Instruction: Give me a list of the dog breeds

Input: This list of dog breeds includes both extant and extinct dog breeds, varieties and types. A research article on dog genomics published in Science/AAAS defines modern dog breeds as "a recent invention defined by conformation to a physical ideal and purity of lineage".

Output:
Affenpinscher
Afghan Hound
Africanis
Aidi
Airedale Terrier
Akbash
Akita
Aksaray Malaklisi
Alano Español
Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog
Alaskan Husky
Alaskan Klee Kai
Alaskan Malamute
Alopekis
Alpine Dachsbracke
American Bulldog
American Bully
American Cocker Spaniel
American English Coonhound
American Eskimo Dog
American Foxhound
American Hairless Terrier
American Leopard Hound
American Pit Bull Terrier
American Staffordshire Terrier
American Water Spaniel
Anglo-Français de Petite Vénerie
Appenzeller Sennenhund
Ariège Pointer
Ariegeois
Armant
Armenian Gampr
Artois Hound
Assyrian Mastiff
Australian Cattle Dog
Australian Kelpie
Australian Shepherd
Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog
Australian Terrier
Austrian Black and Tan Hound
Austrian Pinscher
Azawakh
Bắc Hà dog
Bakharwal dog
Banjara Hound
Bankhar Dog
Barak hound
Barbado da Terceira
Barbet
Basenji
Basque Shepherd Dog
Basset Artésien Normand
Basset Bleu de Gascogne
Basset Fauve de Bretagne
Basset Hound
Bavarian Mountain Hound
Beagle
Beagle-Harrier
Bearded Collie
Beauceron
Bedlington Terrier
Belgian Shepherd
Bergamasco Shepherd
Berger Picard
Bernese Mountain Dog
Bichon Frisé
Billy
Black and Tan Coonhound
Black Norwegian Elkhound
Black Russian Terrier
Black Mouth Cur
Bloodhound
Blue Lacy
Blue Picardy Spaniel
Bluetick Coonhound
Boerboel
Bohemian Shepherd
Bolognese
Border Collie
Border Terrier
Borzoi
Boston Terrier
Bouvier des Ardennes
Bouvier des Flandres
Boxer
Boykin Spaniel
Bracco Italiano
Braque d'Auvergne
Braque du Bourbonnais
Braque Français
Braque Saint-Germain
Briard
Briquet Griffon Vendéen
Brittany
Broholmer
Bruno Jura Hound
Brussels Griffon
Bucovina Shepherd Dog
Bull Arab
Bull Terrier
Bulldog
Bullmastiff
Bully Kutta
Burgos Pointer
Ca Mè Mallorquí
Ca de Bou
Cairn Terrier
Calupoh
Campeiro Bulldog
Can de Chira
Can de Palleiro
Canaan Dog
Canadian Eskimo Dog
Cane Corso
Cane di Oropa
Cane Paratore
Cantabrian Water Dog
Cão da Serra de Aires
Cão de Castro Laboreiro
Cão de Gado Transmontano
Cão Fila de São Miguel
Cardigan Welsh Corgi
Carea Castellano Manchego
Carea Leonés
Carolina Dog
Carpathian Shepherd Dog
Catahoula Leopard Dog
Catalan Sheepdog
Caucasian Shepherd Dog
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Central Asian Shepherd Dog
Cesky Fousek
Cesky Terrier
Chesapeake Bay Retriever
Chien Français Blanc et Noir
Chien Français Blanc et Orange
Chien Français Tricolore
Chihuahua
Chilean Terrier
Chinese Crested Dog
Chinook
Chippiparai
Chongqing dog
Chortai
Chow Chow
Chukotka sled dog
Cimarrón Uruguayo
Cirneco dell'Etna
Clumber Spaniel
Colombian fino hound
Continental bulldog
Coton de Tuléar
Cretan Hound
Croatian Sheepdog
Curly-Coated Retriever
Cursinu
Czechoslovakian Wolfdog
D–K
Dachshund
Dalmatian
Dandie Dinmont Terrier
Danish Spitz
Danish-Swedish Farmdog
Denmark Feist
Dingo [note 1]
Dobermann
Dogo Argentino
Dogo Guatemalteco
Dogo Sardesco
Dogue Brasileiro
Dogue de Bordeaux
Donggyeongi
Drentse Patrijshond
Drever
Dunker
Dutch Shepherd
Dutch Smoushond
East Siberian Laika
East European Shepherd
Ecuadorian Hairless Dog
English Cocker Spaniel
English Foxhound
English Mastiff
English Setter
English Shepherd
English Springer Spaniel
English Toy Terrier (Black & Tan)
Entlebucher Mountain Dog
Estonian Hound
Estrela Mountain Dog
Eurasier
Field Spaniel
Fila Brasileiro
Finnish Hound
Finnish Lapphund
Finnish Spitz
Flat-Coated Retriever
French Bulldog
French Spaniel
Galgo Español
Garafian Shepherd
Gascon Saintongeois
Georgian Shepherd
German Hound
German Longhaired Pointer
German Pinscher
German Roughhaired Pointer
German Shepherd
German Shorthaired Pointer
German Spaniel
German Spitz
German Wirehaired Pointer
Giant Schnauzer
Glen of Imaal Terrier
Golden Retriever
Gończy Polski
Gordon Setter
Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Noir
Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Orange
Grand Anglo-Français Tricolore
Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen
Grand Bleu de Gascogne
Grand Griffon Vendéen
Great Dane
Greater Swiss Mountain Dog
Greek Harehound
Greek Shepherd
Greenland Dog
Greyhound
Griffon Bleu de Gascogne
Griffon Fauve de Bretagne
Griffon Nivernais
Gull Dong
Gull Terrier
Hällefors Elkhound
Halden Hound
Hamiltonstövare
Hanover Hound
Harrier
Havanese
Himalayan Sheepdog
Hierran Wolfdog
Hmong bobtail dog
Hokkaido
Hovawart
Huntaway
Hygen Hound
Ibizan Hound
Icelandic Sheepdog
Indian pariah dog
Indian Spitz
Irish Red and White Setter
Irish Setter
Irish Terrier
Irish Water Spaniel
Irish Wolfhound
Istrian Coarse-haired Hound
Istrian Shorthaired Hound
Italian Greyhound
Jack Russell Terrier
Jagdterrier
Jämthund
Japanese Chin
Japanese Spitz
Japanese Terrier
Jindo
Jonangi
Kai Ken
Kaikadi
Kangal Shepherd Dog
Kanni
Karakachan dog
Karelian Bear Dog
Kars
Karst Shepherd
Keeshond
Kerry Beagle
Kerry Blue Terrier
Khala
King Charles Spaniel
King Shepherd
Kintamani
Kishu
Kokoni
Kombai
Komondor
Kooikerhondje
Koolie
Koyun dog
Kromfohrländer
Kuchi
Kunming dog
Kurdish Mastiff
Kuvasz
L–R
Labrador Retriever
Lagotto Romagnolo
Lakeland Terrier
Lancashire Heeler
Landseer
Lapponian Herder
Large Münsterländer
Leonberger
Levriero Sardo
Lhasa Apso
Liangshan Dog
Lithuanian Hound
Lobito Herreño
Löwchen
Lupo Italiano
Mackenzie River husky
Magyar agár
Mahratta Greyhound
Maltese
Manchester Terrier
Maneto
Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog
McNab dog
Miniature American Shepherd
Miniature Bull Terrier
Miniature Fox Terrier
Miniature Pinscher
Miniature Schnauzer
Molossus of Epirus
Mongrel
Montenegrin Mountain Hound
Mountain Cur
Mountain Feist
Mucuchies
Mudhol Hound
Mudi
Neapolitan Mastiff
Nenets Herding Laika
New Guinea singing dog
New Zealand Heading Dog
Newfoundland
Norfolk Terrier
Norrbottenspets
Northern Inuit Dog
Norwegian Buhund
Norwegian Elkhound
Norwegian Lundehund
Norwich Terrier
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever
Old Danish Pointer
Old English Sheepdog
Old English Terrier
Olde English Bulldogge
Otterhound
Pachon Navarro
Pampas Deerhound
Papillon
Parson Russell Terrier
Pastore della Lessinia e del Lagorai
Patagonian Sheepdog
Patterdale Terrier
Pekingese
Pembroke Welsh Corgi
Perro Majorero
Perro de Pastor Mallorquin
Perro de Presa Canario
Perro de Presa Mallorquin
Peruvian Inca Orchid
Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen
Petit Bleu de Gascogne
Phalène
Pharaoh Hound
Phu Quoc Ridgeback
Picardy Spaniel
Plummer Terrier
Plott Hound
Podenco Andaluz
Podenco Canario
Podenco Valenciano
Pointer
Poitevin
Polish Greyhound
Polish Hound
Polish Lowland Sheepdog
Polish Tatra Sheepdog
Pomeranian
Pont-Audemer Spaniel
Poodle
Porcelaine
Portuguese Podengo
Portuguese Pointer
Portuguese Water Dog
Posavac Hound
Pražský Krysařík
Pudelpointer
Pug
Puli
Pumi
Pungsan dog
Pyrenean Mastiff
Pyrenean Mountain Dog
Pyrenean Sheepdog
Rafeiro do Alentejo
Rajapalayam
Rampur Greyhound
Rat Terrier
Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz
Ratonero Mallorquin
Ratonero Murciano
Ratonero Valenciano
Redbone Coonhound
Rhodesian Ridgeback
Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog
Romanian Raven Shepherd Dog
Rottweiler
Rough Collie
Russian Spaniel
Russian Toy
Russo-European Laika
Ryukyu Inu
S–Z
Saarloos Wolfdog
Sabueso Español
Saint Bernard
Saint Hubert Jura Hound
Saint Miguel Cattle Dog
Saint-Usuge Spaniel
Saluki
Samoyed
Sapsali
Sarabi dog
Sardinian Shepherd Dog
Šarplaninac
Schapendoes
Schillerstövare
Schipperke
Schweizer Laufhund
Schweizerischer Niederlaufhund
Scottish Deerhound
Scottish Terrier
Sealyham Terrier
Segugio dell'Appennino
Segugio Italiano
Segugio Maremmano
Serbian Hound
Serbian Tricolour Hound
Serrano Bulldog
Shar Pei
Shetland Sheepdog
Shiba Inu
Shih Tzu
Shikoku
Shiloh Shepherd
Siberian Husky
Silken Windhound
Silky Terrier
Sinhala Hound
Skye Terrier
Sloughi
Slovakian Wirehaired Pointer
Slovenský Cuvac
Slovenský Kopov
Smalandstövare
Small Greek domestic dog
Small Münsterländer
Smithfield
Smooth Collie
Smooth Fox Terrier
Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier
South Russian Ovcharka
Spanish Mastiff
Spanish Water Dog
Spino degli Iblei
Spinone Italiano
Sporting Lucas Terrier
Stabyhoun
Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Standard Schnauzer
Stephens Stock
Styrian Coarse-haired Hound
Sussex Spaniel
Swedish Lapphund
Swedish Vallhund
Swinford Bandog
Taigan
Taiwan Dog
Tamaskan Dog
Tang Dog
Tazy
Teddy Roosevelt Terrier
Telomian
Tenterfield Terrier
Terrier Brasileiro
Thai Bangkaew Dog
Thai Ridgeback
Tibetan Kyi Apso
Tibetan Mastiff
Tibetan Spaniel
Tibetan Terrier
Tonya Finosu
Torkuz
Tornjak
Tosa Inu
Toy Fox Terrier
Toy Manchester Terrier
Transylvanian Hound
Treeing Cur
Treeing Feist
Treeing Tennessee Brindle
Treeing Walker Coonhound
Trigg Hound
Tyrolean Hound
Vikhan
Villano de Las Encartaciones
Villanuco de Las Encartaciones
Vizsla
Volpino Italiano
Weimaraner
Welsh Hound
Welsh Sheepdog
Welsh Springer Spaniel
Welsh Terrier
West Country Harrier
West Highland White Terrier
West Siberian Laika
Westphalian Dachsbracke
Wetterhoun
Whippet
White Shepherd
White Swiss Shepherd Dog
Wire Fox Terrier
Wirehaired Pointing Griffon
Wirehaired Vizsla
Xiasi Dog
Xoloitzcuintle
Yakutian Laika
Yorkshire Terrier
Zerdava


