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{"datasets_id": 162193, "wiki_id": "Q4497391", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 611}

Q4497391

Robert Hess (chess player)

Career

Robert Hess (chess player) Career Hess achieved his final norm for the International Master title at the 2007 Cannes Open, and was later awarded the title by FIDE. Hess achieved his first grandmaster norm at the 2008 Foxwoods Open, held on April 19 through April 23 at the Foxwoods Resort in Mashantucket, Connecticut. He scored 7–2, tying for first with grandmasters Alexander Shabalov, Yury Shulman, Julio Becerra, and Alexander Ivanov. Hess won his first two games against masters, then played seven grandmasters, scoring four wins, two draws, and one loss. His performance rating for the tournament was approximately 2770 USCF. Chess

{"datasets_id": 162193, "wiki_id": "Q4497391", "sp": 6, "sc": 611, "ep": 6, "ec": 1250}

Q4497391

Robert Hess (chess player)

Career

journalist Jerry Hanken called Hess's achievement "one of the greatest performances by an American teenager since the heyday of Bobby Fischer!" In April 2009, he secured his third and final grandmaster norm in the Foxwoods Open, soon after winning the SPICE Spring Grandmaster Invitational (where he made his second GM norm) and the K-12 SuperNationals tournaments. In the 2009 US Chess Championship in May, Hess tied for second with Alexander Onischuk, with a score of +5 −1 =3, losing only to eventual winner Hikaru Nakamura. He was on the silver-medal US team at the 2009 World Team Championships in Bursa, Turkey. Hess

{"datasets_id": 162193, "wiki_id": "Q4497391", "sp": 6, "sc": 1250, "ep": 6, "ec": 1872}

Q4497391

Robert Hess (chess player)

Career

was awarded the 2010 Samford Fellowship "based on his chess talent, work ethic, dedication and accomplishments". He is also a member of the 2010 US Olympiad Team. In December 2011 he tied for first–second with Alexander Kovchan in the Groningen Chess Festival. Hess is a graduate of Stuyvesant High School in New York and attended Yale University after deferring a year to play chess. He also attended the Browning School, a private all-boys preparatory school in Manhattan. In the 2007–08 school year, he was a sophomore and the co-captain of Stuyvesant's junior varsity football team, on which he was a starting

{"datasets_id": 162193, "wiki_id": "Q4497391", "sp": 6, "sc": 1872, "ep": 6, "ec": 1957}

Q4497391

Robert Hess (chess player)

Career

linebacker. He is the co-founder and chief operating officer of The Sports Quotient.

{"datasets_id": 162194, "wiki_id": "Q565273", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 575}

Q565273

Rock Sound

History

Rock Sound History The British edition of Rock Sound was launched in March 1999 by the French publisher Editions Freeway. The magazine was bought out by its director, Patrick Napier, in December 2004. The magazines offices are in London. Separate titles with the same name have been published under the same umbrella company in France since 1993, and in Spain since 1998. The magazine is known for including a free CD in most issues, which has tracks from bands' new albums that have not been released as singles. These are now normally called '100% Volume' or 'The Volumes', but in the

{"datasets_id": 162194, "wiki_id": "Q565273", "sp": 6, "sc": 575, "ep": 6, "ec": 1206}

Q565273

Rock Sound

History

past compilations were also called 'Music With Attitude', 'Bugging Your Ears!', 'Sound Check' and 'Punk Rawk Explosion'. Buyer reaction has been very negative when there has been talk of turning the CD compilation into a digital compilation. Sometimes whole albums are included with the magazine, particularly from bands wanting to gain exposure, including Futures' debut album The Holiday in March 2010, and Burn The Fleet's debut album The Modern Shape in May 2012. The first issue was published in April 1999. Issue 2 featured British band Reef on the front cover, and later issues 3 and 8 featured Terrorvision and Foo

{"datasets_id": 162194, "wiki_id": "Q565273", "sp": 6, "sc": 1206, "ep": 10, "ec": 294}

Q565273

Rock Sound

History & Rock Sound Records

Fighters respectively. In July 2011 a host of "Through The Years" articles were written to celebrate the 150th issue of the magazine. 2017 witnessed the first annual Rock Sound Awards where £1 from every magazine bundle sold was donated to the One More Light Fund in memory of Chester Bennington. Rock Sound Records In 2019, Rock Sound introduced a new venture titled Rock Sound Records, a sub-brand of Rock Sound offering and distributing music in limited physical formats, such as cassette tapes and vinyl records. Generally, this involves the exclusive physical release of a record released by a band that's

{"datasets_id": 162194, "wiki_id": "Q565273", "sp": 10, "sc": 294, "ep": 10, "ec": 504}

Q565273

Rock Sound

Rock Sound Records

signed to a different (major) record label. For instance, the first Rock Sound Records release was a cassette tape version of Simple Creatures′ debut EP Strange Love, while the band is currently signed to BMG.

{"datasets_id": 162195, "wiki_id": "Q28654077", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 180}

Q28654077

Rosa Dixon Bowser

Early life & Career

Rosa Dixon Bowser Early life Rosa L. Dixon was born in Amelia County, Virginia, the daughter of Henry Dixon and Augusta Anderson Hawkins Dixon; she was "most likely born enslaved". As a child she moved to post-war Richmond with her parents, and was educated by teachers from the Freedmen's Bureau. She was identified as a promising student and trained as a teacher at the Richmond Colored Normal School. Career Dixon was just seventeen years old when she became the first black teacher hired by the Richmond, Virginia, public schools. She taught in schools from 1872 until 1879, and again in

{"datasets_id": 162195, "wiki_id": "Q28654077", "sp": 10, "sc": 180, "ep": 10, "ec": 855}

Q28654077

Rosa Dixon Bowser

Career

widowhood from 1883 until she retired in 1923. She also taught night classes for young African-American men through the Young Men's Christian Association. She organized the Virginia Teachers' Reading Circle, which became the Virginia State Teachers Association, the first organization representing black teachers in Virginia. She served as the organization's president from 1890 to 1892. In 1902 Bowser was president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union in Virginia. She gave lectures at the annual gatherings of the Hampton Negro Conferences, and chaired the Committee on Domestic Science from 1899 to 1902. She raised funds for the Industrial Home School for

{"datasets_id": 162195, "wiki_id": "Q28654077", "sp": 10, "sc": 855, "ep": 10, "ec": 1515}

Q28654077

Rosa Dixon Bowser

Career

Colored Girls and the Virginia Manual Labor School for Colored Boys. She was founder and first president of the Richmond Woman's League. She supported the Virginia Colored Anti-Tuberculosis League in Richmond, and helped to found the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs and the Virginia State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs. She was Virginia correspondent for the magazine Woman's Era. Bowser wrote essays for national publications, including "What Role is the Educated Negro Woman to Play in the Uplifting of her Race?" (1902), and "The Mother's Duty to her Adolescent Sons and Daughters" (1902). In 1925, the first branch of

{"datasets_id": 162195, "wiki_id": "Q28654077", "sp": 10, "sc": 1515, "ep": 14, "ec": 524}

Q28654077

Rosa Dixon Bowser

Career & Personal life

the Richmond Public Library to serve African-American patrons was named for Bowser. Personal life Rosa Dixon married fellow teacher James Herndon Bowser (who was a relative of Civil War spy Mary Bowser) in 1879. Two years later, she was widowed when James died from tuberculosis. They had a son, Oswald Barrington Herndon Bowser (1880-1935), who became a medical doctor in Richmond. Rosa Dixon Bowser died in 1931, aged 76 years. (Her grave was mentioned in a 2017 New York Times essay about restoration efforts at "neglected black cemeteries".) The Rosa D. Bowser School in Richmond (the home of the Black History

{"datasets_id": 162195, "wiki_id": "Q28654077", "sp": 14, "sc": 524, "ep": 14, "ec": 601}

Q28654077

Rosa Dixon Bowser

Personal life

Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia from 1991 to 2015) was named for her.

