * @see java.net.", "SocketPermission\n */\n void ping() throws Exception;\n \n // No other management operations yet due to security concerns, see \n // DERBY-1387 for details.", "\n \n}\n" ]

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[ "0 € / year Great for open source developers. ", "Flowhub service with access to public GitHub repositories. ", "Get started 10 € / month For professional software developers. ", "Full Flowhub access to public and…" ]

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[ "Max Boot, a Senior Fellow with the Council on Foreign Relations, says that President Donald Trump's rhetoric against the media may have empowered Saudi Arabia to believe they could go after those who disagree with them." ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright 2010-2017, Tarantool AUTHORS, please see AUTHORS file.", "\n *\n * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or\n * without modification, are permitted provided that the following\n * conditions are met:\n *\n * 1. ", "Redistributions of source code must retain the above\n * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the\n * following disclaimer.", "\n *\n * 2. ", "Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above\n * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following\n * disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials\n * provided with the distribution.", "\n *\n * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> ``AS IS'' AND\n * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED\n * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR\n * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL\n * <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,\n * INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL\n * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF\n * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR\n * BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\n * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF\n * THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF\n * SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n */\n\n/*\n * This file contains routines used to translate between UTF-8.", "\n *\n * Notes on UTF-8:\n *\n * Byte-0 Byte-1 Byte-2 Byte-3 Value\n * 0xxxxxxx 00000000 00000000 0xxxxxxx\n * 110yyyyy 10xxxxxx 00000000 00000yyy yyxxxxxx\n * 1110zzzz 10yyyyyy 10xxxxxx 00000000 zzzzyyyy yyxxxxxx\n * 11110uuu 10uuzzzz 10yyyyyy 10xxxxxx 000uuuuu zzzzyyyy yyxxxxxx\n *\n *\n */\n#include \"sqlInt.h\"\n\n/*\n * This lookup table is used to help decode the first byte of\n * a multi-byte UTF8 character.", "\n */\nstatic const unsigned char sqlUtf8Trans1[] = {\n\t0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,\n\t0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,\n\t0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,\n\t0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,\n\t0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,\n\t0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,\n\t0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,\n\t0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,\n};\n\nu32\nsqlUtf8Read(const unsigned char **pz\t/* Pointer to string from which to read char */\n )\n{\n\tunsigned int c;\n\n\t/* Same as READ_UTF8() above but without the zTerm parameter.", "\n\t * For this routine, we assume the UTF8 string is always zero-terminated.", "\n\t */\n\tc = *((*pz)++);\n\tif (c >= 0xc0) {\n\t\tc = sqlUtf8Trans1[c - 0xc0];\n\t\twhile ((*(*pz) & 0xc0) == 0x80) {\n\t\t\tc = (c << 6) + (0x3f & *((*pz)++));\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (c < 0x80\n\t\t || (c & 0xFFFFF800) == 0xD800\n\t\t || (c & 0xFFFFFFFE) == 0xFFFE) {\n\t\t\tc = 0xFFFD;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn c;\n}\n\nint\nsql_utf8_char_count(const unsigned char *str, int byte_len)\n{\n\tint symbol_count = 0;\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < byte_len;) {\n\t\tSQL_UTF8_FWD_1(str, i, byte_len);\n\t\tsymbol_count++;\n\t}\n\treturn symbol_count;\n}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs it possible for a JavaScript function to return its own function call as a string?", "\n\nIn JavaScript, is it possible for a function to return its own function call as a string?", "\nfunction getOwnFunctionCall(){\n //return the function call as a string, based on the parameters that are given to the function.", "\n}\n\nI want this function to simply return its own function call as a string (if it's even possible to do this):\nvar theString = getOwnFunctionCall(5, \"3\", /(a|b|c)/);\n//This function call should simply return the string \"getOwnFunctionCall(5, \\\"3\\\", \"\\/(a|b|c)\\/\")\".", "\n\nA:\n\nI put this one up on jsFiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/pGXgh/.