Instruction: Without quoting directly from the text give me a summary of Brendon Smalls career

Input:
Brendon Small (born February 15, 1975) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, animator, writer, director, producer, and musician known for co-creating the animated series Home Movies (1999–2004, with Loren Bouchard) and Metalocalypse (2006–13, with Tommy Blacha). He also writes the music, and is the main performer for the virtual melodic death metal band Dethklok, which began as the subject of Metalocalypse but has taken on a life of its own, with four albums and an occasional live touring band, headed by Small. Small has also released two albums under his own name, in a similar musical style to Dethklok.

Small was born in Illinois in 1975. He moved to California as a child. Small started learning guitar at the age of 14 after a kid in his neighborhood began teaching him about guitar and music. At his first public performance, his hands shook so wildly that he had trouble controlling the guitar. It would be another ten years before he was comfortable performing in public. He graduated from Palma High School in Salinas, California. He graduated from Berklee College of Music in 1997. During his music studies, he took several writing and comedy classes at Emerson College. After graduating, he felt that the rock music genre was fading in popularity, so decided to try his hand at stand-up comedy.

Output: Brendon Small is a  stand-up comedian, Creator of TV shows and Movies, and musician.


Instruction: Summarize the lay out of the Jardins du Château Val Joanis

Input:
The Jardins du Château Val Joanis are gardens which belong to the Château Val Joanis winery, located west of the town of Pertuis in the Vaucluse Department of France. The gardens are inspired by the 17th century bastide, or Provençal manor, which stands on the site. They are private but open to the public, and are classified by the French Ministry of Culture among the Remarkable Gardens of France.

History
The Chateau is built on the site of an ancient Roman villa, some of whose stones today decorate the garden. The building is decorated with the coat of arms of Jean de Joanis, the secretary of the King Louis III of Naples. The estate was occupied by the Arnaud family, who kept it until the 17th century. In 1754, the estate was given the status of a fief. The house and estate fell into ruins during the 19th century. It was purchased in 1977 by Jean-Louis Chancel. Between 1979 and 1999, he planted 186 hectares of vines. He also commissioned the architect Jean-Jacques Pichoux to build a modern winery building, inspired by the architectural style of the Dominican Order.

In 1978, Cécile Chancel decided to build a garden in the style of a 17th-century kitchen garden. She had terraces dug on the hillside next to the vineyards, researched different garden styles, and, with the assistance of landscape gardener Tobie Loup de Vian, began building. The garden reached its present form by 1990. It was classified as a Remarkable Garden of France in 2005.
Description
The gardens are laid out on three terraces:

The upper terrace is a kitchen garden and flower garden, featuring lavender cut into spheres, squash, salad plants, fennel, and aromatic plants and herbs. Different varieties of tomatoes are grown on bamboo frames, and there are pyramids of ivy and hops (Humulus lupulus).

The middle terrace features flowers, particularly roses. The paths are bordered with Iris × germanica and with yew trees trimmed into cones.

The lower terrace features fruit trees, particularly old varieties of apples and pears. The garden also has a garden of herbs, a collection of asters, and boxwood hedges trimmed in ornamental forms.

An arbor or pergola covered with climbing roses and trumpet creeper (Campsis) climbs the hill and joins the three terraces.

Tables and seats are placed at scenic spots with views of the garden and the vineyards beyond. The best times to visit the garden are June and July for the flowers, or September for the change of colors of the vineyards and trees.

Output:
The Jardins du Château Val Joanis are separated into the following three terraces:
- The upper terrace, with a kitchen and flower garden
- The middle terrace, featuring flowers
- The lower terrace, featuring fruit trees


Instruction: Would you like to try some Bánh Xèo, a popular Vietnamese disk?

Input: Bánh xèo (Vietnamese: [ɓǎjŋ̟ sɛ̂w], lit. 'sizzling pancake') is a crispy, stuffed rice pancake popular in Vietnam. The name refers to the sound (from xèo – 'sizzling') a thin layer of rice batter makes when it is poured into the hot skillet. It is a savoury fried pancake made of rice flour, water, and turmeric powder. It can also be called a Vietnamese crêpe. Some common stuffings include pork, prawns, diced green onion, mung bean, and bean sprouts. Bánh xèo served with sides. Usually, some commonly added ingredients include leafy greens like lettuces or perilla leaves, other herbs as flavor enhancers like mint leaves and Thai basil, cucumbers, and pickled vegetables, usually carrots and radishes. Lastly, its dipping sauce is Nước chấm (sweet and sour garlic fish sauce). Elements of each side and sauce add to the fresh-tasting fried Bánh Xèo.

Output: Bánh xèo is my favorite quickie food. It's light, but full of flavors.


Instruction: Give me a summary about Michael Jackson

Input:
Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture. Jackson influenced artists across many music genres; through stage and video performances, he popularized complicated dance moves such as the moonwalk, to which he gave the name, as well as the robot.

The eighth child of the Jackson family, Jackson made his public debut in 1964 with his older brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5 (later known as the Jacksons). Jackson began his solo career in 1971 while at Motown Records. He became a solo star with his 1979 album Off the Wall. His music videos, including those for "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller" from his 1982 album Thriller, are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an artform and promotional tool. He helped propel the success of MTV and continued to innovate with videos for the albums Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995), and Invincible (2001). Thriller became the best-selling album of all time, while Bad was the first album to produce five US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles.[nb 1]

Output:
Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture. Jackson influenced artists across many music genres; through stage and video performances, he popularized complicated dance moves such as the moonwalk, to which he gave the name, as well as the robot.

The eighth child of the Jackson family, Jackson made his public debut in 1964 with his older brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5 (later known as the Jacksons). Jackson began his solo career in 1971 while at Motown Records. He became a solo star with his 1979 album Off the Wall. His music videos, including those for "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller" from his 1982 album Thriller, are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an artform and promotional tool. He helped propel the success of MTV and continued to innovate with videos for the albums Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995), and Invincible (2001). Thriller became the best-selling album of all time, while Bad was the first album to produce five US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles.


Instruction: Give me a summary of how the citric acid cycle works

Input:
The citric acid cycle (CAC)—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The Krebs cycle is used by organisms that respire (as opposed to organisms that ferment) to generate energy, either by anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, that are used in numerous other reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest components of metabolism and may have originated abiogenically. Even though it is branded as a 'cycle', it is not necessary for metabolites to follow only one specific route; at least three alternative segments of the citric acid cycle have been recognized.

The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from the citric acid (a tricarboxylic acid, often called citrate, as the ionized form predominates at biological pH) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. The cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, releasing carbon dioxide. The NADH generated by the citric acid cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.

In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, which lack mitochondria, the citric acid cycle reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

For each pyruvate molecule (from glycolysis), the overall yield of energy-containing compounds from the citric acid cycle is three NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP.

Output: The citric acid cycle is used by organisms to generate energy. This is achieved through a series of chemical reactions that occur in mitochondria to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.


Instruction: Using examples taken from the paragraph, provide the major risks to humans with climate change in a short bulleted list

Input:
The effects of climate change are impacting humans everywhere in the world. Impacts can now be observed on all continents and ocean regions, with low-latitude, less developed areas facing the greatest risk. Continued warming has potentially “severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts” for people and ecosystems. The risks are unevenly distributed, but are generally greater for disadvantaged people in developing and developed countries.

The WHO has classified climate change as the greatest threat to global health in the 21st century. Extreme weather leads to injury and loss of life, and crop failures to undernutrition. Various infectious diseases are more easily transmitted in a warmer climate, such as dengue fever and malaria. Young children are the most vulnerable to food shortages. Both children and older people are vulnerable to extreme heat. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that between 2030 and 2050, climate change would cause around 250,000 additional deaths per year. They assessed deaths from heat exposure in elderly people, increases in diarrhea, malaria, dengue, coastal flooding, and childhood undernutrition. Over 500,000 more adult deaths are projected yearly by 2050 due to reductions in food availability and quality. By 2100, 50% to 75% of the global population may face climate conditions that are life-threatening due to combined effects of extreme heat and humidity.