{"datasets_id": 162196, "wiki_id": "Q7373966", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 542}

Q7373966

Royal College Rowing Club

History

Royal College Rowing Club History Royal was the first school to start its own rowing program in 1953 with the formation of the Royal College Rowing Squad. Its first regatta was lead at the Beira lake against the B team (all European) of the Colombo Rowing Club in which the Royalist won the coxed fours. Soon after another regatta was won against an all European team from Madras Boat Club, the first colours for rowing were awarded. In 1962 The Boat Race which is a coxed fours event began against Royal' traditional rivals S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia. By 1966, it

{"datasets_id": 162196, "wiki_id": "Q7373966", "sp": 6, "sc": 542, "ep": 6, "ec": 1033}

Q7373966

Royal College Rowing Club

History

broadened out to give rise to the regatta having a card of six events, made up of 2 Single Sculls, 2 Coxless Pairs and 2 Coxed Fours. This marks the start of the Royal Thomian Regatta which is the oldest inter-school rowing regatta in Sri Lanka, awarding the Royal Thomian Boat Race Trophy (Also known in the rowing fraternity as the 'Crossed Oars') for The Boat Race which is regarded as the most prestigious race and T. Noel Fernando Memorial Trophy for the overall winner of the Regatta.

{"datasets_id": 162197, "wiki_id": "Q2170999", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 571}

Q2170999

Royal College of Defence Studies

History

Royal College of Defence Studies History In 1922, a cabinet committee under Winston Churchill, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, recommended the formation of the College. The college was founded in 1927 as the Imperial Defence College and was located at 9 Buckingham Gate until 1939. Its objective at that time was to instruct senior military officers the defence of the British Empire. In 1946, following the end of World War II, the college reopened at Seaford House, Belgrave Square and members of the United States Armed Forces started attending the course for the first time. It was renamed

{"datasets_id": 162197, "wiki_id": "Q2170999", "sp": 6, "sc": 571, "ep": 10, "ec": 313}

Q2170999

Royal College of Defence Studies

History & Commandants

the Royal College of Defence Studies in 1970, when the British Empire by then had truly dissolved and it was no longer appropriate to have "imperial" in the College's title. In 2007 the Queen and Prince Philip visited the college. Commandants The College is led by the Commandant—currently John Kingwell, a Rear Admiral in the Royal Navy who was formerly Deputy Commandant. The Commandant leads the Senior Directing Staff of the College, who are in effect the faculty and are a mixture of active and retired military officers, diplomats and civil servants.

{"datasets_id": 162198, "wiki_id": "Q1933692", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 599}

Q1933692

Rubicon (Tristania album)

Overview

Rubicon (Tristania album) Overview The album displays a different lineup from the previous album. It is the first Tristania album to feature Mariangela Demurtas on female vocals, Kjetil Nordhus on clean vocals, Gyri Smørdal Losnegaard on guitars, Ole Vistnes on bass, and Tarald Lie Jr. on drums. It's also the first album with harsh vocals that are performed entirely by guitarist Anders Høyvik Hidle. Pete Johansen made a guest appearance on violin after a nearly ten-year absence. Singer Østen Bergøy appeared as a session member, after scaling back to part-time membership in the band due to family commitments. The first

{"datasets_id": 162198, "wiki_id": "Q1933692", "sp": 6, "sc": 599, "ep": 6, "ec": 682}

Q1933692

Rubicon (Tristania album)

Overview

video of the album was for the song "Year of the Rat," released on 12 August 2010.

{"datasets_id": 162199, "wiki_id": "Q15087912", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 583}

Q15087912

Ruslan Kurbanov (activist)

Education and Scientific activities

Ruslan Kurbanov (activist) Education and Scientific activities Kurbanov has received a Specialist Diploma in Economics from Dagestan State University. In 2004, he earned a PhD degree in Politics from Saint Petersburg State University. In 2002 – 2005, he served as Head of the Department of Conflicts and Informational Security at the Center for Strategic Research and Political Technology in the Republic of Dagestan. In 2006, he conducted lectures at the Abou-Nour University in Damascus. Since 2007, he has served as a Senior Fellow of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences.He has authored numerous monographs and

{"datasets_id": 162199, "wiki_id": "Q15087912", "sp": 6, "sc": 583, "ep": 10, "ec": 528}

Q15087912

Ruslan Kurbanov (activist)

Education and Scientific activities & Professional activities

research articles on Islam, social and legal aspects of Muslim community and its integration in non-Muslim countries. Professional activities In 2003, he held a position of Editor-in-chief of daily news program “Dagestan News” on State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company “Dagestan”. In 2003-2005, he was an author and linkman of historical TV show “Seven Winds”. In 2008-2009, Dr. Kurbanov headed the Department known as “World beyond the West” of Foundation for Effective Politics. In the same period, he was Editor-in-chief of “The Senate” program of the Russian Federation Council. In 2011-2012, he worked as Editor-in-chief of "Caucasian Politics" analytical

{"datasets_id": 162199, "wiki_id": "Q15087912", "sp": 10, "sc": 528, "ep": 14, "ec": 652}

Q15087912

Ruslan Kurbanov (activist)

Professional activities & Public activities

portal. Since 2012, he has directed the foundation for support of humanitarian initiatives “Altair”. Public activities 2003 - present: Head,Young Political Researches School at the Regional Center of Ethnopolitical Researches of the Dagestan scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2004 - present: Head, socio-cultural movement “Young Republic”. 2006 - present: Member, Research Committee on Human Rights, Russian Association of Political Science. 2007 – present: Co-Chairman, Russian Congress of Caucasian Nations. 2009-2012: Head, Experts Council of Working Group for Development of Public Dialogue and Institutes of Civil Society at the Russian Civic Chamber. 2011 - present: included in the list of candidates to

{"datasets_id": 162199, "wiki_id": "Q15087912", "sp": 14, "sc": 652, "ep": 14, "ec": 1018}

Q15087912

Ruslan Kurbanov (activist)

Public activities

Russian State Duma from Dagestani regional public organization “Dagestan Civil Union” along with other candidates like Ramazan Abdulatipov, Sergey Reshulsky and others. 2010 – present: Head, Experts Council Committee for Cooperation with Mass Media at Russian muftis Council 2013 – present: Vice-President, Federal Lezgin National Cultural Autonomy.

