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MedicalSciences-StackExchange

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[ { "answer_id": 11991, "body": "<p>Ok I believe it might the be average male adult height in cm. That is why you multiply by 0.742 for females. </p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "creatinine", "glomerular-filtration-grf" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11999, "body": "<p>Through a nasogastric tube.\nWhat you call \"interaction\" would be previously known by general and common knowledge of pharmacology.\nThe doctor must know about those interactions, the nurse simply administrates what was indicated</p>\n", "score": 1 }, { "answer_id": 12015, "body": "<p>After some research I found this topic which answers part of my question. It does not answer the chemical effects of mixing drugs outside the human body.</p>\n\n<p>1-<a href=\"http://www.atitesting.com/ati_next_gen/skillsmodules/content/Medication-Administration-2/equipment/nasogastric.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Nasogastric medications</a>.</p>\n\n<p>2-<a href=\"https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/gastroenterology/drug-administration-via-a-nasogastric-tube/200984.article\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">drug-administration-via-a-nasogastric-tube</a>. (may require subscription!)</p>\n\n<p>I find the process of grinding different pills and serving them altogether strange I am almost sure that this can't be generally correct.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "swallow-swallowing", "drug-administration", "icu-intensive-care-unit" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12007, "body": "<p>You cannot determine the amount of trans fats because the information is not there. Trans fatty acids are a particular type of unsaturated fatty acids.\n More specifically, <a href=\"http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/nda040831\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">\"unsaturated fatty acids that have at least one double bond in the trans configuration\"</a>. So the amount of trans fats can be anywhere between 0 and the amount of unsaturated fats, which you can obtain by subtracting the amount of saturated fats from the total fats. Hopefully closer to 0. \nA way to go if you are concerned about trans fats would be to look at the list of ingredients, and avoid partially hydrogenated fats and oils. Rather high amounts of trans fats are also found in dairy and beef fat (3-6% of total fatty acids) <a href=\"http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/nda040831\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">1</a>. Some are also formed when frying oils at high temperatures.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "nutrition", "labeling", "fatty-acids" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12026, "body": "<p>There are 4 sinuses : frontalis, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid sinus. Frontal sinus, it excrete mucus into the meatus medius via a small opening called hiatus semilunaris anterior . Anterior and middle sinus of ethmoid also excrete mucus to meatus medius. The sphenoid sinus drainage to sphenoid recess. The two sinus drainage to meatus medius, but below the meatus medius there is another meatus called meatus inferior, it receive a drainage from ductus nasolacrimal ( it connect nasal cavity with eye) so if you cry the tears will be excreted to the nose. In your case i think the problem has nothing to do with the sinus, because there is no sinus drainage to inferior meatus. You may have a condition called nasolacrimal reflux, where the content in nose go up to the eyes (yes it is possible that you blow your nose too hard and causing the mucus exit via your eyes) . The content of the nose is not only mucus, it may mixed up with normal flora such as bacteria staphilococcus and or streptococcus. These bacteria may infect your eyes causing conjunctivitis. For you further reading <a href=\"http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(05)03383-X/abstract\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(05)03383-X/abstract</a></p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "mucus-phlegm", "sinus", "nasal-congestion", "nose-blowing", "sinus-headache" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12058, "body": "<p>To preface this, I do not know the laws pertinent to the state of New York. This answer discusses the difference between the professions and licensing in general. State licensing boards may publish state-specific laws.</p>\n\n<p>The term <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">pathologist is usually used to refer to a physician specialist (MD or DO)</a> who goes through medical school and does a pathology residency (after-graduation training that nearly all physicians do). There are different divisions within pathology that some pathologists can specialize in.</p>\n\n<p>Pathologists in general are specialists in the analysis of anatomical structures and histology (tissues and cells) and all the things that could go wrong with them - diseases, disorders, injuries, and other destructive processes. A pathologist in a hospital may, for example, receive biopsies to check for cancer, blood smears to look for abnormalities, autopsies, forensics, etc. They have a broad base of skills and knowledge that can be valuable in many applications. </p>\n\n<p>Like any other kind of physician, they can choose to do things other than practice in clinical settings - they may do research or product design or advising or policy...etc. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Wikipedia defines biotechnology</a> as:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>\"any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use\"... Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of bioengineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The possible types of endeavors in biotechnology are very diverse, but overall differ from pathology in most forms of practice, although their paths may cross. A pathologist might be able to engage in biotechnology, whereas a biotechnologist could not practice as a medical pathologist without going to medical school. But an MD/DO is not the only route into the <em>field</em> of pathology - there are pathology technicians that assist pathologists, there are PhDs in pathology that do research similar to the research pathologists might do, and other related professions.</p>\n\n<p>It seems that the general field of biotechnology can be entered in different paths, but there are actual <a href=\"http://www.biotechtraining.northwestern.edu/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Bio Technology Programs (e.g. Northwestern</a> that are PhD level training.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "practice-of-medicine" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12059, "body": "<p>The American Heart Association, as well as the NIH and others, have <a href=\"https://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/DiningOut/Tips-for-Eating-Fast-Food_UCM_308412_Article.jsp\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">recommendations on eating healthier when eating out.</a> </p>\n\n<p>The fundamentals of what specific foods AND what quantities of those foods make for a \"healthy\" diet involves a very large discussion that is beyond the scope of this question. </p>\n\n<p>In this specific setting, one way to approach it is to consider the choices between nutrient-dense foods versus calorie-dense foods as ONE measure of \"healthy.\" For weight management, the number of calories you eat each day are important to consider as well. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.choosemyplate.gov/nutrition-nutrient-density\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Nutrient-dense foods</a> have more nutrition packed into something with fewer calories - for example spinach, cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, onions, sprouts... Olives and avocados have more calories but are still nutrient dense with healthy fats.</p>\n\n<p>Calorie-dense foods include things that have many calories (and often fat) in small amounts of the food, proportionally high in comparison with less nutrition - like mayonnaise, fried foods, sugar, flour/bread, etc.</p>\n\n<p>Examples: Many cheeses and some meats (like salami or tuna with mayo) have more calories and fat per gram of protein and are therefore less nutrient-dense than lean meats (like chicken or turkey breast). Mustard or vinegar have nearly no calories, whereas Mayonnaise has a lot.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.subway.com/en-us/menunutrition/nutrition\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Subway has a nutrition information webpage</a> for specific information. </p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "nutrition" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12176, "body": "<p>No, this will have no affect on your cognitive processes. It may affect your sleep pattern; side sleeping help open your airways allowing you to breath better. Don't sleep on your back if you're snore. Don't sleep on a sore or bruise, this will put pressure on it, sometimes that may be good. Most of the time though this may make your recovery slower.</p>\n\n<p>The fluid in your cranium called Cerebrospinal actually keeps your brain balanced when you are sleep, so your brain is not taking extra pressure in any form.\nNow if you were to get smacked, your brain will move of course. But as long as your still your brain is pretty much at an equal balance. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://restrite.com/sleep-positions-and-your-brain/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Read more </a></p>\n\n<p>Don't worry your body is and incredibly engineered structure. Your body is prepared for anything <em>natural</em>. Now if you sleep upside down that may cause some problems because that not position your body is <em>programmed</em> for. </p>\n\n<p>Diseases of course can cause your body to reprogram itself.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "sleep", "brain", "position", "development-disorder" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12134, "body": "<p>It is very important that you and your dad see his doctor for an explanation of these results ASAP. Reading CT results out of clinical context can lead to misunderstandings. The doctor can analyze the CT results in the setting of your dad's clinical picture. Only he/she can explain the significance of the results, and what that means for your dad.</p>\n\n<p>I assume you are asking this because you read that and were worried, so you tried to google it but found the results confusing. I can help clarify the individual words in your question and help guide your understanding, so that you are prepared for your conversation with his doctor. </p>\n\n<p>This is NOT an explanation of the CT results. Only the doctor can do that for you.</p>\n\n<p>Note that there are limitations to what a CT scan can tell you for certain. A CT is not a perfect photograph, nor a tissue sample that you can say for certain is X Y or Z. A radiologist analyzes the characteristics of abnormalities that he/she sees and makes recommendations of what it is - sometimes it is straightforward like a clear fracture in a bone, other times less clear like a shadow on a bone. Again, you need the doctor to combine the CT results with everything else known about your father in order to say what he thinks is going on.</p>\n\n<p>Definitions:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Pedicle means stalk and can be used for <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicle\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">several different things</a>. </li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Usually in human anatomy, pedicle will indicate the portion of the vertebrae (of the spinal column) that form the sides of the hole through which the spinal cord passes (see below in pink)<a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/ARv1R.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/ARv1R.jpg\" alt=\"pedicle\"></a></p>\n\n<p>In surgical anatomy, there seems to be a neurovascular bundle referred to as the \"prostatic pedicle.\"</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/RL6cb.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/RL6cb.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><p>\"D9\" and \"T9\" are both ways to designate the 9th Thoracic vertebra of the spinal column. It is in the mid-back region.</p></li>\n<li><p>A <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">metastasis</a> is the spread of a cancer from the original site to another place in the body. I have rarely heard metastasis used for anything other than cancer or similar processes.</p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>The radiologist may be suggesting that it appears to be a metastasis on the spine. But a CT scan can only suggest that something is a metastasis, it can't diagnose it for certain - that is why you need to see his doctor, who can interpret it along with your dad's clinical picture and tell you what it means.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "urology", "ct-scans", "prostate", "metastatic-cancer", "enlarged-prostate-bph" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12308, "body": "<p>I'm afraid the answer is no, you can't know in advance if the condom is going to break.</p>\n\n<p>As far as I can tell, and from my own personal experience, most condom failures are not due to the condom itself being bad, but from misusing it, e.g. putting it in a wrong angle (so it slides off during the act), using too much force during the act, thus tearing the condom, etc.</p>\n\n<p>Sometimes there are indeed failures in the material itself, causing it to tear while using it, but no way to see those, they are not visible.</p>\n\n<p>So my tips are quite common:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Make sure the condom is not expired. (they always must have expiration date on the package)</li>\n<li>Make sure the condom's package is sealed when you open it.</li>\n<li>Put the condom properly. (Tons of guides if one wants, don't think it's needed to repeat here.)</li>\n<li>If during the act you have a feeling it's breaking/broken pull out immediately and take a look. In case of actual breaking, the hole should be obvious.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Enjoy!</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "sex", "hiv", "condom", "perforate-perforation" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12231, "body": "<p>When hydrating, it is important not only to consume enough fluids, but also to ensure that you are replenishing electrolytes and minerals in your body. This will help you to hydrate yourself more quickly and sustainable than simply drinking lots of water. Here are my suggestions:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>Sports drinks like Gatorade contain electrolytes and will hydrate you more efficiently that plain water. If you prefer a less sugary option, coconut water also contains high levels of electrolytes.</p></li>\n<li><p>You can also make an oral re-hydration solution (ORS) at home: simply mix 4 cups water with 6 small spoonfuls of sugar, and a half a small spoonful of salt and mix to dissolve. This will restore lost fluids and minerals more quickly than plain water.</p></li>\n<li><p>You can also eat watery fruits and vegetables to re-hydrate yourself more quickly, as these not only have high water content but will replenish lost minerals -watermelon, cantaloupe, grapefruit, oranges, strawberries, cucumber, grapes, papaya, celery, lettuce, spinach, zucchini and tomatoes are some good examples. If you don't like to eat these foods plain, consider blending into a smoothie.</p></li>\n<li>Dehydration causes loss of minerals like potassium - eat 1-2 bananas a day to replenish your potassium.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Following these suggestions should help to prevent dehydration (and rehydrate you if you do become dehydrated) better than simply drinking water.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "hydration", "dehydration" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12241, "body": "<p>From what I can piece together, you are asking about the relationship between <em>fluid build-up, eustachian tube or sinus dysfunction</em> and <em>other cranial</em> conditions. The key thing to realize is that the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustachian_tube\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">eustachian tube</a> connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear. Fluid build up is almost always a middle ear issue. Inner ear diseases are things like <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menieres-disease/basics/definition/con-20028251\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Meniere's disease</a>.</p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ear\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">middle ear</a> is an isolated space located in bones of the skull and not in the <em>brain</em>. In extreme cases middle ear infections can infect the bones separating the middle ear and inner ear and can lead to meningitis and brain abscesses: <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Otitis-media/Pages/Complications.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Otitis-media/Pages/Complications.aspx</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "hearing", "ear", "tinnitus", "ears-nose-throat-ent", "middle-ear" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12253, "body": "<p>The manufacturer touts its ability to transmit data to its own apps via Bluetooth, so I'd say the answer is yes.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The MiniMed Connect App for iOS is compatible for devices running iOS\n 8 and iOS 9 with Bluetooth®</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The MiniMed Connect App for OS is compatible for devices running\n Android™5.0/5.1.1/5.1.2 (Lollipop) and Android™ 6.0/6.0.1/6.0.2\n (Marshmallow) with Bluetooth®.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/products/minimed-connect\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/products/minimed-connect</a></p>\n", "score": 2 }, { "answer_id": 12263, "body": "<p>The pump MiniMed 640G and the Contour Next Link 2.4 uses the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol with a proprietary data format.</p>\n\n<p>It uses the following operating frequencies 2420 MHz, 2435 MHz, 2450 MHz, 2465 MHz, 2480 MHz with a 5 MHz Bandwidth.</p>\n\n<p>There is yet no evidence of the compatibility of the MiniMed Connect with the 640g.</p>\n\n<p>If you're interesting in the communication with your pump you can check this project that allows you to get data from your pump on Android Phones using the Contour Next Link 2.4: <a href=\"https://github.com/pazaan/600SeriesAndroidUploader\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://github.com/pazaan/600SeriesAndroidUploader</a></p>\n\n<p>Source:\n<a href=\"https://www.medtronic-diabetes.co.uk/sites/uk/medtronic-diabetes.co.uk/files/minimed640gifu2015mp6025957-024_a_en_mmol.compressed.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.medtronic-diabetes.co.uk/sites/uk/medtronic-diabetes.co.uk/files/minimed640gifu2015mp6025957-024_a_en_mmol.compressed.pdf</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4</a></p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "diabetes", "type-1-diabetes", "insulin" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12300, "body": "<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrinkle#Water-immersion_wrinkling\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Wrinkling of wet skin</a> is triggered by an increased concentration of water in the outer layers of the skin. This happens because water tends to move from areas of low dissolved substances (eg. a bucket of tap water) to areas of high dissolved substances (eg. your body).</p>\n\n<p>Amniotic fluid is <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonicity#Isotonicity\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">isotonic</a>: that is, it has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the body. This means there's no movement of water, and hence, no wrinkled skin.</p>\n", "score": 3 }, { "answer_id": 12644, "body": "<p>Like the other answer, in part I am sure it is literally that amniotic fluid is not water. Your hands will not wrinkle in all fluids, they do in some fluids. I also don't even know if they would absorb water that early even if exposed. You are covered in vernix at birth, and it's waxy &amp; protective. That alone would likely act as a water barrier. You will also notice in wrinkling it's only in the hands &amp; feet. That type of wrinkling is intended to improve traction on slippery surfaces. You don't wrinkle everywhere when submerged, only in the areas where it may benefit you to do so. </p>\n\n<p>Vernix: <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763724/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763724/</a></p>\n\n<p>Info on traction created by skin wrinkles <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2013/01/wrinkles-help-fingers-get-grip\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2013/01/wrinkles-help-fingers-get-grip</a></p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "infant" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12336, "body": "<p>You drew the right conclusion! Fat does embody more calories (about 9 kcal/g) than the same weight of carbohydrate (4 kcal/g), protein (4 kcal/g) or ethanol (7 kcal/g). These are only approximate values, though, but they have been in use since the late 19th century and the work of Wilbur Olin Atwater. For references and details see the <a href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/MEETING/004/M2847E/M2847E00.HTM\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">FAO website</a> or <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27974598\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this article</a>. </p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "nutrition", "calories" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14902, "body": "<p>I'm sorry to hear about your little sister. You may well have found an answer to these questions by now, but I have an answer below for the sake of others who may have similar questions. I assume you are asking about Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia or \"ALL\".<br></p>\n\n<p>The American National Cancer Institute has very comprehensive and well presented material online. This is for health professionals [ <a href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/child-all-treatment-pdq\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/child-all-treatment-pdq</a> ] and also information which is for patients / parents [ <a href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/child-all-treatment-pdq\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/child-all-treatment-pdq</a> ].</p>\n\n<p>Significant advances in ALL treatment and prognosis have been made in recent years:\n\" For ALL, the 5-year survival rate has increased over the same time from 60% to approximately 90% for children younger than 15 years and from 28% to more than 75% for adolescents aged 15 to 19 years.\" <br>\n<strong>Ref:</strong> Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M: SEER Cancer Statistics Review (CSR) 1975-2013. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute, 2015.</p>\n\n<p>This applies to the US &amp; UK population (intensive chemotherapy with excellent supportive care, which is costly), but as I'm not sure where you are based I cannot answer about the prognosis in your area.</p>\n\n<p>I'm afraid I cannot answer your third question about supplying chemotherapy.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "cancer" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12416, "body": "<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448977\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">A paper in Psychopharmacology</a> reviews studies of caffeine withdrawal symptoms and concludes that these symptoms \"meet the bar\" for being clinically proven withdrawal symptoms:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>headache, fatigue, decreased energy/activeness, decreased alertness, drowsiness, decreased contentedness, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and foggy/not clearheaded</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>It lists some others that might be withdrawal symptoms as well, and points out</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>the incidence of headache was 50% and the incidence of clinically significant distress or functional impairment was 13%. Typically, onset of symptoms occurred 12-24 h after abstinence, with peak intensity at 20-51 h, and for a duration of 2-9 days. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>If you really want to stop using caffeine, do so, knowing that the first few days will be the hardest and then it will get easier. By a week without it, you should be generally past the symptoms.</p>\n\n<p>Since some of the drowsiness is actually just a withdrawal symptom, you may find after a week that you don't need a replacement (natural alternative.) Or you may find that you need more sleep, or to eat earlier in the day. Figure out what to replace it with once you are not feeling those withdrawal symptoms any more.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "caffeine", "addiction" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12566, "body": "<p>Any kind of mobility aid such as a walker or cane will reduce the incidence of falls, which is probably more important than helping to get up from them. The walker will also (if the brakes are on) serve as a device to help him get up. As well, any mobility aid tells onlookers \"this person has a medical condition.\" If he looks too young to fall down for medical reasons, people may assume he is drunk or high, and feel a reluctance to help him.</p>\n\n<p>You can overcome his walker resistance by telling him it's not for him to walk with, it's for him to get back up with. This <a href=\"https://www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca/locations_services/Services/Falls-Prevention/Pages/Tips/MobilityaidsImproveIndependence.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">page from the Saskatoon Health Region</a> has fall prevention tips and suggests a conversation with a doctor on what aid might be most useful. There is also <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_prevention\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a Wikipedia page on fall prevention</a> that cites studies of strength and balance training and Tai Chi, along with changing medications and glasses, as ways to reduce falls. Certainly being stronger and having good balance would also help for getting up from a fall. A person who insists they are too young for a walker might be open to some training and therapy to improve strength and balance.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "self-help" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12592, "body": "<p><a href=\"https://namipamainline.org/choosing-the-right-mental-health-professional/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">National Alliance for Mental Illness - NAMI (Main Line, PA)</a> quotes an article from SAMHSA:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Therapy is a collaborative process, so finding the right match-someone with whom you have a sense of rapport-is critical.</strong> After you find someone, keep in mind that therapy is work and sometimes can be painful. However, it also can be rewarding and life changing.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>In essence, therapy takes time and patience. However, you can (and should) monitor your progress. If you don't feel that you are getting the help you need, you can talk about this to your therapist. This is a great advantage of getting help in person over getting help over the internet: therapy can and should be customised to your needs. For a therapist to do that, they need your help. The best way to help them and your self is to communicate your concerns. However, people are different - both doctors and patients. If after a while you don't think that there is any improvement, you should feel free to look for another therapist. \nWhen looking for a therapist you should feel free to ask questions. Aside from asking for credentials and fees, Mayo Clinic staff article (also quoted by NAMI) recommends asking about your therapist's: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>... treatment approach and philosophy, to make sure it suits your style and needs.Whether they specialize in certain disorders or age groups. Some, for instance, work only with adolescents. Others specialize in eating disorders or substance abuse.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>A therapist who specialises in your type of problems is more likely to have the necessary experience to help you. Also, since therapy is a sensitive process, finding someone you feel comfortable working with can aid the therapy process. </p>\n\n<p>The important thing is not to give up on therapy and seeking professional help. For tips on finding a therapist that suits you, you might have a look at these:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/features/how-to-find-therapist#1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">How to Find a Therapist</a> - from WebMD</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nami.org/Find-Support/Living-with-a-Mental-Health-Condition/Finding-a-Mental-Health-Professional\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Finding a Mental Health Professional</a> - from NAMI</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://namipamainline.org/choosing-the-right-mental-health-professional/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Choosing the Right Mental Health Professional</a> - NAMI, PA</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "mental-health", "depression", "psychologist-psychology", "psychiatrist-psychiatry", "suicide" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12643, "body": "<p>I randomly found your question and I couldn't help but type an answer even though I am no expert (but I have dealt with that issue at times, actually at your age). I do not know what the deal is with this deserted stack exchange, but I will try my best because I found it worrying what you wrote.</p>\n\n<p>You do not have time for some moderate Cardio 30 minutes three times a week? Cardio, not some walking. Forget trackers for the amount of steps, they do not work. You have to do your sport in your room? How is it a waste of time if you want to lose weight? How does one even study with that intensity? Here is my advice: Track every calorie you eat and try to end up with a deficit of 300-500 every single day. There are a couple of apps that can help or you can do it the old school way with pen and paper. You will not lose weight unless you are at a deficit. </p>\n\n<p>I really wonder what you have to study so hard for. I ended up with almost perfect grades at your age and still had the time to lose more than 30 kg with sport, but I also grew up in a Western country where school is really easy. Push ups burn almost no calories, be aware of that. Just walking does a little bit, but it is all too easy to just eat what you have burned in a couple of hours. You will even see that in the long run, instead of making you tired that sport will help you study. Your life has just begun, in 20 years you will run into some serious problems if you do not run enough now. </p>\n\n<p>Also, do not expect fast results. First you lose water and so on and not fat and then your weight will no longer change for a while. This will take some time - we are talking about almost a year here.</p>\n\n<p>So long story short: Track everything (except your steps). This isn't rocket science. If you are a hard studier, you should have no problem with doing some simple calculations.</p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "diet", "mental-health", "weight-loss" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12703, "body": "<p>Every single website that suggests onion juice is good for hair regrowth doesn't have credible sources. I went through a lot and all of them are full of mumbo jumbo and charlatans.</p>\n\n<p>However, this onion madness seems to have some.. I repeat some... scientific basis and maybe that's where it all started.</p>\n\n<p><strong>There is an actual research paper on the matter:</strong></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12126069\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12126069</a></p>\n\n<p><strong>The problem</strong> though is that it was a very small study. Only 38 patients. They divided them in 2 groups and gave onion juice to one and plain <strong>tap water</strong> to the other. They noticed hair regrowth on the first group... but also on the second group!!!</p>\n\n<p><strong>Does that mean onion juice is good for hair regrowth?</strong> - Maybe, but the study is too small to prove anything.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Does that mean water is good for hair regrowth?</strong> - uh... I don't know, wouldn't there be a lot less bald people walking around?</p>\n", "score": 4 } ]