Climate change is affecting food security. It has caused reduction in global yields of maize, wheat, and soybeans between 1981 and 2010. Future warming could further reduce global yields of major crops. Crop production will probably be negatively affected in low-latitude countries, while effects at northern latitudes may be positive or negative. Up to an additional 183 million people worldwide, particularly those with lower incomes, are at risk of hunger as a consequence of these impacts. Climate change also impacts fish populations. Globally, less will be available to be fished. Regions dependent on glacier water, regions that are already dry, and small islands have a higher risk of water stress due to climate change.

Economic damages due to climate change may be severe and there is a chance of disastrous consequences. Climate change has likely already increased global economic inequality, and this trend is projected to continue. Most of the severe impacts are expected in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the local inhabitants are dependent upon natural and agricultural resources and South-East Asia. The World Bank estimates that climate change could drive over 120 million people into poverty by 2030.

Current inequalities based on wealth and social status have worsened due to climate change. Major difficulties in mitigating, adapting, and recovering to climate shocks are faced by marginalized people who have less control over resources. Indigenous people, who are subsistent on their land and ecosystems, will face endangerment to their wellness and lifestyles due to climate change. An expert elicitation concluded that the role of climate change in armed conflict has been small compared to factors such as socio-economic inequality and state capabilities.

Low-lying islands and coastal communities are threatened by sea level rise, which makes flooding more common. Sometimes, land is permanently lost to the sea. This could lead to statelessness for people in island nations, such as the Maldives and Tuvalu. In some regions, the rise in temperature and humidity may be too severe for humans to adapt to. With worst-case climate change, models project that almost one-third of humanity might live in extremely hot and uninhabitable climates, similar to the current climate found in the Sahara. These factors can drive environmental migration, both within and between countries. More people are expected to be displaced because of sea level rise, extreme weather and conflict from increased competition over natural resources. Climate change may also increase vulnerability, leading to "trapped populations" who are not able to move due to a lack of resources.

Output:
- Major threat to global health due to extreme weather, crop shortages, and increases in infectious diseases (more easily transmitted in warmer weather)

- Effects to food security due to crop yield reduction and impacts to fish population

- Economic damages from adverse weather events and dislocations on natural and agricultural resources

- Increases in wealth and socioeconomic inequalities as climate change impacts marginalized populations who depend on land and associated ecosystems


Instruction: what is Asia

Input: Asia (/ˈeɪʒə/ (listen), also UK: /ˈeɪʃə/) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometers, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area.

Output: Asia (/ˈeɪʒə/ (listen), also UK: /ˈeɪʃə/) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometers, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Its 4.7 billion people constitute roughly 60% of the world's population, having more people than all other continents combined.


Instruction: Can you give me a summary of the story of the Vidhivilasa movie?

Input: Vidhivilasa is a 1962 Kannada language swashbuckler film directed by S. V. Mahesh. The film stars Rajkumar, Leelavathi and K. S. Ashwath. The film is based on the story of a King who confronts destiny (fate), which appears to him in the form of a young lady, by challenging it on how he would die. The King tries in vain all means at his disposal to prevent events that destiny foretold would happen. Finally, destiny wins, employing a twisted turn of events. The film has musical score by T. Padman. The story, screenplay, dialogues and lyrics were written by H. L. Narayana Rao who happens to be the father of actor Vishnuvardhan.

Output: A king is confronted by destiny in person of a young lady and tries by any means possible to avoid his fate.  However the king is not able to prevent his destiny.


Instruction: What quality is common among all of Ingersoll's positions held within the Navy?

Input: Stuart Howe Ingersoll (June 3, 1898 – January 29, 1983) was a vice admiral of the United States Navy. He was a naval aviator whose career included service as an aircraft carrier commander during World War II and tours as commander-in-chief of the United States Seventh Fleet, President of the Naval War College, and Commandant of Midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy.

Output: Although Ingersoll held many positions within the U.S. Navy, he was first and foremost a naval aviator.


Instruction: From the given text, list down some points about television series Sadie J

Input: Sadie J is a British children's television comedy-drama series about a girl named Sadie Jenkins, who is described as "the only girl in a boys' world" because she is surrounded by her Dad Steve, his apprentice Keith, her brother Danny, his best friend Jake and their dog Roger. It is produced by the BBC and airs on the CBBC Channel. The show premiered on 14 January 2011 and produced three series, with the final episode aired on 27 March 2013. As of September 2013, Sadie J is now shown in the United States on the Starz Kids & Family cable network.

Output:
1. Sadie Jenkins is the protagonist of the British children's television comedy-drama series Sadie J. She is said to as "the only girl in a boys' world" because she lives with her father Steve, his apprentice Keith, her brother Danny, his best friend Jake, and their dog Roger.
2. It is a BBC production and is broadcast on the CBBC Channel.
3. The programme debuted on January 14, 2011, produced three seasons, and its final episode broadcast on March 27, 2013.
4. As of September 2013, the Starz Kids & Family cable network now broadcasts Sadie J in the United States.


Instruction: Who was Tap Gordon Jones?

Input: Air Marshal Sir Edward “Tap” Gordon Jones, KCB, CBE, DSO, DFC (31 August 1914 – 20 February 2007) was an officer in the Royal Air Force for 34 years, from 1935 to 1969. He commanded a squadron of obsolescent biplane Gladiator fighters during the Greek Campaign in the Second World War, where he shot down five Italian Fiat CR.42 fighters. He served in mainly operational posts in Europe until he retired. Unusually, he never served a post in the Air Ministry or the UK Ministry of Defence.

Output: Tap Gordon Jones, full name Air Marshal Sir Edward "Tap" Gordon Jones, KCB, CBE, DSO, DFC was an officer in the UK Royal Air Force from 1935 to 1969.  He commanded a squadron of Gladiators during the Greek Campaign in Wold War II.  At the time Gladiators were considered to be obsolete.  During the Greek Campaign, he shot down Five Italian fighters.  After the war until his retirement he mainly served in operational posts in Europe.


Instruction: Why Ramadan's date change every year?

Input: Because the Hilāl, or crescent moon, typically occurs approximately one day after the new moon, Muslims can usually estimate the beginning of Ramadan; however, many[who?] prefer to confirm the opening of Ramadan by direct visual observation of the crescent.

Output: Ramadan is a month in the Muslim hijri calendar. It's the month were Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset. The hijri calendar is a lunar calendar and therefore it shifts back 10-12 days every calendar year. Muslims confirm the first day of the month after they observe the new moon. And it ends as they observe the new moon for the month of Shawwal.


Instruction: Is data security an illusion?

Input: Crypto AG was a Swiss company specialising in communications and information security founded by Boris Hagelin in 1952. The company was secretly purchased for US $5.75 million and jointly owned by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and West German Federal Intelligence Service (BND) from 1970 until about 1993, with the CIA continuing as sole owner until about 2018. The mission of breaking encrypted communication using a secretly owned company was known as "Operation Rubikon". With headquarters in Steinhausen, the company was a long-established manufacturer of encryption machines and a wide variety of cipher devices.

Output: The long answer is yes.


Instruction: What kind of car was The Zuk

Input:
The Żuk (pl. beetle) was a van and light truck produced in Lublin, Poland, between 1958 and 1998 by FSC. It was based on FSO Warszawa, which in turn was licensed from the Soviet passenger car GAZ-M20 Pobeda. The chassis, suspension and engine from FSO Warszawa formed the basis of the Żuk and the Nysa light vans designed in the late 1950s. About 587818 were manufactured.

The Żuk was mainly sold to state organizations, but also to individuals. After 1989, with the liberalization of the Polish economy, the Żuk was able to maintain sales to the traditional markets and expand the number sold to individual consumers. The final few years of production was in parallel to its successor, the Lublin van, as a cheaper alternative.

Output:
The Zuk (pl. beetle) was a van and light truck produced in Lublin, Poland, between 1958 and 1998 by FSC. It was based on FSO Warszawa, which in turn was licensed from the Soviet passenger car GAZ-M20 Pobeda. The chassis, suspension and engine from FSO Warszawa formed the basis of the Zuk and the Nysa light vans designed in the late 1950s. About 587818 were manufactured.

The Zuk was mainly sold to state organizations, but also to individuals. After 1989, with the liberalization of the Polish economy, the Zuk was able to maintain sales to the traditional markets and expand the number sold to individual consumers. The final few years of production was in parallel to its successor, the Lublin van, as a cheaper alternative.


Instruction: Turtle ship

Input:
A Geobukseon, also known as a turtle ship in western descriptions, was a type of large Korean warship that was used intermittently by the Royal Korean Navy during the Joseon dynasty from the early 15th century up until the 19th century. It was used alongside the panokseon warships in the fight against invading Japanese naval ships. The ship's name derives from its protective shell-like covering. One of a number of pre-industrial armored ships developed in Europe and in East Asia, this design has been described by some as the first armored ship in the world.

The first references to older, first-generation turtle ships, known as gwiseon (귀선;  Korean pronunciation: [kɥisʌn]), come from 1413 and 1415 records in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, which mention a mock battle between a gwiseon and a Japanese warship. However, these early turtle ships soon fell out of use as Korea's naval preparedness decreased during a long period of relative peace.

Turtle ships participated in the war against Japanese naval forces supporting Toyotomi Hideyoshi's attempts to conquer Korea from 1592 to 1598.  Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin, who won all battles against the Japanese Navy, is credited with designing the improved turtle ship. From their first appearance in the Battle of Sacheon, his turtle ships, equipped with at least five different types of cannon, greatly contributed to winning 16 times in 16 battles against the Japanese Navy until they were destroyed, under the command of Won Gyun, in the Battle of Chilcheollyang. Their most distinguishable feature was a dragon-shaped head at the bow (front) that could launch cannon fire or flames from the mouth. Each was also equipped with a fully covered deck to protect against arrow fire, musket-shots, and incendiary weapons.  The deck was covered with iron spikes to discourage the enemy from attempting to board the ship.