{"datasets_id": 162200, "wiki_id": "Q7384031", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 589}

Q7384031

Ryan Durand

High school career

Ryan Durand High school career Ryan James Durand attended St. Bernard’s Central Catholic High School in Fitchburg, Massachusetts and was a four-year football letter-winner for coach Joe Hickey. He was selected as team captain for both his junior and senior years. Durand rated fifth on PrepStar’s top-10 list for offensive linemen in the East and PrepStar All-East Region selection in 2003. He was labeled to the top offensive lineman and fifth overall prospect in New England by Rivals.com. Additionally, Durand was selected the sixth- best player in New England by SuperPrep. In 2003, he was Named Worcester Telegram

{"datasets_id": 162200, "wiki_id": "Q7384031", "sp": 6, "sc": 589, "ep": 10, "ec": 183}

Q7384031

Ryan Durand

High school career & College career

& Gazette First Defensive All-Star and Boston Globe All-Conference selection. As a freshman, Durand earned team MVP award, defensive MVP as a sophomore, and the Coaches Award as a junior and senior. Also, Durand received the Lineman award as a senior. Durand lettered in track and field three seasons where he specialized in the shot put and discus. Lastly, Durand was a state semifinalist in the shot put as a senior. College career Durand graduated from Syracuse with a 3.75 GPA and a degree in exercise science in December 2008. The four-time Big East All-Academic selection’s post-football endeavors include going

{"datasets_id": 162200, "wiki_id": "Q7384031", "sp": 10, "sc": 183, "ep": 10, "ec": 762}

Q7384031

Ryan Durand

College career

back to school to obtain a degree in physical therapy. As a senior in 2008, Durand started all 12 games at right guard and was tabbed a second-team All-Big East selection. Was invited to play in the East-West Shrine Game. Additionally, Durand was instrumental in helping running back Curtis Brinkley become the eighth different player in Syracuse history to record 1,000 rushing yards in a season. As a junior, Durand started 11 games at right guard and protected an offensive unit that amassed an average of 291.9 yards per game. And as a sophomore in 2006, Durand started all

{"datasets_id": 162200, "wiki_id": "Q7384031", "sp": 10, "sc": 762, "ep": 10, "ec": 1330}

Q7384031

Ryan Durand

College career

12 games at right guard. Durand was also one of only 13 players to start every game and was the only offensive lineman to start every game at the same position. As a redshirt freshman in 2005, he played in seven games and made the travel squad for all 12 contests. As a freshman, Durand was redshirted for the season and saw action on the scout team. Prior to the NFL Draft, he was accepted to study at his top post-grad choice, Springfield College. Durand’s solid academic record and character put him in contention for the prestigious Vincent dePaul Draddy

{"datasets_id": 162200, "wiki_id": "Q7384031", "sp": 10, "sc": 1330, "ep": 14, "ec": 407}

Q7384031

Ryan Durand

College career & Professional career

Trophy given to college football player with the best combination of academics, community service and on-field performance. He was a semifinalist for the award as a senior. Professional career Durand has the athleticism and intelligence to complement his size and strength which has allowed him to hold up against bigger defensive tackles in the NFL. Durand made his professional debut in a victory at Dallas on Oct. 10, 2010. Drafted in the 2009 NFL draft in the seventh round by the Tennessee Titans, Durand stayed with the Titans for three years until getting injured during the Saints and Titans

{"datasets_id": 162200, "wiki_id": "Q7384031", "sp": 14, "sc": 407, "ep": 14, "ec": 672}

Q7384031

Ryan Durand

Professional career

preseason game in 2012. He received an injury settlement from the Titans and eight weeks later, was signed to the active roster by the Miami Dolphins. In January 2013 Durand became the first offensive linemen signed by the Kansas City Chiefs new coach, Andy Reid.

{"datasets_id": 162201, "wiki_id": "Q7391555", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 580}

Q7391555

SM U-162

Design

SM U-162 Design German Type U 93 submarines were preceded by the shorter Type U 87 submarines. U-162 had a displacement of 821 tonnes (808 long tons) when at the surface and 1,002 tonnes (986 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 71.55 metres (234 ft 9 in), a pressure hull length of 56.05 m (183 ft 11 in), a beam of 6.30 m (20 ft 8 in), a height of 8.25 m (27 ft 1 in), and a draught of 3.88 m (12 ft 9 in). The submarine was powered by two 2,400 metric horsepower (1,800 kW; 2,400 shp) engines for use while surfaced, and two 1,230 metric horsepower (900 kW; 1,210 shp) engines

{"datasets_id": 162201, "wiki_id": "Q7391555", "sp": 6, "sc": 580, "ep": 6, "ec": 1211}

Q7391555

SM U-162

Design

for use while submerged. She had two propeller shafts and two 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) propellers. She was capable of operating at depths of up to 50 metres (160 ft). The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 16.2 knots (30.0 km/h; 18.6 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 8.2 knots (15.2 km/h; 9.4 mph). When submerged, she could operate for 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph). U-162 was fitted with six 50 centimetres (20 in) torpedo tubes (four at the bow and two at the stern), twelve

{"datasets_id": 162201, "wiki_id": "Q7391555", "sp": 6, "sc": 1211, "ep": 6, "ec": 1356}

Q7391555

SM U-162

Design

to sixteen torpedoes, and one 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK L/45 deck gun. She had a complement of thirty-six (thirty-two crew members and four officers).

{"datasets_id": 162202, "wiki_id": "Q1164554", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 160}

Q1164554

Saint-Martin-l'Hortier

Geography

Saint-Martin-l'Hortier Geography A small farming village situated by the banks of the Béthune River in the Pays de Bray, at the junction of the roads, some 18 miles (29 km) southeast of Dieppe.

{"datasets_id": 162203, "wiki_id": "Q519310", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 547}

Q519310

Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici

History

Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici History In 796 Charlemagne, by permission of Pope Leo III, founded on ground adjoining this spot a hospice for pilgrims, which was intended for the people of his empire. In connection with the hospice was a church dedicated to the Saviour and a graveyard for the burial of the subjects of Charlemagne who died in Rome. From the beginning, this foundation was placed under the care of the ecclesiastical authorities of St Peter's. The decline, soon after this period, of the Carolingian empire, brought the hospice, the Schola Francorum, entirely under the

{"datasets_id": 162203, "wiki_id": "Q519310", "sp": 6, "sc": 547, "ep": 6, "ec": 1160}

Q519310

Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici

History

jurisdiction of the basilica; at the same time, the original intent of a place for pilgrims and the poor was preserved. In the complete ruin which overtook Rome during the Avignon Papacy (1309–1378), and during the following decades of the Western Schism, the ecclesiastical foundations in the vicinity of St. Peter's sank into decay. After the return of the popes, new life sprang up, and the enthusiasm for building and endowing foundations in the Borgo was rekindled under Popes Martin V, Eugenius IV, and Nicholas V. The remembrance of Charlemagne and his hospice revived in the mind of the large and

{"datasets_id": 162203, "wiki_id": "Q519310", "sp": 6, "sc": 1160, "ep": 6, "ec": 1773}

Q519310

Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici

History

influential German colony then residing at Rome, and during the reign of Martin V (1417–1431) the enlarged cemetery was surrounded with a wall built by Fredericus Alemannus, who also erected a house for its guardians. During the plague outbreak of 1448, Johannis Assonensis, a German confessor attached to St. Peter's and later Bishop of Wurzburg, assembled his countrymen there and founded among them a brotherhood, the object of which was to provide suitable burial for all poor Germans dying in Rome. This brotherhood built a church, a new hospice for German pilgrims on the adjoining land, and developed the

{"datasets_id": 162203, "wiki_id": "Q519310", "sp": 6, "sc": 1773, "ep": 6, "ec": 2419}

Q519310

Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici

History

Campo Santo into a German national institution. In the 15th, 16th, and even in the 19th century the German nation was represented at Rome by numerous officials at the papal court and by guilds of German bakers, shoemakers, and weavers; in these ages Germans were to be found in every industry of ordinary life, and German bankers and inn-keepers were especially numerous. Nevertheless, the steadily decreasing German population of Rome during the 17th and 18th centuries caused the Campo Santo, as a national foundation, and the brotherhood to sink into neglect. The church was progressively eclipsed by the church of Saint Maria

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Q519310

Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici

History & Description

dell' Anima. In 1876 Pope Pius IX founded a seminary for German-speaking priests for the special study of archaeology and church history to replace the Schola Francorum. Today, the church is still an important gathering place for the German-speaking community in Rome. Description A guide from the early 19th century mentions a main altarpiece depicting a Deposition by Polidoro di Caravaggio, flanked by painting by Giacinto d'Hasse. This latter painter's tomb monument, located inside the church, was sculpted by Francois Duquesnoy. The lateral altars housed a St Erasmus by Giacinto Gimignani and Epiphany by Scarsellino; the altar dedicated to St

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Q519310

Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici

Description

Charles Borromeo had an altarpiece depicting the Flight to Egypt by Arrigo Fiammingo; St John Nepomunk by Ignazio Stern; and the sacristy held an Immaculate Conception by Luigi Garzi.