[ "hair", "home-remedies", "hairloss" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12735, "body": "<p>Whatever you do, make sure you cover your mouth with e.g. the inside of your elbow.<br>\nSpreading bugs is a) bad, and b) impolite.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/etiquette/coughing_sneezing.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">See this CDC webpage for more information.</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "nose", "sneeze-sneezing" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12788, "body": "<p>I am a layman, no expert on human skulls. I do think I can likely help you feel a little less concern perhaps. The type of xray used by orthodonists typically is called a cephalometric xray or ceph. The image I see of you seems pretty typical &amp; many seem to show some amount of a thicker area along the occipital bun on the back of the head. Here is some info on the type of xray &amp; if you link, you will see an image that very much shows a similar bone formation and a little info on the type of xray used. You can certainly ask your orthodonist about it. They can tell you what is typical that they see &amp; I am pretty certain had they seen anything unusual, they would speak up immediately. I had a chiropractor take an xray that showed a sinus tumor. They didn't tell me that. They told me I needed to have my dentist do some xray as something looked off in my oral cavity &amp; they have a better resolution to take a look. It was from a tooth growing in the wrong place &amp; totally treatable. <a href=\"https://www.verywell.com/definition-of-cephalometric-ceph-x-ray-1059162\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.verywell.com/definition-of-cephalometric-ceph-x-ray-1059162</a> </p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "x-rays", "head-trauma", "concussion", "skull" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12808, "body": "<p>I dont know if our diet can make us cleverer or not but I do know how our food habits can improve the overall functioning of the nervous tissue like memory,reflexes etc.</p>\n\n<p>You see the well being of the nervous system based solely on diet tactics can be undertaken in 5 steps:</p>\n\n<p>1)The neurons communicate with one another via synapses and the working rate of the synapses depends on the availability of neurotransmitter.Neurotransmiter depletion is the main cause of fatigue at the synapses.\nIntake of tryptophan rich food like milk ,,egg yolk and legume help in the formation of neurotransmitter serotonin which is thought to be involved in the memory pathways.Intake of choline containing food like eggs,liver,peanuts,spinach,beet,wheat,shell fish etc helps improve acetylcholine formation.</p>\n\n<p>2)The neuronal tissue is broadly segregated into white matter and grey matter.\nCompounds like galactocerebrosides are more common in the white matter composition and gangliosides in the grey matter.\nIntake of galactose rich food like milk,\nessential fatty acids like linolenic acids,rich in walnut oil,soyabean oil,marine fish oils and linolenic acids in safflower and peanut oils help improve the functioning of these tissues.</p>\n\n<p>Also amino acids like cysteine,methionine and serine are essentially helpful in maintaining the health of the nervous system.</p>\n\n<p>3)The nervous system can generate ATP for conduction of impulses only from glucose.So the proper intake of glucose plays an important role too in reducing fatigue.</p>\n\n<p>4)Electrolytes like Na+,K+ are important for conduction of impulses.So they should be considered for intake but in proper quantities.</p>\n\n<p>5)Vitamin B1,B6 is essential for a healthy nervous system.Food like yeast,liver,cereal grains,lentils,fish are rich in both of them.</p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "nutrition", "brain" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12829, "body": "<p>Your anxiety is natural, especially if this is your first surgery. </p>\n\n<p>However, statistics are clear: Anaesthesia is safe. \nIn fact, it is safer than driving a car. </p>\n\n<p>You should discuss your nervousness with your family physician or an anaesthetist who can reassure you and clear all your doubts. Health StackExchange is not a bad replacement too, so let me give you one or two pointers on what will happen and why you shouldn't worry (these do not replace adequately a talk you can have in person with a physician) </p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Please do not listen to anecdotes or read stories on Facebook, they will only cause more anxiety. </li>\n<li>Before the Surgery, the Anaesthesist is going to go through your medical record carefully and have a talk with you (Pre-Anaesthesia workout). Based on your health condition and the surgery, the Anaesthesist will work out a meticulous plan which will include details of what anaesthetic agent(s) to use, how to introduce those agents and who to wean you off them at the end of the surgery, so that you can nicely recover consciousness. He/She will also have a backup plan, lest something should go wrong.</li>\n<li>During the Surgery, the Anaesthesist is going to very carefully calibrate a mixture of gases that will sedate you into unconsciousness as per plan, and continue to monitor on a minute to minute basis, various parameters of your body to judge its optimal functioning. Your Heart Rate, Pulse, Rate of Breathing, How much your blood is oxygenated, etc will be part of the monitoring. As per the Monitoring, the Anaesthesist will increase or reduce the amount of anaesthetic agent. Also, the Anaesthesist will withdraw the anaesthetic agents gradually and carefully, allowing you to 'wake up'. </li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>You are worried if they will leave the 'mask on' for longer than needed, but this will never happen. There will be a checklist of things to do and the whole team goes through these checklists to ensure that nobody 'forgets' to do something. </p>\n\n<p>If you are still not convinced or worried, you can and should talk to a caregiver, nursing staff, patient advisor or at least a community worker.</p>\n\n<p>Hope you have a great surgery and early recovery. </p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "surgery", "knee", "acl-ligament" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16488, "body": "<p>I think you are referring to <strong><a href=\"http://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/t/thumb-hypoplasia-aplasia\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">thumb hypoplasia</a></strong>. Or more specifically thumb hypoplasia Type II. It restricts the movement of the thumb. It is a congenital disorder. The cause is still unknown, maybe some genetic deformalities.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Type II is characterized by a tight web space between the thumb and index finger which restricts movement, poor thenar muscles and an unstable middle joint of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint. This unstable thumb is best treated with reconstruction of the mentioned structures. [<a href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb_hypoplasia\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">From: Wikipedia</a>]</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong>Further reading:</strong></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4693184/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Thumb Hypoplasia,\nLohrasb Sayadi, BS, Mustafa Chopan, BS, and Donald Laub, MD</a> <br></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445261/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Thumb hypoplasia: current concepts,\nMichael Tonkin</a><br></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193638/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Surgical reconstruction of congenital thumb hypoplasia,\nMichael Tonkin</a> <br></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/9526160/#\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Diagnosis and treatment of congenital thumb hypoplasia.\nPlancher KD, et al. Hand Clin. 1998.</a></p></li>\n</ul>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "terminology", "hand", "joints", "anatomy", "thumb" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12919, "body": "<p>First, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium, not by a virus</a>.</p>\n\n<p>There are a number of different skin tests used for tuberculosis. The common ones are the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Mantoux test</a>, the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tine_test\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">tine test</a>, and the no-longer-used <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaf_test\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Heaf test</a>. All three of them indicate potential tuberculosis infection by measuring the presence and/or size of the firm raised area at the injection site after a certain amount of time; the <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100215105953/http://www.immunisation.nhs.uk/files/mantouxtest.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NHS's instructions for administering the Mantoux test</a> specifically call out itching of the injection site as normal, and state that any redness should be ignored when judging the results.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "test-results", "tuberculosis" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12959, "body": "<p>It is true that a tumour in your lung can make you cough (I coughed uncontrollably day and night until mine went away) but a million much milder things can do that too. If you had a cancer growing in your lungs you would have symptoms other than just coughing. Your doctors would notice. </p>\n\n<p>If the \"acid reflux\" and the \"allergies\" treatments have not helped, it's good for you to continue to investigate so you can get some relief. It's not good for you to decide it's the worst possible thing, that will just upset you for no benefit. Keep communicating with your family doctor that you want to know what is causing the cough and you want to clear it up and get relief.</p>\n\n<p>Sticking with one doctor and going from them to a specialist and then back again is probably the best way to build trust, compared to going to a series of different specialists who can argue with each other through you. If you think your family doctor would let you die from tumours rather than help you, you need a different family doctor. But if it's just a matter that you can't shake your fear, work with your doctor to get that settled.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "cough", "otolaryngology" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12943, "body": "<p>After full sexual development is complete (usually the teens for most males), penis enlargement is impossible. Anyone who tells you otherwise is a liar and is probably trying to sell you something.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/men/guide/penis-enlargement-does-it-work#1\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.webmd.com/men/guide/penis-enlargement-does-it-work#1</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>\"I think there isn't a guy in the world who hasn't wished his penis\n were an inch or two longer,\" says Michael O'Leary, MD, professor of\n urologic surgery at Harvard Medical School and a urologist at Brigham\n and Women's Hospital in Boston.</p>\n \n <p>However, after more than a century of generally dubious and sometimes\n lunatic penis enlargement attempts, there's still not much you can do.\n Sure, there are lots and lots of supposed options out there -- penis\n pills, creams, brutal stretching exercises, horrific-looking devices,\n and penis surgery. Almost none of it works. The few approaches that\n can work often have modest benefits and serious side effects. How\n serious? In some cases, erectile dysfunction-serious.</p>\n \n <p>\"Trust me, if I knew of a way to safely and effectively increase penis\n size, I'd be a billionaire,\" O'Leary tells WebMD. \"But I don't. Nobody\n does.\"</p>\n</blockquote>\n", "score": 14 } ]