Output: The Geobukseon is the most famous Korean warship, winning all 16 battles against the Japanese navy with which Toyotomi Hideyoshi attempted to conquer Korea from 1592 to 1598.


Instruction: What the five love languages?

Input:
According to Chapman, the five "love languages" are: words of affirmation (compliments), quality time, receiving gifts, acts of service, and physical touch.

Examples are given from his counseling practice, as well as questions to help determine one's own love languages. According to Chapman's theory, each person has one primary and one secondary love language.

Chapman suggests that to discover another person's love language, one must observe the way they express love to others, and analyze what they complain about most often and what they request from their significant other most often. He theorizes that people tend to naturally give love in the way that they prefer to receive love, and better communication between couples can be accomplished when one can demonstrate caring to the other person in the love language the recipient understands.

An example would be: if a husband's love language is acts of service, he may be confused when he does the laundry and his wife does not perceive that as an act of love, viewing it as simply performing household duties, because the love language she comprehends is words of affirmation (verbal affirmation that he loves her). She may try to use what she values, words of affirmation, to express her love to him, which he would not value as much as she does. If she understands his love language and mows the lawn for him, he perceives it in his love language as an act of expressing her love for him; likewise, if he tells her he loves her, she values that as an act of love.

Output: The five love languages include words of affirmation, quality time, receiving gifts, acts of service, and physical touch.


Instruction: Please list down some details about Kate Elizabeth Pickett from given text

Input: Kate Elizabeth Pickett OBE FFPH FAcSS FRSA (born 1965) is a British epidemiologist and political activist who is Professor of Epidemiology in the Department of Health Sciences at the University of York, and was a National Institute for Health and Care Research Career Scientist from 2007–2012. She co-authored (with Richard G. Wilkinson) The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better and is a co-founder of The Equality Trust. Pickett was awarded a 2013 Silver Rose Award from Solidar for championing equality and the 2014 Charles Cully Memorial Medal by the Irish Cancer Society.

Output:
1. Kate Elizabeth Pickett, a British epidemiologist and political activist, was a Career Scientist at the National Institute for Health and Care Research from 2007 to 2012 and is currently a Professor of Epidemiology in the Department of Health Sciences at the University of York.
2. She founded The Equality Trust and co-authored The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better with Richard G. Wilkinson.
3. For promoting equality, Pickett received the Solidar Silver Rose Award in 2013 and the Irish Cancer Society's Charles Cully Memorial Medal in 2014.


Instruction: Who is the company Geberit

Input: Geberit (Alemannic German pronunciation: [ˈɡeberɪ:t] is a Swiss multinational group specialized in manufacturing and supplying sanitary parts and related systems. It is a leader in its field in Europe with a global presence through its subsidiaries.

Output: Geberit is a Swiss multinational group specialized in manufacturing and supplying sanitary parts and related systems. It is a leader in its field in Europe with a global presence through its subsidiaries.


Instruction: How did YouTube exit?

Input:
YouTube is an American global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google and is the second most visited website, after Google Search. YouTube has more than 2.5 billion monthly users, who collectively watch more than one billion hours of videos each day. As of May 2019, videos were being uploaded at a rate of more than 500 hours of content per minute.

In October 2006, YouTube was bought by Google for $1.65 billion. Google's ownership of YouTube expanded the site's business model, expanding from generating revenue from advertisements alone to offering paid content such as movies and exclusive content produced by YouTube. It also offers YouTube Premium, a paid subscription option for watching content without ads. YouTube also approved creators to participate in Google's AdSense program, which seeks to generate more revenue for both parties. YouTube reported revenue of $29.2 billion in 2022. In 2021, YouTube's annual advertising revenue increased to $28.8 billion, an increase in revenue of 9 billion from the previous year.

Since its purchase by Google, YouTube has expanded beyond the core website into mobile apps, network television, and the ability to link with other platforms. Video categories on YouTube include music videos, video clips, news, short films, feature films, songs, documentaries, movie trailers, teasers, live streams, vlogs, and more. Most content is generated by individuals, including collaborations between YouTubers and corporate sponsors. Established media corporations such as Disney, Paramount, NBCUniversal, and Warner Bros. Discovery have also created and expanded their corporate YouTube channels to advertise to a larger audience.

YouTube has had unprecedented social impact, influencing popular culture, internet trends, and creating multimillionaire celebrities. Despite all its growth and success, YouTube has been widely criticized. Criticism of YouTube includes the website being used to facilitate the spread of misinformation, copyright issues, routine violations of its users' privacy, enabling censorship, their guidelines and how they are implemented, and endangering child safety and wellbeing.

Output: YouTube was bought by Google for $1.65 billion in October 2006.


Instruction: With reference to the text given, list some details about lung cancer

Input: Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung. Lung cancers are caused by genetic damage to the DNA of cells in the airways, often exacerbated by cigarette smoking, or inhaling damaging chemicals. Damaged airway cells sometimes gain the ability to proliferate unchecked, causing the growth of a tumor. Without treatment, lung tumors can spread throughout the lung, damaging lung function. Eventually lung tumors metastasize, spreading to distant parts of the body, and causing varying disease. Lung cancers are classified based on the cells they originate from. Around 15% are small-cell lung cancers, while the remaining 85% (the non-small-cell lung cancers) are adenocarcinomas, squamous-cell carcinomas, and large-cell carcinomas.

Output:
1. Lung cancer, sometimes referred to as lung carcinoma, is a cancerous tumour that starts in the lung.
2. Smoking cigarettes or inhaling toxic chemicals can aggravate genetic damage to the DNA of cells in the airways, which is what causes lung cancer.
3. In some cases, damaged airway cells acquire the capacity to proliferate unchecked, leading to the development of a tumour.
4. Lung tumours can spread throughout the lung if left untreated, impairing lung function.
5. Lung tumours eventually spread to other areas of the body and develop metastases, which lead to a variety of diseases.
6. The cells from which lung tumours develop are used to categorise them.
7. Adenocarcinomas, squamous-cell carcinomas, and large-cell carcinomas make up the majority of non-small-cell lung malignancies, which account for the remaining 15% of cases.


Instruction: What is a Xbox Music Mixer?

Input: The Xbox Music Mixer is a multimedia accessory/utility developed by Wild Tangent and published by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox. The Xbox Music Mixer was released on December 1, 2003. The Xbox Music Mixer allows one to transfer certain types of music and pictures directly from a PC to the Xbox, though this requires a separate install on the computer. The Xbox Music Mixer also allows one to view photos on a TV set and create customized soundtracks to go with the photo slideshow.

Output: The Box Music Mixer is a multimedia accessory/utility developed by Wild Tangent.


Instruction: Summarize the mechanism for conventional superconductors.

Input: At sufficiently low temperatures, electrons near the Fermi surface become unstable against the formation of Cooper pairs. Cooper showed such binding will occur in the presence of an attractive potential, no matter how weak. In conventional superconductors, an attraction is generally attributed to an electron-lattice interaction. The BCS theory, however, requires only that the potential be attractive, regardless of its origin. In the BCS framework, superconductivity is a macroscopic effect which results from the condensation of Cooper pairs. These have some bosonic properties, and bosons, at sufficiently low temperature, can form a large Bose–Einstein condensate. Superconductivity was simultaneously explained by Nikolay Bogolyubov, by means of the Bogoliubov transformations.

Output: Cooper Pairs - consisting of two lightly attracted electrons - still carry charge, but now act more like bosons than fermions.  Unlike fermions, bosons can all behave the exact same. Cooper Pairs all "acting the same" is the mechanism of conventional superconductivity.


Instruction: When was the "No, They Can't" book released?

Input: No, They Can't: Why Government Fails – But Individuals Succeed is a 2012 book by John Stossel, the American consumer reporter, investigative journalist, author and libertarian columnist. It was published on April 10, 2012, and focuses on what Stossel sees as the failures of government intervention.

Output: The book "No, They Can't" was published on April 10, 2012.


Instruction: Tell me a few highlights about Madonna's impact on pop music.

Input:
Madonna Louise Ciccone (born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Dubbed the "Queen of Pop", Madonna has been widely recognized for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, songwriting, and visual presentation. She has pushed the boundaries of artistic expression in mainstream music while continuing to maintain control over every aspect of her career. Her works, which incorporate social, political, sexual, and religious themes, have generated both controversy and critical acclaim. A prominent cultural figure of the 20th and 21st centuries, Madonna remains one of the most "well-documented figures of the modern age", with a broad amount of scholarly reviews and literature works on her, as well as an academic mini subdiscipline devoted to her named Madonna studies.

With sales of over 300 million records worldwide, Madonna is the best-selling female recording artist of all time. She is the most successful solo artist in the history of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and has achieved the most number-one singles by a woman in Australia, Canada, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. With a revenue of over U.S. $1.5 billion from her concert tickets, she remains the highest-grossing female touring artist worldwide. Forbes has named Madonna the annual top-earning female musician a record 11 times across four decades (1980s–2010s). She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2008, her first year of eligibility. Madonna was ranked as the greatest woman in music by VH1, and as the greatest music video artist ever by MTV and Billboard. Rolling Stone also listed her among its greatest artists and greatest songwriters of all time.

Output: Madonna is known worldwide as the top-selling female pop artist of all time. She has enjoyed global acclaim -- and criticism -- for her sometimes provocative work spanning over four decades. Her work includes recorded music, live performance, and several film credits.


Instruction: List all the singles Jimmy Cozier has.

Input:
Jimmy Cozier (born February 6, 1977) is an American R&B singer and songwriter. He is best known for his hit single "She's All I Got" and for being one of the inaugural artists signed to Clive Davis' J Records label.

Biography
The son of Guyanese American jazz saxophonist Jimmy Cozier, and Dawn Cozier, a Jamaican born hair stylist. Cozier and his younger brother Malik were raised in Crown Heights, Brooklyn. Cozier was encouraged to sing as a child by his family, who would demand that he perform in group settings. He started out as a singer/songwriter for artists such as Mýa, Sinéad O'Connor, and Janet Jackson (whose hit "Girlfriend/Boyfriend" he co-wrote). He was a background vocalist for the Junior Mafia/Lil' Kim track "Backstabbers" and toured with Joe behind the latter's album All That I Am.