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 611}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Sarawakian cuisine Sarawakian cuisine is a regional cuisine of Malaysia. Like the rest of Malaysian cuisine, Sarawak food is based on staples such as rice but there is a great variety of other ingredients and food preparations due to the influence of the state's varied geography and indigenous cultures quite distinct from the regional cuisines of the Peninsular Malaysia. Sarawak is famous for its multi-ethnic population. As the homeland of many unique communities, Sarawak has a variety of cuisines rarely found elsewhere in Malaysia. The uniqueness of Sarawak well depends on its ethnic groups. Every native group in Sarawak

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Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

has their own lifestyle, traditions, cultures and also foods. Sarawak cuisine is less spicy and has a subtle in taste. It uses fresh seafood and natural herbs like turmeric, lemongrass, ginger, lime and tapioca leaves. These ingredients are not only easily available, but also add a hint of aroma, texture and freshness to the delicacies. Food is one of the most cultural identities for natives group in Sarawak with each ethnic has their own delicacies. The Iban popular with “tubu” (stems), “tuak” (alcoholic beverage made from rice wine) and “pansuh” (dish cooked with bamboo), the Malay with “bubur pedas” (porridge)

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Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Ingredients

and “kek lapis Sarawak” (Sarawak layer cake), the Bidayuh with “asam siok” (chicken rice that cooked in bamboo) and “sup ponas Bidayuh” (soup dish made of tapioca), the Melanau with “tebaloi” (Sago palm crackers), “sagu” (extracted from Sago palm) and “umai” (raw fish mixed with lime juice) and Orang Ulu well known with “garam barrio” (Highlands salt), “kikid” (broth), “tengayen” (local young leaves), and “urum giruq” (pudding). Ingredients Sarawak cuisine uses rice as staples. It is most often steamed and always served with meat, fish and vegetable dishes. Rice is often enjoyed with the sauce or broth from the main

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Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Ingredients

dishes. Bario Rice is a famous rice in Sarawak, which is named after the Sarawakian highlands where it is cultivated. It is regarded by the natives as the best and finest rice from the highlands of Sarawak. The rice, as per the natives, is known to be eaten only by the longhouse chief on special occasions although it is now available in Sarawak restaurants. In Sarawak, rice is often fried. Nasi aruk is a traditional Sarawakian Malay nasi goring or fried rice. Unlike common Nasi goreng, Nasi Aruk does not use any oil to fry the rice. The rice

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Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Ingredients

must be fried for longer (compared to frying rice for Nasi Goreng) for the smokey/slightly-burnt taste to absorb into the rice. Sago or saguis the traditional staple food of the Melanau people in Sarawak. The bud of the sago palm cooked as a traditional dish in Sarawak. The bud is sliced or cut up and often stewed with coconut milk and dried anchovies with spices. Linut or sago 'porridge' made by pouring boiling hot water onto a bowl of sago starch. Normally linut will be served together with the sambal belacan and other side dishes. The texture is very gooey

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Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Ingredients

and sticky and mostly eaten with the wooden fork.Tebaloi is a Sarawak sweet cracker made from sago starch, egg, coconut and sugar, flattened until thin and roasted until crisp. Tetubei is another sago dish in Sarawak. It is traditional Melanau food made from sago starch. A variety of fruits and vegetables is often used in cooking. Midin also called Stenochlaena palustris or paku midin or lemidin, is a popular vegetable in Sarawak. It is a sun-loving plant that thrives in open areas, usually on swampy land. Common habitats are disturbed forests, secondary forests, rubber gardens, oil palm plantations, river

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 8, "sc": 1917, "ep": 8, "ec": 2482}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Ingredients

banks and roadsides. Midin is usually served in two equally delicious ways - fried with either garlic or belacan (shrimp paste). Most popular dish that uses midin is Midin goreng belacan. Buah dabai or Canarium odontophyllum in the family Burseraceae is a native fruit of Sarawak that uses in cooking. Dabai is grown exclusively on the island of Borneo, in the Rajang River basin of central Sarawak, from the interior areas of Kapit all the way out to Sibu and Sarikei on the coast. It's one of the unique foods of Sarawak. The dabai fruit is slightly bigger than

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 8, "sc": 2482, "ep": 8, "ec": 3094}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Ingredients

a kalamata olive, with a thin, bluish-black skin. Nasi goreng Dabai is a Sarawak speciality fried rice which the main ingredient is buah dabai. The rice fried with soy sauce, garlic, shallot, chilli, oyster sauce along with dabai and accompanied by other ingredients, particularly egg. The combination of tomatoes (tomato), garlic (bawang putih), and onions is found in many dishes in Sarawak. The most important spice in Sarawakian cuisine is pepper. Pepper is commercially produced on an industrial scale as a cash crop, and the preferred choice by local cooks when heat is wanted in a dish. Granted GI status

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 8, "sc": 3094, "ep": 8, "ec": 3705}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Ingredients

by MyIPO, Sarawak black pepper is highly regarded by international culinary figures such as Alain Ducasse. Maize, pumpkins and yams are widely used in Sarawakian cuisine. Maize is grown almost at the same time as padi while pumpkins around the tilled rice and maize fields. Yams are also grown on the peripherals of padi farms. Meat staples include chicken, pork, beef, and fish. Seafood is popular as a result of the bodies of water surrounding the archipelago. Popular catches include semah, ikan keli, baong, empuarah and prawn. Also popular are meat from deer, wild boars and even bears. Birds can

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 8, "sc": 3705, "ep": 8, "ec": 4290}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Ingredients

be shot with blowpipes. Guns are not often used because cartridges are beyond the means of many indigenous people. Punai is another small bird the natives of Sarawak catch with sticky nets, and eat after roasting them over a small charcoal fire. Deep-fried punai is often available as part of lelapan (halal) in Miri. Jungles vegetables are found up the hills and down the valleys, and some even by the riverbanks picked out by ancestors of the natives. Palms like pantu, nipah, nibong, coconut and sago continue to be important umbut or upah or shoots the indigenous people retain as

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 8, "sc": 4290, "ep": 12, "ec": 437}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Ingredients & Method of cooking

delicacies. Native cuisine differs others cuisine in its simplicity and directness of flavor. The use of wild ginger, daun bungkang and jungle leaves can bring subtle flavours to various dishes. Method of cooking Commonly, cooking methods adopted in Sarawakian food are menumis (stir frying), menggoreng (frying), bakar (grilling) and rebus (boiling). Each ethnic group in Sarawak has different styles of preparing, cooking, preserving and eating style of food. The Orang Ulu, for instance, using garam barrio to preserve meat, fish and vegetables which is called “mengasam”. The Iban are cooking and eating the lulun, rice which is cooked in bamboo.