[ "nutrition", "penis" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12969, "body": "<p>First, we can't give advice specific to an individual on Health SE. See rules.</p>\n\n<p>BUT what I CAN do is help guide your next discussion with his doctor. (Those are great diagrams and will help your doctor when you and your dad go to see him/her. )</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>The first and most important question to understand is: why was he put on Prevacid (a protein pump inhibitor) in the first place? Before trying to stop it, you need to know whether there is a medical indication for continuing it.</p></li>\n<li><p>This kind of conversation you want is called a \"risks vs benefits\" discussion. The decision to start/stop/continue a medication often involves this. </p></li>\n<li><p>The long-term use of PPIs is a <a href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0515/p692.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">current topic of discussion</a>, as we're reaching nearly 30 years since they came out on the market.</p></li>\n<li><p>Yes the kidney is the major regulator of Sodium, Chloride and some other electrolytes. But the primary lab values monitored for signs of <a href=\"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">kidney dysfunction</a> are <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">creatinine</a>, urea nitrogen, often potassium, and sometimes urine tests. </p></li>\n<li><p>With some labs, there is a tolerated range even outside the reference range for normal. Sodium and chloride are examples. This is in part due to laboratory variations between readings. Often the trend of lab values is more important than individual readings - but of course, a significantly out-of-range value is different. It's a complicated topic. </p></li>\n<li><p>Discernment in how aggressively to manage abnormal values comes from study, practice, and experience. This is an example of why it takes so many years of training before you can practice medicine. Don't expect you'll fully understand electrolyte balance after talking with the doc, but DO set a reasonable goal of what you want to understand through the discussion.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Again, I am not commenting at all on your dad's lab values. We cannot evaluate him online. But this is some information to guide YOUR understanding and WHAT to ask his doc.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "medications", "gastroenterology", "lasting-effects-duration", "dosage", "esophagus" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13065, "body": "<p>I would encourage you to get seen by a healthcare professional for testing/advice. This could be from your family doctor or at a walk-in clinic. There might also be a sexual health center near you that can offer testing, advice, and counseling services. Everything would be confidential and should be judgement free (if you feel like you are being judged you can always ask to see someone else). </p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "procedural-expectations", "sti", "sexual-penetration", "oral-sex" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13120, "body": "<p>Here is basic information on how the menstrual cycle &amp; ovulation occur. <a href=\"http://womhealth.org.au/conditions-and-treatments/understanding-your-menstrual-cycle-fact-sheet\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://womhealth.org.au/conditions-and-treatments/understanding-your-menstrual-cycle-fact-sheet</a></p>\n\n<p>With that said, I charted my cycles for years &amp; was well aware of how my body worked overall. I have actually taken education on the use of charting to avoid pregnancy. It worked very well for me for a decade &amp; then one time I ovulated on day 4 (which for most women would be during menstruation) and that is how I got pregnant with one of my children. </p>\n\n<p>So there is no time in a cycle you can have unprotected sex and be absolutely certain you will not ovulate, even if you have always ovulated on a predictable schedule. I did know this. It was okay with me overall to have that unplanned pregnancy, hence why I was comfortable taking that risk as a married person who had children already. If you do not want a child, wear a condom, every time. It really <em>is</em> what you need to do. You cannot know for sure what a body will ever do because it is impacted by stress, sleep, foods, etc and hormones - things you cannot always account for. Even when a woman takes hormonal birth control, there is a failure rate. None of the birth control options other than sterilization have close to a 0% chance &amp; anyone telling you that is not being factual.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "obstetrics" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13119, "body": "<p>Well not only are carrot colors other than orange still good for beta carotene (although some do have considerably less - purple still has an orange core though) things like kale, which are not at all orange, have a lot of beta carotene. for serving size, there is more Vit A in kale, than carrots. Sweet potatoes are also higher. </p>\n\n<p>For a very easy reference on what carious carrot colors have in them, I found this the most simplistic explanation. You can skip a lot of the reading &amp; just scroll down the chart. <a href=\"http://healthland.time.com/2013/08/20/eat-this-now-rainbow-carrots/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://healthland.time.com/2013/08/20/eat-this-now-rainbow-carrots/</a></p>\n\n<p>Overall I haven't found much that shows white carrots to be terribly nutritious but they do help your system in digestion. </p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "nutrition", "eye", "benefits", "vegetable" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13265, "body": "<p>Infection control protocols are in place to prevent as much harm as possible.</p>\n\n<p>First, your title is inaccurate</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Hospital says their blood test caused sepsis. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>You misinterpreted what they said. I will explain contamination more thoroughly below, but additionally, bacteria in the blood stream (bacteremia) and Sepsis are not the same thing. You get a transisent bacteremia just brushing your teeth, but you don't get sepsis from it (except in rare rare circumstances). </p>\n\n<p>Second, I will preface this by saying that by explaining why medical errors happen doesn't justify them. My opinion (and to qualify my opinion, I've spent months of my training in infection control quality improvement) is that infection control is an area in which we have a lot of work to do, as there remain many unacceptable events and outcomes, and failings occur at all steps in the processes. But that's another discussion.</p>\n\n<p>Third, adverse events like lab errors, contamination, medical errors, hospital acquired infections, etc are generally tracked by hospital committees like Infection Control. I'm not sure if contaminated vials are always watched, but I have seen them discussed in such committees.</p>\n\n<p>Fourth, I will address contamination.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Contamination of blood cultures does happen sometimes. It results\nwhen a small amount of normal skin bacteria is pushed into the vials\nwhen blood is added to the vials, making it unclear whether it was in\nthe blood to begin with. It can happen at the needle insertion or at\nthe hub insertion into the bottle diaphragm. </p></li>\n<li><p>In a blood culture, low levels of a normal skin bacteria is usually a\nflag for clinicians to suspect contamination rather than actual\nbacteremia.</p></li>\n<li><p>In that case, depending on our suspicion for bacteremia, the severity\nof the patient's condition, and condition-specific recommendations,\nwe might repeat it to ensure it was contamination. But we may, based on clinical picture, decide that the likelihood is so low that there is no benefit to repeating the test.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Is bacteria introduced into the bloodstream? Does that mean the patient now has bacteremia or sepsis?</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>If the point of bacteria contamination was during needle insertion\ninto the skin, then yes some bacteria was likely introduced to the\npatient's blood stream at that time. That would most likely be a\nvery, very small amount of bacteria; nonetheless, it is not entirely\nimpossible to get an infection from that. (After all, blood\ninfections and endocarditis can result from reusing IV drug needles,\nright?) But bloodstream infections from venipunctures in hospitals is not common. (I will try to find some specific stats on that.)\n\n<ul>\n<li>When you brush your teeth, you are pushing oral bacteria into your bloodstream, and have a transient bacteremia that your body eliminates and you never know it happened.</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li><p>If it was just present on the diaphragm of the culture\nbottle, then no it was not introduced to the blood stream.</p></li>\n<li><p>It does not mean the bacteria was pushed into the bloodstream and\nthen infected blood was drawn out. The bacteria hitched a ride on\nthe blood flowing into the bottle, somewhere along the way.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Now to answer directly, yes this only happens when proper infection control protocols are broken. There are many reasons this might occur.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>And yes, sometimes this is due to people forgetting or being careless. \nHealthcare providers are always busy and sometimes rushed; being humans, that is when errors are more likely to occur. </p></li>\n<li><p>But another very important reason to understand, sometimes it is due to the system or environment or equipment not being set up for success. Swiss cheese model of medical errors is a very interesting concept, I recommend looking it up.</p></li>\n<li><p>Sometimes it is due to emergency speed of the test and protocol steps are knowingly hasty or skipped. If it is about saving a life, the route of least harm is often chosen.</p></li>\n<li><p>Sometimes if a vein cannot easily be located, the skin needs to be touched to find an accurate site, and they may not have used a sterile glove to do so or reswabbed.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Your question of whether this was a serious breech of protocol is unfortunately subjective. It all depends on your expectations for human errors/attention/neglect/memory and system errors... and would be a great discussion on PhilosophySE perhaps. My expectations are perhaps higher than most, and these sort of things upset me, which is why I'm in administrative positions doing things about it.</p>\n\n<p>But the question of whether this is not all that uncommon can be answered: correct, it is not uncommon.</p>\n\n<p>Would the hospital consider this a serious breech of protocol? Not likely, although it may be tracked like other errors.</p>\n\n<p>But I do not think it is inappropriate to bring your concern about contamination to the hospital, actually. Reminding them and encouraging raising standards is important, IMHO.</p>\n\n<p>All this said, if she feels sick or develops a fever, regardless of what they said, she should be re-evaluated by a clinician to say whether anything more should be done. Hopefully this is all in the past at this point.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "blood-tests", "bacteria" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13218, "body": "<p>We cannot recommend medical treatments on this site. It's dangerous, especially in a situation where we're talking about symptomatic hypotension. I can offer you suggestions on where to go for answers:</p>\n\n<p>First, I recommend a relationship with a primary care physician. A very low baseline BP should be assessed, and precautions discussed with the patient.</p>\n\n<p>Second, I would recommend your relative bring up this concern about relaxation herbal therapies to the PCP. Most M.D. and D.O. practitioners are not well versed in alternative medicines (even those for which there is mounting evidence of efficacy) but some are. If they are not, I might recommend seeing an N.D. or other practitioner with thorough knowledge of herbal treatments of mental health. </p>\n\n<p>Third, regardless of whom else he/she sees, psychology/counseling/therapy is an extremely beneficial treatment for stress/anxiety that doesn't involve taking any substances, herbal or otherwise. It may be able to help get to the root of the problem, rather than just treating symptoms.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "blood-pressure", "herbs", "calm-soothing-strategies" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13235, "body": "<p>To me it appears like an extrusion, have a close look at this.\n<a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/aiGUS.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/aiGUS.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a>\nThe aperture of the disk material that is outside its confined space is larger than the the width of its normal boundaries. Since, it's very minor I still doubt to completely categorize it.</p>\n\n<p>I read an article that explains the difference between \"<strong>disk protrusion &amp; extrusion</strong>\": here is the <a href=\"http://blog.medivisuals.com/blogmedivisualscom/bid/71959/Protrusions-Versus-Extrusions-Intervertebral-Disc-Pathology-Part-3-of-3\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><strong>link to it.</strong></a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "back", "spine", "dorsal-upper-back-side" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13260, "body": "<p>Anything with alot of fiber. Fiber makes people feel full without adding many calories.Insoluble fiber does not add calories and soluble fiber adds less calories per gram than other carbohydrates. Whole grains and vegetables have good fiber, and if you are craving something sweet, fruit has better nutrition and better fiber than cookies and candies.\n<a href=\"https://fiberfacts.org/fibers-count-calories-carbohydrates/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://fiberfacts.org/fibers-count-calories-carbohydrates/</a></p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "weight", "weight-loss", "calories" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13269, "body": "<p>I am not aware of any tests you can do, other than subjectively analyzing your gait for stability, joint pressure, and pain.</p>\n\n<p>But I can guide you to your options.</p>\n\n<p>The 3 primary medical professionals who deal with orthotics are </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Orthotics departments associated with orthotists/physiatrists (MD or DO physician with specialties in musculoskeletal conditions)</li>\n<li>Podiatrists (a different type of doctor than any specialty of MD or DO)</li>\n<li>Physical therapists (usually not the ones prescribing but may make recommendations)</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>For what it's worth, I got mine via the orthotics department of a hospital system that's associated with an MD physiatrist office.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "orthotics", "podiatry", "flat-feet-fallen-arches" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13295, "body": "<p>We can't give medical advice here. But I can guide you in how to approach talking with your doctors, and add another doctor/specialist you haven't mentioned but should see.</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>You have already told us that you have elevated prolactin - which\nhas a known association with erectile dysfunction.</p></li>\n<li><p>You have already told us that you have depression, which has a known\nassociation with erectile dysfunction.</p></li>\n<li><p>You have already told us that you have recently started to refrain\nfrom high porn use, which is known to sometimes have an association\nwith erectile dysfunction.</p></li>\n<li><p>You have already told us that you used to inject yourself with\ntestosterone and now levels are down, so you've been messing with\nyour hormones exogenously.</p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>So you have 4 <a href=\"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/444220-differential\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">possible reasons for erectile dysfunction</a>: two hormonal, two neuropsychological.</p>\n\n<p>None of these issues are resolved yet, so I might recommend talking with your doctors and working on those before trying to find a medication that could have additional side effects. A pill might not exist for the purpose you're seeking.</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>Did you talk with your urologists about whether there are other medication options? They need to guide you as they are DOCTORS who specialize in this! Make sure they know about all of the other factors as well, including your psych meds, depression, etc.</p></li>\n<li><p>As your psychiatrist has already said, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisulpride\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Amisulpride</a> is</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>associated with a high risk of elevating blood levels of the lactation\n hormone, prolactin (thereby potentially causing the absence of the\n menstrual cycle, breast enlargement, even in males, breast milk\n secretion not related to breastfeeding, impaired fertility, <strong><em>impotence</em></strong>,\n breast pain, etc.)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>so talk with your psychiatrist about options for your depression - he already recommended considering it! BUT note that soltus is an uncommon medication for unipolar depression, so <strong><em>do NOT adjust your medication without your psychiatrist's careful guidance.</em></strong> </p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Lastly, and just as importantly,</p>\n\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>I recommend you <a href=\"http://www.apa.org/topics/sex/treatment.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">see a psyCHOLogist/counselor/therapist</a></strong> as soon as you can get in. Tell him/her the whole story and they can guide you on what you can do about it. <strong>Sexual function, especially libido, is not just a hormonal or medication thing.</strong> There are successful treatments that involve no medication for some people. One option is sex therapy for individuals or couples, which he might recommend. </li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>From <a href=\"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/save-your-sex-life/201011/healing-erectile-dysfunction\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this psychology article:</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>You may believe that you will have difficulty with this forever or that is not solvable unless you take medication for the problem but a pill may not fix all of the trouble.\n Here's why.... For most men, erectile problems are caused by an\n anxiety issue, not a medical issue. While prescriptions such as\n Viagra, Levitra and Cialis may help to solve the problem of getting\n your penis hard, you may not get to the core of why your penis is\n having difficulty getting hard in the first place. By then you are\n committed to taking prescriptions and \"timing\" when we are sexual for\n the rest of your sexual relationship. Getting to the core of the\n anxiety and taking back control of your body is what we will be\n discussing in this article.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>You have already said you have both medical issues and psychological issues that are likely part of this picture. </p>\n\n<p>There may not be a pill for your situation.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "erectile-dysfunction", "libido", "erection" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13291, "body": "<p>Your doctor is probably right about it being a hormonal imbalance, but why do you have a hormonal imbalance? That would be a great question for you to ask your doctor. Hormonal imbalances can be caused because of a food sensitivity. Dairy, wheat and soy are the big ones, but it may be one, two, or all three of them. Or it could be something unrelated to food. Everyone is individualized. The following site helped me to figure out what worked for me, it is a great resource for figuring out your individual needs. \n<a href=\"https://www.acneeinstein.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.acneeinstein.com/</a>. This site is very detailed and explains the problem of acne in understandable language. As well as multiple causes. When cutting something out of your diet you also need to be sure you have completely cut it out. Milk includes butter, and any processed foods with milk, so no milk chocolate and even most dark chocolates have milk. However, everybody is individualized and this may not be the case for you. Also, to make the question more appropriate for the site you could ask... Does diet affect skin? Then make the more detailed portion a bit more generalized.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "acne" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13321, "body": "<p>If you would prefer to not take medication for high blood pressure, then your doctor can assist with that as well. They do not have to only write you a prescription. If you are willing to meet with a nutritionist, that is a great start, then adding in cardio workouts and perhaps something for stress reduction, which can be anything from yoga to painting to walks in nature, whatever works for you, even meditation is great for many. You should not start doing these things without monitoring your blood pressure ever though. If you are seeking to make any major lifestyle changes while medicated, your doctor needs to be involved. If you stay on the medication and manage to decrease your blood pressure, then you will be over-medicated. If instead you do not decrease it the way you hoped, but reduce your medication, you are left at risk for stroke or other issues from improperly controlled high blood pressure. So yes, there are people who come off the medications, with a doctors guidance and monitoring, but it is only safe to do so with that help in place. I am all for doing the things you need to get healthy, but no one needs to die on the way to getting healthy. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/14/suppl_2/S99.full\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/14/suppl_2/S99.full</a></p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "diet", "medications" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14121, "body": "<p>I am satisfied that the calorie content of soda has been fairly constant over the past few decades. <a href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/1992/06/17/the-gulp-war/44de2bd5-153b-49f7-a8ea-3303a2223035/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">A 1992 newspaper article</a> says \"a 12-ounce can of 7-Up, Sprite or Coca-Cola contains 150 calories\". I conclude that comparisons claiming more calories in milk than soda (ounce for ounce) were, and are, applicable to milk containing fat rather than skim milk.