Wyclef Jean caught word of Cozier's talent thru Cozier manager Jacques “Haitian Jack” Agnant and had him meet with Clive Davis, who signed Cozier to J Records in 2000. His debut single "She's All I Got" was released in 2001, and rose to #26 on the Billboard Hot 100 and to #4 on the R&B chart.

Following the success of the single, his self-titled debut album was released on July 9, 2001 and hit the Billboard Top 200 at #65 and #15 on the R&B Albums chart. A follow-up single "So Much to Lose" was released later in the year, and peaked at #123 on the R&B chart. He also appeared on labelmate Alicia Keys' debut Songs in A Minor on the track "Mr. Man" which he co-wrote, and "Turn Around" with other labelmate Olivia, on her self-titled debut album.

He began writing songs for other artists such as Chris Brown, Olivia and Cheri Dennis in the years since. After the folding of J Records, he became an independent artist, creating his own label, Cozi Music Inc.

In 2007, he announced work on a new album, releasing two singles, "U Got Them Goods" and "You", that year. Continued work on his sophomore album stretched through 2010.

His second album, Way of Life was announced in 2010, led by the single "Tonight" which was released on March 2, 2010. The album was released on March 16, 2010.

In 2013, he collaborated with Sean Paul for his single "Always Be My Lady" which was released on August 2. Additionally, he released a single "Girls Girls" that year.

The next year, he premiered a new single "Choose Me" featuring Shaggy and announced his third album would be titled R&B (Reggae & Blues) set for a 2015 release. Following the single, he collaborated with artists such as Gyptian, Elephant Man, Shaggy, Red Fox, Melissa Musique on various compilation albums. One of those collaborations, "Special Girl (Remix)" was released as a single in 2014.

His third album, titled Get Cozi was released on December 9, 2016. The set's second single "I'll Change" was announced that same month.

Discography
Albums
Jimmy Cozier (2001)
Way of Life (2010)
Get Cozi (2016)
Singles
2001: "She's All I Got"
2001: "So Much To Lose"
2007: "U Got Them Goods"
2007: "You"
2010: "Tonight"
2013: "Always Be My Lady" (with Sean Paul)
2013: "Girls Girls"
2014: "Special Girl (Remix)" (with Supa Hype, Gyptian)
2014: "Choose Me" (featuring Shaggy)
2016: "I'll Change"
2018: "Love Her"

Output:
2001: "She's All I Got"
2001: "So Much To Lose"
2007: "U Got Them Goods"
2007: "You"
2010: "Tonight"
2013: "Always Be My Lady" (with Sean Paul)
2013: "Girls Girls"
2014: "Special Girl (Remix)" (with Supa Hype, Gyptian)
2014: "Choose Me" (featuring Shaggy)
2016: "I'll Change"
2018: "Love Her"


Instruction: How far is Hornowek from Izabelin?

Input: Hornówek [xɔrˈnuvɛk] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Izabelin, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) south-west of Izabelin, 8 km (5 mi) north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and 16 km (10 mi) north-west of Warsaw.

Output: Hornowek is roughly 2 kilometers (1 mile) south west of Izabelin.


Instruction: Why was America called the New World?

Input: The term New World is often used to mean the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas. The term gained prominence in the early 16th century, during Europe's Age of Discovery, shortly after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci concluded that America (now often called the Americas) represented a new continent, and subsequently published his findings in a pamphlet he titled Latin: Mundus Novus. This realization expanded the geographical horizon of classical European geographers, who had thought the world consisted of Africa, Europe, and Asia, collectively now referred to as the Old World, or Afro-Eurasia. The Americas were thus also referred to as "the fourth part of the world".

Output: In the past, the major civilizations were unaware of the existence of America. Since their world view consisted of Europe, Africa and Asia, the finding of an entire continent of the Americas was a major geographical perspective to the people of the era. They referred to America as the New World.


Instruction: Tell me a few flaws of the Human Development Index from this passage

Input:
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores a higher level of HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the gross national income GNI (PPP) per capita is higher. It was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and was further used to measure a country's development by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Human Development Report Office.

The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality), while the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum level of HDI) that could be achieved if there were no inequality."

The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Mahbub ul Haq, anchored in Amartya Sen's work on human capabilities, and often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include – being: well fed, sheltered, and healthy; doing: work, education, voting, participating in community life. The freedom of choice is central – someone choosing to be hungry (e.g. when fasting for religious reasons) is quite different from someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food, or because the country is in a famine.

The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking of some of the most developed countries, such as the G7 members and others.

Output: Human Development Index has been revised in 2010 owing to a few limitations. HDI is believed to estimate the 'potential' human development that could be achieved if there were no inequality. The revised Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality). Secondly, HDI does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking of some of the most developed countries, such as the G7 members and others.


Instruction: From this paragraph, what are indicators that Singapore's healthcare system performs well?

Input: Singapore has a generally efficient healthcare system, even though health expenditures are relatively low for developed countries. The World Health Organisation ranks Singapore's healthcare system as 6th overall in the world in its World Health Report. Singapore has had the lowest infant mortality rates in the world for the past two decades. In 2019, Singaporeans had the longest life expectancy of any country at 84.8 years. Women can expect to live an average of 87.6 years with 75.8 years in good health. The averages are lower for men. Singapore is ranked 1st on the Global Food Security Index.

Output: For the last two decades, Singapore has had the world's lowest infant mortality rates. Additionally, in 2019, Singapore had the world's longest life expectancy.


Instruction: Can you give me the biography of Lia Cirio

Input:
Lia Cirio is an American ballet dancer. She is a principal dancer at Boston Ballet.

Biography
Cirio is half Filipino. She trained at Swarthmore Ballet Theatre and Central Pennsylvania Youth Ballet. At age 16, she joined Boston Ballet II. She joined the main company's corps de ballet in 2004, at age 16, and was the company's Princess Grace Award nominee the same year. Cirio was named second soloist in 2006 and soloist the following year. In 2008 and 2009, Cirio joined the Trey McIntyre Project, and toured with the company in the United States and the world. She returned to Boston Ballet in the 2009-10 season and was promoted to principal in 2010. She has danced roles such as Odette/Odile in Swan Lake and the title role in Cinderella.

Cirio has also choreographed work for Boston Ballet's ChoreograpHER initiative.

Cirio is the older sister of Jeffrey Cirio, a Lead Principal Dancer at English National Ballet. They have established an artistic collective called Cirio Collective in 2015.

Output:
Lia Cirio is an American ballet dancer. She is a principal dancer at Boston Ballet.

Cirio is half Filipino. She trained at Swarthmore Ballet Theatre and Central Pennsylvania Youth Ballet. At age 16, she joined Boston Ballet II. She joined the main company's corps de ballet in 2004, at age 16, and was the company's Princess Grace Award nominee the same year. Cirio was named second soloist in 2006 and soloist the following year. In 2008 and 2009, Cirio joined the Trey McIntyre Project, and toured with the company in the United States and the world. She returned to Boston Ballet in the 2009-10 season and was promoted to principal in 2010. She has danced roles such as Odette/Odile in Swan Lake and the title role in Cinderella.

Cirio has also choreographed work for Boston Ballet's ChoreograpHER initiative.

Cirio is the older sister of Jeffrey Cirio, a Lead Principal Dancer at English National Ballet. They have established an artistic collective called Cirio Collective in 2015.


Instruction: Tell me what I need to know about the Dunning Kruger effect.

Input:
The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias whereby people with low ability, expertise, or experience regarding a certain type of task or area of knowledge tend to overestimate their ability or knowledge. Some researchers also include the opposite effect for high performers: their tendency to underestimate their skills. In popular culture, the Dunning–Kruger effect is often misunderstood as a claim about general overconfidence of people with low intelligence instead of specific overconfidence of people unskilled at a particular task.

The Dunning–Kruger effect is usually measured by comparing self-assessment with a measure of objective performance. For example, the participants in a study may be asked to complete a quiz and then estimate how well they performed. This subjective assessment is then compared with how well they actually performed. This can happen in either relative or absolute terms, i.e., in comparison with one's peer group as the percentage of peers outperformed or in comparison with objective standards as the number of questions answered correctly. The Dunning–Kruger effect appears in both cases, but is more pronounced in relative terms; the bottom quartile of performers tend to see themselves as being part of the top two quartiles. The initial study was published by David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999. It focused on logical reasoning, grammar, and social skills. Since then various other studies have been conducted across a wide range of tasks, including skills from fields such as business, politics, medicine, driving, aviation, spatial memory, examinations in school, and literacy.

Many models have been suggested to explain the Dunning-Kruger effect's underlying causes. The original model by Dunning and Kruger holds that a lack of metacognitive abilities is responsible. This interpretation is based on the idea that poor performers have not yet acquired the ability to distinguish between good and bad performances. They tend to overrate themselves because they do not see the qualitative difference between their performances and the performances of others. This has also been termed the "dual-burden account" since the lack of skill is paired with the ignorance of this deficiency. Some researchers include the metacognitive component as part of the definition of the Dunning–Kruger effect and not just as an explanation distinct from it. Various researchers have criticized the metacognitive model and proposed alternative explanations. According to the statistical model, a statistical effect known as regression toward the mean together with the cognitive bias known as the better-than-average effect are responsible for the empirical findings. The rational model holds that overly positive prior beliefs about one's skills are the source of false self-assessment. Another explanation claims that self-assessment is more difficult and error-prone for low performers because many of them have very similar skill levels. Another model sees lack of incentive to give accurate self-assessments as the source of error.

The Dunning–Kruger effect has been described as relevant for various practical matters, but disagreements exist about the magnitude of its influence. Inaccurate self-assessment can lead people to make bad decisions, such as choosing a career for which they are unfit or engaging in dangerous behavior. It may also inhibit the affected from addressing their shortcomings to improve themselves. In some cases, the associated overconfidence may have positive side effects, like increasing motivation and energy.