\nfunction getOwnFunctionCall() {\n var result = \"getOwnFunctionCall(\";\n for (var i=0; i < arguments.length; i++) {\n var isString = (toString.call(arguments[i]) == '[object String]');\n var quote = (isString) ? \"\\\"\" : \"\";", "\n result += ((i > 0) ? \", \" : \"\");", "\n result += (quote + arguments[i] + quote);\n }\n return result + \")\";\n}\n\nalert(getOwnFunctionCall(5, \"3\", /(a|b|c)/));\n\nNote that this should work for your example, but still needs work for arbitrarily complex objects/JSON included as a parameter.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Sacramento, CA: Republican candidate Steven Cooley has conceded defeat to Democrat Kamala Harris in the state's prolonged race for Attorney General. ", "Cooley trails Harris by an estimated 50,000 votes. ", "According to California state law, all election votes must be counted and submitted to the Secretary of State's office by December 3, 2010.", "\n\nCooley, who had served as District Attorney for Los Angeles, gained only 39 percent of the vote in his home county.", "\n\nIn recent months, Cooley had threatened to prosecute area dispensaries that engaged in cash sales of medicinal cannabis, claiming that the facilities did not meet the legal definition of 'collectives' or 'not-for-profit' entities under the state's medical marijuana guidelines.", "\n\nSan Francisco District Attorney Kamala Harris has previously voiced support for protecting the legal rights of patients who use cannabis medicinally, stating, \"We will not prosecute people who use or sell marijuana for medicinal purposes.\"", "\n\nSteph Sherer, Director of Americans For Safe Access – which had campaigned against Cooley in the weeks prior to the election – called Harris an \"ally\" and said, \"A defeat for Steve Cooley is a tremendous victory for (medical marijuana) patients.\"" ]

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[ "Posted by crusadercob on August 20, 2012 at 3:00pmAugust - an important month for all us Leos for a variety of reasons. ", "This year, August marks what would have been Jerry Garcia’s 70th birthday. ", "It also marks the 17th anniversary of his untimely death. ", "Celebrations have been held in his honor. ", "That’s all righteous. ", "I couldn’t let the month go by without some words of tribute about Jerry’s playing of the instrument known as the Pedal Steel Guitar. ", "The musical legacy he left behind after his short but fertile time spent playing this guitar has been astonishingly overlooked. ", "The pedal steel guitar is that strange thing you sit down at, and it is often found in Nashville studios, played by guys on twangy country western songs. ", "In Garcia’s hands, though, it was an entirely different matter.", "In 1969 he was inspired to take up the instrument. ", "The pedal steel is a hard thing to play. ", "Real tough. ", "It’s complicated. ", "According to his friend and fellow pedal steel player Pete Grant “…he dove into the pedal steel like jumping into a swimming pool without even checking the water…” He didn’t take any lessons, he didn’t read any books - he just sat down and played. ", "At the time, he was living with Mountain Girl, and she said he immersed himself in the instrument, and would get up early every morning and play for hours.", "He began playing in coffee houses with his friend John ‘Marmaduke’ Dawson. ", "They were having so much fun that they decided to form a band, The New Riders of the Purple Sage. ", "Garcia only played the pedal steel guitar from 1969 - 1974. ", "Then he put it aside. ", "During this time, besides his work with the New Riders, and The Dead, he lent his playing talents to some of the top artists of the early seventies – most San Francisco based, and recording out of the Wally Heider Studio. ", "For all you guitar geeks, he played a ZB Custom D-10, and at the time of the Dead’s and New Riders last performances at the Fillmore, he played an Emmons D-10.Rolling Stone magazine ranks Jerry as the 13th greatest rock guitarist of all time. ", "Garcia wasn’t flashy, but his playing is always recognizable and identifiable. ", "It was unique, his tone always great, his licks authentic, playful, and masterful. ", "For me, these qualities especially hold true with his playing of the pedal steel. ", "No one has ever played the instrument like Jerry.", "Here is his pedal steel discography.", "Jefferson Airplane “Volunteers” 1969 ‘The Farm’Crosby Stills Nash & Young “Déjà Vu” 1970 ‘Teach Your Children’Grateful Dead “Workingman’s Dead” 1970 ‘High Time’ ‘Dire Wolf’Jefferson Starship “Blows Against the Empire” 1970 ‘Have You seen the Stars Tonight?’It’s a Beautiful Day “Marrying Maiden” 1970 ‘It Comes Right