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 12, "sc": 437, "ep": 12, "ec": 1031}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Method of cooking

Other than that, the traditional cooking methods of the Iban people also called pansoh or pansuh, which is the preparation and cooking of food in bamboo tubes. Ingredients like poultry, fish, vegetables or rice are mixed with fragrant herbs like lemongrass, tapioca leaves and bungkang leaves (a species of myrtle from the Eugenia genus), then sealed within the bamboo tubes and placed directly over an open fire. The mixture needs to be stuffed into the bamboo logs and chopped tapioca leaves are stuffed at the opening of the logs. Cooking food this way will infuse it with aroma and flavour

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 12, "sc": 1031, "ep": 16, "ec": 326}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Method of cooking & Popular dishes

from the bamboo tubes while keeping it moist. Geographically, the large forest area and style of living of the native groups’ traditional food were created, prepared and cooked using the natural resources. These food treasures, in turn, have contributed to the uniqueness of Sarawakian cuisine. Popular dishes Popular dishes in the state include Sarawak laksa, kolo mee, sayur midin belacan, tomato mee, linut and ayam pansuh. The state is also known for its Sarawak layer cake dessert. Each ethnic group has its own delicacies with different styles of preparing, cooking, and eating food. However, modern technology has altered the way

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 16, "sc": 326, "ep": 20, "ec": 209}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Popular dishes & Non-alcoholic beverages

of cooking for native dishes. Examples of ethnic foods are Malay bubur pedas (porridge), the Iban tuak (rice wine) and manok pansoh (bamboo chicken), Bidayuh asam siok (chicken rice)), Melanau tebaloi (sago palm crackers) and umai (raw fish mixed with lime juice), and Orang Ulu urum giruq (pudding). The traditional food of Sarawak has been marketed as a culinary tourism product. Non-alcoholic beverages “Teh C Peng Special” is a local popular tea in Sarawak. Its names derived from the local speak for iced (“peng”) tea (“teh”) with evaporated milk (“C”). This tea is an iced concoction of brewed tea, evaporated

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 20, "sc": 209, "ep": 24, "ec": 141}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Non-alcoholic beverages & Alcoholic beverages

milk and gula apong (nirah palm sugar) syrup, carefully presented un-stirred in three or more layers. Originally from Kuching, its popularity has spread to other areas of Sarawak as well as neighbouring Sabah. Sarawak also popular with White lady. White Lady is a shaved iced concoction with evaporated with milk, mango juice, longan and pineapple. Invented in 1975 by a Kuching hawker, multiple variations can be found in various hawker stalls throughout the city. Alcoholic beverages Tuak is a type of traditional alcoholic beverage to Sarawak's Dayak communities. It is made with glutinous rice or a mixture of fragrant rice

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 24, "sc": 141, "ep": 24, "ec": 749}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Alcoholic beverages

and glutinous rice or just fragrant rice. The process of making tuak involves fermentation of the cooked rice where the starch in the rice is converted into sugar which is then fermented to produce alcohol. However, there is no accepted convention or definition on what constitutes tuak. Tuak is essentially an alcoholic drink produced by fermenting anything that contains carbohydrates, as long as it is made in Sarawak by Sarawakians. Tuak is normally served as a welcoming drink to guests, and as an important component for ritual events and festive occasions like Gawai and Christmas. Another type of a

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 24, "sc": 749, "ep": 24, "ec": 1358}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Alcoholic beverages

stronger alcoholic drink is called langkau, which contains a higher alcohol content because it is actually made of tuak which has been distilled over fire to boil off the alcohol, cooled and collected into containers. Bidayuh also use distilling methods to make “arak tonok”, a kind of moonshine. The Bidayuh in particular are known for their skill and expertise in brewing tuak: ingredients for tuak variants include sugarcane (tepui), tampoi (a wild fruit with a sweet and tart flavour), pineapples and apples. Tepui is an alcoholic drink which is quite similar to tuak. Because it is made out of sugarcane

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 24, "sc": 1358, "ep": 28, "ec": 460}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Alcoholic beverages & Cakes

juice, this alcoholic drink is both smooth and soothing drink, compared to tuak and langkau. Normally, Bidayuh people drink tepui right after the dinner. Cakes Kek lapis Sarawak or Sarawak layer cake is a layered cake with unique patterns of interlaced of tasty layers and variety of flavours. It is the specialty of the Malay in Sarawak that serving during festive season and special occasion in Sarawak, Malaysia. They are often baked for religious or cultural celebrations such as Eid ul-Fitr, Christmas, birthdays and weddings. People in Malaysia practice an open house on festival day. A unique feature of Sarawak's

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 28, "sc": 460, "ep": 28, "ec": 1082}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Cakes

open houses is the modern layered cakes. Sarawak layered cake with it elaborate pattern and variety of tasty flavour is not only popular among the local but also among visitors as gifts or for own consumption. The cake got its name from its multiple-layer taste and presentation, it must have at least two colours. Among the ingredients for making this cake are flour, butter or vegetable oil, milk, eggs and other ingredients required for the desired flavour. The mixture is thoroughly mixed either manually or using electric mixer. Special moulds are used for cake that required elaborate design and patterns to

{"datasets_id": 162204, "wiki_id": "Q46996758", "sp": 28, "sc": 1082, "ep": 28, "ec": 1426}

Q46996758

Sarawakian cuisine

Cakes

maintain a perfect layer thickness. The multiple layers and patterns is achieved by pouring a thin layer of different battered flavour on top of each one another before the cake are baked. Different baker has different style and presentations. Some have more elaborate patterns and motive, while others preferred a simple multiple-layer style.

{"datasets_id": 162205, "wiki_id": "Q29467104", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 616}

Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Taxonomy

Scottish wildcat Taxonomy Felis grampia was the scientific name proposed by Gerrit Smith Miller in 1907 who first described the skin and the skull of a wildcat specimen from Scotland. He argued that this male specimen from Invermoriston was same in size as the European wildcat Felis silvestris, but differed by a darker fur with more pronounced black markings and black soles of paws. In 1912, Miller considered it a subspecies using Felis silvestris grampia after reviewing 22 skins from Scotland in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London. When Reginald Innes Pocock reviewed the taxonomy of the genus Felis in

{"datasets_id": 162205, "wiki_id": "Q29467104", "sp": 6, "sc": 616, "ep": 6, "ec": 1260}

Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Taxonomy

the late 1940s, he had more than 40 Scottish wildcat specimens in the collection of the Museum at his disposal. He recognized Felis silvestris grampia as a valid taxon. Results of morphological and genetic analyses indicate that the Scottish wildcat descended from the European wildcat. The population in Great Britain became isolated about 7,000 to 9,000 years ago due to a rise of sea level after the last glacial maximum. Since 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group recognizes Felis silvestris silvestris as the valid scientific name for all European wildcat populations, and F. s. grampia as a

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Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Taxonomy & Characteristics

synonym, arguing that it is doubtful that the Scottish wildcat is sufficiently distinct to accord it a separate subspecific status. It is still listed as Felis silvestris grampia by the Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Characteristics The Scottish wildcat differs from a domestic cat by its heavier, more robust skull and longer limb-bones. It is also larger in body size, but with a shorter gastrointestinal tract. Its fur is distinctly solid-striped with a tabby patterning. It has a bushy, ringed tail that is black at the tip, blunt, and without stripes. It does not have any white markings like a domestic cat, neither

{"datasets_id": 162205, "wiki_id": "Q29467104", "sp": 10, "sc": 396, "ep": 14, "ec": 192}

Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Characteristics & Distribution and habitat

stripes on the cheeks and hind legs, nor spotted undersides or coloured backs of ears. Head to body length of male specimens ranges from 578–636 mm (22.8–25.0 in) with 305–355 mm (12.0–14.0 in) long tails, and of female specimens from 504–572 mm (19.8–22.5 in) with 280–341 mm (11.0–13.4 in) long tails. Condylobasal length of skulls of females varies from 82–88 mm (3.2–3.5 in), and of males from 88–99 mm (3.5–3.9 in). Males are 3.77–7.26 kg (8.3–16.0 lb), while females are smaller at 2.35–4.68 kg (5.2–10.3 lb). Distribution and habitat The Scottish wildcat has been present in Britain since the early Holocene, when the British Isles were connected to continental Europe via the Doggerland. It was once common throughout

{"datasets_id": 162205, "wiki_id": "Q29467104", "sp": 14, "sc": 192, "ep": 14, "ec": 947}

Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Distribution and habitat

all of Great Britain. In Southern England, it was likely extirpated during the 16th century. By the mid-19th century, its range had declined to west-central Wales and Northumberland due to persecution, and by 1880 to western and northern Scotland. By 1915, it occurred only in northwestern Scotland. Following the decreasing number of gamekeepers after World War I and a re-forestation program, the wildcat population increased again to its current range. Urbanization and industrialization prevented further expansion to the southern parts of Scotland. Its current distribution includes Cairngorms, the Black Isle, Aberdeenshire, Angus Glens and Ardnamurchan. Scottish wildcats live in wooded habitats, shrubland and near

{"datasets_id": 162205, "wiki_id": "Q29467104", "sp": 14, "sc": 947, "ep": 18, "ec": 445}

Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Distribution and habitat & Behaviour and ecology

forest edges, but avoid heather moorland and areas where gorse is growing. They prefer areas away from agriculturally used land and avoid snow deeper than 10 cm (3.9 in). Behaviour and ecology Between March 1995 and April 1997, 31 Scottish wildcats were fitted with radio-collars in the area of Angus Glens and tracked for at least five months. In all seasons, they were foremost active by night with activity decreasing at low moonlight and in windy weather. Home ranges of male wildcats overlap with home ranges of one or more females, whereas female ranges rarely overlap. Adult cats maintain larger territories than juveniles.

{"datasets_id": 162205, "wiki_id": "Q29467104", "sp": 18, "sc": 445, "ep": 22, "ec": 87}

Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Behaviour and ecology & Reproduction

They mark and defend their home ranges using scent marking through their scat. Home range size in and around Cairngorms National Park was estimated at 2.44–3.8 km² (0.94–1.47 sq mi). It mainly preys on European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and field vole (Microtus agrestis). Scats collected in Drumtochty Forest and two more sites in the Scottish Highlands contained remains of rabbit, wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), field and bank vole (Myodes glareolus), and of birds. Any uneaten remnants of a kill will be buried in a cache to save for later. Reproduction Male Scottish wildcats reach sexual maturity at around 10 months of age, and the female

{"datasets_id": 162205, "wiki_id": "Q29467104", "sp": 22, "sc": 87, "ep": 22, "ec": 656}

Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Reproduction

at an age of less than 12 months. A female had one estrous in early March, and a litter was born in early May after a gestation period of 63–68 days. Another estrous occurred about one month later, and the second litter was born in August. Kittens open their eyes at 10–13 days old; their eyes are initially blue, and change to green around seven weeks of age. In the wild, mating occurs between January and March. Litter size varies from one to eight kittens, with a mean litter size of 4.3 young. Females rarely give birth in winter. Kittens are born

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Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Reproduction & Threats

in a den, which is hidden within a cairn, among brush piles, and under tree roots. They begin learning how to hunt at 10–12 weeks, and are fully weaned by 14 weeks of age. They leave their mothers around six months of age. Kitten mortality during the winter of 1975−1978 was high, most starved. Captive Scottish wildcats lived for 15 years, but lifespan in the wild is much shorter due to road accidents and disease transmitted from feral domestic cats. Threats Continued threats to the Scottish wildcat population include habitat loss and hunting.Hybridization with domestic cats is regarded as a threat

{"datasets_id": 162205, "wiki_id": "Q29467104", "sp": 26, "sc": 142, "ep": 30, "ec": 288}

Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Threats & Conservation

to the population. It is likely that all Scottish wildcats today have at least some domestic cat ancestry. Domestic cats also transmit diseases to the Scottish wildcat, such as feline calicivirus, feline coronavirus, feline foamy virus, feline herpesvirus, feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus. Scottish wildcats were frequently killed to protect game species of bird, and they were considered vermin. Conservation The Scottish wildcat was given protected status under the United Kingdom's Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Since 2007, it is listed in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan as a priority species. Feral cats can be killed throughout the year. The Scottish Wildcat Conservation

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Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Conservation

Action Plan was developed by the Scottish Wildcat Conservation Action Group (SWCAG), which set national action priorities and defined responsibilities of agencies and funding priorities for the group's conservation efforts between 2013 and 2019. Its implementation is coordinated by Scottish Natural Heritage. In the wild, efforts to conserve wildcats include neutering feral cats and euthanizing diseased feral cats to prevent hybridization and spread of disease. By 2014, the project members had researched nine potential action areas, settling on six, which were considered as having the highest likelihood of conservation success, with work planned beginning in 2015: Morvern, Strathpeffer, Strathbogie, Strathavon, Dulnain and

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Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Conservation

The Angus Glens. An area of the remote and largely undisturbed Ardnamurchan Peninsula was designated a Scottish wildcat sanctuary, a project of The Aspinall Foundation and scientist Paul O'Donoghue. Part of their effort involves neutering domestic cats to prevent breeding with wildcats. In 2018, the official efforts fell under the auspices of Scottish Wildcat Action, a coalition including government and academic institutions, with an updated list of five priority areas: Strathbogie, Angus Glens, Northern Strathspey, Morvern and Strathpeffer. In 2019 a report for Scottish Wildcat Action found that that wildcat population in Scotland was no longer viable, and the species was

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Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

Conservation & In captivity

at the verge of extinction. In captivity A captive breeding program for the Scottish wildcat has been established in the frame of the Scottish Wildcat Conservation Action Plan, with wild-caught individuals that pass genetic and morphological tests to be considered wildcats with less than 5% hybridization. Participating institutions include the Alladale Wilderness Reserve, Chester Zoo, British Wildlife Centre, Port Lympne Wild Animal Park, Highland Wildlife Park and Aigas Field Centre. This captive breeding program has drawn criticism from animal-rights organizations like Captive Animals Protection Society, which stated that the breeding program has "little to do with conservation and everything to do

{"datasets_id": 162205, "wiki_id": "Q29467104", "sp": 34, "sc": 676, "ep": 40, "ec": 10}

Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

In captivity & Conservation groups' political controversy & In culture

with these zoos stocking their cages". Six kittens were born at the Highland Wildlife Park in 2015. From 2011 to 2016, there have been 15 surviving Scottish wildcat kittens born at the Highland Wildlife Park. As of December 2016, around 80 Scottish wildcats were in captivity. Conservation groups' political controversy Within the conservation community, there are some political divides over proper actions and strategies. In 2014, the Scottish Wildcat Association and Wildcat Haven challenged the efforts of Scottish Natural Heritage. In 2017, Scottish Wildcat Action, the official government organisation, defended itself from what it called unfair criticism by Wildcat Haven. In culture

{"datasets_id": 162205, "wiki_id": "Q29467104", "sp": 42, "sc": 0, "ep": 42, "ec": 617}

Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

In culture

The Scottish wildcat is traditionally an icon of the Scottish wilderness. The Scottish wildcat or Kellas cat is the likely inspiration of the mythological Scottish creature, Cat sìth. It has been a symbol of Clan Chattan, a Scottish clan, since the 13th century. Most of the members of Clan Chattan have the Scottish wildcat on their crest badges, and their motto is "Touch not the cat bot a glove",– "bot" meaning "without". The motto is a reference to the ferocity of Scottish wildcats. Clan Chattan has participated in Scottish wildcat conservation efforts since 2010. In 2010, as part of the International

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Q29467104

Scottish wildcat

In culture & In media

Year of Biodiversity, the Royal Mail issued a series of 10 stamps celebrating at-risk mammals, one of which depicted the Scottish wildcat. In media The Scottish wildcat was the subject of a documentary film titled The Tigers of Scotland that was issued in 2017.