Output: The Dunning-Kruger effect refers to the tendency for people to over-estimate their ability to perform a particular task, particular if they are low-skilled at that task.  Related research suggests that the converse is also true; high-skills performers tend to underestimate their ability.  The effect was validated through a number of studies covering a range of skills, though the cause of the effect is still a matter of debate.  Similarly, the practical implications of the effect is debatable, as over-confidence stemming from an inaccurate self-assessments can have positive and negative impacts.


Instruction: Please give me a bulleted list of sports teams in Spokane.

Input: In sports, the region's professional and semi-professional sports teams include the Spokane Indians in Minor League Baseball and Spokane Chiefs in junior ice hockey. The Gonzaga Bulldogs collegiate basketball team competes at the Division I level. As of 2010, Spokane's major daily newspaper, The Spokesman-Review, had a daily circulation of over 76,000.

Output:
- Spokane Indians
- Spokane Chiefs
- Gonzaga Bulldogs


Instruction: When was the Sydney Opera House formally opened

Input:
The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney. Located on the foreshore of Sydney Harbour, it is widely regarded as one of the world's most famous and distinctive buildings and a masterpiece of 20th-century architecture.

Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, but completed by an Australian architectural team headed by Peter Hall, the building was formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 20 October 1973 after a gestation beginning with Utzon's 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition. The Government of New South Wales, led by the premier, Joseph Cahill, authorised work to begin in 1958 with Utzon directing construction. The government's decision to build Utzon's design is often overshadowed by circumstances that followed, including cost and scheduling overruns as well as the architect's ultimate resignation.

The building and its surrounds occupy the whole of Bennelong Point on Sydney Harbour, between Sydney Cove and Farm Cove, adjacent to the Sydney central business district and the Royal Botanic Gardens, and near to the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

Output:
The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney. Located on the foreshore of Sydney Harbour, it is widely regarded as one of the world's most famous and distinctive buildings and a masterpiece of 20th-century architecture.

Designed by Danish architect Jorn Utzon, but completed by an Australian architectural team headed by Peter Hall, the building was formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 20 October 1973 after a gestation beginning with Utzon's 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition. The Government of New South Wales, led by the premier, Joseph Cahill, authorised work to begin in 1958 with Utzon directing construction. The government's decision to build Utzon's design is often overshadowed by circumstances that followed, including cost and scheduling overruns as well as the architect's ultimate resignation.

The building and its surrounds occupy the whole of Bennelong Point on Sydney Harbour, between Sydney Cove and Farm Cove, adjacent to the Sydney central business district and the Royal Botanic Gardens, and near to the Sydney Harbour Bridge.


Instruction: what was the british empire

Input: The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

Output: The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 per cent of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35.5 million km2 (13.7 million sq mi), 24 per cent of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its constitutional, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", as the Sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.


Instruction: What does the distribution of isobars indicate?

Input: An isobar is a line of equal or constant pressure on a graph, plot, or map; an isopleth or contour line of pressure. More accurately, isobars are lines drawn on a map joining places of equal average atmospheric pressure reduced to sea level for a specified period of time. In meteorology, the barometric pressures shown are reduced to sea level, not the surface pressures at the map locations. The distribution of isobars is closely related to the magnitude and direction of the wind field, and can be used to predict future weather patterns. Isobars are commonly used in television weather reporting.

Output: The distribution of isobars is closely related to the magnitude and direction of the wind field, and can be used to predict future weather patterns.


Instruction: Tell me about the Mughal Empire?

Input: The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of the Indian subcontinent between the 16th and 19th centuries. For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.It included present day areas of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.

Output: The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a warrior chieftain from what is today Uzbekistan, who employed aid from the neighboring Safavid and Ottoman empires, to defeat the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in the First Battle of Panipat, and to sweep down the plains of North India. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar. This imperial structure lasted until 1720, shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb, during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.


Instruction: Based on the reference text, provide a bulleted list summarizing Newton's three laws of motion

Input:
First
Translated from the Latin, Newton's first law reads,

Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.: 114
Newton's first law expresses the principle of inertia: the natural behavior of a body is to move in a straight line at constant speed. In the absence of outside influences, a body's motion preserves the status quo.

The modern understanding of Newton's first law is that no inertial observer is privileged over any other. The concept of an inertial observer makes quantitative the everyday idea of feeling no effects of motion. For example, a person standing on the ground watching a train go past is an inertial observer. If the observer on the ground sees the train moving smoothly in a straight line at a constant speed, then a passenger sitting on the train will also be an inertial observer: the train passenger feels no motion. The principle expressed by Newton's first law is that there is no way to say which inertial observer is "really" moving and which is "really" standing still. One observer's state of rest is another observer's state of uniform motion in a straight line, and no experiment can deem either point of view to be correct or incorrect. There is no absolute standard of rest.[note 4]

Second
The change of motion of an object is proportional to the force impressed; and is made in the direction of the straight line in which the force is impressed.: 114
By "motion", Newton meant the quantity now called momentum, which depends upon the amount of matter contained in a body, the speed at which that body is moving, and the direction in which it is moving. In modern notation, the momentum of a body is the product of its mass and its velocity:

Newton's second law, in modern form, states that the time derivative of the momentum is the force:
If the mass m does not change with time, then the derivative acts only upon the velocity, and so the force equals the product of the mass and the time derivative of the velocity, which is the acceleration:
As the acceleration is the second derivative of position with respect to time, this can also be written.

The forces acting on a body add as vectors, and so the total force on a body depends upon both the magnitudes and the directions of the individual forces. When the net force on a body is equal to zero, then by Newton's second law, the body does not accelerate, and it is said to be in mechanical equilibrium. A state of mechanical equilibrium is stable if, when the position of the body is changed slightly, the body remains near that equilibrium. Otherwise, the equilibrium is unstable.

A common visual representation of forces acting in concert is the free body diagram, which schematically portrays a body of interest and the forces applied to it by outside influences. For example, a free body diagram of a block sitting upon an inclined plane can illustrate the combination of gravitational force, "normal" force, friction, and string tension.[note 5]

Newton's second law is sometimes presented as a definition of force, i.e., a force is that which exists when an inertial observer sees a body accelerating. In order for this to be more than a tautology — acceleration implies force, force implies acceleration — some other statement about force must also be made. For example, an equation detailing the force might be specified, like Newton's law of universal gravitation. By inserting such an expression for
 into Newton's second law, an equation with predictive power can be written.[note 6] Newton's second law has also been regarded as setting out a research program for physics, establishing that important goals of the subject are to identify the forces present in nature and to catalogue the constituents of matter.[note 7]

Third
To every action, there is always opposed an equal reaction; or, the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts.: 116

Overly brief paraphrases of the third law, like "action equals reaction" might have caused confusion among generations of students: the "action" and "reaction" apply to different bodies. For example, consider a book at rest on a table. The Earth's gravity pulls down upon the book. The "reaction" to that "action" is not the support force from the table holding up the book, but the gravitational pull of the book acting on the Earth.[note 8]

Newton's third law relates to a more fundamental principle, the conservation of momentum. The latter remains true even in cases where Newton's statement does not, for instance when force fields as well as material bodies carry momentum, and when momentum is defined properly, in quantum mechanics as well.[note 9]
By Newton's second law, the first term is the total force upon the first body, and the second term is the total force upon the second body. If the two bodies are isolated from outside influences, the only force upon the first body can be that from the second, and vice versa. By Newton's third law, these forces have equal magnitude but opposite direction, so they cancel when added, and
→{\vec {p}} is constant. Alternatively, if
→{\vec {p}} is known to be constant, it follows that the forces have equal magnitude and opposite direction.

Output:
The following is a summary of Newton's three laws of motion:
1. First Law: A body remains at rest, or in motion at constant speed, unless acted upon by a force.
2. Second Law: The change of motion of an object is proportional to the force impressed on the object.
3. Third Law: To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.


Instruction: What were Georgije Hranislav hobbies?

Input:
On 24 January 1829, Archimandrite Georgije was consecrated Bishop of Pakrac, since the former Bishop Josef (Putnik) moved to the Timisoara Cathedral. Bishop Georgije remained there for a decade.

In 1839, Bishop Georgije was transferred to the Diocese of Bačka on 26 May. With the death of Metropolitan Stefan Stanković, he administered the Metropolitanate of Karlovci in the period from 31 July 1841 until the election of the new Metropolitan in 1842.

Bishop Georgije was a very educated man of his time and had a penchant for literature, translating, writing and collecting books. His contemporaries were men of letters such as Sava Mrkalj, Jovan Muškatirović, Sava Tekelija, Lukijan Mušicki, Pavle Solarić, and Jovan Savić.

In addition, he helped the poor and educated young people. He translated a German cookbook into Serbian in 1804.

Georgije Hranislav died on 22 June 1843. He was buried in the Cathedral of the Serbian Orthodox Church of Novi Sad

Output: Georgije Hranislav had several interesting hobbies, including: literature, translating, writing and collecting books.


Instruction: Is Sicher a software company

Input: Sicher (German language word meaning "safe", "secure" or "certain") is a freeware instant messaging application for iOS, Android, and Windows Phone. Sicher allows users to exchange end-to-end encrypted text messages, media files and documents in both private and group chats. Sicher is developed by SHAPE GmbH, German company which pioneered mobile messaging with IM+ multi-messenger app it has been offering since 2002.

Output: Sicher (German language word meaning "safe", "secure" or "certain") is a freeware instant messaging application for iOS, Android, and Windows Phone. Sicher allows users to exchange end-to-end encrypted text messages, media files and documents in both private and group chats. Sicher is developed by SHAPE GmbH, German company which pioneered mobile messaging with IM+ multi-messenger app it has been offering since 2002.


Instruction: Can you tell me about the Porsche 993 targa?

Input: The Targa version of the 993 was introduced in the 1996 model year and was the debut of the so-called "greenhouse" system - a retractable glass roof, a design continued on the 996 and 997 Targa. The glass roof retracts underneath the rear window, revealing a large opening. This system was a complete redesign, as previous Targa models had a removable roof section and a wide B-pillar functioning as a roll bar. The new glass-roof design allowed the 993 Targa to retain the same side-on profile as the other 911 Carrera variants and finish without the inconvenience of storing the removed top of the old system. The Targa is based on the 993 Carrera cabriolet with the Targa glass roof replacing the fabric roof.