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "nutrition", "calories", "united-states" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13333, "body": "<p>Any routine and habits affect a persons health, for better or worse. There is no way anyone can tell you what health affects your routine will have on you, only that it increases or decreases your risks for certain diseases. </p>\n\n<p>A sedentary lifestyle, increases risks of disease, both physical and mental. See: <a href=\"https://www.lifespanfitn.ess.com/workplace/resources/articles/health-risks-of-a-sedentary-lifestyle\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.lifespanfitn.ess.com/workplace/resources/articles/health-risks-of-a-sedentary-lifestyle</a> </p>\n\n<p>Having a routine such as using a bike as transportation can help reduce these risks, because bike riding is a form of exercise. However,being consistently active throughout the day is best. </p>\n\n<p>Diet also affects people, the healthier you eat, and the less junk you eat the better. Sometimes peoples poor lifestyle choices do not catch up to them until later in life, or they may find that problems they never thought would happen to them, catch up to them sooner than they would like. </p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "exercise" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13335, "body": "<p>If fertilization took place, chances are that implantation wouldn't even have happened yet, since that takes 3-4days, so until that happens, your body has no clue <em>anything</em> happened, much less react to it. <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/baby/understanding-conception#1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.webmd.com/baby/understanding-conception#1</a></p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "obstetrics" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13340, "body": "<p>I really recommend you go to a medical doctor for these issues. I am all about evidence-based alternative medicine, but in general, Homeopathy has very poor evidence for being able to treat most things. Another Meta-analysis this year of homeopathy have turned up empty on a lot of things. </p>\n\n<p>From <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy#Systematic_reviews_and_meta-analyses_of_efficacy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Wikipedia</a> referencing <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5366148/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this article</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>A 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the most\n reliable evidence did not support the effectiveness of\n non-individualized homeopathy. The authors noted that \"the quality of\n the body of evidence is low.\"</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Its best efficacy is generally due to <a href=\"https://www.health.harvard.edu/mental-health/the-power-of-the-placebo-effect\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">placebo effect</a>, which may be responsible for its efficacy in ED, as many cases of ED have at least partial psychological etiology. Testosterone is part of your endocrine system, not as likely to respond to homeopathy.</p>\n\n<p>Note that <a href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/21/e609\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">erectile dysfunction in a young man can be herald of early cardiovascular disease</a>. More reason to get a doctor to see you.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5366148/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5366148/</a></p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "testosterone", "erectile-dysfunction" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13331, "body": "<p>Not neccessarly. If you're in acute pain then you should definitely go to the doctor or emergency room. </p>\n\n<p>But I've recently overexerted myself biking and jogging and it took about 5 days for my aching calf muscles to get back to normal.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "exercise", "muscle", "legs" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13351, "body": "<p>In order to know how many calories some food sample contains, you need to know exactly how much of that sample is protein, fat, and carbohydrate. This <a href=\"http://www.dining.ucla.edu/housing_site/dining/SNAC_pdf/CaloriesCount.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PDF</a> from UCLA gives a breakdown of the calories per gram of those components:<blockquote><ul><li>Carbohydrate = 4 calories per gram</li><li>Protein = 4 calories per gram</li><li>Alcohol = 7 calories per gram</li><li>Fat = 9 calories per gram</li></ul></blockquote><br><br>Once you know what these are, the math is fairly straightforward; just multiply each and then add. If there are 5 grams of carbs, then totals calories from carbs equals 5 x 4 = 20; if 6 grams of protein, then 4 x 6 = 24; and so on.<br><br>Starch is a carbohydrate. But for your other example of \"<i>meat</I>\", you'd need to know the breakdown of that particular meat, so you couldn't just say X amount of meat has y amount of protein, z amount of carbohydrate, and z amount of fat. Each meat is different. That said, the breakdown of each kind of meat (i.e. chicken, lean beef, pork, etc.) is probably close enough that you could get a ballpark figure for whatever kind of meat you're interested in.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "nutrition" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13387, "body": "<h2>First of all and above all</h2>\n\n<p><strong>we cannot give medical advice which is contrary to what is recommended by your doctor. If you have any concerns about your medication, please seek the advice of your doctor before making any changes to dosage or other recommendations</strong></p>\n\n<h2>What research states</h2>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Research has shown that certain fruits, particularly grapefruit and other citrus juices, can interfere with medication efficacy. A review in the journal Pharmacy Practice sought to explore warfarin interactions involving fruits to see which fruits were most commonly associated with these interactions. Twenty-three case reports and controlled clinical trials were evaluated and the majority involved cranberry products (also the most frequently studied fruit). Pomegranate juice, avocado, grapefruit juice, mango, and papain were also suspected in the reported warfarin–fruit interactions. Based on these limited findings, additional research is needed but physicians may want advise patients taking warfarin to consume cranberry products and grapefruit juice in limited amounts and to inquire regarding recent mango, pomegranate juice, and avocado consumption. (<strong>Source: <a href=\"http://www.empr.com/medical-news/fruits-most-likely-to-cause-warfarin-interactions/article/366309/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">MPR</a></strong>)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>You can read <strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190014544823\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">the full article referenced in MPR at this web address</a></strong></p>\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1483.66808\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Adepoju &amp; Adeyemi (2010)</a></strong> also states that it has been found that Limes and Lime Juice (which are citrus) cause a reduction in the anticoagulant activity of warfarin.</p>\n\n<p>From what I have found, it is not just the citus content which needs bearing in mind. As @DoctorWhom stated in the comments, \"Warfarin needs to be monitored regularly by your doctor's office. <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/expert-answers/warfarin/faq-20058443\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">As it's a Vitamin K antagonist, eating foods high in Vitamin K reduces its effect</a>\".</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.livestrong.com/article/519474-warfarin-oranges\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Livestrong states that</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Phylloquinone, or vitamin K1, is the major form of vitamin K in the diet. According to the Cleveland Clinic, foods very high in vitamin K include broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, soy oil, green tea, tofu, spinach and other dark leafy greens. For those who take warfarin, it is recommended to avoid large fluctuations in vitamin K intake. Large amounts of vitamin K can cause the drug to become less effective, and consuming vitamin K in smaller amounts than is customary for a particular person may increase the effectiveness of the drug and result in bleeding. Maintaining a consistent intake of vitamin K in the diet will allow the physician to make the most therapeutic changes to the warfarin dose.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Whilst it is <strong>possible</strong> that citrus foods can be eaten, <strong>it is advisable to consult your doctor before doing so to ensure that the correct information is given for your personal situation</strong></p>\n\n<h2>Whatever you do, do not go against advice given by your doctor as it can risk your life when on blood thinning medications such as Warfarin or any other (complimentary or alternative) blood thinning products</h2>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "blood", "blood-clotting" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13432, "body": "<p>This is very broad as asked. I will answer with one example, there are others.</p>\n\n<p>Immunotherapy gets the patient's own immune system to destroy the tumours rather than the treatment itself destroying them. This might involve making the immune system more active, or interfering with the way that tumours hide or shield themselves from the immune system. For example, Wikipedia says of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipilimumab\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Ipilimumab</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>T lymphocytes can recognize and destroy cancer cells. However, an inhibitory mechanism interrupts this destruction. Ipilimumab turns off this inhibitory mechanism and allows the lymphocytes to continue to destroy cancer cells.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>(Lymphocytes are your own white blood cells, the same mechanism that cleans up infections in your body all the time.)</p>\n\n<p>This <a href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ipilimumab\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">article</a> at cancer.gov summarizes some studies showing how Ipilimumab and other immunotherapies are changing outcomes for melanoma. You can do you own searches for other drugs and other cancers. For example Nivolumab is combined with \"ipi\" for melanoma. I have also seen ads on tv for Nivolumab for lung cancer.</p>\n\n<p>How much longer will patients live? That depends on the cancer. Melanoma has dismal outcomes if it's Stage IV - median survival of about 6 months, less than 10% surviving 5 years - and chemotherapy doesn't help survival. (One <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3462607/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">article</a> on how bad stage IV is with traditional treatments.) So there's plenty of room for improvement. The studies in the article above include some of that improvement. It's hard to find much on long-term odds, because they haven't been using these drugs long - ten years at most. </p>\n\n<p>Why not use it everywhere? Well they literally do not know what cancers it works for (presumably not all of them) or precisely what kind of survival improvements to expect. It's a no-brainer to use it with something that has survival times of just a few months, but should you use it with something that has survival times of 2 or 3 years? Because there is a cost. First, a dollar-cost: $200,000 a year is typical. And second, the side effects are very bad. They can be fatal. And when they're not fatal, they're hospitalize-you-and-major-steroids bad, and take-a-compensating-medication-for-the-rest-of-your-life bad. The immune system can over-react causing inflammation and swelling that might damage or destroy your thyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland, or whatnot, or give you colitis. Understanding the side effects is a big part of the current studies. One <a href=\"https://am.asco.org/checkmate-067-longer-follow-shows-melanoma-pfs-still-better-combo-nivolumabipilimumab\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">study</a> describing how people went from months of survival to years mentions \"55% of patients will have high-grade adverse events\" so widespread use will be held back by that.</p>\n\n<p>Here's a <a href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02714218?term=nivolumab%20ipilimumab%20phase%20untreated&amp;rank=5\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">study</a> I'm very familiar with. It compares two dose regimens of two different immunotherapy drugs for melanoma. These regimens have already been shown to have the same response rate; the study compares the side effects. It's normal for some patients to have to stop taking the treatment because the side effects are intolerable. And a similar <a href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(16)30366-7/fulltext\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">study</a> (same combination of drugs, same disease) reported results where over 60% of patients getting the combination were still alive after 2 years. 65% is so much better than 10%!</p>\n\n<p>There are other immunotherapy drugs, but in general you see:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>the treatment doesn't attack the cancer; rather it enables the patients own immune system to do so</li>\n<li>the improvements in survival are astonishing. People living years instead of months, and possibly decades instead of months. People becoming immediately \"better\" with no symptoms instead of lingering with constant side effects of chemo and radiation, or surgeries many times a year</li>\n<li>the long term outcomes are not well known at all</li>\n<li>the side effects are very dangerous when they happen</li>\n<li>the cost is high</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>From a personal point of view, yesterday I said to my doctor \"it feels like being around when insulin or antibiotics were first being used\" and he agreed, yes it does. But that includes the part where you don't know for sure how things will turn out.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "cancer", "immune-system", "tumors", "allergen-immunotherapy" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13490, "body": "<p>You may see improvement by using a saline spray several times a day. Don't pick, as picking will favor the formation of crusts. You'll need to find some alternate things to fidget with for the duration, and on a temporary basis you may need to put some bandaids across the nostrils to deter the habit.</p>\n\n<p>The following is taken from <a href=\"http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/HealthAZ/TestsAndTreatments/HomeHealthCare/Pages/Normal-Saline-Solution-How-prepare-home.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/HealthAZ/TestsAndTreatments/HomeHealthCare/Pages/Normal-Saline-Solution-How-prepare-home.aspx</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Normal saline is a sterile mixture of salt and water. It is called\n normal because its salt concentration is similar to tears, blood, and\n other body fluids (0.9% saline). It is also called isotonic solution.\n Normal saline is soothing and will not burn or sting when applied. It\n is used for:</p>\n \n <ul>\n <li><p>injecting medicines via the veins (intravenous infusion)</p></li>\n <li><p>rinsing contact lenses</p></li>\n <li><p>rinsing the nasal passages (nasal irrigation)</p></li>\n <li><p>cleansing the bladder (bladder irrigation)</p></li>\n </ul>\n \n <p>How to make normal saline solution at home </p>\n \n <p>Saline solution is easy to make at home. You will need:</p>\n \n <ul>\n <li><p>1 clean glass bottle or jar with lid</p></li>\n <li><p>table salt</p></li>\n <li><p>pot with lid</p></li>\n <li><p>Put one cup of water and ½ teaspoon of salt into the pot. Put the lid on.</p></li>\n <li><p>Boil for 15 minutes with the lid on (set a timer).</p></li>\n <li><p>Set the pan aside until cooled to a room temperature.</p></li>\n <li><p>Carefully pour the salt and water (normal saline) from the pan into the jar or bottle and put the lid on.</p></li>\n </ul>\n \n <p>Normal saline solution: A few important points</p>\n \n <ul>\n <li><p>It is very important to use only fresh normal saline. Bacteria can grow in saline and cause infections</p></li>\n <li><p>Use a clean glass jar or bottle is that has been recently washed in a dishwasher with very hot soapy water</p></li>\n <li><p>Do not drink solution</p></li>\n <li><p>Throw away the solution if it grows cloudy or looks dirty</p></li>\n <li><p>Keep the saline in a bottle or a glass for a maximum of 24 hours. Throw away any unused solution, wash the container, and make a new\n solution.</p></li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>You can buy an over-the-counter nasal spray, if it is a bottle with a screw-on top, empty it out, rinse well with boiled water, and put the saline solution you prepared in that. Squirt once or twice in each nostril several times a day. Then just leave the inside of your nose alone and be patient. If you feel the need to blow your nose, that's okay as long as you do it gently.</p>\n\n<p>During the first few days, find special activities that will distract you from the urge to pick. Stay away from environments and activities in which you normally engage in picking.</p>\n\n<p>If you don't see improvement within a week, definitely see a doctor. Or sooner if things are really bothering you.</p>\n\n<p>Some additional resources that may be helpful: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>In seeking sensory stimulation, people tend to go to the sites where the nerve endings are. Grooming-type behaviors would seem to be a likely choice when it comes to reducing or producing stimulation. Any one of a number of different grooming-like behaviors could be pressed into service to perform this balancing function externally. Hair pulling, skin picking, nail biting, blemish squeezing, cheek biting, nose picking, etc., are only a few of a whole group of behaviors that already exist in the repertoires of all human beings that can be put to this use. [...] Grooming behaviors are something all human beings already engage in on a daily basis. The difference is that those people, whose behaviors have become extreme versus those who are doing them at a low level, are having difficulty regulating their internal levels of stimulation, and are putting the behaviors to another use. <a href=\"http://www.wsps.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=96:a-stimulus-regulation-model-of-trichotillomania-why-people-pull&amp;catid=37:trichotillomania-by-fred-penzel-phd&amp;Itemid=64\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.wsps.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=96:a-stimulus-regulation-model-of-trichotillomania-why-people-pull&amp;catid=37:trichotillomania-by-fred-penzel-phd&amp;Itemid=64</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Other articles at the same site:\n<a href=\"http://www.wsps.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=section&amp;id=7&amp;Itemid=64\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.wsps.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=section&amp;id=7&amp;Itemid=64</a></p>\n\n<p>The section on Body Focused Repetitive Behaviors at <a href=\"https://iocdf.org/about-ocd/related-disorders/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://iocdf.org/about-ocd/related-disorders/</a> </p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "breathing", "nose" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13620, "body": "<p>A person is not a loaf of bread, but a network of organs at various positions that depend upon each other. What you are basically asking, would damage some organs by cutting them in half this rendering them useless, while others you would only cut off the blood supply, which would kill them. TLDR they would bleed out before anything else could happen.</p>\n", "score": 2 }, { "answer_id": 13625, "body": "<p>Adding to the above answer, the most immediate fatal events are:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>While you can cut the corpus callosum effectively separating R/L cerebral cortex without killing the person, splitting your midbrain/brainstem is instant game over. Almost all signals to/from the rest of the body and cerebral cortex, including your heartbeat breathing and consciousness, originate or go through there. There are multiple points of crossover that you'd interrupt - there and throughout the spinal cord. </p></li>\n<li><p>You'd transect critical vessels (the aorta at the arch, superior/inferior vena cavae, circle of Willis, dural sinus) so you'd both dump out massive blood volume in an instant, and stop all further circulation. Vessels don't auto-seal, even a small break can cause significant leaks. Transecting your CSF ventricles would drain the fluid from the brain.</p></li>\n</ol>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "anatomy" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15314, "body": "<blockquote>\n <p>Is there any book or website about ALL diseases were officially registered ever?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The best you're going to get is the International Classification of Disease (ICD) which is developed by the World Health Organisation. It's currently at version 10. The draft version of ICD-11 can be found <a href=\"https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a>.</p>\n\n<p>In case you're unable to find it, just note that it does not list <em>drapetomania</em>, or the mental illness that compels black slaves to flee their masters. That went out of vogue mid-1800s.</p>\n\n<p>So, the ICD falls short for your requirements: it only lists all <em>currently</em> recognised diseases, not <em>ever</em>. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>In order not to read all books I just want to know is there any main source in internet which most doctors use?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Okay, what you're asking for is entirely different than a list of all registered diseases.</p>\n\n<p>The standard reference is something like <a href=\"https://www.uptodate.com\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">UpToDate</a>, but it's a paid subscription. Another common one is <a href=\"http://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Best Practice</a>. That one has a free trial.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>I need this for filtering and finding disease according its symptoms.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Unfortunately, if diagnosis were as simple as that, then a computer would do it.</p>\n", "score": 4 } ]