Down to You’Grateful Dead “American Beauty” 1970 ‘Candyman’ ‘Brokendown Palace’Brewer and Shipley “Tarkio” 1971 ‘Oh Mamma’David Crosby “If Only I could Remember My Name” 1971 ‘Laughing’ ‘What are Their Names’Graham Nash “Songs for Beginners” 1971 ‘I Used to be a King’ ‘Man in the Mirror’Stephen Stills “Stephen Stills2” 1971 ‘Change Partners’Bob Weir “Ace” 1972 ‘Looks Like Rain’Rowan Brothers “The Rowan Brothers” 1972 ‘Mama Don’t you Cry’Jerry Garcia “Garcia” 1972 ‘To Lay Me Down’ ‘The Wheel’ ‘Late for Supper’ ‘Spidergawd’Graham Nash and David Crosby “Nash/Crosby” 1972 ‘Southbound Train’Paul Pena “New Train” 1973 ‘Venutian Lady’Link Wray “Be What You Want To” 1973 ‘Tucson Arizona’ ‘All Cried Out’ ‘Riverbend’Paul Kantner, Grace Slick, David Freiberg “Baron Von TollBooth and the Chrome Nun” 1973 ‘YourMind Has Left Your Body’Of all the songs he played on, I’d like to amplify some of my faves. ", "Number one for me was ‘Laughing’ from David Crosby’s underrated solo album “If I Could Only Remember my Name.” ", "Garcia considered this his best work with the pedal steel. ", "It is. ", "It soars…a forlorn cry to a distant love.", "Steve Barncard was the recording engineer on that album. ", "Today, Barncard still views that Crosby album - and ‘Laughing’ in particular - as among his greatest achievements. “", "It stirs the soul. ", "Everything just fits together like a beautiful mosaic. ", "It's so satisfying from the first note. ", "Garcia’s playing is ethereal. ", "It truly sounds like it was beamed down from another galaxy. ", "That song is sacred.", "”Garcia’s most well known work with the pedal steel has to be ‘Teach Your Children’ by CSNY. ", "He had only been playing for a short time before recording this. ", "He played in exchange for harmony lessons, which he then parlayed into ‘Workingman’s Dead’ and ‘American Beauty.’ ", "What makes this song so catchy? ", "Sure, Graham Nash’s autobiographical lyrics make for great sing-a-long, but it is Jerry’s licks, and his accents on the pedal steel that make this song so sweet and unforgettable.", "Then came New Riders of the Purple Sage, and the white album cover with the saguaro cactus. ", "You can select any cut off this super fine LP. ", "The sonic quality of the recording on this album is absolutely phenomenal - worthy of the headphones for sure. ", "This is Garcia in peak form, where his playing continually shines through. ", "These songs provide a great example of how Jerry listened, and played to the lyrics…a real gift. ", "If you don’t have this CD in your collection, go buy it - 40 years later and still a beauty…timeless. ", "On the song ’Dirty Business’ Jerry wails on a fuzzed out pedal steel for 6 wild minutes.", "I always loved the first Jefferson Starship LP “Blows Against the Empire” a beautiful sci-fi psychedelic work. ", "Here Jerry drifts into space, and brings us along for a ride on ‘Have You Seen the Stars Tonight.’ ", "Captain Trips also sat in with the Jefferson Airplane on the LP “Volunteers” on the delightful song ‘The Farm.’ ", "Another Airplane side project “Baron Von Tollbooth and the Chrome Nun” contains the terrific track ‘Your Mind Has Left Your Body’ and Garcia takes us out into deep space yet again.", "His playing was not Nashville, he often made up his own tunings, but on the song ‘Dire Wolf,’ from “Workingman’s Dead” and on the cuts Brewer and Shipley’s ‘Oh Mommy’ and The Rowan Brothers’ ‘Mama Don’t You Cry’ he proves he can dial up the country sound if he had to.", "He did wonderful work with Graham Nash, Crosby and Nash, Stephen Sills, and Link Wray. ", "On Bob Weir’s LP “Ace” he makes us all cry on ‘Looks Like Rain.", "‘On Jerry’s first solo album, “Garcia,” he plays plenty of pedal steel, but absolutely startles and shines on ‘The Wheel.’ ", "It is mesmerizing, sparkling - so, so, so good - pure magic. ”…", "won’t you try just a little bit harder, couldn’t you try just a little bit more…”Nashville pedal steel players consider Garcia’s playing mediocre. ", "But sometimes, technical prowess doesn’t make for the best music. ", "Jerry Garcia was an improviser. ", "His playing was intuitive. ", "He was truly one of a kind. ", "He transcended this instrument and made listeners FEEL! ", "He took us to new frontiers, and he still takes us on auditory adventures every time he plucks a note on this instrument he spun into gold.", "And lastly, here would be my comp list for a nice little CD…Laughing 5:26 David Crosby If I Could Only Remember My Name....Teach Your Children 2:55 Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young Déjà VuGarden Of Eden 4:36 NRPS New Riders Of The Purple SagePortland Woman 3:40 NRPS New Riders Of The Purple SageAll I Ever Wanted 4:40 NRPS New Riders Of The Purple SageYour Mind Has