Output: In 1996, Porsche introduced the 993 in a targa variant. Though targas had been around from Porsche for decades, there was a new approach with the 993 model. They implemented a so-called "greenhouse" system whereby the glass roof retracts underneath the rear window, revealing a large opening. This allowed the 993 to have the same side profile as the coupe models, but without the inconvenience of storing the removed top of the old system.


Instruction: What foods are commonly eaten with ketchup?

Input:
Ketchup or catsup is a table condiment with a sweet and sour flavor. The unmodified term ("ketchup") now typically refers to tomato ketchup, although early recipes used egg whites, mushrooms, oysters, grapes, mussels, or walnuts, among other ingredients.

Tomato ketchup is made from tomatoes, sugar, and vinegar, with seasonings and spices. The spices and flavors vary, but commonly include onions, allspice, coriander, cloves, cumin, garlic, and mustard, and sometimes include celery, cinnamon, or ginger.[citation needed] The market leader in the United States (60% market share) and the United Kingdom (82%) is Heinz Tomato Ketchup. Tomato ketchup is most often used as a condiment to dishes that are usually served hot and are fried or greasy: french fries and other potato dishes, hamburgers, hot dogs, chicken tenders, hot sandwiches, meat pies, cooked eggs, and grilled or fried meat. Ketchup is sometimes used as the basis for, or as one ingredient in, other sauces and dressings, and the flavor may be replicated as an additive flavoring for snacks, such as potato chips.

Output: Ketchup is often used with french fries and other potato dishes, hamburgers, hot dogs, chicken tenders, hot sandwiches, meat pies, cooked eggs, grilled or fried meat and as an ingredient for salad dressing and sauces.


Instruction: Why is UBS and Credit Suisse merging

Input:
On 19 March 2023, Swiss investment bank UBS Group AG agreed to buy Credit Suisse for CHF 3 billion (US$3.2 billion) in an all-stock deal brokered by the government of Switzerland and the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority. The Swiss National Bank supported the deal by providing more than CHF 100 billion (US$104 billion) in liquidity to UBS following its takeover of Credit Suisse's operations, while the Swiss government provided a guarantee to UBS to cover losses of up to CHF 9 billion (US$9.6 billion) over the short term. Additionally, CHF 16 billion (US$17.2 billion) of Additional Tier 1 bonds were written down to zero.

Credit Suisse is a globally systemically important bank whose investment banking unit, First Boston, had been recently tarnished by a series of high-profile scandals. The banking crisis in the United States had caused fear among global investors and led to panic over other possibly troubled banks. Credit Suisse's share price plunged after the leading shareholder ruled out further investment into the bank due to regulatory issues. The deal was rapidly agreed upon and announced just before the Asian financial markets opened on Monday morning in order to prevent "market shaking" turmoil in the global financial markets. Soon afterward, central banks across the world announced USD liquidity measures to try and ease wider market panic and avoid a wider banking crisis.

Output:
On 19 March 2023, the Swiss wealth management and investment bank UBS Group AG agreed to buy Credit Suisse for CHF 3 billion (US$3.2 billion) in an all-stock deal brokered by the government of Switzerland and the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority. The Swiss National Bank supported the deal by providing more than CHF 100 billion (US$104 billion) in liquidity to UBS following its takeover of Credit Suisse's operations, while the Swiss government provided a guarantee to UBS to cover losses of up to CHF 9 billion (US$9.6 billion) over the short term. Additionally, CHF 16 billion (US$17.2 billion) of Additional Tier 1 bonds were written down to zero.

Credit Suisse is a globally systemically important bank whose investment banking unit, First Boston, had been recently tarnished by a series of high-profile scandals. The banking crisis in the United States had caused fear among global investors and led to panic over other possibly troubled banks. Credit Suisse's share price plunged after the leading shareholder ruled out further investment into the bank due to regulatory issues. The deal was rapidly agreed upon and announced just before the Asian financial markets opened on Monday morning in order to prevent "market shaking" turmoil in the global financial markets. Soon afterward, central banks across the world announced USD liquidity measures to try and ease wider market panic and avoid a wider banking crisis.


Instruction: What are the health benefits of walking for exercise?

Input: Regular, brisk exercise of any kind can improve confidence, stamina, energy, weight control and life expectancy and reduces stress. It can also decrease the risk of coronary heart disease, strokes, diabetes, high blood pressure, bowel cancer and osteoporosis. Scientific studies have also shown that walking, besides its physical benefits, is also beneficial for the mind, improving memory skills, learning ability, concentration, mood, creativity, and abstract reasoning. Sustained walking sessions for a minimum period of thirty to sixty minutes a day, five days a week, with the correct walking posture, reduce health risks and have various overall health benefits, such as reducing the chances of cancer, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, anxiety disorder and depression. Life expectancy is also increased even for individuals suffering from obesity or high blood pressure. Walking also improves bone health, especially strengthening the hip bone, and lowering the harmful low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and raising the useful high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Studies have found that walking may also help prevent dementia and Alzheimer's.

Output: Walking daily, as little as 30 minutes a day, provides several physical and mental benefits.  It can lower stress, is beneficial for the mind and reduces several health risks.


Instruction: When was the HMS St David launched

Input:
HMS St David was a 54-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy, launched in 1667 at Lydney.

She foundered in Portsmouth Harbour in 1689  and was raised in 1691 under the supervision of Edmund Dummer, Surveyor of the Navy.

The ship was later hulked and finally sold in 1713.

Output:
The HMS St David was a 54-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy, launched in 1667 at Lydney.

She foundered in Portsmouth Harbour in 1689 and was raised in 1691 under the supervision of Edmund Dummer, Surveyor of the Navy.

The ship was later hulked and finally sold in 1713.


Instruction: What is a probability distribution?

Input:
In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is the mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes for an experiment. It is a mathematical description of a random phenomenon in terms of its sample space and the probabilities of events (subsets of the sample space).

For instance, if X is used to denote the outcome of a coin toss ("the experiment"), then the probability distribution of X would take the value 0.5 (1 in 2 or 1/2) for X = heads, and 0.5 for X = tails (assuming that the coin is fair). Examples of random phenomena include the weather conditions at some future date, the height of a randomly selected person, the fraction of male students in a school, the results of a survey to be conducted, etc.

Output: A probability distribution is a distribution of different outcomes based on the probable number of times each outcome will occur.


Instruction: What was the first Porsche 911 with AWD?

Input: The 993 Turbo coupé was introduced in 1995. It featured a new twin-turbocharged engine displacing 3.6 liters and generating a maximum power output of 300 kW (408 PS; 402 hp). Air-to-air intercoolers, electronic engine management, redesigned cylinder heads, and other modified engine internals completed the new engine. The 993 Turbo was the first 911 Turbo with all-wheel drive, taken from the 959 flagship model. The Turbo's bodywork differs from the Carrera by widened rear wheel arches (about 6 cm), redesigned front and rear bumper moldings, and a fixed "whale tail" rear wing housing the intercoolers. New 18-inch (460 mm) alloy wheels with hollow spokes were standard.

Output: The 993 had a Turbo variant that started in 1995. It was the first 911 Turbo with AWD. This AWD system was taken from the 959 flagship model.


Instruction: Write down some key points for the poem Garshasp-nama based on the given text.

Input: The Garshasp-nama is an epic poem by Asadi Tusi (died 1072/73). It has been described as one of the best epic poems in Persian literature, comparable to Shahnameh, by Ferdowsi, and the most important work of Asadi Tusi. Asadi Tusi completed the poem in 1066 and dedicated it to a certain Abu Dulaf, the ruler of Nakhjavan (nothing is known about him). The poem has also been translated to other languages such as French and German. It seems that Asadi Tusi wrote this poem based on a written source. Like the Shahnameh, it contains few Arabic loan-words and consists of some 9,000 verses. The main hero of this epic poem is Garshasp, the son of Etret, and grandson of Sām. The poem begins with the story of Jamshid and Zahhak. Jamshid is overthrown by Zahhak and flees to Zabolistan. In Zabolistan, Jamshid falls in love with an unnamed daughter of Kurang, the king of Zabolistan, and she bore a child for Jamshid, named Tur (not to be confused with Tur, the son of Freydun). Jamshid flees again to China. Garshasp is actually the grandson of Tur's grandson.

Output:
1. The Garshasp-nama is an epic poem by Asadi Tusi (died 1072/73).
2. It has been described as one of the best epic poems in Persian literature, comparable to Shahnameh, by Ferdowsi, and the most important work of Asadi Tusi.
3. Asadi Tusi completed the poem in 1066 and dedicated it to a certain Abu Dulaf, the ruler of Nakhjavan (nothing is known about him).
4. The poem has also been translated to other languages such as French and German.
5. It seems that Asadi Tusi wrote this poem based on a written source.
6. Like the Shahnameh, it contains few Arabic loan-words and consists of some 9,000 verses.
7. The main hero of this epic poem is Garshasp, the son of Etret, and grandson of Sām.
8. The poem begins with the story of Jamshid and Zahhak.
9.  Jamshid is overthrown by Zahhak and flees to Zabolistan. In Zabolistan, Jamshid falls in love with an unnamed daughter of Kurang, the king of Zabolistan, and she bore a child for Jamshid, named Tur (not to be confused with Tur, the son of Freydun).
10. Jamshid flees again to China.
11. Garshasp is actually the grandson of Tur's grandson.


Instruction: Tell me about the life of Adolphe Cohn

Input:
Adolphe Cohn (May 29, 1851– 1930) was a Franco-American educator, born in Paris. He was graduated "bachelier ès lettres" from the University of Paris in 1868, and studied law, historical criticism, and philology at various institutions of higher learning in Paris, receiving the degrees of LL.B. in 1873. A pupil of the École des Chartes, his thesis was called Vues sur l’histoire de l’organisation judiciaire en France du IXe au XIIIe siècle considérée au point de vue des juridictions extraordinaires and he got the diploma of "archiviste paléographe" in 1874. At the commencement of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, he enlisted and served in the French army throughout the struggle.