[ "disease" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14089, "body": "<p><strong>Question:</strong> Does reducing the sweetness of a drink by diluting it with water reduces the likelihood of acne?</p>\n\n<p><strong>Short answer:</strong> Not necessary.</p>\n\n<p>I am not aware of any study that would show an association between the mere <em>sweetness</em> of a food and the risk of acne.</p>\n\n<p>There is some evidence that <strong>low-glycemic load diet</strong> may help reduce acne (<a href=\"http://www.cochrane.org/CD009436/SKIN_complementary-therapies-acne-vulgaris\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Cochrane</a>, <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4106357/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed Central</a>).</p>\n\n<p>Glycemic load = glycemic index x grams of carbohydrates in the food. Glycemic index is an estimation of the effect of a food on the blood glucose level after its ingestion.</p>\n\n<p>Examples of <strong>high-glycemic index foods</strong> (GI >70) are some sweet beverages, cornflakes, instant oatmeal, white rice, potatoes, white bread, pasta, biscuits and other baked goods made from white flour and little fiber (<a href=\"https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/glycemic-index-and-glycemic-load-for-100-foods\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Harvard</a>).</p>\n\n<p>As you can see, high-glycemic foods are not necessary sweet.</p>\n\n<p>Diluting \"the sweetness\" of a food or beverage may not reduce its glycemic index. The <a href=\"http://www.glycemicindex.com/faqsList.php\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Glycemicindex.com</a> gives this example (but no link to any study):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>A more dilute solution, say 25 grams fructose in 500 mL water will\n have a <strong>higher</strong> GI than 25 grams fructose in 250 mL.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Such estimation sounds counterintuitive, but it makes sense, because a beverage with 5% sugar (25 g fructose in 500 mL water) usually empties from the stomach faster than a beverage with 10% sugar (25 g sugar in 250 mL water) (<a href=\"https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-7075-6-9\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Nutrition and Metabolism</a>). So, the diluted beverage passes from the stomach into the intestine faster, which results in faster glucose absorption and thus in higher GI.</p>\n\n<p>To decrease the glycemic load of the meals, you can decrease the amount of high glycemic index foods, for example, eating whole-grain bread (high in fiber) instead of white flour products (low in fiber).</p>\n", "score": 3 }, { "answer_id": 14074, "body": "<p>Glycemic index (GI) helps to rates carbohydrate-containing foods (or drinks) by how much they boost blood sugar (blood glucose).\nAlthough GI offers useful information that can help you choose foods that have kinder, gentler effects on blood sugar, it is not a perfect guide for choosing a healthy diet. Why ? According to According to <a href=\"https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/use-glycemic-index-to-help-control-blood-sugar-201208135154\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Patrick J. Skerrett, Former Executive Editor, Harvard Health</a>, </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Some foods, like carrot and watermelon, have a high glycemic index, but a serving contains so little carbohydrate that the effect on blood sugar is small. Others, like sugary soda, have a moderate glycemic index because they contain a fair amount of fructose, which has relatively little effect on blood sugar. But they also pack plenty of glucose, which does boost blood sugar. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Secondly, he suggested that the GI of a particular drink (or food) can also be influenced by what it is eaten with. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Olive oil or something acidic, like vinegar or lemon juice, can slow the conversion of starch to sugar, and so lower the glycemic index.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Now over to the exact matter:</p>\n\n<p>Does adding water to drinks reduce their glycemic index? </p>\n\n<p>Indirectly? Arguably YES since this will reduce insulin resistance and help a person reduce their hunger/thirst (thus reducing consumption). According to <a href=\"https://www.sharecare.com/health/diabetes/drinking-water-blood-sugar\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Eliot LeBow -Diabetes on Sharecare.com</a> </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>proper hydration seems to reduce one's blood sugars by decreasing insulin resistance while at the same time reduces a person's need to take more \n drinks or food during the day. Also, enough water will help remove the \n excess sugar and ketones out of your system.</p>\n</blockquote>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "blood-sugar" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14100, "body": "<p>The <em>feeling</em> of dehydration may be due to dry mouth, for example, due to stress related to getting up early. Feeling unrefreshed due to lack of sleep may also make you feel dehydrated. But this is not dehydration.</p>\n\n<p>When you are actually dehydrated, you lose body weight. It is considered that you are mildly dehydrated when you lose at least 1% of body weight, so at least 0.7 kg (1.5 lbs) in a 70 kg (154 lbs) person (<a href=\"http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a559016.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Defense Technical Information Center</a>). </p>\n\n<p>So, to check if you are really dehydrated, weigh yourself and compare your weight with what is your usual weight (checked in some \"normal\" morning when you think you are well hydrated, in same clothes, after emptying your bladder and bowel and before eating anything).</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "sleep", "water", "hydration" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14317, "body": "<p>Of course, there are exercises that place no stress on the spine and couldn't worsen your scoliosis. Leg extensions using machine, preacher curls, pec flys are some examples of exercises that doesn't involve the spine at all. </p>\n\n<p>Other exercises like shoulder press, deadlifts, squats put pressure and stresses on the spine and might be more risky with certain back conditions. If doctors advise against gym, these might be the exercises that you are supposed to avoid.</p>\n\n<p>I am not sure about the scientific consensus but it is believed (by both doctors and laymen) that scoliosis may lead to uneven pressures that can lead to disc protrusions and some other trauma easier than normally. So you should (as any person) take extreme care and control your back (and whole body) not only during exercise, but also when carrying weights, preparing for exercise and putting weights down after the exercise. This might be the other reason why doctors advise you against visiting the gym.</p>\n", "score": 1 }, { "answer_id": 14309, "body": "<p>Scoliosis is a natural and very common phenomenon. Generally we don't see or feel scoliosis, rather, it is something that shows up by chance on an x-ray.</p>\n\n<p>People with mild scoliosis are not limited by it, and exercise, all kinds of exercise, is not harmful. I encourage my patients to exercise as much as they want, regardless of the type of exercise they choose.</p>\n\n<p>Exercise will not correct scoliosis, but it's not important that mild scoliosis be corrected as it is neither painful or harmful.</p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "side-effects", "exercise", "scoliosis" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14294, "body": "<p>No, it's not. Solar retinopathy commonly presents with blurred vision the day after gazing at an eclipse so the diagnosis can be made on the history. Other symptoms that might present include</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>a central or paracentral scotoma, chromotopsia, metamorphopsia, photophobia, and headache</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>You don't need to dilate the pupil to examine the fovea, or to examine the macula, or to test visual acuity. However, pupillary dilatation might be of help in other investigations to confirm the diagnosis such as</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fluorescein angiography (FA), multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), and OCT</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.retinalphysician.com/issues/2013/october-2013/solar-retinopathy-etiology,-diagnosis,-and-treatm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.retinalphysician.com/issues/2013/october-2013/solar-retinopathy-etiology,-diagnosis,-and-treatm</a></p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "eye" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14436, "body": "<p><a href=\"https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">National Institutes of Health</a></p>\n\n<p>Daily Values for nutrients in a 2,000 Calorie diet:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Total fat = 65 g</li>\n<li>Sat fat = 20 g</li>\n<li>Cholesteral = 300 mg</li>\n<li>Sodium = 2,400 mg</li>\n<li>Carbohydrate = 300 g</li>\n<li>Protein = 50 g</li>\n</ul>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "nutrition" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15572, "body": "<p>As a continence and pelvic pain physiotherapist pelvic floor muscle tightness is actually an assessment of increased tone or muscle overactivity. Palpation is digital and sides are compared as are each individual muscle within the pelvic floor. Tightness/increased tone/overactivity will often manifest as trigger points or areas of pain or discomfort.\nAnother objective measure is by using a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perineometer\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">perineometer</a> which actually gives a reading in cmH2O or mmHg and has norms to compare against.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "muscle", "physiotherapy" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14726, "body": "<p>There are a number of diseases that can be transmitted through saliva. These include:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <ul>\n <li>Rhinovirus (colds)</li>\n <li>Flu virus</li>\n <li>Epstein-Barr virus (mononucelosis, or mono)</li>\n <li>Type 1 herpes (cold sores)</li>\n <li>Strep bacteria</li>\n <li>Hepatitis B and hepatitis C</li>\n <li>Cytomegalovirus (a risk for babies in the womb)</li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2016/06/does-saliva-have-health-risks-3-ways-germs-can-spread/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2016/06/does-saliva-have-health-risks-3-ways-germs-can-spread/</a></p>\n\n<p>Note that Ebola may also be in that list. </p>\n\n<p>However, from what you describe I'd say the chances of an infection occurring are low since the saliva will be highly diluted and the person is bathing in it rather than drinking it. But the possibility still exists because water could be splashed in the eyes, nose or mouth, or they could have open sores. Given the severity of some of those diseases, I wouldn't advise the practice.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "infection", "bacteria", "virus" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14765, "body": "<p>Possibly so. Head trauma can lead to the development of epilepsy, which is a disorder characterized by chronic seizures, also having catalepsy as a symptom. It may be a different disorder, depending on how the trances present themselves. If you want the trances to be chronic, multiple over time, this leads to the question of whether or not there's a trigger. If you want it to be triggered by, say, a loud noise, it would be considered Post Traumatic Stress disorder. This might result in him curling up in a ball on the ground, or screaming, and becoming somewhat unresponsive. I believe you're looking for Atypical Absence Seizures, during which the person having the seizures stares straight ahead, becomes unresponsive. These episodes are only considered \"Atypical\" if they last longer than 20 seconds. Otherwise, they're just called Absence Seizures. You'll need to start being concerned if the seizure lasts longer than five minutes. Either way, they're symptoms of Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsy.\nHope this helps!\nA few helpful websites for more information:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/absence-seizures\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/absence-seizures</a>\n<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonic_astatic_epilepsy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonic_astatic_epilepsy</a>\n<a href=\"http://doosesyndrome.org/mae-explained/absence-seizures?phpMyAdmin=6847bcaa11f3a4c4a30eee927e12da01\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://doosesyndrome.org/mae-explained/absence-seizures?phpMyAdmin=6847bcaa11f3a4c4a30eee927e12da01</a></p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "diagnosis" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14928, "body": "<p>Well, the X in the image is just below the olecranon. Pain in X could arise from the olecranon bursa or muscle tendons, for example, and you could still call it \"olecranon pain\" - this is not a name of a specific condition; it just tells a symptom location. </p>\n\n<p>The olecranon is not just a small spot where the black line in the image ends but the entire bony bump from the top of the bone down to X. </p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "pain", "bones", "joints", "elbow" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15002, "body": "<p>Why? Evolution.</p>\n\n<p>It's not just that spoiled food starts to show symptoms, we were naturally selected for aeons to detect these symptoms.</p>\n\n<p>Telling the difference between food and poison is one of the most important survival skills for any higher organism. Any hairless monkeys which couldn't tell the difference and ate spoiled food died and didn't pass on their genes. Those who were able to tell the difference survived and passed on their genes to us.</p>\n\n<p>This is how humans have evolved the ability to smell if food is good or bad. When microbes do their work, they produce poisonous chemicals. Human olfactory senses evolved to detect these chemicals and respond to them with a strong aversion. This is why bad food \"stinks\". Similarly we evolved an instinct to notice certain colors or textures which hint at spoilage and find them distasteful.</p>\n\n<p>So if it looks spoiled, smells spoiled or tastes spoiled, follow your instincts and don't eat it.</p>\n\n<p>But remember that your natural senses to detect spoiled food are not perfect. In an early phase of spoilage, the signs might not be there yet, but the food is already bad. There are certain kinds of spoilage you can not detect instinctively at all. You can only protect yourself from them <a href=\"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/34670/how-do-i-know-if-food-left-at-room-temperature-is-still-safe-to-eat/34671#34671\">by following common food safety rules</a>. There are also some kinds of foods which appear spoiled but are actually safe to eat (like blue cheese. Throw it away when you see mold on it which is <em>not</em> blue).</p>\n", "score": 2 }, { "answer_id": 15680, "body": "<p>It's clear from episodes of food poisoning everywhere that the appearance of food is not a good indication as to how healthy it is to eat. And that's why we have fairly clear rules on how many times to defrost something, or reheat something, before we eat them.</p>\n\n<p>If food which has been properly cooked is left to rot, then we are mainly talking about penicillin like molds growing on them. Are they actually harmful to us? Perhaps not unless you're allergic to penicillin. But mycotoxins which can cause serious injury don't usually reach a dangerous level until the food is quite rotten at which case you're not likely to want to eat it anyway.</p>\n\n<p>So, well cooked food is likely to be okay to eat until it is rotten. But it may well taste increasingly nasty and nastier.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/is-moldy-food-dangerous#section6\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/is-moldy-food-dangerous#section6</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "food-safety" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15025, "body": "<p>According to an online article [See Reference], “The tailbone derived its name because some people believe it is a ‘leftover’ part from human evolution, though the notion that the tailbone serves no purpose is wrong,...”\nA look at an anatomy reference book will reveal that many muscles, tendons and ligaments attach to the tailbone (a.k.a. coccyx); these appendages serve to stabilize us when we sit. </p>\n\n<p>An online visual can be found <a href=\"https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/coccyx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a>.</p>\n\n<p>And if there is still any lingering doubt about the tailbone helping us sit, sitting is certainly cumbersome when the tailbone is <a href=\"https://www.medicinenet.com/coccydynia/article.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">unhealthy (coccydynia).</a> </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Reference:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.wnd.com/2013/02/human-tailbone-evidence-of-evolution/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Human Tailbone: Evidence of Evolution?</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "bones", "evolution", "tailbone-coccyx" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15027, "body": "<p>Usually flu's are accompanied by fevers, when your internal thermostat is effectively 'reset' by the virus and your body temperature increases. When you're recovering, your internal thermostat is now resetting to its correct temperature so your body cools down. The way you cool down is by sweating. \nAs for your question regarding detoxification, the kidney and liver are the main powerhouses for removing toxins. According to Donald Smith, a professor of environmental toxicology,(<a href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/melissa-edmonds/does-sweating-release-tox_b_8372452.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.huffingtonpost.com/melissa-edmonds/does-sweating-release-tox_b_8372452.html</a>), \"Less than 1 percent [of toxins] are lost through sweat\".</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "influenza", "toxins", "perspiration" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15037, "body": "<p>Axonal features means that there is evidence to suggest damage to the axon as opposed to the myelin sheath.</p>\n\n<p>Essentially axonal damage leads to a reduction of amplitude with preservation of nerve conduction velocity whereas demyelination results in a reduction of conduction velocity.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Peripheral-Neuropathy-Fact-Sheet#3208_5\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Peripheral-Neuropathy-Fact-Sheet#3208_5</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.slideshare.net/ahmadshahir18/nerves-conduction-study-axonal-loss-vs-demyelination\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.slideshare.net/ahmadshahir18/nerves-conduction-study-axonal-loss-vs-demyelination</a></p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "nervous-system", "neuropathy" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15105, "body": "<p>There are many different ways (proprietary methods) that these blue light coating are manufactured, but one general principle is called anti-reflection coatings. *I say \"one general method\" because hybrid methods can exist depending on the manufacturing company. </p>\n\n<p>Anti-reflection coating:</p>\n\n<p>The coating creates two reflections (on each side of the coating) that destructively interfere (cancel each other out), thus reducing the amount of blue (high energy) light reaching the eyes. This is the reason why the coating is promoted to help alleviate eye strain from computer light. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/ObqHr.gif\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/ObqHr.gif\" alt=\"Hyperphysics\"></a></p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Physics behind the image: \nIndex refraction of coating is somewhere between air (~1) and glass (~1.5); the coating's thickness is around 1/4*light's wavelength (number varies, but should be around blue/green area of light spectrum). </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>From what I can tell, there doesn't seem to be any negative impact on vision/eye health by reducing the amount of blue light that reaches your eye. </p>\n\n<p>These blue light coatings remind me of the 'orange sunglasses/blue blocking glasses' and research is still being done to study how reducing blue light yields health benefits such as eye protection, improving cortisol level and better sleep. </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>References:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.readingglassesetc.com/pages/blue-block/blublock-ar-coatings.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Different types of blue light coating</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/antiref.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Physics behind Anti-Reflection Coatings</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.allaboutvision.com/cvs/blue-light.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Neat Information on Blue Light, the Good and the Bad</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://wellnessmama.com/15730/blue-light-blocking-glasses/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Research on benefits of blocking out blue light</a> </p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "optometry" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15056, "body": "<p>If someone feels unwell or headachy after looking at particular patterns, it's likely to be migraine.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>We investigated stripe-induced visual discomfort and its relation to migraine. Some people find viewing striped patterns aversive. Prior work has suggested that migraineurs, in particular, are bothered by stripes. Subjects were selected by opportunity sampling. They were shown striped patterns and asked questions about their general health and their headache history, if any. Of the 102 subjects, 38 were diagnosed as having migraine headaches, 22 had nonmigraine headaches, and 42 were considered to be nonheadache subjects; 82% of those with migraines were stripe sensitive while only 6.2% without migraines were stripe sensitive. We conclude that stripe aversiveness is related to migraine headaches and can assist differentiation of migraine and nonmigraine headaches.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2803073\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2803073</a></p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "eye", "opthalmology" ]