Left Your Body 6:00 Kantner,Slick, Freiberg Baron VonHave You Seen 3:43 Jefferson Starship Blows Against The EmpireThe Farm 3:15 Jefferson Airplane VolunteersDire Wolf 3:15 Grateful Dead Workingman's DeadCandyman 6:14 Grateful Dead American BeautyChange Partners 3:16 Stephen Stills Stephen Stills 2I Used To Be A King 4:42 Graham Nash Songs For BeginnersMan In The Mirror 2:49 Graham Nash Songs For BeginnersLooks Like Rain 6:12 Bob Weir Weir HereTucson Arizona 4:43 Link Wray Be What You Want ToMama Don't You Cry 3:06 The Rowan Brothers Rowan BrothersOh Mommy 3:06 Brewer & Shipley The Best ofSouthbound Train 3:55 David Crosby/Graham NashTo Lay Me Down 6:19 Jerry Garcia GarciaThe Wheel 4:04 Jerry Garcia GarciaI would like you to really focus on the sounds that Jerry extracts from the pedal steel. ", "The instrument punches through on most of the tunes. ", "Close your eyes if you are able to listen while not driving. ", "Check out what he does underneath the lead singers, and be transported during the instrumental interludes. ", "Turn it up loud, pay attention to the fadeouts!", "\n\nThis post is made possible by the generous support of people like you and our sponsors:" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRight click in eclipse is not working?", "\n\nMy right click is not working in eclipse.", "I tried to work on servlet so i downloaded javaEE to work and used yesterday (Aug 13 2014) after i didn't used my eclipse which I am using regularly today i started working on the android in my regular eclipse.", "When i started working on the project my right click not working in package explorer. ", "Also in Window --> show view showing blank.", "\nThese are the different trials i have done.", "\nrestarting the eclipse.", "\nChange the work space.", "\nrestarted the computer.", "\nBut the problem is not solved.", "\n\nA:\n\nRestart Eclipse with a \"-clean\"\nOpen a command prompt (click Start, Run... enter \"cmd\"), then go to the directory where you have Eclipse installed with \"cd \", and then run \"eclipse -clean\".", "\n\n" ]

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[ "<?", "php\n\nnamespace Podlove\\Modules\\Social;\n\nuse Podlove\\Modules\\Social\\Model\\ContributorService;\nuse Podlove\\Modules\\Social\\Model\\Service;\nuse Podlove\\Repair;\n\nclass RepairSocial\n{\n public static function init()\n {\n add_action('podlove_repair_do_repair', [__CLASS__, 'fix_duplicate_services']);\n add_action('podlove_repair_do_repair', [__CLASS__, 'fix_missing_services']);\n add_filter('podlove_repair_descriptions', [__CLASS__, 'description']);\n }\n\n public static function description($descriptions)\n {\n return array_merge($descriptions, ['<strong>removes duplicate services</strong> if you have any']);\n }\n\n public static function fix_missing_services()\n {\n $count_before = Service::count();\n Social::build_missing_services();\n $count_after = Service::count();\n\n if ($count_before < $count_after) {\n Repair::add_to_repair_log(\n sprintf(\n __('Added %d missing social services', 'podlove-podcasting-plugin-for-wordpress'),\n $count_after - $count_before\n )\n );\n }\n }\n\n public static function fix_duplicate_services()\n {\n global $wpdb;\n\n $services = self::find_duplicate_services();\n\n if (!", "is_array($services) || empty($services)) {\n Repair::add_to_repair_log(__('Services did not need repair', 'podlove-podcasting-plugin-for-wordpress'));\n\n return;\n }\n\n foreach ($services as $service) {\n // update contributor services\n $sql = 'UPDATE '.ContributorService::table_name().' ", "SET service_id = '.$service['id'].' ", "WHERE service_id IN (\n\t\t\t\tSELECT id FROM '.Service::table_name().' ", "WHERE `type` = \"'.$service['type'].'\"", "\n\t\t\t)';\n $wpdb->query($sql);\n\n // update show services\n $sql = 'UPDATE '.Model\\ShowService::table_name().' ", "SET service_id = '.$service['id'].' ", "WHERE service_id IN (\n\t\t\t\tSELECT id FROM '.Service::table_name().' ", "WHERE `type` = \"'.$service['type'].'\"", "\n\t\t\t)';\n $wpdb->query($sql);\n\n // delete obsolete services\n $sql = 'DELETE FROM '.Service::table_name().' ", "WHERE id !", "= '.$service['id'].' ", "AND `type` = \"'.$service['type'].'\"';", "\n $wpdb->query($sql);\n }\n\n Repair::add_to_repair_log(\n sprintf(\n __('Consolidated duplicate services (%s)', 'podlove-podcasting-plugin-for-wordpress'),\n implode(', ', array_map(function ($s) {\n return $s['type'];\n }, $services))\n )\n );\n }\n\n private static function find_duplicate_services()\n {\n global $wpdb;\n\n $sql = 'SELECT id, `type`, COUNT(*) cnt FROM '.Service::table_name().' ", "GROUP BY `type`, `category` HAVING cnt > 1';\n\n return $wpdb->get_results($sql, ARRAY_A);\n }\n}\n" ]

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