Cohn emigrated to New York City on May 13, 1875, and from 1876 to 1884 was the American correspondent of La République française, then edited by Léon Gambetta, whom he had known in France, and whose political views he had adopted. In March, 1882, Cohn was appointed tutor in French at Columbia College, and soon afterward made an instructor. By a popular vote of the French residents of New York he was chosen to deliver the funeral oration on Gambetta in 1883 at Tammany Hall, and in 1885 was called from Cambridge, Massachusetts, for a similar purpose, upon the death of Victor Hugo.

Output:
Adolphe Cohn (May 29, 1851 – 1930) was a Franco-American educator, born in Paris. He was graduated "bachelier es lettres" from the University of Paris in 1868, and studied law, historical criticism, and philology at various institutions of higher learning in Paris, receiving the degrees of LL.B. in 1873.

A pupil of the École des Chartes, his thesis was called Vues sur l’histoire de l’organisation judiciaire en France du IXe au XIIIe siècle considérée au point de vue des juridictions extraordinaires and he got the diploma of "archiviste paléographe" in 1874. At the commencement of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, he enlisted and served in the French army throughout the struggle.

Cohn emigrated to New York City on May 13, 1875, and from 1876 to 1884 was the American correspondent of La République française, then edited by Léon Gambetta, whom he had known in France, and whose political views he had adopted. In March, 1882, Cohn was appointed tutor in French at Columbia College, and soon afterward made an instructor. By a popular vote of the French residents of New York he was chosen to deliver the funeral oration on Gambetta in 1883 at Tammany Hall, and in 1885 was called from Cambridge, Massachusetts, for a similar purpose, upon the death of Victor Hugo.


Instruction: Can you tell me what the buddhist uprising is about in a few sentences?

Input:
The Buddhist Uprising of 1966 (Vietnamese: Nổi dậy Phật giáo 1966), or more widely known in Vietnam as the Crisis in Central Vietnam (Vietnamese: Biến động Miền Trung), was a period of civil and military unrest in South Vietnam, largely focused in the I Corps area in the north of the country in central Vietnam. The area is a heartland of Vietnamese Buddhism, and at the time, activist Buddhist monks and civilians were at the forefront of opposition to a series of military juntas that had been ruling the nation, as well as prominently questioning the escalation of the Vietnam War.

During the rule of the Catholic Ngô Đình Diệm, the discrimination against the majority Buddhist population generated the growth of Buddhist institutions as they sought to participate in national politics and gain better treatment. In 1965, after a series of military coups that followed the fall of the Diệm regime in 1963, Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu finally established a stable junta, holding the positions of Prime Minister and figurehead Chief of State respectively. The Kỳ-Thiệu regime was initially almost a feudal system, being more of an alliance of warlords than a state as each corps commander ruled his area as his own fiefdom, handing some of the taxes they collected over to the government in Saigon and keeping the rest for themselves. During that time, suspicion and tension continued between the Buddhist and Catholic factions in Vietnamese society.

Output:
The Buddhist Uprising was a civil and military crisis in South Vietnam, during 1966. At that time, civilians and Buddhist monks strongly questioned the activities schemes of military officers and the reasoning behind the Vietnam War.

The Buddhist population was discriminated against during the rule of Catholics, which spurred them into forming their own political party. After a series of military. coups in 1965, they successfully gained command of the political power. Tension remained between the two religious power.


Instruction: Based on the text, what are the best ways for people to eat fruits?

Input:
In the US, we are fortunate to have a dizzying array of fruits that fill our grocery stores year-round. They come in all sizes, shapes, and colors, and we have all heard about the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables a day. So, what are we eating them for? And how does the nutritional value vary between fruits? Is there any difference between whole fruits versus juice, fresh versus dried? Let’s take a look.

Differences between fruits
Just like other foods, different fruits have different nutrient values. Generally, whole fruits are good sources of fiber while fruit juices are not. And one cup of fruit juice, even 100% fruit juice, has a lot more sugar than one piece or one serving of whole fruit. In addition, whole fruits are more satiating than juices. When meeting the recommended fruit and vegetable intake, it is better to eat them (whole) than drink them (juice). However, one should not completely avoid drinking juice — if it is 100% juice — but you should limit consumption to no more than 4 to 8 ounces a day.

The freezer section of the grocery store is often stocked with quite a variety of frozen fruits. These are often peeled and cut already (like mango), which is convenient and often less expensive than fresh fruits. Frozen fruits are usually picked and quick-frozen near the point of harvest, therefore the nutrients are well preserved. Moreover, some seasonal fruits such as blueberries are readily available in frozen form. The key to selection is to choose plain frozen fruits without added sugar.

There are a number of fruits that are available in dried form, such as raisins, apricots, and pineapple — just to name a few. They also have good nutrient values, keep for a long time, are convenient to carry around, and are high in calories, making them a favorite for hikers and campers. However, some often have sugar added in the drying process, particularly mango and pineapple. Dried cranberries almost always have sugar added, as they are naturally very tart. Even for those without added sugar, the compact volume and sweetness make it quite easy to eat a lot in one sitting, and the calories can add up quickly.

Some dried fruits like raisins and apricots are also treated with sulfur dioxide to preserve freshness and color. For most people that is not a concern; however, some individuals are sensitive, especially those with asthma. Sulfur dioxide treatment is labeled on the package, so it is not difficult to avoid if necessary.

What about buying organic?
We have much choice when it comes to organic and conventionally grown fruits, be they fresh, frozen, or dried. Nutritionally, there is not enough difference to choose one over the other, though consumers might choose one over another based on farming practices and environmental impact. The US has regulations on pesticide use, but some fruits tend to have more residual pesticides than others, and it is always recommended that you wash fruits thoroughly before eating.

Differences in nutritional value
Different fruits are good sources of different nutrients. Citrus fruits are high in vitamin C, and other fruits are good sources of nutrients too. A few examples below:

Nutrient: Major functions - Good fruit sources

potassium: fluid and electrolyte balance, maintaining healthy blood pressure - oranges, raspberries, bananas, cherries, pomegranates, honeydew melons, avocados

iron: formation of red blood cells, brain growth in children - dried apricots, raisins

vitamin C: maintaining healthy immune system, wound healing, antioxidant - citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi

folate: DNA synthesis, formation of red blood cells, early neural tube development in the fetus - oranges, mangos, avocados

vitamin A: night vision, cell growth, immune function - cantaloupe

Besides the above nutrients, certain fruits are also high in flavonoids. This is a diverse group of compounds, some of which are potent antioxidants that protect against oxidative damage, and may reduce the risk of certain diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In particular, citrus fruits are high in the flavanones class of flavonoids, and blackberries, blueberries, cranberries, and cherries are high in the anthocyanidins class of flavonoids.

So, what fruits should we eat?
As you can see, there isn’t one fruit that has all the nutrients, so eating a variety is the key to good health. Try something new! Most adults should eat a variety of colors for about 2 cups a day. Prioritize whole fruits over juice. Eat what is in season, as it will be cheaper. And enjoy your fruits: eat mindfully to fully appreciate the smell, texture, and flavor. Bon appetit!

Output:
- Eat whole fruits instead of drinking 100% fruit juice, event 100% fruit juice, because whole fruits contain a lot more fiber and less super
- Eat fruits of the season. They are fresher and cheaper.
- It is ok to eat freshly frozen fruits. Pay attention to pick frozen fruits which do not have sugar added during the process
- There is no nutritional difference between organic and non-organic fruits. Always wash fruits before eating
- Dried fruits contain more sugar per unit weight. Don't overeat.
- Different fruits contain different nutrients. Eating a variety of different fruits is the key to good health
- A healthy adult should eat 2 cups of fruits a day with different varieties


Instruction: What is the Premier League?

Input: The Premier League (legal name: The Football Association Premier League Limited) is the highest level of the English football league system. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League (EFL). Seasons typically run from August to May with each team playing 38 matches (playing all other teams both home and away). Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons, with occasional weekday evening fixtures.

Output: The Premier League is the top tier in English Football. The league has 20 teams where the bottom 3 teams are relegated to the 2nd tier and the top 3 teams from the 2nd tier are promoted. Each team plays the other 19 teams twice. Once home and once away, for a total of 38 games. Most games are played on the weekends from August to May.


Instruction: Please restate this information using simple or non-scientific language wherever possible

Input: Although phylogenetically closer to felines and viverrids, as part of suborder Feliformia, hyenas are behaviourally and morphologically similar to canids in several elements due to convergent evolution: both hyenas and canines are non-arboreal, cursorial hunters that catch prey with their teeth rather than claws. Both eat food quickly and may store it, and their calloused feet with large, blunt, nonretractable claws are adapted for running and making sharp turns. However, hyenas' grooming, scent marking, defecation habits, mating and parental behavior are consistent with the behavior of other feliforms.

Output: Hyenas are more closely related to cats, genets, and civets than they are to dogs. Nevertheless, hyenas act and look more like dogs than they do cats. They have a number of evolutionary changes  that make them look and act like dogs. Hyenas don't climb trees, and they run after their prey and catch them with their teeth. They do have some behaviors still that are more like cats, but mostly around parenting and grooming.


Instruction: Give me a one line summary about smelting

Input: Smelting is a process of applying heat to an ore, to extract a base metal. It is a form of extractive metallurgy. It is used to extract many metals from their ores, including silver, iron, copper, and other base metals. Smelting uses heat and a chemical- reducing agent to decompose the ore, driving off other elements as gases or slag and leaving the metal base behind. The reducing agent is commonly a fossil fuel source of carbon, such as coke—or, in earlier times, charcoal.The oxygen in the ore binds to carbon at high temperatures as the chemical potential energy of the bonds in carbon dioxide (CO2) is lower than the bonds in the ore.

Output: Smelting is the process of extracting metals from their ores by applying heat and a chemical-reducing agent to drive off non-wanted materials as gases and leaving the base (wanted) material behind.