[]

[ "brain", "addiction", "dopamine" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15341, "body": "<h2>Yes.</h2>\n\n<p>Most inflammatory processes (including viral infections) can cause elevation of heart rate via cytokines and activation of the sympathetic nervous system. (That's an oversimplification of a <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02321.x/full#js-feedback\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">complex process</a>.) Temperature regulation involves the hypothalamus as well, and fever (which is mediated by some of the same cytokine mechanisms) is often correlated with an increased HR.</p>\n\n<p>A marginal increase of resting HR is not usually clinically significant. Resting HR of an individual can change with level of fitness, as well. However an increase of resting rate by 20, or resting HR over 100 would be more indicative of a systemic inflammatory response; however, whether that's a concerning finding or just an expected effect of your body fighting infection depends on other factors including individual risk factors, medicines, medical/surgical history etc. Someone who is concerned should review it with their doctor.</p>\n\n<p><em>Note: I'm having difficulty finding references to cite outside of paywalls of textbooks, UTD, journals. Suggestions welcomed!</em></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02321.x/full#js-feedback\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02321.x/full#js-feedback</a></p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "common-cold", "influenza", "heart-rate", "heartbeat" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15350, "body": "<p>An extension trial <a href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02972658\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">A Study of Lanabecestat (LY3314814) in Early Alzheimer's Disease Dementia</a> is currently in progress but is not expected to complete until 9/2020.</p>\n\n<p>Other investigational drugs have <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-secretase_1#BACE_inhibitors\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">ceased development</a>. A paper <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.052\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a> suggests chitosan polysaccharides have in vitro activity as inhibitors.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "diet", "mental-health", "alzheimers", "nootropic-smart-drugs" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15466, "body": "<p>No, at least not reliably. Each person is different and some tympanic membranes are situated in a pretty direct angle. Even in canals with a steep angle, a strong enough jet just ricocheting off the wall can still generate enough force to be harmful. Don't use any water jet type of thing that was not designed for ears. Some of the dangers are discussed in this article on cerumen removal: <a href=\"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1413546-overview\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1413546-overview</a> </p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "ear", "anatomy", "audiology", "eardrum" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15481, "body": "<blockquote>\n <p>It is recognised that it is not always possible for foods to contain the exact amount of nutrients labelled, owing to natural variations and variations arising from production and length of storage. However, it is important that the actual nutrient content of foods should not deviate substantially from labelled amounts, as the consumer could otherwise be misled.</p>\n \n <p>As a result, the European Commission has drawn up, in collaboration with EU Member States, guidance on the setting of tolerances for nutrient values. The document sets tolerances for:</p>\n \n <ul>\n <li>the nutrition declaration under EU FIC;</li>\n <li>compliance with the levels of nutrients and other substances specified in Regulation (EC) No. 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims;</li>\n <li>controlling the levels of vitamins and minerals specified under Regulation (EC) No. 1925/2006 on the addition of vitamins and minerals; and</li>\n <li>vitamins and minerals in food supplements.</li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>(Source: Technical guidance on nutrition labelling - UK Department of Health, Page 20: <strong><a href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/595961/Nutrition_Technical_Guidance.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Free PDF</a></strong>)</p>\n\n<p>The following tables are from the EU</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>GUIDANCE DOCUMENT FOR COMPETENT AUTHORITIES FOR THE CONTROL OF COMPLIANCE WITH EU LEGISLATION ON:</p>\n \n <p>Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers, amending Regulations (EC) No 1924/2006 and (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Commission Directive 87/250/EEC, Council Directive 90/496/EEC, Commission Directive 1999/10/EC, Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Directives 2002/67/EC and 2008/5/EC and Commission Regulation (EC) No 608/2004</p>\n \n <p>and</p>\n \n <p>Council Directive 90/496/EEC of 24 September 1990 on nutrition labelling of foodstuffs</p>\n \n <p>and</p>\n \n <p>Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements</p>\n \n <p>with regard to the setting of tolerances for nutrient values declared on a label</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>(<strong><a href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/labelling_nutrition-vitamins_minerals-guidance_tolerances_1212_en.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Source PDF</a></strong>)</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/nROoS.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/nROoS.png\" alt=\"Table 1\"></a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/KxoYu.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/KxoYu.png\" alt=\"Table 2\"></a></p>\n\n<p>How this will be affected with Brexit when the UK leaves the EU is anyone's guess, although to start with, EU laws will be integrated into UK law to start with until the decisions are made by parliament on which laws to remove. (<a href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/604516/Great_repeal_bill_white_paper_accessible.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Source</a>)</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "nutrition", "supplement", "legal" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15486, "body": "<p>The question appears to be motivated by headlines similar to this</p>\n<p><strong>Mixing large doses of both acetaminophen painkiller and caffeine may increase risk of liver damage</strong></p>\n<p>where it states</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>WASHINGTON, Sept. 26 2007 — Consuming large amounts of caffeine while taking acetaminophen, one of the most widely used painkillers in the United States, could potentially cause liver damage, according to a preliminary laboratory study reported in the Oct. 15 print issue of ACS’ Chemical Research in Toxicology, a monthly journal. The toxic interaction could occur not only from drinking caffeinated beverages while taking the painkiller but also from using large amounts of medications that intentionally combine caffeine and acetaminophen for the treatment of migraine headaches, menstrual discomfort and other conditions, the researchers say.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This was a very preliminary study using genetically modified bacteria</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Chemist Sid Nelson, Ph.D., and colleagues, of the University of Washington in Seattle, tested the effects of acetaminophen and caffeine on E. coli bacteria genetically engineered to express a key human enzyme in the liver that detoxifies many prescription and nonprescription drugs. The researchers found that caffeine triples the amount of a toxic byproduct, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), that the enzyme produces while breaking down acetaminophen. This same toxin is responsible for liver damage and failure in toxic alcohol-acetaminophen interactions, they say.</p>\n<p>In previous studies, the same researchers showed that high doses of caffeine can increase the severity of liver damage in rats with acetaminophen-induced liver damage, thus supporting the current finding.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>But crucially the bacteria were exposed to megadoses of both acetaminophen and caffeine.</p>\n<p>Now, caffeine is regularly provided in combination with acetaminophen in some analgesic compounds despite this ancient warning.</p>\n<p>The latest data from 2017 I can find suggests that the interaction in humans is somewhat less dramatic, and caffeine may even help reduce acetaminophen toxicity!</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>In conclusion, the impact of CAF on APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity was here investigated in humans by simultaneously considering drug effects of CAF on APAP at both the PK and the PD level. It was shown that CAF has a significant effect on APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity due to a co‐administration of both drugs. Key results demonstrate, on the one hand, that CAF might favor a reduction of APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity in humans at the PK and the PD levels by reducing the concentrations of NAPQI, which is supposed to be the reactive metabolite of APAP,2 as well as by positively regulating genes playing an essential role in the development of toxicity, respectively. On the other hand, CAF might also potentiate APAP‐induced toxicity by affecting crucial genes, such as FOS, that may support the activation of cell death pathways. Although key outcomes of the study demonstrated inhibitory and stimulatory effects of CAF on APAP, the question if CAF potentiates or diminishes the hepatotoxicity caused by extensive exposure of APAP partly remains open.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>So, to answer the question, the risk of harm from an energy drink after ingestion of 1G of acetaminophen is close to nil.</p>\n<p>As for the maximum dose of acetaminophen, in adults this is 1G q4 - q6 hourly to a maximum of 4G and not 2G as mentioned in the other answer. The makers of Tylenol have suggested that this be reduced to 3G since people often combine analgesics without realizing that the other product might also contain acetaminophen, but this doesn't change the fact that the safe dose from all sources remains 4G daily.</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2007/september/news-release-mixing-large-doses-of-both-acetaminophen-painkiller-and-caffeine-may-increase-risk-of-liver-damage.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2007/september/news-release-mixing-large-doses-of-both-acetaminophen-painkiller-and-caffeine-may-increase-risk-of-liver-damage.html</a></p>\n</li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321810/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321810/</a></p>\n</li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/acetaminophen-safety-be-cautious-but-not-afraid\" rel=\"noreferrer\">https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/acetaminophen-safety-be-cautious-but-not-afraid</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n", "score": 7 } ]

[ "drug-metabolism", "energy", "energy-drinks" ]

[]

[ "fibre", "constipation" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15556, "body": "<p>I'm not entirely certain what you mean by \"spine misalignment\", but there are certainly traumatic injuries to the cervical neck that can indirectly result in full or partial blindness. This would usually occur due to neurovascular compromise. Cervical artery dissections with subsequent cerebral infarction and homonymous hemianopia are a classic cause of visual loss after trauma.</p>\n\n<p>For further reading on post-traumatic visual loss, I would refer you to <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2998754/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this review article</a>.</p>\n", "score": 2 }, { "answer_id": 15547, "body": "<p>No, not that I'm aware. You might see this referred to in Chiropractic charts but <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractic\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">chiropractic</a> is an alternative non-science based system.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine mostly concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine. Proponents claim that such disorders affect general health via the nervous system. These claims are not backed by any evidence.</p>\n<p>^{Sources cited by the wikipedia article:}<br />\n^{- Ernst E (May 2008). &quot;Chiropractic: a critical evaluation&quot;. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 35 (5): 544–62. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpainsymman.2007.07.004\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.004</a>.}<br />\n^{- &quot;<a href=\"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chiropractic/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Chiropractic</a>&quot;. NHS Choices. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2016.}</p>\n</blockquote>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "eye", "spine" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15589, "body": "<p>The <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Savant Syndrome</a> is the only syndrome where there is an enhancement of one particular brain function but at a heavy cost to other cognitive functions.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Savant syndrome is a condition in which someone with significant mental disabilities demonstrates certain abilities far in excess of average.[1][2] The skills at which savants excel are generally related to memory.[1] This may include rapid calculation, artistic ability, map making, or musical ability.[1] Usually just one special skill is present.[1]</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome</a></p>\n\n<p>Treffert, D. A. (2009). \"The savant syndrome: An extraordinary condition A synopsis: Past, present, future\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1522): 1351–7. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0326. PMC 2677584 Freely accessible. PMID 19528017.</p>\n\n<p>Miller, LK (1999). \"The savant syndrome: Intellectual impairment and exceptional skill\". Psychological Bulletin. 125 (1): 31–46. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.31. PMID 9990844.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "brain", "disease" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15656, "body": "<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatitis\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Prostatitis</a> isn't an STD, or a contagious disease, or even a disease at all. The term \"prostatitis\" simply refers to <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation\" rel=\"noreferrer\">inflammation</a> of the prostate gland. The underlying condition causing the inflammation could be any of a number of things, which, yes, include contagious and sexually-transmitted diseases.</p>\n", "score": 11 }, { "answer_id": 23740, "body": "<p>Prostatitis is a common disease in men. It's neither a STD nor a contagious disease. <em><a href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355766\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Prostatitis</a></em> often causes painful or difficult urination. Other symptoms include pain in the groin, pelvic area or genitals and sometimes flu-like symptoms.</p>\n\n<p>Prostatitis treatments depend on the underlying cause.Like antibiotics or a diuretic and anti-inflammatory pill. Bedides, there are some home remedies, like have a warm sitz bath, \nand avoid activities that can irritate your prostate, such as prolonged sitting or bicycling.</p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "prostatitis" ]

[ { "answer_id": 15693, "body": "<p>From your own link</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Although the ripe, cooked berries (pulp and skin) of most species of Sambucus are edible,[6][9][10] uncooked berries and other parts of plants from this genus are poisonous.[11] The leaves, twigs, branches, seeds, and roots of Sambucus plants can contain a cyanidin glycoside. Ingesting a sufficient quantity of cyanidin glycosides may produce illnesses.[6][11]</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Cooking destroys the small amount of cyanogenic glycosides found in the fruit that is poisonous.</p>\n\n<p>When making jam you can <a href=\"http://mother-natures-backyard.blogspot.co.nz/2012/08/picking-cleaning-and-processing.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">sieve out all the seeds</a>.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "nutrition", "toxicity", "fruits" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16080, "body": "<p>Normally whole blood is not used for transfusion purposes. Instead it is separated into components which are then transfused after first being aggregated. If someone needs a blood transfusion, then normally they are given packed red cells without platelets and without plasma.</p>\n<p>The transfusion times are:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The infusion rate for blood products depends on the clinical context, age and cardiac status of the patient. In stable, non-bleeding adult patients typical administrations details are:</p>\n<p>Red cells: 1-3 hours</p>\n<p>Platelets: 15-30 minutes</p>\n<p>Fresh frozen plasma: 30 minutes</p>\n<p>Cryoprecipitate: 30-60 minutes per standard adult dose</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https://transfusion.com.au/transfusion_practice/administration\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://transfusion.com.au/transfusion_practice/administration</a></p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "blood", "blood-donation" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16058, "body": "<p>Yes, long-term eating of a large amount of simple carbohydrates may affect skin quality.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620757\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation (PubMed, 2010)</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The effect of sugars on <strong>aging skin</strong> is governed by the simple act of\n covalently cross-linking two collagen fibers, which renders both of\n them incapable of easy repair. Glucose and fructose link the amino\n acids present in the collagen and elastin that support the dermis,\n producing advanced glycation end products or \"AGEs.\" This process is\n accelerated in all body tissues when sugar is elevated and is further\n stimulated by ultraviolet light in the skin.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4106357/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Diet and Dermatology (PubMed Central, 2014)</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Rhytides, sagging of skin, and loss of elasticity</strong> are all related to changes in the collagen and elastic fibers of the skin, which are\n themselves impacted by diet. Ingestion of sugar, in particular, can\n accelerate these signs of aging...</p>\n \n <p><strong>Foods with a high glycemic index, such as sugar,</strong> white bread, and white rice, are rapidly absorbed, leading to higher serum glucose\n levels and corresponding elevated levels of insulin. Insulin and IGF-1\n have been shown to augment sebum production, stimulate adrenal\n androgen synthesis, and increase androgen bioavailability, all of\n which play a role in the pathogenesis of <strong>acne.</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "dermatology", "sugar" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16076, "body": "<p>Chronic noise exposure of >58db has been associated with the development of <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29601606\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">diabetes in mice</a>. </p>\n\n<p>You can review the latest studies in the medical literature on chronic noise exposure through a <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=chronic%20noise%20exposure\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">search here with these keywords</a>. </p>\n\n<p>Chronic exposure to traffic noise itself is considered a stressor that has been associated with <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29350061\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">multiple medical conditions including hypertension, heart attacks, and strokes.</a> One thought of the cause is that the variety in sounds triggers a low-level alarm, like a \"fight or flight\" response which increases the level of adrenaline circulating and contraction of the blood vessels. It is unclear if there are studies showing that white noise would stop this risk. Additionally, it is unclear how much these studies corrected for the risk of air quality itself. (In one epidemiological study of children growing up near expressways, they found that their average height was lower. The study suggests that children breathing the small &lt;25 PPM particles that penetrate homes and go deep into the lung actually impacted their growth and development. This has implications for the health of adults as well.)</p>\n\n<p>The NIH states that ear damage <a href=\"https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">occurs with sounds above 85db.</a> </p>\n\n<p>The takeaway from this is that traffic noise has a definite risk, as does high levels of noise. White noise currently appears to be an unquantified risk - and may possibly be safer.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "white-noise" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16074, "body": "<p>You should typically only receive vaccinations for which the risk of the disease is higher than the risk of the vaccine. </p>\n\n<p>All vaccines carry some risk - albeit small. </p>\n\n<p>For example, for the flu vaccine, there is a small incidence of patients who can get <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/guillainbarre.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Guillain-Barre syndrome</a> which causes an ascending paralysis. As a result, if you lived in an area that never got influenza - this likely not be of benefit. Fortunately, or unfortunately, the risk of flu and the side effects of flu are much higher than the risk of the vaccine - thus the cost benefit suggests it is worth it. </p>\n\n<p>Some vaccines, like the Smallpox vaccine, have been retired because the disease has been eradicated. Some older people you might know (including this author) still have the scars on their arms from childhood from the multiple pinpricks necessary to administer the vaccine. This vaccine is one example of a likely unnecessary vaccine to take. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/24/bill-gates-humanity-will-see-its-last-case-of-polio-this-year.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Polio is almost eradicated as well</a> - so it may be just a few years before that vaccine will be unnecessary. </p>\n\n<p>That said, most vaccines have been created for diseases for which the risk of exposure exists - and taking those vaccines for anything to which you face a risk of exposure can easily outweigh any risks of the vaccine.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "vaccination" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16092, "body": "<p>You mention \"health and longevity\"...</p>\n\n<p>Unless you're suffering from obesity-related health issues, eating less calories will not help you with \"health and longevity\". Eating balanced and nutritious meals is more important than calories if your concern is \"health and longevity\" (and not weight gain/loss).</p>\n\n<p>\"Health and longevity\" is very subjective, and largely depends on other life factors.. for example, if Bob goes to the gym every day, and eats very healthily, but also is a heroin addict, then eating healthily and exercising likely won't really matter. That's an extreme example, but I hope it does prove a point.</p>\n\n<p>If you're talking strictly about weight gain/loss, it's all about calories in &lt;--> calories out. Simply put, if you eat less calories then you burn, you will lose weight. Exercising allows you to eat more (because you're burning more).</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "nutrition", "death", "healthy-cooking" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16098, "body": "<p>A chest X-ray can detect changes in the lungs that occur in certain infections, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, tularemia, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, plague, etc (<a href=\"https://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/AJR.13.11463\" rel=\"noreferrer\">American Journal of Rentgenology</a>).</p>\n\n<p>In most cases, additional tests, such as sputum and blood tests, are needed to confirm an exact diagnosis.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/chest/chest_pathology/chest_pathology_page3\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Here</a> and <a href=\"http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p50d95b0ab4b90/chest-x-ray-lung-disease.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">here</a> you can see which other lung abnormalities (lung cancer, edema, COPD..) a chest X-ray can detect.</p>\n", "score": 6 } ]