{"datasets_id": 162206, "wiki_id": "Q3476456", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 579}

Q3476456

Screwball (group)

Screwball (group) Screwball is a New York City hip hop group, with members Hostyle, KL, Blaq Poet, & Solo. Their debut Y2K The Album was released in 2000 on Tommy Boy Records. The album yielded two singles; "H-O-S-T-Y-L-E" and the surprising and virtually unbroadcastable "F.A.Y.B.A.N." (Otherwise known as "Fuck All You Bitch Ass Niggas"). The album's production was handled mostly by Mike Heron and V.I.C. of the Ghetto Professionals (Beatnuts affiliates) with additional help from New York City greats such as Pete Rock, Godfather Don, Marley Marl & DJ Premier. Their second album Loyalty

{"datasets_id": 162206, "wiki_id": "Q3476456", "sp": 4, "sc": 579, "ep": 8, "ec": 357}

Q3476456

Screwball (group)

Blaq Poet

followed in 2001 on Landspeed Records and Screwed Up, a compilation of new and old material followed in 2004 on Hydra Entertainment. Member KL died in 2008 of an asthma attack. Blaq Poet Poet was earlier best known for his attack on KRS-One in the 1987 song "Beat You Down". "Without Warning" is a Hip-Hop album from the duo Poet and Hot Day which was released on August 31, 1991 on Tuff City Records. This was their only release together and the duo released only two singles from the LP: "I'm Flippin" and "Pandemonium". The album isn't well

{"datasets_id": 162206, "wiki_id": "Q3476456", "sp": 8, "sc": 357, "ep": 8, "ec": 942}

Q3476456

Screwball (group)

Blaq Poet

known, but Poet's lyrical flow and content give the album its share of publicity. The album has only one guest; a feature by a very young Cormega on the track, "Set It Off." Blaq Poet's debut solo album Rewind: Deja Screw was released in 2006 and featured several songs produced by DJ Premier and featuring Big Shug and Teflon. He is currently signed to DJ Premier's label "Year Round Records". Blaq Poet appeared, together with DJ Premier, on KRS-One and Marley Marl's album Hip Hop Lives, on the song "The Victory" which made an end to KRS and Poet's rivalry during

{"datasets_id": 162206, "wiki_id": "Q3476456", "sp": 8, "sc": 942, "ep": 16, "ec": 61}

Q3476456

Screwball (group)

Blaq Poet & Hostyle & Solo

The Bridge Wars. He also appeared on the NYG'z debut 2007 album Welcome 2 G-Dom that also released through Year Round Records. Blaq Poet released an album Tha Blaqprint together with DJ Premier on June 30, 2009. Hostyle In 2004 member Hostyle released his debut solo album One Eyed Maniac on Hydra Entertainment. It includes contributions from Marley Marl, Big Noyd and R.A. the Rugged Man He also appeared on DJ Muggs's 2000 Soul Assassins II, Infamous Mobb's 2002 Special Edition and Cormega's 2007 album Who Am I?. Solo Solo appeared on Marley Marl's 2001 come-back album Re-Entry.

{"datasets_id": 162207, "wiki_id": "Q672416", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 578}

Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

History

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa History The Scuola Normale Superiore was founded in 1810 by Napoleonic decree, as twin institution of the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, itself dating back to the French Revolution jurisdiction. The term école normale (scuola normale) was coined by Joseph Lakanal who, in submitting a report to the National Convention of 1794 on behalf of the Committee of Public Instruction, explained it as follows: "Normales : du latin norma, règle. Ces écoles doivent être en effet le type et la règle de toutes les autres." "This schools must indeed be the kind and rule of all others"

{"datasets_id": 162207, "wiki_id": "Q672416", "sp": 8, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 628}

Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The Napoleonic period

The Napoleonic period The Napoleonic decree of 18 October 1810, concerning "public education establishments" in Tuscany – a province of the French empire from 1807 - established an "Academic student residence" in Pisa for university students. Twenty-five places were made available for students of the Faculties of Arts and Sciences, to create a branch of the Parisian École Normale Supérieure in countries where the use of the Italian language was authorized. The Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa was thus established at the behest of Napoleon. The term "Normale" refers to its primary teaching mission, that is to train high school teachers

{"datasets_id": 162207, "wiki_id": "Q672416", "sp": 10, "sc": 628, "ep": 10, "ec": 1286}

Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The Napoleonic period

to educate citizens according to coherent teaching and methodological "norms". On 22 February 1811 the first call was issued, but the Pisa-based Normale began its activity only in 1813, when the first students of Arts and Sciences attended the Scuola. The first site of the Scuola was the convent of San Silvestro in Pisa: it was a student residence halfway between a military order and a convent, in which the life of the students was characterized by strict disciplinary regulations similar to those of the French Scuola of reference regarding admissions, occupations, punishments, rewards and even student clothing. Following the model of

{"datasets_id": 162207, "wiki_id": "Q672416", "sp": 10, "sc": 1286, "ep": 10, "ec": 1929}

Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The Napoleonic period

the École Normale Supérieure, the Scuola was entrusted to a "Director", assisted by the "Sub-director" and by the "Economo", in charge of administration, supervision of studies and the safeguarding of order. The Normale was reserved at that time to the best high school students, aged between 17 and 24, who during their two years of studies also obtained degrees at the faculties of Arts and Sciences of the Imperial University. The students had particular commitments and were obliged to take additional courses: they were supervised by four "ripetitori", chosen by the Director among the students of the Normale, who “repeated” the

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The Napoleonic period & The grand-ducal period

university lessons daily and coordinated the "conferences", which were a sort of seminar. With this qualifying training, after graduation the students committed themselves to teaching in secondary schools for at least ten years. The Napoleonic Scuola Normale had a short life: the only academic year was 1813/14, during which the physicist Ranieri Gerbi was Director. On 6 April 1814 Napoleon signed the act of abdication: the return of Grand Duke Ferdinand III to the throne of Tuscany coincided with the closure of the Scuola despite the various attempts to save it in the name of its function. The grand-ducal period The

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The grand-ducal period

period of closure of the Scuola after the Napoleonic phase was actually quite short. The Grand Duke's decree of 22 December 1817 re-established the ancient Ordine dei Cavalieri di Santo Stefano (the Order of the Knights of St. Stephen) in Pisa: in 1843 the Council of the Order proposed to establish a "boarding school for young nobles" in the Palazzo della Carovana together with a Scuola Normale. It has to be said that even in the previous period novice Knights were often students of the University of Pisa and therefore the Palazzo was already, in effect, a "noble college". In order

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The grand-ducal period

to study the feasibility of the new project, Grand Duke Leopold II of Lorraine nominated a commission, which re-established the original function of the Scuola Normale Superiore, that of preparing secondary school teachers. On 28 November 1846 a grand-ducal Motuproprio established the Scuola Normale Toscana, also called Imperial Regia Scuola Normale (because it was connected to the Austrian system). On November 15, 1847, the new headquarters in Palazzo della Carovana were inaugurated. The new Scuola was "theoretical and practical", intended to "train teachers of secondary schools"; it was a boarding school that offered ten free places (with advantages reserved for the