[ "bones", "chest", "test", "ribs-ribcage" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16242, "body": "<p>I have found no credible source that would mention \"maximum recommended daily amount of full fat milk.\" </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001973.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">MedlinePlus</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The US Department of Agriculture recommends the following daily\n amounts of dairy for children and teens:</p>\n \n <ul>\n <li>Two through 3 years old: 2 cups (480 milliliters)</li>\n <li>Four through 8 years old: 2½ cups (600 milliliters)</li>\n <li>Nine through 18 years old: 3 cups (720 milliliters)</li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>A 12 year old boy drinking 1.5 US pints (710 milliliters) of milk fits in.</p>\n\n<p>Regarding the concern that milk can make blood acidic: The acidogenic effect of foods can be estimated by \"renal acid load\" (the amount of acids secreted through the kidneys). According to <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5490517/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this article (Table 2)</a>, renal acid load after one serving (240 mL) of full fat milk is 3.6, and after low-fat milk 3.9, which means it is not fat in the milk that contributes to the acidity. Renal acid loads of certain other foods are much higher: one serving of cheese (17-57), meat (14-21), fish (10-32), nuts (16-36).</p>\n\n<p>According to one <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4504608/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">2015 systematic review</a>, milk consumption does not seem to contribute to kidney stones.</p>\n\n<p>There is an ongoing debate if milk is healthy or unhealthy and there are opinions that milk is only for children (or even only for small children). Most of research shows that milk consumption as such is not bad for health (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143456/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed Central</a>). On the other hand, plant-based diets may be healthy enough, even for children (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2912628/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed Central</a>).</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "nutrition", "health-education", "milk" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16136, "body": "<p>The reason that dentists might want to crown a baby tooth instead of removing it is to prevent crowding of the jaw from premature tooth loss, and to prevent the decay spreading to adjacent teeth.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.aapd.org/events/stainless_steel_crown_indications_and_technique_for_placement/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.aapd.org/events/stainless_steel_crown_indications_and_technique_for_placement/</a></p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "tooth-decay" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16144, "body": "<p>Well, this is a big question to tackle considering there are so many different strategies that people take. I'll address the question of maintaining 'optimal health to old age' according to the biopsychosocial model of health.\n<p>\n1. Biology - One of the best habits to develop from an early age is to have a <b>healthy diet and exercise regularly</b>. A healthy diet includes eating more vegetables, cutting back on the sugary beverages and fried food (trans fat). For exercise, the American Heart Association suggests \"at least 150 minutes per week of moderate exercise [~20 min./day] or 75 minutes per week of vigorous exercise (or a combination of moderate and vigorous activity).\" This habit is important for maintaining a healthy BMI and reducing the risk for many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, etc. </p>\n\n<p><p> \n2. Psychology - A critical skill to develop is <b>mindfulness</b> - being able to anchor one's attention to the present experience. This skill includes learning to handle stress, process one's emotional state, overcoming self-destructive thoughts, understanding who you are, etc. All are important to maintaining good mental health. Mindfulness can be developed in many ways: writing, meditating, paying more attention to the world around you. </p>\n\n<p><p> \n3. Sociology - The main habit to cultivate here is to <b>build healthy relationships</b> - with family, friends, workers, etc. It's important to have a support network during times of trouble. Not to mention the amount of stress (and resulting illnesses) that can be avoided by giving more care to the social part of life. Personally, I've found the best ways to learn about building healthy relationships is through: listening, reading, empathy. </p>\n\n<p>My answer is of course not exhaustive - I merely gave a good faith effort at pinning some of the more general habits that have long term health effects. For example, another simple habit under the biology category is to avoid tobacco use.</p>\n\n<p>Finally, I do want to point out that a habit that contains all of these best lifestyle habits is: <b>take an interest in your health</b> (a.k.a. learning!). \nDon't stop at just reading this answer. Keep an eye out for the news on the latest health research, public health promotions, articles on the net (do check the validity), etc. </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>References:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471136/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Healthy Diet</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/PhysicalActivity/FitnessBasics/American-Heart-Association-Recommendations-for-Physical-Activity-in-Adults_UCM_307976_Article.jsp#.WuanxogvxPY\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Exercise Recommendation by American Heart Association</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11795/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"> Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44249/#A1181\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3679190/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Importance of Mindfulness</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "lifestyle", "aging", "anti-aging" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16283, "body": "<p>Yes, it is a typo. 100 g of this wrap has 161 Kcal:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Fat contributes 9 Kcal x 4.3 g = 39 Kcal</li>\n<li>Protein contributes 4 Kcal x 12.3 g = 49 Kcal</li>\n<li>Because there are 161 Kcal in total, the remaining 73 Kcal needs to come from <strong>18.25 g of carbohydrate</strong> (4 Kcal/g).</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>(Fat = 9 Kcal/g, protein and carbohydrate = 4 Kcal/g)</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "nutrition", "labeling", "carbohydrates" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16387, "body": "<p>You have a job that requires concentration. The caffeine and sugar in the soda provide quick concentrated \"brain food\". I am not passing judgement on sugar and caffeine. I eat both of these things myself, but in moderation. So you are asking for alternatives. </p>\n\n<p>Why don't you schedule an appointment with your doctor? Discuss your situation and family history with your doctor. Also ask the doctor about some longer lasting food/beverage alternatives. The doctor may refer you to a registered dietician for a consultation. </p>\n\n<p>You may have to move away from \"tasty\", because I doubt you are really seeking good taste (super-concentrated taste) in the beverage; what you are probably really seeking is the quick concentration and energy that sugar-caffeine provide. I have mentioned green tea sweetened with stevia. You might also discuss with the doctor the bottled water \"Gerolsteiner\". Yes, a form of bottled water! Remember water? No, it will not taste as good as soda. :)</p>\n\n<p>I don't know if what I have said constitutes medical advice or not according to the rules of this site. I am sure the mods will alert or remove if my answer crosses the line. I want to follow the rules here, so if the mods feel that this answer should be removed, then they should feel free to remove it. What you are ideally seeking is hydration and slower burning, but substantial, foods overall. </p>\n\n<p>P.S. Regarding other preventive measures, see: \"Our recent human studies indicate that consuming roughly one half of a teaspoon of cinnamon per day or less leads to dramatic improvements in blood sugar, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides.\" <a href=\"https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/docs/cinnamon-health-benefits/research/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/docs/cinnamon-health-benefits/research/</a></p>\n\n<p>\"However, not all studies have shown positive effects of cinnamon, and type and amount of cinnamon, as well as the type of subjects and drugs subjects are taking, are likely to affect the response to cinnamon. In summary, components of cinnamon may be important in the alleviation and prevention of the signs and symptoms of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular and related diseases.\" \n<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901047/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901047/</a></p>\n\n<p>Note: cinnamon, not cinnamon-sugar!</p>\n\n<p>Type of cinnamon: <a href=\"https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.peoplespharmacy.com/posts/which-cinnamon-is-better-for-blood-sugar\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.peoplespharmacy.com/posts/which-cinnamon-is-better-for-blood-sugar</a></p>\n\n<p>So getting some cinnamon in the diet could also be something to discuss with your doctor. </p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "diabetes", "sugar", "drinks" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16413, "body": "<p>Problems with erections can be caused by a physical condition, and they can be caused by psychological factors. Treating any physical or psychological underlying condition should help. Your GP can suggest possible treatment options.</p>\n\n<p>Treating erection problems caused by psychological factors can be more challenging. However, most men who persevere with treatment find the problem resolves.</p>\n\n<p>If you are concerned that things are not going as they should, you should seek advice from a doctor or licensed mental health professional who can see you in person and learn the important parts of your history (medical, social, and psychological).</p>\n\n<p>You can learn to delay climax.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>There are a number of self-help techniques you can try before seeking medical help.</p>\n \n <p>These include:</p>\n \n <ul>\n <li>masturbating an hour or two before having sex</li>\n <li>using a thick condom to help decrease sensation</li>\n <li>taking a deep breath to briefly shut down the ejaculatory reflex (an automatic reflex of the body, during which ejaculation occurs)</li>\n <li>having sex with your partner on top (to allow them to pull away when you are close to ejaculating)</li>\n <li>taking breaks during sex and distracting yourself by thinking about something completely different (Source: <a href=\"https://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/3055.aspx?categoryid=118&amp;subcategoryid=120\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NHS</a>)</li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>but you cannot naturally maintain erection after ejaculation.</p>\n\n<p>As <a href=\"https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/conditions/sexual-health/a12026/the-penis-and-how-it-works/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NetDoctor</a> points out:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>At orgasm, the signalling from the brain changes dramatically. There is a sudden increase in noradrenaline production from nerves in the genitalia. This seems to both trigger orgasm and contract the muscle fibres in the corpora cavernosa and their supplying arteries. As a result of this the blood flow into the penis reduces.</p>\n</blockquote>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "penis", "ejaculation", "erection", "sexual-penetration" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16707, "body": "<p>CRISPR/Cas9 is the great white hope of genetic medicine with huge potential. However, this is a field in which progress has been famously slow because of high difficulties in translating promising pre-clinical therapeutic strategies to effective treatments in humans.</p>\n\n<p>In broad strokes, the answer is going to be \"when CRISPR based therapies are ready for other conditions\". The biggest barriers to getting CRISPR based therapeutics into the clinic will be:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Safety - can we be sure that the changes we intend are made cleanly and without off-target effects?</li>\n<li>Delivery - how do we get the CRISPR construct into the cells it needs to be in to work?</li>\n<li>Efficacy - can we effect a change in sufficient cells to produce a clinical response?</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>As pointed out in the comments, there are still significant safety concerns about off-target effects. <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0050-6\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0050-6</a> reports significant toxicity with efficient recombination. \n Furthermore, there is an emerging body of evidence that there are pre-existing CRISPR/Cas9 immune responses which may cause clinical \n side-effects and/or limit efficiency of recombination (<a href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/01/05/243345.full.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/01/05/243345.full.pdf</a>).</p>\n\n<p>Delivery of the construct may well be the most difficult aspect of therapy. There are diseases which can be treated with exogenous cells, for example T cells cells modified with CRISPR techniques and re-infused as in:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-tested-in-a-person-for-the-first-time-1.20988\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-tested-in-a-person-for-the-first-time-1.20988</a>\n<a href=\"https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02793856?term=crispr\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02793856?term=crispr</a></p>\n\n<p>However, what if the target is present in somatic tissues such as APOE4 (which is what I assume you mean instead of APOA4) such as the liver? How do we effectively get the CRISPR/Cas9 construct into these cells in a non-toxic, efficient and targeted manner?</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779917303049?via%3Dihub\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779917303049?via%3Dihub</a> provides a nice review of current delivery methods but concludes that one of the current outstanding questions is \"Are any of the currently available delivery methods reliable enough for therapeutic use of Cas9 genome editing in humans?\".</p>\n\n<p>Finally, efficacy. For some diseases, such as sickle cell anaemia, it is thought that as little as a 10% conversion from the disease form of HbS to wild-type HbA would be sufficient for clinical improvement. For APOE4 however there is still a significant (~4x) risk for developing Alzheimer's disease over baseline in heterozygotes compared to a ~12x risk over baseline for homozygotes (<a href=\"https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-8-9\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-8-9</a>). To achieve a reduction in risk to baseline would therefore likely require significantly more than 50% recombination rate. Furthermore, for an effect to be longstanding and, ideally, lifelong the stem cells which give rise to e.g. liver parenchyma would have to be altered.</p>\n\n<p>Overall, CRISPR/Cas9 is a technology which has revolutionised biomedical science in the laboratory already. It seems certain that some form of CRISPR/Cas9 based therapies will be used clinically within the next ten years, however there are huge technical, safety and ethical barriers before it is a widely available treatment for a range of conditions.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "crispr-cas-system" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16519, "body": "<p>In sinusitis, there may already be a negative pressure in the sinuses (<a href=\"http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459372\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">nih.gov</a>). </p>\n\n<p>One problem is that in sinusitis the openings that connect the nasal cavity and sinuses are usually clogged, so the attempt to create a pressure difference might be quite hard.</p>\n\n<p>I'm not aware of any published experiments on this topic, but as suggested in one comment: the one who tries it and it works for him/her will know better than anyone. Either a negative or positive pressure (Valsalva) might work. Trying to thin the mucus by using a neti pot or inhaling hot water vapor beforehand might help.</p>\n\n<p>No medical advice here. Warning: exaggerated experimenting with creating different pressure in the nasal cavity may be potentially dangerous.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "ears-nose-throat-ent", "sinus", "sinus-congestion", "sinus-headache" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16602, "body": "<p>Excessive calorie intake results in an increase of the body fat tissue but not muscle or bone tissue. Obesity does not make your bones thicker or longer. I don't have any source to back up this, but fat accumulates in fat cells and there are no or very few fat cells in the bone walls.</p>\n\n<p>In adults with <a href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acromegaly/symptoms-causes/syc-20351222\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">acromegaly</a>, which is a hormonal disorder caused by increased production of the growth hormone (usually by a pituitary tumor), cheek bones, some other facial bones and bones in the hands and feet become bigger. Here are some <a href=\"https://www.google.com/search?biw=1280&amp;bih=929&amp;tbm=isch&amp;sa=1&amp;ei=mNwjW4DuK8G96ATH24-wBQ&amp;q=acromegaly&amp;oq=acromegaly&amp;gs_l=img.3..0i67k1j0l9.228034.229042.0.229450.12.7.0.0.0.0.104.583.6j1.7.0....0...1c.1.64.img..10.1.103....0.ef095ws4Zp8\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">pictures</a>.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "medications", "plastic-surgery", "obesity" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16600, "body": "<p>No exact diets here, but just some reasoning why to eat or avoid something.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>In a <strong>gluten-free diet,</strong> you need to avoid wheat and its varieties, rye, barley, triticale, malt, beer, brewer's yeast, breaded meats and commercial foods with added gluten. Here's <a href=\"https://celiac.org/live-gluten-free/glutenfreediet/sources-of-gluten/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a detailed list of foods to avoid.</a></p>\n\n<p>What you can eat:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Cereals: rice, corn, oats, buckwheat and others that are not on the avoid list</li>\n<li>Vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts</li>\n<li>Meat and fish, non-breaded (some packaged products may contain gluten)</li>\n<li>Eggs</li>\n<li>Dairy</li>\n</ul>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>If you are lactose intolerant, your diet usually does not need to be 100% \"lactose-free\" but just <strong>\"low-lactose,\"</strong> with avoiding milk, ice cream and yogurts; hard cheeses and butter should be OK (<a href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance/eating-diet-nutrition\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NIDDK.nih.gov</a>). Here's an extensive <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/cg/lactose-free-diet.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">list of foods to avoid,</a> but this is only for someone with severe lactose intolerance.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Currently, many health experts recommend to <strong>limit:</strong></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Foods with added sugars: most carbonated drinks, ice-tea, energy drinks (but also fruit juices), sweets and desserts (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5133084/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed</a>), becuse they may stimulate food craving and thus unhealthy weight gain</li>\n<li>Salt intake (<a href=\"https://sodiumbreakup.heart.org/how_much_sodium_should_i_eat\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Heart.org</a>), because excessive sodium can contribute to high blood pressure and artery damage </li>\n<li>Red meat and processed meat, such as in fast food (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28446499\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed</a>), which are possibly associated with some chronic diseases</li>\n<li>Foods with trans fats, which have \"partially-hydrogenated oil\" on the label, for example, certain cakes, biscuits, crackers, French-fries and frozen foods (<a href=\"https://health.clevelandclinic.org/avoid-these-10-foods-full-of-trans-fats/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Cleveland Clinic</a>), which can raise blood cholesterol levels</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>They also recommend to <strong>include enough fiber</strong> from foods, such as whole-grain cereals, fruits, vegetables and legumes, because it can help maintain intestinal health (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705355/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed</a>).</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p><strong>For the end:</strong></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Listen to your gut (literally).</li>\n<li>Eat what you find out is good for you, for your study, work and sleep.</li>\n<li>Maintain a health body weight.</li>\n<li>Someone with bowel problems can get a lot of insight if get checked for common conditions, such as celiac disease, lactose intolerance, fructose malabsorption and food allergies.</li>\n</ul>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "diet", "adolescents-teenagers" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16611, "body": "<p>General rule of thumb: Reduce the amount of dirt and dust in the air you breathe.</p>\n\n<p>This question does currently not specify if those profiles are just handled and assembled in a bedroom. That should be fine.</p>\n\n<p>However, implicitly one can read that as asking for: if those profiles get drilled and sawed and machine polished, then a certain amount of dust and particles will be produced, getting into the air and inhaled into the lungs. Not a good idea in general.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Conversely, exposure to aluminium dust may possibly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and dementia of the Alzheimer's type.<br>\n _{<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24142983\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Susan Peters et al.: \"Long-term effects of aluminium dust inhalation\", Occup Environ Med.2013 Dec;70(12):864-8</a>. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101487.}</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This is covered with recommendations for occupational risks by several state level organisations, for example:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>HAZARD SUMMARY </p>\n \n <ul>\n <li>Aluminum can affect you when breathed in.</li>\n <li>Contact can irritate the skin and eyes.</li>\n <li>Exposure to Aluminum can cause “metal fume fever.”\n This is a flu-like illness with symptoms of metallic taste in the mouth, headache, fever and chills, aches, chest tightness and cough. The symptoms may be delayed for several hours after exposure and usually last for a day or two.</li>\n <li>Exposure to fine dust can cause scarring of the lungs (pulmonary fibrosis) with symptoms of cough and shortness of breath.</li>\n <li>Aluminum powder is a FLAMMABLE SOLID and a DANGEROUS FIRE HAZARD. </li>\n </ul>\n \n <p>_{<a href=\"http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0054.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">ALUMINUM - State of New Jersey Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet</a>}</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>One should also keep in mind:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Conclusions</strong><br>\n The hazards posed by metal dusts are real. Recent incidents have shown that improper handling of metal dusts can cost lives. Apart from this, inappropriate metal-dust handling poses health risks, property dam- age possibilities, and housekeeping/maintenance costs. The key to reducing metal-dust hazards is to first minimize dust generation whenever possible. For the dust that is generated, safe and proper containment and capture follows. The proper design of powder storage and handling systems is quintessential in this regard. For the dust that still manages to find egress from the main process and accumulate, effective housekeeping and maintenance becomes the next line of protection. Also, it is important to perform site assessments for dust-hazard potentials and implement strategies to minimize the risks.\n _{<a href=\"http://jenike.com/files/2013/09/IJPM_Article_11.13.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Understanding and Preventing Metal Dust Hazards - Jenike &amp; Johanson</a>}</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>All of these findings and resulting recommendations are for occupational hazards and risks. Meaning that relatively large amounts of dust would be inhaled over quite a long time. A one-off project with limited dust producing capacity is far below the quantities discussed in these papers. </p>\n\n<p>But it still is a risk and a messy procedure on top. A bedroom is for sleeping and should be kept clean. The cleaner the air the better. </p>\n\n<p>Aluminium profiles are safe. Producing dust from them in a bedroom is not.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "side-effects", "brain", "neurology", "air-quality", "alzheimers" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16874, "body": "<p>No, it's not true that the breast tissue caused by gynecomastia can never go away. According to the <a href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Mayo Clinic</a> (emphasis mine):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Most cases of gynecomastia regress over time without treatment.</strong>\n However, if gynecomastia is caused by an underlying condition, such as\n hypogonadism, malnutrition or cirrhosis, that condition may need\n treatment. If you're taking medications that can cause gynecomastia,\n your doctor may recommend stopping them or substituting another\n medication.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So the first step in dealing with gynecomastia is to identify and treat the factor causing it. That may mean treating an underlying condition or it may mean stopping or changing medications. Once that's been addressed all that's needed is time, and the time needed can be measured in months or even years. </p>\n\n<p>If the breast tissue doesn't go away despite appropriate treatment and the sufferer finds the tissue intolerable, two options remain: medication and surgery. Again, according to Mayo:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Medications</strong></p>\n \n <p>Medications used to treat breast cancer and other conditions, such as\n tamoxifen (Soltamox), raloxifene (Evista) and aromatase inhibitors\n (Arimidex), may be helpful for some men with gynecomastia. Although\n these medications are approved by the Food and Drug Administration,\n they have not been approved specifically for this use.</p>\n \n <p><strong>Surgery to remove excess breast tissue</strong></p>\n \n <p>If you still have significant\n bothersome breast enlargement despite initial treatment or\n observation, your doctor may advise surgery. Two gynecomastia surgery\n options are:</p>\n \n <p><strong>Liposuction</strong>. This surgery removes breast fat, but not the breast gland\n tissue itself. </p>\n \n <p><strong>Mastectomy</strong>. This type of surgery removes the breast\n gland tissue. The surgery is often done endoscopically, meaning only\n small incisions are used. This less invasive type of surgery involves\n less recovery time.</p>\n</blockquote>\n", "score": 3 }, { "answer_id": 23729, "body": "<p>First, vitamin D supplementation does not seem to increase testosterone levels. Most high quality trials see either no increase, or a very very small one:\n<a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32446600/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32446600/</a></p>\n\n<p>Second, zinc might negate a transient exercise-induced decrease in testosterone. There is no evidence this is clinically meaningful:\n<a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17984944/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17984944/</a>\nAnd (short-term) zinc deficiency might decrease testosterone. So in case you're zinc deficient, supplementation is (of course) wise.\n<a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1609752/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1609752/</a></p>\n\n<p>Treating gynecomastia is a whole different ball game. This is either done by surgery or sometimes off-label with endocrine treatment. Endocrine treatment refers to drugs that counteract estrogenic action. Since estrogenic action lies at the root of gynecomastia development.</p>\n\n<p>Several of such drugs have been tested in clinical research, including: Tamoxifen (Nolvadex), clomiphene (Clomid), raloxifene (Evista) and Anastrozol (Arimidex).</p>\n\n<p>Of these drugs, clomiphene and anastrozol don't seem so effective against it. Of raloxifene only one trial is available which suggests good results. However, it's a low quality trial.</p>\n\n<p>Finally, a lot of research demonstrates that tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is effective against gynecomastia.</p>\n\n<p>More details can be found here in case you're interested: <a href=\"https://peterbond.org/post/endocrine-treatment-of-gynecomastia\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://peterbond.org/post/endocrine-treatment-of-gynecomastia</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "zinc", "hormonal-imbalance", "estrogen", "gynecomastia-man-boobs" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16858, "body": "<p>Syphilis is transmitted from person to person by direct contact with a syphilitic sore, known as a chancre. Chancres can occur on or around the external genitals, in the vagina, around the anus , or in the rectum, or in or around the mouth. Transmission of syphilis can occur during vaginal, anal, or oral sex.</p>\n\n<p>See more here:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm</a></p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "syphilis" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16911, "body": "<p>In the U.S., <a href=\"https://www.unfpa.org/maternal-health\" rel=\"noreferrer\">14 in every 100 000 pregnancies are fatal for the mother</a>. While this may not seem much, consider the following graphic:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/4rvQO.png\" rel=\"noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/4rvQO.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>^{In picture B and D the blue bars indicate deaths due to pregnancies. While those numbers have decreased since 1990, in 2010 they still accounted for a large proportion of deaths of women in that age group.}</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>A selection of problems that can occur during a pregnancy (not ranked in any way)</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Infections (due to open wounds during labor and birth)</li>\n<li>Thrombosis (due to immovability)</li>\n<li>Anemia (low count of red blood cells)</li>\n<li>Heart failures (due to the strain put on the heart)</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>During a pregnancy, the woman's body supplies both the foetus and the mother with oxygen, blood and food. This puts a lot of strain on the organism. While humans are built so that they can handle it, it does increase the risks of the above and many more problems, so that pregnancy indeed is a risk factor. </p>\n", "score": 5 } ]

[ "obstetrics", "risks" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16937, "body": "<p><a href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/iron-supplement-oral-route-parenteral-route/side-effects/drg-20070148\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Side effects of iron supplements</a> can include:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Black stools</li>\n<li>Constipation</li>\n<li>Abdominal pain</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>So, these are common side effects that have nothing to do with cancer.</p>\n\n<p>In the study described in <a href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321515.php\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Medical News Today</a>, they did not confirmed the cause-effect relationship between iron supplements and cancer, because they only found a substance (a marker) that could be associated with cancer, and it was a laboratory study and not a study on humans. </p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "cancer", "health-informatics", "iron", "iron-supplements", "colon" ]

[ { "answer_id": 16972, "body": "<p>That might need a disclaimer first: a <a href=\"https://steptohealth.com/15-personal-items-never-share/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">shaver</a> is a <a href=\"https://www.womenshealthmag.com/relationships/a19917390/personal-hygiene-tips/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">personal</a> <a href=\"https://www.onlymyhealth.com/7-personal-items-you-shouldnt-share-with-anyone-1406882590\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">hygiene</a> product. Those should just never be shared or bought \"used\". First in my opinion just for the yuck factor and then only secondary because this sanitary concerns thing.</p>\n\n<p>You would not want to buy toothbrushes second hand and when surgical equipment is re-used the steps to ensure complete sterility are quite rigorous. So this needs to be put into perspective and a cost-benefit analysis has to be made.</p>\n\n<p>Then in the case of an electric shaver, those blades on a cutting head will not last forever and eventually loose their edge. Some newer models seem to embrace planned obsolesence quite rigorously with a their one-blade design. That means that any cost or environmental benefit from a used razor is smaller than often imagined from the start. For shaving this is especially true: a sharp knife leads to less cutting. But blade egdes dull with use!</p>\n\n<p>Even electric razors are neither fool proof nor the top solution for avoiding skin problems compared to regular, mechanical wet shave blades.<br>\n(<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17472675\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Prevalence of acne keloidalis nuchae in Nigerians, 2007</a>: The common etiologic factor was secondary to trauma from an electric razor whilst having a haircut, followed by spread of keloid from the beard area.)\nThose machines often grab and tear hair out instead of cutting it. They can also get hold of skin and rip very uncomfortable wounds. </p>\n\n<p>Anyone choosing an electric shaver has to try them out to see if their skin and hair agree with them. But that cannot answer how well these questions were answered for the previous owner of that particular model. The previous owner sold it for a reason and if that includes lacerations than any such device should be considered a biohazard and treated as such. If you are concerned about a possible virus infection: do not buy used. (Just for completeness: you might consider applying steam, dry heat above 160°C, ethylene oxide, sporicidals, glass plasma or <a href=\"https://lso-inc.com/sterilization-validation-services/medical-device-sterilization.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">gamma rays</a>)</p>\n\n<p>Therefore it seems to be a bad idea to use electric shavers at all? Not really and necessarily for all.</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Do not buy used personal hygiene products.</li>\n<li>If you do buy a used electric shaver, try to exchange the screen and blades of the cutting head, effectively just reusing the motor and battery and plastic wrapping for the device.</li>\n<li>Clean the device thoroughly in any case. These cases include \"you bought it first hand and keep using it\".</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>How do you clean that device?</p>\n\n<p>Unfortunately, that depends a bit on the device and how it is constructed. </p>\n\n<p>Manual tear-down, brushing and regular soap-water cleaning are a great start. But using the regular disinfectants like boiling water, rubbing alcohol, hydrogenperoxide or appropriately diluted bleach followed by thorough rinse and quick drying are even better. Alternatively you might also soak the screens and blades in commercially available dedicated disinfectants. These likely cost more but are not that much more effective to justify the cost. None of the methods mentioned so far are perfect though, anyway. Just try out what you already know is working as a sanitiser, then test that on your device. That is largely for material science. Usually those things are plastic and metal and quite resistant to those primitive chemicals you are about to use. If the device is one of the newer just wash it with water designs it will take quite some abuse in this direction without harm. </p>\n\n<p>The first step reduces grime, builtup and that keeps the shaver in good operational conditions as well as diluting the bacterial load that might cause problems.<br>\nThe second step really kills of the bugs. The quick dry is necessary to reduce the chance of rust counteracting all your eforts and investment. Depending on construction and methods used it might also be a good idea to keep an eye on the lubrication of the mechanical parts. Washing away all the machine's oils will shorten its lifetime and your pleasure.</p>\n\n<p>Things to consider: <a href=\"http://The%20male%20beard%20hair%20and%20facial%20skin%20-%20challenges%20for%20shaving.\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">The male beard hair and facial skin - challenges for shaving. 2016</a></p>\n\n<p>Advice to try out: <a href=\"https://www.shavers.com/Electric-shaver-maintenance-s/1865.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Electric Shaver Maintenance 101</a> or \n<a href=\"https://www.livestrong.com/article/16334-sterilize-electric-razor/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">How to Sanitize an Electric Razor</a> or <a href=\"https://oureverydaylife.com/proper-sanitizing-electric-razors-42685.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Proper Sanitizing of Electric Razors</a> or <a href=\"https://www.acne.org/messageboard/topic/159127-how-to-sterilize-an-electric-razor-head/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">how to sterilize an electric razor head</a>.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "infection", "disease-transmission", "infectious-diseases" ]

[ { "answer_id": 17052, "body": "<p>A better comparison than \"beard vs toilet\" may be \"face with beard vs face without beard.\"</p>\n\n<p>This is actually a reasonable concern in the context of healthcare, where healthcare staff can be a vector for disease and where vulnerable people are numerous. If facial hair is a reservoir for disease, it might be reasonable to recommend that healthcare staff remain clean-shaven.</p>\n\n<p>Wakeam, et al. found that clean-shaven men versus those with facial hair had different compositions of facial bacteria. Men with facial hair actually had <em>less</em> of some bacteria such as <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. The authors suggest that small cuts from shaving might actually promote colonization in some cases. </p>\n\n<p>Overall, though, they conclude that there isn't really any increased risk from the facial bacterial milieu of those with facial hair (there are separate studies looking at issues with surgical masks, etc, but I feel it's a bit of a stretch to go into that here).</p>\n\n<p>Lab techs with facial hair had numerically a few more bacterial species present than those without, but the differences aren't substantial and don't really represent any risk (Lindeholm and Arpi 2016) - importantly, coagulase-negative staphylococci were more common in the clean-shaven techs, which are normal skin bacteria but are also a risk for infection of open wounds.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Summary and answer to the question</strong></p>\n\n<p>Beards might have more bacteria than a typical toilet, but an unbearded face probably does, too. People, and animals more generally, are great hosts for a variety of microbial species.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Wakeam, E., Hernandez, R. A., Morales, D. R., Finlayson, S. R. G., Klompas, M., &amp; Zinner, M. J. (2014). Bacterial ecology of hospital workers' facial hair: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Hospital Infection, 87(1), 63-67.</p>\n\n<p>Lindeholm, Y. N., &amp; Arpi, M. (2016). Facial hair–what about clinical microbiology technicians?. Journal of Hospital Infection, 93(3), 313-314.</p>\n", "score": 4 } ]

[ "health-education", "hygiene", "medical-myths", "physical-health", "facial-hair" ]