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The grand-ducal period

Knights of the Order), which could be accessed by call at the age of eighteen, as well as other paid places. The boarding school was attended exclusively by students of Philosophy and Philology, while students of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at the University were aggregated to the Scuola: the latter, however, were required to attend the pedagogy course and to practice teaching by doing teacher training in schools, in keeping with a strong professional connotation which was later to be abandoned. The course of studies lasted three years. In the grand-ducal period the Scuola was affected by the political climate: following the

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The grand-ducal period & The post-unification period

enthusiasm of the Risorgimento, the fear of subversive movements and tumults led to reactionary and confessional attitudes much lamented by the students themselves, including Giosuè Carducci, who was a student there between 1853 and 1856. The post-unification period With the new unified state, the legislative and administrative structure of the Savoy Kingdom was extended to the whole of Italy. The Italian school system was therefore regulated for over sixty years by the Casati law of 1859, originally issued for the Piedmontese and Lombard institutions: based on a centralized model, it gave private bodies the possibility to provide education, at the

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The post-unification period

same time establishing the “diritto dello Stato all’insegnamento universitario”(the right of the State regarding university education) as well as the right to 'supervise' all the levels of the school system. In Tuscany the provisional government (1859-60) tried to protect the most illustrious local traditions, such as the Normale. After a long debate, in the Senate and in the press, on the opportuneness of maintaining this unique and anomalous institution, in 1862 it was officially named "Scuola Normale del Regno d'Italia". Various draft laws were submitted to the Camera to establish the Pisan model by extending it to other universities or to

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The post-unification period

reorganize and expand the Scuola Normale of Pisa. But the new unified State, engaged in financial measures and public works deemed to be more urgent, approved, with the decree of 17 August 1862, only some modifications to the Scuola’s regulations, so that it could continue to function as a Scuola Normale italiana. The "new" Normale was introduced into the national legal system by the Matteucci Regulations of 1862, which eliminated any religious and confessional aspects, in line with the secular orientation of Italian politics. The years of study became four by ministerial decree in 1863, and a new organizational structure was

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The post-unification period

established. At the educational level, the Board of Directors was divided into two "sections", Letters and Philosophy and Physics-Mathematics, formed by the relative teaching staff; the latter sections were the forerunners of the current Faculties, under the control of the "Director of Studies". The publishing activity of the Scuola began with the foundation of the two journals (Annali della classe di scienze in 1871 and Annali della classe di lettere e filosofia in 1873). With the development of the postgraduate course, the Scuola was increasingly taking on the function, as well as of a university college, of a higher institute of scientific

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The post-unification period

education and research. At the political level the role of the "President" of the Board of Directors was defined as the authority responsible for the moral, educational and economic governance of the Scuola. Finally, at an organizational level, there was the increasingly important role of the Provveditore-Economo, who managed the services as well as the human and financial resources, and had disciplinary jurisdiction over the students. The Matteucci regulations followed those issued by Education Minister Coppino in 1877, establishing the opening of the boarding school also to the section of Sciences and simplifying the complex structure of the previous "Regulations

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The post-unification period & The Gentile Reform

of studies and examinations". The Gentile Reform In 1927, three years after the entry into force of the Gentile Reform, new regulations of the Scuola Normale were approved, which removed its qualification function while maintaining that of "preparing for teaching in secondary schools and for the examinations which award qualifications for such teaching" and of promoting postgraduate studies, accessible by all graduates at national level. Nationalist propaganda also took hold within the Normale and the control of the Regime became increasingly more invasive, up until the first serious episode of repression, with the arrest in 1928 of three normalisti for

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The Gentile Reform

anti-Fascist activity. In order to deal with the disturbances caused by the political events and the decline of the Scuola, which had increasingly fewer students, the philosopher Giovanni Gentile, a normalista, as well as a prominent figure of Italian Fascism, ideologue of the Regime and minister of education, was nominated as commissioner; he later became Director of the Normale, in 1928. Gentile carried out a structural revision of the institution so that it would acquire national importance; to this end he oversaw the expansion of the headquarters and a considerable increase in the number of students and internal activities. His authority,

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The Gentile Reform

together with the consensus of the Regime, allowed him to find means and collaboration for his project. Meanwhile, the relationship between the State and the Church inaugurated by the Lateran Treaty facilitated negotiations with the Archbishopric to obtain the availability of the Puteano College building which, together with that of the Timpano, would later be used to house the young normalisti while the expansion of the Palazzo della Carovana took place. The Normale Gentiliana, recognized by the Royal Decree of 28 July 1932, was inaugurated on 10 December. Equipped with a new Statute, the Scuola became an independent higher education institution,

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The Gentile Reform

albeit still connected to the University of Pisa, and acquired legal status and administrative, educational and disciplinary autonomy. The Normale, affirming its uniqueness in the Italian school system, was expanded above all to educate an increasingly more selected cultural élite. In 1938 the Scuola Normale, like all the universities of the Italian Kingdom, endorsed the racial laws, which affected students and teaching staff. The Normale at that time still had many free-spirited souls in its midst: it was also the Scuola of Carlo Azeglio Ciampi – who, a few years from then, would join the Resistance - and formerly of Aldo

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The Gentile Reform & The war and post-war period

Capitini, theorist of non-violence and firm opponent of the Fascist Regime. The war and post-war period The Scuola Normale continued its activity despite the Second World War, although with some regulatory limitations and many practical difficulties. In the meantime, also after the issuing of the racial laws, the dissent towards the Regime was becoming increasingly more evident among students and teaching staff. With the deposition of Mussolini by the Grand Council on 25 July 1943, the Normale remained under German domination, since geographically it belonged to the territory of the Republic of Salò. After the tragic air raid on Pisa on

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The war and post-war period

August 31 1943, the new Director, Luigi Russo, threatened with arrest for political reasons, had to leave the city and was replaced by the mathematician Leonida Tonelli, who protected the library and the furnishings of the Palazzo della Carovana, transformed into German barracks, and transferred the most important collections to the nearby Certosa di Calci. On 2 September 1944 the city was liberated, but Palazzo della Carovana was requisitioned by the Anglo-American army: students and teaching staff were relegated to the Puteano College. Luigi Russo, reinstated as Director, continued the work of safeguarding the material of the Scuola and of its

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The war and post-war period

library, while the temporary site resumed its activities. On September 25, 1945, the Palazzo was liberated and, in addition to the restoration of the building, it was decided to issue a call for seventy places for veteran or partisan students. Luigi Russo and Leonida Tonelli initiated a long awareness campaign that allowed them to find financial resources, including contributions not coming from the state, and to create a heritage through donations and purchases, in accordance with a policy that would continue in the following years. The post-war Normale was also the era of women: seventy years from the admittance of the first

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Q672416

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The war and post-war period & From the post-war period to today

woman to the Normale, in 1959 a "Female Section" was finally established, with headquarters in Palazzo del Timpano, to enable women to lead a collegial life within the Scuola. From the post-war period to today In the 1960s, the Scuola Normale faced the challenges of the “university for the masses”. Between 1964 and 1977, under the firm management of Gilberto Bernardini, it affirmed its original vocation for the pure disciplines, renouncing the management of the medical and juridical Colleges (to which the Collegio Pacinotti for applied sciences had been added) : the process that would lead to the establishment of the